Journal articles on the topic 'Crop residue'
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1
KUMAR, KULDIP, K. M. GOH, W. R. SCOTT, and C. M. FRAMPTON. "Effects of 15N-labelled crop residues and management practices on subsequent winter wheat yields, nitrogen benefits and recovery under field conditions." Journal of Agricultural Science 136, no. 1 (February 2001): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600008522.
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Nitrogen-15 enriched ammonium sulphate was applied to micro-plots in a field in which two leguminous (white clover and peas) and two non-leguminous (ryegrass and winter wheat) crops were grown to produce 15N-labelled crop residues and roots during 1993/94. Nitrogen benefits and recovery of crop residue-N, root-N and residual fertilizer-N by three succeeding winter wheat crops were studied. Each crop residue was subjected to four different residue management treatments (ploughed, rotary hoed, mulched or burned) before the first sequential wheat crop (1994/95) was sown, followed by the second (1995/96) and third wheat crops (1996/97), in each of which residues of the previous wheat crop were removed and all plots were ploughed uniformly before sowing. Grain yields of the first sequential wheat crop followed the order: white clover > peas > ryegrass > wheat. The mulched treatment produced significantly lower grain yield than those of other treatments. In the first sequential wheat crop, leguminous and non-leguminous residues supplied between 29–57% and 6–10% of wheat N accumulated respectively and these decreased with successive sequential crops. Rotary hoed treatment reduced N benefits of white clover residue-N while no significant differences in N benefits occurred between residue management treatments in non-leguminous residues. On average, the first wheat crop recovered between 29–37% of leguminous and 11–13% of non-leguminous crop residues-N. Corresponding values for root plus residual fertilizer-N were between 5–19% and 2–3%, respectively. Management treatments produced similar effects to those of N benefits. On average, between 5 to 8% of crop residue-N plus root and residual fertilizer-N was recovered by each of the second and third sequential wheat crops from leguminous residues compared to 2 to 4% from non-leguminous residues. The N recoveries tended to be higher under mulched treatments especially under leguminous than non-leguminous residues for the second sequential wheat crop but were variable for the third sequential wheat crop. Relatively higher proportions of leguminous residue-N were unaccounted in ploughed and rotary hoed treatments compared with those of mulched and burned treatments. In non-leguminous residue-N, higher unaccounted residue-N occurred under burned (33–44%) compared with other treatments (20–27%).
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Riddle, Rachel N., John O'Sullivan, Clarence J. Swanton, and Rene C. Van Acker. "Crop Response to Carryover of Mesotrione Residues in the Field." Weed Technology 27, no. 1 (March 2013): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-12-00071.1.
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Two field residue studies were conducted from 2005 to 2007 in Simcoe, Ontario, Canada, to evaluate the effects of mesotrione soil residues on injury, plant dry weight, and yield of sugar beet, cucumber, pea, green bean, and soybean and to verify the potential of reducing a 2-yr field-residue study (conventional residue carryover) to a 1-yr field study (simulated residue-carryover study) by growing these crops in soil treated with reduced rates of mesotrione applied in the same year. There was a significant difference in mesotrione carryover between 2006 and 2007 and differences between years can be explained by differences in soil pH and soil moisture. The conventional and the simulated residue-carryover studies successfully measured mesotrione persistence and rotational crop sensitivity. Both studies showed that sugar beet was the most-sensitive crop with injury, plant dry weight reduction, and yield loss because of mesotrione residues as high as 100%. Green bean was the next most-sensitive crop to mesotrione residues followed by pea, cucumber, and soybean. The simulated residue-carryover study provided a more-rigorous test of rotational crop sensitivity to mesotrione residues than the conventional residue-carryover study, especially at higher rates for the more-sensitive crops. For the other crops, responses to mesotrione residues were similar between the conventional and simulated residue-carryover studies.
3
Jiang, Yongzhong, Valerii Havrysh, Oleksandr Klymchuk, Vitalii Nitsenko, Tomas Balezentis, and Dalia Streimikiene. "Utilization of Crop Residue for Power Generation: The Case of Ukraine." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 8, 2019): 7004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247004.
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Renewable energy is expected to play a significant role in power generation. The European Union, the USA, China, and others, are striving to limit the use of energy crop for energy production and to increase the use of crop residue both on the field and for energy generation processes. Therefore, crop residue may become a major energy source, with Ukraine following this course. Currently in Ukraine, renewable power generation does not exceed 10% of total electricity production. Despite a highly developed agriculture sector, there are only a small number of biomass power plants which burn crop residues. To identify possibilities for renewable power generation, the quantity of crop residues, their energy potential, and potential electricity generation were appraised. Cluster analysis was used to identify regions with the highest electricity consumption and crop residue energy potential. The major crops (wheat, barley, rapeseed, sunflower, and soybean) were considered in this study. A national production of crop residue for energy production of 48.66 million tons was estimated for 2018. The availability of crop residues was analyzed taking into account the harvest, residue-to-crop ratio, and residue removal rate. The crop residue energy potential of Ukraine has been estimated at 774.46 PJ. Power generation technologies have been analyzed. This study clearly shows that crop residue may generate between 27 and 108 billion kWh of power. We have selected preferable regions for setting up crop residue power plants. The results may be useful for the development of energy policy and helpful for investors in considering power generation projects.
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Burgos, Nilda R., and Ronald E. Talbert. "Weed Control by Spring Cover Crops and Imazethapyr in No-till Southern Pea (Vigna unguiculata)." Weed Technology 10, no. 4 (December 1996): 893–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00040987.
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Studies were conducted at the Vegetable Substation in Kibler, AR, in 1992 and 1993, in the same plots, to evaluate weed suppression by spring-seeded cover crops and to determine the effects of cover crop and imazethapyr on no-till southern pea. A plot without cover, conventionally tilled before planting southern pea, served as control. Weed control treatments, applied as subplots in each cover crop, included a weedy check, handweeded check, and half and full rates of imazethapyr (0.035 and 0.07 kg/ha) followed by sethoxydim (0.22 kg/ha). Biomass of Palmer amaranth 6 WAR without herbicides, was less in Italian ryegrass and sorghum-sudangrass residues than in oat residue and no cover crop. Over the years, Palmer amaranth density increased 333% without cover crops and 28% with cover crops. Rice flatsedge density increased four to five times in oat and sorghum-sudangrass residues but remained the same in Italian ryegrass residue. In general, Italian ryegrass residue suppressed the most weeds. Oat residue was least suppressive. Italian ryegrass and sorghum-sudangrass also reduced southern pea stand. Regardless of cover crop and year, half and full rates of imazethapyr followed by sethoxydim equally reduced density of Palmer amaranth, goosegrass, large crabgrass, southwestern cupgrass, and rice flatsedge compared with the untreated check. Residual control of Palmer amaranth by imazethapyr was higher at the full rate than the reduced rate, regardless of cover crop. Half rate of imazethapyr followed by sethoxydim controlled 94 to 100% of Palmer amaranth, rice flatsedge, large crabgrass, and southwestern cupgrass late in the season, regardless of cover crop in 1992 and 1993. Southern pea yield in untilled plots with cover crops was two to three times lower than yield in plots with preplant tillage and no cover crops mostly because of reduction in crop stand in the presence of cover crops.
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Amgain, Lal, Ajit Sharma, Jagadish Timsina, and Pradeep Wagle. "Water, Nutrient, and Energy-use Efficiencies of No-till Rainfed Cropping Systems with or without Residue Retention in a Semi-Arid Dryland Area." Global Journal of Agricultural and Allied Sciences 1, no. 1 (December 3, 2019): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35251/gjaas.2019.004.
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No-till rainfed cropping systems are being considered by farmers to make farming more profitable by reducing production costs, thereby enhancing resource-use efficiency. Field studies were conducted at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi during rainy and winter seasons of 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 to examine consumptive use of water (CW), water-use efficiency (WUE), nutrient uptake and balance, and energy-use efficiency (EUE) of nine diverse cropping systems based on three rainy season crops - pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.), cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.), and green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) followed by three winter crops - wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in each of those three rainy season crop planted fields under no-till semi-arid rainfed conditions. Three residue treatments [i.e., no residue, crop residue, and Ipil-ipil {Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) twigs}] were examined for both rainy season and winter crops. Retention of crop residues significantly increased soil moisture, CW, and WUE in all cropping systems. Good growth of mustard, chickpea, and wheat after cluster bean, and a large amount of cluster bean green pods resulted in substantially higher CW and WUE of cluster bean-based systems compared to pearl millet- and green gram-based systems. Crop nutrient uptake increased substantially under crop residue and Leucaena twigs treatments compared to no-residue control plots due to enhanced crop growth and augmentation of nutrients. However, nutrient uptake and apparent nutrient balances varied greatly among cropping systems. Energy input requirement increased by approximately 10 times under crop residue and Leucaena twigs treatments. As a result, net energy balance and EUE were substantially higher for no-residue treatments. Leucaena twigs treatments had higher net energy balance and EUE than crop residue treatments, indicating the importance of leguminous residues in crop production. Results indicate the necessity of exercising optimal balance between retention of crop residues and energy inputs for the long-term soil health and sustainability of cropping systems.
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Hiel, Marie-Pierre, Sophie Barbieux, Jérôme Pierreux, Claire Olivier, Guillaume Lobet, Christian Roisin, Sarah Garré, Gilles Colinet, Bernard Bodson, and Benjamin Dumont. "Impact of crop residue management on crop production and soil chemistry after seven years of crop rotation in temperate climate, loamy soils." PeerJ 6 (May 23, 2018): e4836. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4836.
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Society is increasingly demanding a more sustainable management of agro-ecosystems in a context of climate change and an ever growing global population. The fate of crop residues is one of the important management aspects under debate, since it represents an unneglectable quantity of organic matter which can be kept in or removed from the agro-ecosystem. The topic of residue management is not new, but the need for global conclusion on the impact of crop residue management on the agro-ecosystem linked to local pedo-climatic conditions has become apparent with an increasing amount of studies showing a diversity of conclusions. This study specifically focusses on temperate climate and loamy soil using a seven-year data set. Between 2008 and 2016, we compared four contrasting residue management strategies differing in the amount of crop residues returned to the soil (incorporation vs. exportation of residues) and in the type of tillage (reduced tillage (10 cm depth) vs. conventional tillage (ploughing at 25 cm depth)) in a field experiment. We assessed the impact of the crop residue management on crop production (three crops—winter wheat, faba bean and maize—cultivated over six cropping seasons), soil organic carbon content, nitrate (${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) soil content and uptake by the crops. The main differences came primarily from the tillage practice and less from the restitution or removal of residues. All years and crops combined, conventional tillage resulted in a yield advantage of 3.4% as compared to reduced tillage, which can be partly explained by a lower germination rate observed under reduced tillage, especially during drier years. On average, only small differences were observed for total organic carbon (TOC) content of the soil, but reduced tillage resulted in a very clear stratification of TOC and also of P and K content as compared to conventional tillage. We observed no effect of residue management on the ${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$ content, since the effect of fertilization dominated the effect of residue management. To confirm the results and enhance early tendencies, we believe that the experiment should be followed up in the future to observe whether more consistent changes in the whole agro-ecosystem functioning are present on the long term when managing residues with contrasted strategies.
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Oda, Masato. "Dispersion has a large effect (Cohen's d) on crop yield in crop residue application." F1000Research 7 (November 21, 2018): 1831. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16748.1.
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Background: Crop residue application can maintain soil fertility and sustain agriculture. However, the effects of residue application are unstable because of variable weather conditions and the residual effects of crop residue application. Residue application often reduces crop yields. I tried to clarify effective residue application factors in an environment which was has stable weather conditions and low residual effects. Methods: Majuro atoll, a coral sand atoll near the equator, was selected for the experiment site because of its stable weather and low residual effect of coral sand. A factorial design experiment using sweet corn was conducted based on the following four factors: fungi propagation before application, cutting residue into pieces, dispersion (or accumulation) of applied residue, and placement (on the surface or incorporation) with an equal amount of crop residue. The effects of each factors on the corn yields were evaluated using Cohen’s power analysis. Results: The dispersion showed the largest effect (p = 0.045, Cohen’s d = 1.2), which exceeded the effect of incorporation (p = 0.223, Cohen’s d = 0.7). The interaction of dispersion and incorporation showed a huge effect on corn yield (p = 0.005, Cohen’s d = 4.9). Discussion: The effect of dispersion was not positive but it avoided the negative effects of residue clustering. The toxicity of the plant residue and generation of toxic substances by anaerobic decomposition are widely known. Anaerobic decomposition occurs inside the residue clusters. However, dispersion reduced the toxicity by adsorption in soil and avoiding anaerobic decomposition. Furthermore, incorporation showed an interaction effect, but surface placement did not. Conclusion: The dispersion of crop residue enhanced the positive effect of crop residue incorporation by avoiding the toxicity from crop residue. This finding adds a new viewpoint for the controversy between conventional and conservation agriculture.
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Blackshaw, R. E., and C. W. Lindwall. "Species, herbicide and tillage effects on surface crop residue cover during fallow." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 75, no. 4 (November 1, 1995): 559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss95-079.
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Fallow continues to be a common agronomic practice on the Canadian prairies but it has been associated with increased soil erosion. Risk of fallow erosion can be reduced by maintaining adequate levels of crop residue on the soil surface. Field experiments were conducted at Lethbridge, Alberta from 1991 to 1993 to determine if commonly grown prairie crops differ in their rates of crop residue degradation during fallow and to assess the effect of herbicides and wide-blade tillage on loss of crop residues. The ranking of crop residue losses during fallow was lentil > canola > rye > barley > wheat > flax. High N content in residues usually increased the rate of biomass loss. Flax straw, perhaps because of its high lignin content, did not follow this pattern and was the most persistent of all crop residues. Up to three applications of the herbicides, glyphosate, paraquat, and 2,4-D, at recommended rates did not alter field degradation of any of these crops. These herbicides maintained greater amounts of anchored and total surface crop residues than wide-blade tillage during both fallow seasons. Results are discussed in terms of crops grown before fallow, weed control during fallow, and maintenance of sufficient surface plant residues to reduce the risk of soil erosion. Key words: Glyphosate, paraquat, 2,4-D, reduced tillage, soil erosion, stubble retention
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Lupwayi, Newton Z., and Yoong K. Soon. "Soil microbial properties during decomposition of pulse crop and legume green manure residues in three consecutive subsequent crops." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 96, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 413–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2016-0039.
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Crop residue decomposition not only is mainly driven by, but also affects, soil microorganisms. However, soil microbial responses to legume crops are usually studied only in one subsequent crop. We compared the soil microbial effects of pea (Pisum sativa L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) pulse crops (grown for seed) with faba green manure (GM) and chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus L.) GM crops in three subsequent crops. Soil microbial biomass C (MBC), β-glucosidase enzyme activity, and bacterial physiological (C substrate utilization) diversity were measured in the summer (rhizosphere and bulk soil) and fall (bulk soil) in all subsequent crops: wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Residues of faba bean (grown for GM, herein called faba GM, or for seed, herein called faba bean) usually resulted in the most soil MBC and β-glucosidase activity relative to the other residues. Faba and vetch GM residues increased bulk soil MBC or β-glucosidase enzyme activity more than pulse crop residues in the first and (or) third subsequent crops. Soil MBC and β-glucosidase activities were often positively correlated with initial crop residue N concentrations and negatively correlated with initial C:N ratios or C concentrations. Bacterial physiological diversity was the least responsive to crop residues and was affected differently by sampling time. β-Glucosidase activity was always greater in the fall after crop harvest than in summer. Therefore, β-glucosidase activity was a more sensitive and consistent biological indicator of crop residue effects, and perhaps soil health, than MBC or bacterial physiological diversity.
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Babu, Subhash, D. S. Rana, G. S. Yadav, Raghavendra Singh, and S. K. Yadav. "A Review on Recycling of Sunflower Residue for Sustaining Soil Health." International Journal of Agronomy 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/601049.
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Modern agriculture is now at the crossroads ecologically, economically, technologically, and socially due to soil degradation. Critical analysis of available information shows that problems of degradation of soil health are caused due to imbalanced, inadequate and promacronutrient fertilizer use, inadequate use or no use of organic manures and crop residues, and less use of good quality biofertilizers. Although sizeable amount of crop residues and manure is produced in farms, it is becoming increasingly complex to recycle nutrients, even within agricultural systems. Therefore, there is a need to use all available sources of nutrients to maintain the productivity and fertility at a required level. Among the available organic sources of plant nutrients, crop residue is one of the most important sources for supplying nutrients to the crop and for improving soil health. Sunflower is a nontraditional oil seed crop produced in huge amount of crop residue. This much amount of crop residues is neither used as feed for livestock nor suitable for fuel due to low energy value per unit mass. However, its residue contains major plant nutrients in the range from 0.45 to 0.60% N, 0.15 to 0.22% P, and 1.80 to 1.94% K along with secondary and micronutrients, so recycling of its residue in the soil may be one of the best alternative practices for replenishing the depleted soil fertility and improving the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil in the present era of production. However, some researchers have reported allelopathic effects of sunflower residue on different crops. So, selection of suitable crops and management practices may play an important role to manage the sunflower residue at field level.
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Yue, Jibo, Qingjiu Tian, Xinyu Dong, Kaijian Xu, and Chengquan Zhou. "Using Hyperspectral Crop Residue Angle Index to Estimate Maize and Winter-Wheat Residue Cover: A Laboratory Study." Remote Sensing 11, no. 7 (April 3, 2019): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11070807.
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Crop residue left in the field after harvest helps to protect against water and wind erosion, increase soil organic matter, and improve soil quality, so a proper estimate of the quantity of crop residue is crucial to optimize tillage and for research into environmental effects. Although remote-sensing-based techniques to estimate crop residue cover (CRC) have proven to be good tools for determining CRC, their application is limited by variations in the moisture of crop residue and soil. In this study, we propose a crop residue angle index (CRAI) to estimate the CRC for four distinct soils with varying soil moisture (SM) content and crop residue moisture (CRM). The current study uses laboratory-based tests ((i) a dry dataset (air-dried soils and crop residues, n = 392); (ii) a wet dataset (wet soils and crop residues, n = 822); (iii) a saturated dataset (saturated soils and crop residues, n = 402); and (iv) all datasets (n = 1616)), which allows us to analysis the soil and crop residue hyperspectral response to varying SM/CRM. The CRAI combines two features that reflect the moisture content in soil and crop residue. The first is the different reflectance of soil and crop residue as a function of moisture in the near-infrared band (833 nm) and short-wave near-infrared band (1670 nm), and the second is different reflectance of soils and crop residues to lignin, cellulose, and moisture in the bands at 2101, 2031, and 2201 nm. The effects of moisture and soil type on the proposed CRAI and selected traditional spectral indices ((i) hyperspectral cellulose absorption index; (ii) hyperspectral shortwave infrared normalized difference residue index; and (iii) selected broad-band spectral indices) were compared by using a laboratory-based dataset. The results show that the SM/CRM significantly affects the broad-band spectral indices and all other spectral indices investigated are less correlated with CRC when using all datasets than when using only the dry, wet, or saturated dataset. Laboratory study suggests that the CRAI is promising for estimating CRC with the four soils and with varying SM/CRM. However, because the CRAI was only validated by a laboratory-based dataset, additional field testing is thus required to verify the use of satellite hyperspectral remote-sensing images for different crops and ecological areas.
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Anderson, Randy L. "Impact of corn residue on yield of cool-season crops." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30, no. 2 (September 20, 2013): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174217051300032x.
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AbstractSynergy between dry pea and corn can reduce the density of corn needed for optimum yield. Lower crop density may accrue an additional benefit, as after-harvest residues of corn lying on the soil surface can reduce yield of crops planted the next year. This study evaluated impact of corn residue levels on growth and yield of three cool-season crops in no-till. Corn was grown at two densities, 52,000 and 73,000 plants ha−1, leading to after-harvest residue levels designated as low and high residue. Residue quantity on the soil surface differed by 21%. Controls were included for each residue level by burying residue with tillage. Spring wheat, dry pea and red clover were planted the following year. Grain yield of spring wheat and dry pea and forage yield of red clover were reduced 13–33% by residue on the soil surface. However, yield of cool-season crops were 10–18% higher in the low-residue treatment compared with high residue. Furthermore, yield loss because of weed interference in spring wheat and red clover was greater with high residue. Of the three crops, spring wheat was the least affected by corn residue on the soil surface. One contributing factor to lower yield with high residue was reduced crop seedling establishment. Producers may be able to reduce the negative impact of corn residue on following crops in no-till systems by using synergistic crop sequences in the rotation.
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PRASAD, R., B. GANGAIAH, and K. C. AIPE. "Effect of crop residue management in a rice–wheat cropping system on growth and yield of crops and on soil fertility." Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 4 (October 1999): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447979935403x.
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Crop residue management is posing a serious problem in the rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system, which is widely practised in the Indian Subcontinent and China, and covers about 22.5 × 106 ha. The problem is serious because there is very little turn-around time between rice harvest and wheat sowing. Three practices, namely, residue removal, residue burning and residue incorporation were compared in two field experiments, one with the rice residues and the other with the wheat residues. Results obtained showed that both rice and wheat residues can be safely incorporated without any detrimental effects on the crops of rice or wheat grown immediately after incorporation. Incorporation of crop residue also improved soil fertility status as judged by organic carbon and available phosphorus and potassium contents. Residue incorporation should be preferred over residue burning, which results in the loss of valuable plant nutrients and is both an environmental and a health hazard.
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Carbonari, Caio A., Giovanna L. G. C. Gomes, Maria L. B. Trindade, José R. M. Silva, and Edivaldo D. Velini. "Dynamics of Sulfentrazone Applied to Sugarcane Crop Residues." Weed Science 64, no. 1 (March 2016): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-14-00171.1.
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The sulfentrazone is regularly applied to sugarcane crop harvest residue for PRE control of weedy species, especially in the dry season during the year, but little is known about how rainfall timing or crop residue mass affect the release of sulfentrazone into the soil and its subsequent effectiveness. Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of sugarcane residue mass (5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha−1) and rainfall timing (1, 30, and 60 d after herbicide application) on sulfentrazone retention. Rainfall volumes were simulated at 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 35, 50, and 100 mm. A 20-mm rainfall volume was simulated at 7 and 14 d after the first simulated event. The water passing through the straw was collected after each rainfall simulation. The concentration of sulfentrazone was measured by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The initial 20 mm of rain released the maximum mass of sulfentrazone from the sugarcane residue. The mass of sugarcane residue affected the amount of sulfentrazone recovered. The amount of sulfentrazone released from the residue was significantly reduced by the persistence on the residue surface for long periods before the occurrence of rain. During periods of low rainfall, recommendations for sulfentrazone rate must take into account losses that occur when applied over the harvest residues to design a weed-management plan that does not compromise efficacy and duration of the residual effects.
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Oda, Masato. "Dispersion is essential in crop residue application." F1000Research 7 (February 18, 2020): 1831. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16748.2.
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Background: Crop residue application can maintain soil fertility and sustain agriculture. However, the effects of residue application are unstable because of variable weather conditions and the residual effects of crop residue application. Furthermore, residue application often reduces crop yields. Therefore, I tried to clarify effective residue application factors in an environment which was has stable weather conditions and low residual effects. Methods: Majuro atoll, a coral sand atoll near the equator, was selected for the experiment site because of its stable weather and low residual effect of coral sand. A factorial design experiment using sweet corn was conducted based on the following four factors: fungi propagation before application, cutting residue into pieces, dispersion (or accumulation) of applied residue, and placement (on the surface or incorporation) with an equal amount of crop residue. The effects of each factors on the corn yields were evaluated using Cohen’s power analysis. Results: The dispersion showed the largest effect (1.2 in Cohen’s), which exceeded the effect of incorporation (0.7). The interaction of dispersion and incorporation showed a huge effect (4.9) on corn yield. Discussion: The effect of dispersion was not positive but it avoided the negative effects of residue clustering. Because, the toxicity of the plant residue and generation of toxic substances by anaerobic decomposition are widely known. Anaerobic decomposition occurs inside the residue clusters. However, dispersion reduced the toxicity by adsorption in soil and avoiding anaerobic decomposition. Furthermore, incorporation showed an interaction effect, but surface placement did not. Conclusion: The dispersion of crop residue enhanced the positive effect of crop residue incorporation by avoiding the toxicity from crop residue. This finding adds a new viewpoint for the controversy between conventional and conservation agriculture
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Stumborg, Mark, Lawrence Townley-Smith, and Ewen Coxworth. "Sustainability and economic issues for cereal crop residue export." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-117.
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Soil conservation and sustainability concerns, and a lack of markets for crop residues, have left producers with few alternatives for cereal residue export beyond cattle feed or livestock bedding. With the increasing producer use of minimum and zero-tillage systems, the management of crop residues has become an important issue. Opportunities for residue removal may exist provided markets are developed for the material and long-term soil sustainability concerns are addressed.Recent research on the effect of residue removal in Saskatchewan has shown that there is little or no impact on soil organic matter provided adequate fertilization is practised and tillage is reduced. Assuming that 750 kg ha−1 of retained residue is adequate for erosion protection in reduced tillage systems, significant quantities of residues may be available for export from the Black Soil zone. The economic returns to producers are such that residue export is an attractive diversification option. Key words: Crop residues, economics, residue export, soil erosion, soil nutrients, soil carbon
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Amgain, LP, and AR Sharma. "Preceding crops and residue management practices on performance of mustard under zero-till semi-arid condition." Agronomy Journal of Nepal 3 (October 23, 2013): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v3i0.8983.
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A field experiment was conducted in 2010/11 and 2011/12 at New Delhi to study the performance of zero-till rainfed mustard. The influence of preceding rainy season crops, viz. pearl millet, cluster bean and green gram; and residue management, viz. no residue, crop residue and Leucaena twigs mulching on this mustard crop was observed. Pooled analysis of mustard seed yield was significantly higher (+51%) in 2010/11 (1.80 t/ ha) than 2011/12 (1.19 t/ha) due to favourable weather condition in the first year. Further, Leucaena twigs mulching resulted higher seed yield of 2.17 t/ha in 2010/11 than 1.94 t/ha in 2011/12. Green gram as preceding crop resulted significantly higher mustard yield in 2010/11, while it was higher after cluster bean in 2011/12. Interaction between crop residue and preceding rainy season crops on growth parameters exerted significant variations, while yield attributes showed the mixed response. Cluster bean with Leucaena twigs led to higher yield of mustard, followed by green gram with crop residue. Economic analysis exhibited the highest net return of mustard grown after cluster bean with Leucaena twigs mulching. From the findings it is observed that growth indices, yield, and yield attributes and economics of mustard were influenced significantly by preceding crops and crop residue application. The effect of Leucaena twigs was found better in 2010/11, while both crop residues and Leucaena twigs mulching were equally effective in 2011/12. Cluster bean as preceding crop to mustard resulted higher yield and net returns, followed by green gram and cluster bean with crop residues. It was suggested that mustard after cluster bean with Leucaena twigs was a high yielding and profitable cropping system under zero-till semi-arid condition. It was concluded that growing mustard after cluster bean with Leucaena twigs mulching resulted increased yield and profitable cropping system for rainfed areas in zero-till semi arid condition of New Delhi. Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 3. 2013, Page 23-32 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v3i0.8983
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Chakraborty, A., A. Biswal, V. Pandey, C. S. Murthy, P. V. N. Rao, and S. Chowdhury. "SPATIAL DISAGGREGATION OF THE BIOENERGY POTENTIAL FROM CROP RESIDUES USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W6 (July 26, 2019): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w6-369-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Limited national fossil fuel resources and sustained increases in energy prices have resulted in nationwide efforts to study and deploy alternative energy sources. Despite high prospect, biomass resources has not been effectively utilized in India due to the lack of information on amount, type and time of its availability on a geospatial frame work to facilitate its transportability, establishment of bio-fuel plants tailor made for specific crop residues. Hence, a comprehensive approach towards geospatial mapping of bio-energy potential from surplus crop residues of selected crops (rice. wheat, cotton and sugarcane) over the Haryana state of India is implemented by utilizing a hybrid model combining both statistical and remote sensing technique. Bioenergy potential was calculated from crop production statistics collected at district level. The grain production data were converted into gross residue potential using residue production ratio. The crop residue was further converted into collectable crop residue using collectable coefficient. To generate the spatial map of the selected crops, potential crop masks were prepared using multi-temporal satellite data. These crop masks were then converted to crop fraction at 1 km grid level. MODIS NPP data product was then processed and converted into same 1 km to account the spatial variability of biomass potential. Using these crop fractions as independent variables, relationship was established with NPP as dependent variable using a machine learning technique (Random Forest algorithm). These crop specific response curves (crop fraction vs NPP) were utilized as a weight to disaggregate district level gross biomass potential to 1 km grid level. The spatial map thus generated provided spatial details of the type and amount surplus crop residues and could be vital input for planning and policy making of utilization of the surplus biomass resources of India.</p>
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Lemke, R. L., L. Liu, V. S. Baron, S. S. Malhi, and R. E. Farrell. "Effect of crop and residue type on nitrous oxide emissions from rotations in the semi-arid Canadian prairies." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 98, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 508–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2018-0001.
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Crop rotations on the Canadian prairies commonly include sequences of pulses, oilseeds, and cereals; however, limited information is available regarding the influence that different crop types and sequences may have on direct nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. A 3 yr field study was conducted on a site near Scott, SK, to compare N2O emissions from selected crop phases of rotations containing pea (Pisum sativum L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and canola (Brassica napus L.) and to examine the potential influence of these residues on N2O emissions during the subsequent crop phase. Nitrous oxide losses from N-fertilized canola or wheat crops were generally higher than losses from pea or the control treatments. Nitrous oxide losses from N-fertilized wheat or canola crops grown on pea residue were comparable or lower than losses from N-fertilized wheat or canola crops grown on wheat residues. Cumulative N2O loss over the 3 yr was significantly higher from N-fertilized wheat grown on canola compared with pea or wheat residues. Losses from wheat grown on canola residue were 67% and 56% higher than from wheat grown on pea or wheat residue, respectively. This indicates that the emission factors used to estimate direct N2O loss may need to be adjusted upwards for N-fertilized crops grown on canola compared with wheat or pea residues.
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Sarkar, Sukamal, Milan Skalicky, Akbar Hossain, Marian Brestic, Saikat Saha, Sourav Garai, Krishnendu Ray, and Koushik Brahmachari. "Management of Crop Residues for Improving Input Use Efficiency and Agricultural Sustainability." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 9808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239808.
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Crop residues, the byproduct of crop production, are valuable natural resources that can be managed to maximize different input use efficiencies. Crop residue management is a well-known and widely accepted practice, and is a key component of conservation agriculture. The rapid shift from conventional agriculture to input-intensive modern agricultural practices often leads to an increase in the production of crop residues. Growing more food for an ever-increasing population brings the chance of fast residue generation. Ecosystem services from crop residues improve soil health status and supplement necessary elements in plants. However, this is just one side of the shield. Indecorous crop residue management, including in-situ residue burning, often causes serious environmental hazards. This happens to be one of the most serious environmental hazard issues witnessed by the agricultural sector. Moreover, improper management of these residues often restrains them from imparting their beneficial effects. In this paper, we have reviewed all recent findings to understand and summarize the different aspects of crop residue management, like the impact of the residues on crop and soil health, natural resource recycling, and strategies related to residue retention in farming systems, which are linked to the environment and ecology. This comprehensive review paper may be helpful for different stakeholders to formulate suitable residue management techniques that will fit well under existing farming system practices without compromising the systems’ productivity and environmental sustainability.
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Uddin, MT, and K. Fatema. "Rice crop residue management and its impact on farmers livelihood - an empirical study." Progressive Agriculture 27, no. 2 (August 17, 2016): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v27i2.29330.
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The study aimed to examine the present status of rice crop residue management and its impact on farmers livelihood covering two sub-districts in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. A total of 100 farmers (50 for crop residue practicing farmers and 50 for the farmers involved in traditional farming) were selected randomly for data collection. A combination of descriptive, statistical and mathematical techniques were applied to achieve the objectives and to get the meaningful results. The results of descriptive statistics showed that retention was found higher in far distance plots from homestead. No retention of crop residues was found in case of Aus and Aman rice. The whole retention was found only in case of Boro rice. The shortage of labour in season and the wage rate were also important factors for the retention of crop residues. However, farmers perceptions about the use of crop residues were mostly adding organic matter to the crop field followed by mulching and feeding animal. The recycling of resources among crop retention and livestock has the great potential to return a considerable amount of plant nutrients to the soil in the rice based crop production systems. Due to crop residue practices, crop and livestock both were benefited through resource interdependences. The sampled farmers were benefited from retention of crop residues by improving soil quality, soil moisture, etc.; and farmers used less amounts of fertilizer, irrigation water, etc. for the succeeding crops. Consequently, succeeding crop productivity, profitability and annual income were increased significantly. The result of logit regression model shows that age of household head, farm size, agricultural income and non-farm income were found as significant variables in explaining the variation in crop residue adoption of farm households. To assess the livelihood pattern of sample farm households through asset pentagon approach, noteworthy improvement was found s on different capitals. The study identified some problems regarding crop residue management and finally, recommended that if the farmers get proper training for such management, it would be helpful to improve their livelihood.Progressive Agriculture 27 (2): 189-199, 2016
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Li, Jie, Shuai Wang, Yuanliang Shi, Lili Zhang, and Zhijie Wu. "Do Fallow Season Cover Crops Increase N2O or CH4 Emission from Paddy Soils in the Mono-Rice Cropping System?" Agronomy 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020199.
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Cover crop management during the fallow season may play a relevant role in improving crop productivity and soil quality, by increasing nitrogen (N) and soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation, but has the possibility of increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the soil. A year-long consistency experiment was conducted to examine the effects of various winter covering crops on annual nitrous oxide (N2O) together with methane (CH4) emissions in the mono-rice planting system, including direct emissions in the cover crop period and the effects of incorporating these crops on gaseous emissions during the forthcoming rice (Oryza Sativa L.) growing period, to improve the development of winter fallow paddy field with covering crops and to assess rice cultivation patterns. The experiment included three treatments: Chinese milk vetch-rice (Astragalus sinicus L.) with cover crop residue returned (T1), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.)-rice with cover crop residue returned (T2), and rice with winter fallow (CK). Compared with CK, the two winter cover crop treatments significantly increased rice yield, soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) by 6.9–14.5%, 0.8–2.1% and 3.4–5.4%, respectively. In all cases, the fluxes of CH4 and N2O could increase with the incorporation of N fertilizer application and cover crop residues. Short-term peaks of these two gas fluxes were monitored after all crop residues were incorporated in the soil preparation period, the early vegetative growth period and the midseason drainage period. The winter cover crop residue application greatly enhanced CH4 and N2O cumulative emissions compared with CK (by 193.6–226.5% and 37.5–43.7%, respectively) during rice growing season and intercropping period. Meanwhile, the mean values of global warming potentials (GWPs) from paddy fields with different cropping crops were T2 > T1 > CK. Considering the advantages of crop productivity together with environmental safety and soil quality, Chinese milk vetch-rice with cover crop residue returned would be the most practicable and sustainable cultivation pattern for the mono-rice cropping systems.
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Miranda, Kaiê Fillipe Guedes, José Luiz Rodrigues Torres, Hamilton Cesar de Oliveira Charlo, Valdeci Orioli Junior, João Henrique de Souza Favaro, and Zigomar Menezes de Souza. "Sweet corn in no-tillage system on cover crop residues in the Brazilian Cerrado." June 2020, no. 14(6):2020 (June 20, 2020): 947–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.06.p2189.
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In recent years, the growth of the cultivated area with sweet corn in conventional tillage system in Brazil expanded, although crops can be grown on different residues of cover crops, which improve nutrient cycling and crop productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biomass production and to quantify the rate of plant residues decomposition of different cover crops, and correlate the results with the production and grain yield of sweet corn in an area located in the Cerrado biome. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with eight treatments: PM - pearl millet; SH - sunn hemp; SG - signal grass; PM + SH; PM + SG; SH + SG; PM+ SH + SG; FW - fallow (spontaneous vegetation), which preceded the cultivation of sweet corn. Fresh biomass (FB) and dry biomass (DB) of the cover crops were evaluated, as well as the rate of plant residue decomposition. Sweet corn productivity, straw and corncob weight, and grain yield were also determined. Pearl millet presented a better performance in FB production, decomposition rate, residue half-life (T½ life) in soil, yield, corn cob strawweight and yield of sweet corn. Pearl millet, when mixed with other plants, presented reduced rate of residue decomposition and increased residue T½ life. The FW presented the lowest biomass production, with great rate of decomposition and low T½ life. Cover crops grown before sweet corn in soils of good fertility did not affect crop agronomic characteristics. Pearl millet is the best cover crop adapted to Cerrado Brazilian climatic conditions to be used in monoculture or in mixtures with other plants.
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Schoenau, Jeff J., and Constantine A. Campbell. "Impact of crop residues on nutrient availability in conservation tillage systems." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-111.
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Crop residue management is a key consideration when attempting to optimize fertility in conservation tillage systems. Major factors affecting the impact of crop residues on nutrient availability include the chemical composition of the residue [e.g. carbon (C) to nitrogen (N) ratio], residue placement, fertilizer placement in relation to residue and time. Greater surface accumulation of crop residues in reduced and no-till systems tends to slow decomposition of N-poor residues such as cereal straw, and crop N supply during the current year can be reduced by immobilization if the straw is incorporated close to the time of high crop demand. Similarly, placement of fertilizer directly in the surface straw residue can reduce fertilizer use efficiency due to greater immobilization. Greater immobilization in reduced and no-till systems can enhance the conservation of soil and fertilizer N in the long term, with higher initial N fertilizer requirements decreasing over time because of 1) reduced losses by erosion and 2) the build-up of a larger pool of readily mineralizable organic N. For N-rich residues, such as legumes, volatilization losses may be greater when these residues are left on the surface than when incorporated into soil. Leaching of soluble phosphorus and sulfur compounds from standing and surface-placed crop residues into the mineral soil below may be a significant pathway for recycling of these elements in no-till systems. Greater coverage of the soil surface by crop residues can increase soil moisture and affect soil biological activity related to nutrient turnover. Future research should address how above- and below-ground decomposition processes differ for a wider range of crop residues and nutrients, emphasizing both short and long-term nutrient recycling. Key words: Crop residue, no-till, nutrient availability, nutrient cycling
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Lupwayi, N. Z., G. W. Clayton, J. T. O’Donovan, K. N. Harker, T. K. Turkington, and Y. K. Soon. "Potassium release during decomposition of crop residues under conventional and zero tillage." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-049.
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Nutrient cycling is an important part of integrated nutrient management. The litterbag method was used in field experiments to determine potassium (K) release patterns from red clover (Trifolium pratense) green manure (GM), field pea (Pisum sativum), canola (Brassica rapa) and monoculture wheat (Triticum aestivum) residues under conventional and zero tillage from 1998 to 1999 and from 1999 to 2000. Potassium contained in crop residues ranged from 25 kg ha-1 in wheat to 121 kg ha-1 in pea residues, both under zero tillage. The percentage of K released over a 52-wk period ranged from 65% of pea K under zero tillage to 99% of clover K under conventional tillage, and the amounts released were 20–32 kg ha-1 from wheat, 31–52 kg ha-1 from canola, 28–79 kg ha-1 from pea, and 31–118 kg ha-1 from legume GM residues. In both trial periods, K from wheat residues was released at a faster rate under conventional tillage than under zero tillage during the first 10 wk of residue decomposition. In contrast, K from pea and canola residues was released more quickly under zero tillage than under conventional tillage. The effect of tillage on K release from GM residues was similar to that on pea and canola residues in 1998–1999, but similar to that on wheat residues in 1999–2000. Correlations between K release and residue quality were inconsistent, presumably because K is not a structural component of plant tissue, and therefore its release is probably related more to leaching than to residue decomposition. These results show that crop residues recycle substantial amounts of K for use by subsequent crops in rotation. Key words: Conservation tillage, crop residue quality, crop rotation, organic soil amendments
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Grimmer, Orion P., and John B. Masiunas. "Evaluation of Winter-killed Cover Crops Preceding Snap Pea." HortTechnology 14, no. 3 (January 2004): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.14.3.0349.
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Winter-killed cover crops may protect the soil surface from erosion and reduce herbicide use in an early planted crop such as pea (Pisum sativum). Our objective was to determine the potential of winter-killed cover crops in a snap pea production system. White mustard (Brassica hirta) produced the most residue in the fall but retained only 37% of that residue into the spring. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) and oats (Avena sativa) produced less fall residue but had more residue and ground cover in the spring. Greater ground cover in the spring facilitated higher soil moisture, contributing to higher weed numbers and weight and lower pea yields for oat and barley compared with a bare ground treatment. White mustard had weed populations and pea yields similar to the bare ground treatment. Within the weed-free subplot, no differences in pea yields existed among cover crop treatments, indicating no direct interference with pea growth by the residues. In greenhouse experiments, field-grown oat and barley residue suppressed greater than 50% of the germination of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) and shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursapastoris), while in the field none of the cover crop provided better weed control than the fallow.
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Essich, Lisa, Peteh Mehdi Nkebiwe, Moritz Schneider, and Reiner Ruser. "Is Crop Residue Removal to Reduce N2O Emissions Driven by Quality or Quantity? A Field Study and Meta-Analysis." Agriculture 10, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110546.
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In order to quantify the reduction potential for nitrous oxide (N2O) release from arable soils through the removal of crop residues, we conducted an experiment after sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) harvest with three treatments: (i) ploughing of the crop residues (+CR:D), (ii) returning residues after ploughing on the surface (+CR:S), and (iii) removal of the residues and ploughing (−CR). N2O fluxes were measured over 120 days in south Germany. High positive correlations between N2O fluxes and the CO2 fluxes and soil nitrate contents suggested denitrification as the main N2O source. N2O emissions in +CR:D was higher than in +CR:S (2.39 versus 0.93 kg N2O−N ha−1 120 d−1 in +CR:D and +CR:S). Residue removal in −CR reduced the N2O emission compared to +CR:D by 95% and to +CR:S by 87%. We further conducted a meta-analysis on the effect of crop residue removal on N2O emissions, where we included 176 datasets from arable soils with mainly rain fed crops. The overall effect of residue removal showed a N2O reduction of 11%. The highest N2O reduction of 76% was calculated for the removal subgroup with C/N-ratio < 25. Neither the remaining C/N-ratio subgroups nor the grouping variables “tillage” or “residue quantity” differed within their subgroup.
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Norsworthy, Jason K., Nicholas E. Korres, Michael J. Walsh, and Stephen B. Powles. "Integrating Herbicide Programs with Harvest Weed Seed Control and Other Fall Management Practices for the Control of Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)." Weed Science 64, no. 3 (September 2016): 540–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-15-00210.1.
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A large-plot field experiment was conducted at Keiser, AR, from fall of 2010 through fall of 2013 to understand to what extent soybean in-crop herbicide programs and postharvest fall management practices impact Palmer amaranth population density and seed production over three growing seasons. The effect of POST-only (glyphosate-only) or PRE followed by (fb) POST (glyphosate or glufosinate) + residual herbicide treatments were evaluated alone and in combination with postharvest management options of soybean residue spreading or soil incorporation, use of cover crops, windrowing with/without burning, and residue removal. Significant differences were observed between fall management practices on Palmer amaranth population density each fall. The use of cover crops and residue collection and removal fb the incorporation of crop residues into soil during the formation of beds were the most effective practices in reducing Palmer amaranth population. In contrast, the effects of fall management practices on Palmer amaranth seed production were inconsistent among years. The inclusion of a PRE herbicide application into the herbicide program significantly reduced Palmer amaranth population density and subsequent seed production each year when compared to the glyphosate-only program. Additionally, the glufosinate-containing residual program was superior to the glyphosate-containing residual program in reducing Palmer amaranth seed production. PRE fb POST herbicides resulted in significant decreases in the Palmer amaranth population density and seed production compared to POST application of glyphosate alone for all fall management practices, including the no-till practice. This study demonstrated that crop residue management such as chaff removal from the field, the use of cover crops, or seed incorporation during bed formation in combination with an effective PRE plus POST residual herbicide program is important for optimizing in-season management of Palmer amaranth and subsequently reducing the population density, which has a profound impact on lessening the risk for herbicide resistance and the consistency and effectiveness of future weed management efforts.
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Cookson, W. R., M. H. Beare, and P. E. Wilson. "Effects of prior crop residue management on microbial properties and crop residue decomposition." Applied Soil Ecology 7, no. 2 (January 1998): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0929-1393(97)00032-2.
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Bergersen, FJ, GL Turner, RR Gault, MB Peoples, LJ Morthorpe, and J. Brockwell. "Contributions of nitrogen in soybean crop residues to subsequent crops and to soils." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, no. 1 (1992): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9920155.
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Dried soybean leaves, stems and roots, containing respectively 1.9, 2.1 and 1.4 atoms % 15N were incorporated (May 1986) into the trash-cleared topsoil of 6 m2, unconfined plots in an irrigated block at Trangie, N.S.W. At intervals over the next year, 15N was determined in succeeding crops of oats (May to October) and soybeans (November to May), in weeds and in the soil. Nitrogen derived from soybean leaf residues contributed 33% of the N of winter oats grown immediately after residue incorporation, but N from roots and stems contributed only 0.6 and 3.5%, respectively, of oat N. The following soybean crop derived most of its N from N2 fixation, but residues (15N stems, 15N leaves and total soybean trash) increased plant N. Thus 13, 60 and 394 mg N m-2 of the crop N was derived from 15N -labelled root, stem and leaf residues, respectively. Weeds had higher atoms % 15N than soybeans, but removed only small proportions of residue N from the soil. In the soil, most 15N from the residues remained in the upper (0-10 cm) level of the profile, but 15N excess was detected to 30 cm in soil treated with 15N -stems and 15N -leaves. Mineral N (NO3- + NH4+ ), extracted from the soil with 2 M KCl, represented 0-5 to 2% of the total N present, being greatest in March and least in May, but 15N excess in these extracts was a greater proportion (1 to 13%) of the total 15N excess present. This indicated that the soybean residue N remained more readily mineralizable than native organic N for at least one year. Losses of 15N from the system are discussed in relation to experimental constraints.
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Harrelson, E. Ryan, Greg D. Hoyt, John L. Havlin, and David W. Monks. "Effect of Winter Cover Crop Residue on No-till Pumpkin Yield." HortScience 42, no. 7 (December 2007): 1568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.7.1568.
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Throughout the southeastern United States, vegetable growers have successfully cultivated pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo) using conventional tillage. No-till pumpkin production has not been pursued by many growers as a result of the lack of herbicides, no-till planting equipment, and knowledge in conservation tillage methods. All of these conservation production aids are now present for successful no-till vegetable production. The primary reasons to use no-till technologies for pumpkins include reduced erosion, improved soil moisture conservation, long-term improvement in soil chemical and microbial properties, and better fruit appearance while maintaining similar yields compared with conventionally produced pumpkins. Cover crop utilization varies in no-till production, whereas residue from different cover crops can affect yields. The objective of these experiments was to evaluate the influence of surface residue type on no-till pumpkin yield and fruit quality. Results from these experiments showed all cover crop residues produced acceptable no-till pumpkin yields and fruit size. Field location, weather conditions, soil type, and other factors probably affected pumpkin yields more than surface residue. Vegetable growers should expect to successfully grow no-till pumpkins using any of the winter cover crop residues tested over a wide range in residue biomass rates.
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Wang, Yamei, Shuhe Zhao, Wenting Cai, Joon Heo, and Fanchen Peng. "A Sensitive Band to Optimize Winter Wheat Crop Residue Cover Estimation by Eliminating Moisture Effect." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (May 29, 2019): 3032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113032.
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Crop residues can retain soil moisture and increase soil organic matter. Crop residue cover is also a hot issue in agricultural remote sensing. Crop residue cover can be estimated linearly with cellulose absorption index (CAI), while moisture of crop residues and soil would reduce the accuracy of crop residue cover estimation. Crop residue and soil were used as materials to carry out the laboratory experiment to reveal the impact of moisture on crop residue cover estimation and eliminate said impact. This paper discovered a sensitive band, R2005, which can invert water content of materials to eliminate moisture effect and improve estimation accuracy of crop residue cover. In terms of inverting water content, compared with two ratio water indices proposed in 2016 (R1.6/R1.5, R1.6/R2.0), using R2005 can increase R2 from 0.828 to 0.935 and decline root-mean-square error (RMSE) from 0.12 to 0.07. At the point of results validation, R2 is 0.958 and RMSE is 0.06, indicating R2005 has a high accuracy. Another advantage of R2005 is that it is more suitable to promote to actual production because of simple and efficient band calculation.
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Weyers, S. L., and K. A. Spokas. "Crop residue decomposition in Minnesota biochar-amended plots." Solid Earth 5, no. 1 (June 11, 2014): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-5-499-2014.
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Abstract. Impacts of biochar application at laboratory scales are routinely studied, but impacts of biochar application on decomposition of crop residues at field scales have not been widely addressed. The priming or hindrance of crop residue decomposition could have a cascading impact on soil processes, particularly those influencing nutrient availability. Our objectives were to evaluate biochar effects on field decomposition of crop residue, using plots that were amended with biochars made from different plant-based feedstocks and pyrolysis platforms in the fall of 2008. Litterbags containing wheat straw material were buried in July of 2011 below the soil surface in a continuous-corn cropped field in plots that had received one of seven different biochar amendments or a uncharred wood-pellet amendment 2.5 yr prior to start of this study. Litterbags were collected over the course of 14 weeks. Microbial biomass was assessed in treatment plots the previous fall. Though first-order decomposition rate constants were positively correlated to microbial biomass, neither parameter was statistically affected by biochar or wood-pellet treatments. The findings indicated only a residual of potentially positive and negative initial impacts of biochars on residue decomposition, which fit in line with established feedstock and pyrolysis influences. Overall, these findings indicate that no significant alteration in the microbial dynamics of the soil decomposer communities occurred as a consequence of the application of plant-based biochars evaluated here.
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Weyers, S. L., and K. A. Spokas. "Crop residue decomposition in Minnesota biochar amended plots." Solid Earth Discussions 6, no. 1 (February 24, 2014): 599–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-6-599-2014.
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Abstract. Impacts of biochar application at laboratory scales are routinely studied, but impacts of biochar application on decomposition of crop residues at field scales have not been widely addressed. The priming or hindrance of crop residue decomposition could have a cascading impact on soil processes, particularly those influencing nutrient availability. Our objectives were to evaluate biochar effects on field decomposition of crop residue, using plots that were amended with biochars made from different feedstocks and pyrolysis platforms prior to the start of this study. Litterbags containing wheat straw material were buried below the soil surface in a continuous-corn cropped field in plots that had received one of seven different biochar amendments or a non-charred wood pellet amendment 2.5 yr prior to start of this study. Litterbags were collected over the course of 14 weeks. Microbial biomass was assessed in treatment plots the previous fall. Though first-order decomposition rate constants were positively correlated to microbial biomass, neither parameter was statistically affected by biochar or wood-pellet treatments. The findings indicated only a residual of potentially positive and negative initial impacts of biochars on residue decomposition, which fit in line with established feedstock and pyrolysis influences. Though no significant impacts were observed with field-weathered biochars, effective soil management may yet have to account for repeat applications of biochar.
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Rochester, IJ, GA Constable, and DA Macleod. "Cycling of fertilizer and cotton crop residue nitrogen." Soil Research 31, no. 5 (1993): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930597.
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Mineral N (nitrate and ammonium) contents were monitored in N-fertilized soils supporting cotton crops to provide information on the nitrification, mineralization and immobilization processes operating in the soil. The relative contributions of fertilizer N, previous cotton crop residue N and indigenous soil N to the mineral N pools and to the current crop's N uptake were calculated. After N fertilizer (urea) application, the soil's mineral N content rose rapidly and subsequently declined at a slower rate. The recovery of 15N-labelled urea as mineral N declined exponentially with time. Biological immobilization (and possibly denitrification to some extent) were believed to be the major processes reducing post-application soil mineral N content; the decline could not be accounted for by crop N uptake alone. Progressively less N was mineralized upon incubation of soil sampled through the growing season. Little soil N (either from urea or crop residue) was mineralized at crop maturity. Cycling of N was evident between the soil mineral and organic N pools throughout the cotton growing season. Considerable quantities of fertilizer N were immobilized by the soil microbiomass; immobilized N was remineralized and subsequently taken up by the cotton crop. A large proportion of the crop N was taken up in the latter part of the season when the soil mineral N content was low. We suggest that much of the N taken up by cotton was derived from microbial sources, rather than crop residues. The application of cotton crop residue (stubble) slightly reduced the mineral N content in the soil by encouraging biological immobilization. 15N was mineralized very slowly from the labelled crop residue and did not contribute significantly to the supply of N to the current crop. Recovery of labelled fertilizer N and labelled crop residue N by the cotton crop was 28 and 1%, respectively. In comparison, the apparent recovery of fertilizer N was 48%. Indigenous soil N contributed 68% of the N taken up by the cotton crop.
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Baskoro, Dwl Putro Tejo. "Effect of Placement Method of Crop Residue and Irrigation on Soil Physical Properties and Plant Production." Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2005): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitl.7.2.66-70.
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A proper management of crop residue can increase crop production since it plays an important role on increasingwater availability. The effect of crop residue application on soil productivity depends on many factors. In this research. theeffect of placement of crop residue and irrigation on soil physical properties and crop production were examined under field condition on dry season. The result showed that crop residue placement had no significant effect on all parameters of measured soil physical properties both under dry condition (no irrigation) and wet condition (with irrigation). The effects ofcrop residue placements on maize growth were also not significant. Nevertheless there was a tendency that surface application produced higher biomass than buried application. On grain yield, however. the effect of crop residue placement was significant. especially under dry condition with no water applied Surface application of crop residues produced higher grain yield than buried application.
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Armstrong, R. D., K. McCosker, G. Millar, and M. E. Probert. "Fluxes of nitrogen derived from plant residues and fertiliser on a cracking clay in a semi-arid environment." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 3 (1998): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97069.
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The feasibility of using legume leys to redress declining levels of soil nitrogen (N) fertility on the heavy clay Vertisols of the northern Australian grain belt depends partly on the ability of plant residues to supply N directly to subsequent cereal crops. An alternative is the use of fertiliser N in continuous cereal cropping. Two experiments were conducted (one in the field, the other under polyhouse conditions) to compare the uptake of N from either plant residues or ammonium sulfate fertiliser that had been labelled with 15N. In a field trial, 15N-labelled shoots of grain sorghum and Desmanthus virgatus and ammonium sulfate were applied to micro-plots and the flux of the added N between different soil pools and a wheat crop was followed over 219 days. Only small amounts of residue-derived N (<5%) were recovered in the mineral N of the soil at a depth of 0-10 cm, whereas over 88% of the fertiliser N was present as mineral N soon after adding the fertiliser. Soil microbial biomass-N was increased following addition of residues. Recovery of added 15N in the wheat crop was much higher from the fertiliser (35%) than from the 2 residue sources (<5%). The pot trial compared a wider range of 15N-labelled residues (shoot and root residues of Desmanthus virgatus, Lablab purpureus, and sorghum) with several rates of ammonium sulfate, applied in the presence and absence of non-labelled grain sorghum residues, over 4 cropping cycles. Dry matter production and N uptake were increased by application of fertiliser N, although the response was reduced in the presence of non-labelled sorghum residues; responses to residue N were much smaller than those to fertiliser N. In the first crop following residue application <7% of residue N was recovered, increasing to 12-23% over the 4 crops. Recovery of fertiliser N by the crops increased with the rate of application, and also depended on whether it was applied together with residues. A feature of the results, in both the field and pot experiments, was the large proportion of applied 15N that could not be accounted for in either the soil or the crops, and these losses have been attributed to denitrification.
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Kumar, Mukesh, Sabyasachi Mitra, Sonali Paul Mazumdar, Bijan Majumdar, Amit Ranjan Saha, Shiv Ram Singh, Biswajit Pramanick, Ahmed Gaber, Walaa F. Alsanie, and Akbar Hossain. "Improvement of Soil Health and System Productivity through Crop Diversification and Residue Incorporation under Jute-Based Different Cropping Systems." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081622.
Full textAbstract:
Crop diversity through residue incorporation is the most important method for sustaining soil health. A field study was conducted over five consecutive years (2012–2017) to see the impact of residue incorporartions in Inceptisol of eastern India. The main plot treatments had five cropping systems (CS), namely, fallow−rice−rice (FRR), jute−rice−wheat (JRW), jute−rice−baby corn (JRBc), jute−rice−vegetable pea (JRGp), jute−rice−mustard−mungbean/green gram (JRMMu), which cinsisted of four sub-plots with varied nutrient and crop residue management (NCRM) levels, namely crops with no residue +75% of the recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) (F1R0), crops with the residue of the previous crops +75% RDF (F1R1), crops with no resiude +100% RDF (F2R0), and crops with residue +100% RDF (F2R1). The highest system productivity was obtained for JRBc (15.3 Mg·ha−1), followed by JRGp (8.81 Mg·ha−1) and JRMMu (7.61 Mg·ha−1); however, the highest sustainability index was found with the JRGp cropping system (0.88), followed by JRMMu (0.82). Among the NCRMs, the highest productivity (8.78 Mg·ha−1) and sustainability index (0.83) were recorded in F2R1. Five soil parameters, namely, bulk density, available K, urease activity, dehydrogenase activity, and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), were used in the minimum data-set (MDS) for the calculation of the soil quality index (SQI). The best attainment of SQI was found in the JRGp system (0.63), closely followed by the JRMMu (0.61) cropping system.
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Sui, Ning, Chaoran Yu, Guanglei Song, Fan Zhang, Ruixian Liu, Changqin Yang, Yali Meng, and Zhiguo Zhou. "Comparative effects of crop residue incorporation and inorganic potassium fertilisation on apparent potassium balance and soil potassium pools under a wheat–cotton system." Soil Research 55, no. 8 (2017): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16200.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of consecutive crop residue incorporation and potassium (K) fertilisation on plant–soil K balance, K forms, K release and K fixation capacity under wheat–cotton rotation at Nanjing and Dafeng in China. Six treatments were evaluated: control (without K input), wheat straw at 0.9tha–1, cotton residue at 0.7tha–1, wheat straw and cotton residue at the aforementioned rates, and 150 and 300kg ha–1 fertiliser K. Treatments in each rotation year had an identical rate of nitrogen and phosphate fertiliser application. The initial soil K content was higher in Dafeng than Nanjing. In the low K content soil of Nanjing, crop K uptake with double crop straw was significantly higher than that under single crop straw return or inorganic fertiliser, and K uptake increased with increasing K inputs. Only double crop straw or 300kg ha–1 fertiliser K treatments reached apparent K balance in Nanjing, but not in Dafeng. The high negative K balance resulted from the elevated K removal by crops in Dafeng. Incorporation of double crop residues favoured accumulation of different forms of K. Application of K fertiliser tended to increase soil water-soluble K, and crop residue incorporation greatly improved non-exchangeable K at a depth of 0–20cm. Similar to K fertiliser, crop residue incorporation significantly increased soil K release and decreased K fixation at both sites. In summary, in a 3-year field experiment, crop residue incorporation and inorganic K fertilisation had similar effects on soil K pools and balance depending on initial soil K level and actual K input.
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Balkcom, Kipling Shane, Charles Wesley Wood, James Fredrick Adams, and Bernard Meso. "Suitability of peanut residue as a nitrogen source for a rye cover crop." Scientia Agricola 64, no. 2 (2007): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162007000200012.
Full textAbstract:
Leguminous winter cover crops have been utilized in conservation systems to partially meet nitrogen (N) requirements of succeeding summer cash crops, but the potential of summer legumes to reduce N requirements of a winter annual grass, used as a cover crop, has not been extensively examined. This study assessed the N contribution of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) residues to a subsequent rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop grown in a conservation system on a Dothan sandy loam (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults) at Headland, AL USA during the 2003-2005 growing seasons. Treatments were arranged in a split plot design, with main plots of peanut residue retained or removed from the soil surface, and subplots as N application rates (0, 34, 67 and 101 kg ha-1) applied in the fall. Peanut residue had minimal to no effect on rye biomass yields, N content, carbon (C) /N ratio, or N, P, K, Ca and Zn uptake. Additional N increased rye biomass yield, and N, P, K, Ca, and Zn uptakes. Peanut residue does not contribute significant amounts of N to a rye cover crop grown as part of a conservation system, but retaining peanut residue on the soil surface could protect the soil from erosion early in the fall and winter before a rye cover crop grows sufficiently to protect the typically degraded southeastern USA soils.
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Lupwayi, N. Z., G. W. Clayton, J. T. O’Donovan, K. N. Harker, T. K. Turkington, and W. A. Rice. "Soil microbiological properties during decomposition of crop residues under conventional and zero tillage." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 84, no. 4 (November 1, 2004): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s03-083.
Full textAbstract:
Field experiments were conducted to correlate decomposition of red clover (Trifolium pratense) green manure (GM), field pea (Pisum sativum), canola (Brassica rapa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) residues, and soil organic C (SOC), under zero tillage and conventional tillage, with soil microbial biomass C (MBC), bacterial functional diversity and microbial activity (CO2 evolution). A greenhouse experiment was also conducted to relate crop residue quality to soil microbial characteristics. Zero tillage increas ed MBC only in the 0- to 5-cm soil layer. Soil MBC decreased more with soil depth than either microbial diversity or total SOC. Legume GM residues induced greater initial CO2 evolution than the other residues. This means that results that do not include the initial flush of microbial activity, e.g., by sampling only in the season(s) following residue placement, probably underestimate gas evolution from legume crop residues. Residue N, P and K contents were positively correlated with microbial functional diversity and activity, which were positively correlated with crop residue decomposition. Therefore, microbial functional diversity and activity were good indicators of microbial decomposition processes. Residue C/N and C/P ratios (i.e., high C content) were positively correlated with MBC, which was positively correlated with SOC. Therefore, soil MBC was a good indicator of soil quality (soil organic matter content). Key words: Biological soil quality, crop residues, crop rotation, microbial activity, microbial biomass, microbial diversity
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Lafond, G. P., S. M. Boyetchko, S. A. Brandt, G. W. Clayton, and M. H. Entz. "Influence of changing tillage practices on crop production." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 641–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-114.
Full textAbstract:
The most efficient and practical way of protecting the soil against wind and water erosion is with surface and anchored crop residues. The rate and extent of crop establishment is not adversely affected by conservation tillage provided shallow seeding is used and adequate seed-to-soil contact is achieved. Soil water conservation can be enhanced with conservation tillage systems and the amount conserved is directly influenced by the type and amount of crop residues present and the agro-ecological zone. Crop residue decomposition is 1.5× slower on the surface than when buried and the rate of decomposition can be explained almost entirely by the location and nitrogen content of the residues and growing degree days. Grain yield can be improved with conservation tillage and is directly related to the amount of extra water conserved, regardless of the crop. Crop establishment, which is critical in forage production, can be improved with conservation tillage. Removing forage stands with herbicides as opposed to tillage favoured subsequent crops. Further research is required on the manipulation of stubble height and row spacing to enhance water conservation and to determine the impact of such changes on crop growth and development, weeds and plant diseases. There is need to develop crop-specific conservation production practices for each agro-ecological zone. Key words: Residue decomposition, grain yield, water conservation, forage production, conservation tillage
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Hoyt, Greg D. "405 No-till Vegetable Production in the Sand Hill Region of North Carolina." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 462E—463. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.462e.
Full textAbstract:
An experiment was established to determine the effect of different winter cover crops residues on yields of no-till pumpkins, yellow summer squash, and sweet corn. Residue treatments of fallow, triticale, crimson clover, little barley, and crimson clover + little barley were fall established and killed before spring no-till planting in 1998 and 1999. All summer vegetables received recommended fertilizer rates and labeled pesticides. Spring cover crop growth and biomass measurements ranged from 1873 to 6362 kg/ha. No-till sweet corn yields among the various cover residue treatments were greater where crimson clover and crimson clover + little barley (mixture) were used as residue in 1999, but not significantly different in 1998. No-till pumpkins showed the beneficial affect cover crop residue had on vegetable yields when dry conditions exist. Triticale and crimson clover + little barley (mixture) residues reduced soil water evaporation and produced more numbers of fruit per hectare (5049 and 5214, respectively) and greater weights of fruit (20.8 and 20.9 Mg/ha) than the other residue treatments (3725 to 4221 fruit/ha and 11.8 to 16.1 Mg/ha, respectively). No-till summer squash harvest showed steady increases in yield through time by all treatments with crimson clover residue treatment with the greatest squash yields and triticale and little barley residue treatments with the lowest squash yields. We found that sweet corn and squash yields were greater where legume cover residues were used compared to grass cover residues, whereas, pumpkin yields were higher where the greatest quantity of mulch was present at harvest (grass residues).
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Hoyt, Greg D. "Tillage and Cover Residue Affects on Vegetable Yields." HortTechnology 9, no. 3 (January 1999): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.9.3.351.
Full textAbstract:
The availability of various conservation tillage (CT) practices along with a variety of cover residues creates an opportunity for farm managers to create new systems for vegetable production. We established various tillage practices and cover crop residues for CT use to determine which systems would continue to deliver high vegetable productivity. Recommendations for using CT based only on a yield perspective would lead us to conclude that full season crops could be grown with some form of CT and respectable yields would be obtainable. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) production with CT is successfully being practiced in North Carolina in both the mountain valleys and Piedmont region. Because of the cooler soil temperatures with cover residue, summer and especially fall harvested tomatoes produce the least risk in obtaining similar yields as plow/disc production. Our experiments with short season vegetable crops and CT have had mixed results. Cole crops (Brassica L.) grown with CT in early spring or late fall experience soil temperatures cool enough to delay growth compared to plow/disc management. Proper selection of a cover crop residue type and the amount of cover residue can increase yield. Growing short season vegetable crops with CT during the warmest season of the year will reduce the risk of delayed plant growth and thus, decrease the time to harvest.
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Hoffman, Melinda L., Leslie A. Weston, John C. Snyder, and Emilie E. Regnier. "Separating the Effects of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Rye (Secale cereale) Root and Shoot Residues on Weed Development." Weed Science 44, no. 2 (June 1996): 402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500094078.
Full textAbstract:
Greenhouse experiments that used capillary mat subirrigation to maintain constant soil moisture and to supply fertilizer continuously were conducted to evaluate the effects of sorghum or rye residue on early growth of barnyardgrass and velvetleaf. The separate effects of root residue and of shoot residue were compared to the combined effects of root plus shoot residues and to an uncovered soil control. Residues included as nontoxic controls were leached shoot tissue and poplar excelsior. Shoot residue, leached shoot tissue, and poplar excelsior were surface-applied on an equal light transmittance basis such that mass of poplar excelsior > shoot residue > leached shoot tissue. The presence of rye root residue delayed emergence of barnyardgrass. Surface-applied residues tended to decrease barnyardgrass height, but velvetleaf stem length was greater in treatments with surface residue. Although cover crop shoot residues had little effect on weed growth after 18 d, weed growth decreased in the presence of cover crop root residues and poplar excelsior.
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Ali, Ljaz, and Ghulam Nabi. "Effect of Mineral N on C and N Dynamics of Rice and Wheat Residues under Different Moisture Levels." Biological Sciences - PJSIR 63, no. 3 (November 13, 2020): 226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.63.3.2020.226.237.
Full textAbstract:
Crop residue mineralization affects soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics during crop residue management in crop production. C and N mineralization dynamics of rice and wheat residues incorporated with and without mineral N under two moisture conditions were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Mineral N was applied @ 0.015 g/Kg (»30 Kg/ha), whereas soil moisture was maintained at high (» 15 KPa, near field capacity) and at low (» 500 KPa)moisture levels during course of study.Periodic determinations on CO2 C and N mineralized were performed over a period of 120 days. The highest peaks for CO2 C occurred during first week of the study which then reduced gradually until it attained an equilibrium. High moisture level enhanced CO2 C flux by 14% than low moisture level. Combined application of crop residues and mineral N released 17% more CO2 C than crop residue treatments without mineral N.In residue applied treatments, immobilization was 40% higher at high moisture level than that at low moisture level. Application of rice and wheat residues in combination with mineral N caused both immobilizations followed by mineralization phases at both moisture levels. At high moisture level, maximum immobilization occurred during initial 15 days, while at low moisture level it continued till about 30 days. After day15, mineralization started which continued to increase during remaining period of study at high moisture and at low moisture mineralization initiated from day 60 onward. Mineralization in rice residue was faster than that in wheat residues. Immobilization of N continued progressively in residue alone treated soils at both moisture levels during study period. In residue treated soils, increase in soil moisture increased soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil water stable aggregates (WSA) significantly by 14% and 55% over control respectively.Combined application of crop residues and mineral N increased SOC by 43% and WSA by 59%. This study indicated that incorporation of crop residues along with addition of mineral N in the presence of optimum moisture promoted its faster decomposition with a quicker mineral N release, more organic matter build up and soil structure improvement than crop residues incorporated without mineral N.
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Mohr, R. M., H. H. Janzen, and M. H. Entz. "Nitrogen dynamics under growth chamber conditions as influenced by method of alfalfa termination 2. Plant-available N release." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s96-026.
Full textAbstract:
Herbicide application has been proposed as an alternative to tillage for termination of established alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stands but it may alter the pattern and amount of N released from alfalfa residues. A controlled environment study was conducted to investigate the effect of termination technique on the availability of N to four barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crops. Four treatments consisting of a factorial combination of two termination methods (chemical, mechanical) and two methods of residue placement (surface, incorporated) were established. Nitrogen uptake by the four consecutive crops of barley was measured during a 125-d period after termination. Termination method, particularly residue placement, strongly affected N release from alfalfa residues. Nitrogen accumulation by the initial barley crop accounted for >60% of cumulative N uptake in incorporated treatments compared with 39% and 24% for herbicide and tillage treatments in which alfalfa residue was surface applied. Herbicide application also slightly increased N uptake by the initial barley crop. Nitrogen uptake by subsequent barley crops was not affected by termination method; however, cumulative N uptake remained substantially greater for incorporated treatments throughout the 125 d experiment. Effects of residue particle size on N release from alfalfa residues were small. These results suggest that herbicide termination in which residue is retained on the soil surface may reduce the short-term plant-available N supply. Provided that mineralization is sufficient to meet the N needs of subsequent crops, maintaining a smaller reservoir of soil inorganic N may be beneficial in reducing the potential for leaching or denitrification losses. Key words: Plant-available N, termination method, alfalfa, herbicide, tillage, growth chamber
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Bolinder, Martin A., Thomas Kätterer, Christopher Poeplau, Gunnar Börjesson, and Leon E. Parent. "Net primary productivity and below-ground crop residue inputs for root crops: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 95, no. 2 (May 2015): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss-2014-091.
Full textAbstract:
Bolinder, M. A., Kätterer, T., Poeplau, C., Börjesson, G. and Parent, L. E. 2015. Net primary productivity and below-ground crop residue inputs for root crops: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Can. J. Soil Sci. 95: 87–93. Root crops are significant in agro-ecosystems of temperate climates. However, the amounts of crop residues for these crop types are not well documented and they need to be accounted for in the modeling of soil organic carbon dynamics. Our objective was to review field measurements of root biomass left in the soil as crop residues at harvest for potato and sugar beet. We considered estimates for crop residue inputs as root biomass presented in the literature and some unpublished results. Our analysis showed that compared to, for example, cereals, the contribution of below-ground net primary productivity (NPP) to crop residues is at least two to three times lower for root crops. Indeed, the field measurements indicated that root biomass for topsoils only represents on average 25 to 30 g dry matter (DM) m−2 yr−1. Other estimates, albeit variable and region-specific, tended to be higher. We suggest relative plant DM allocation coefficients for agronomic yield (RP), above-ground biomass (RS) and root biomass (RR) components, expressed as a proportion of total NPP. These coefficients, representative for temperate climates (0.739:0.236:0.025 for potato and 0.626:0.357:0.017 for sugar beet), should be useful in the modeling of agro-ecosystems that include root crops.
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KUSHWAHA, C. P., and K. P. SINGH. "CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND SOIL FERTILITY IN A TROPICAL DRYLAND AGRO-ECOSYSTEM: IMPACT OF RESIDUE AND TILLAGE MANAGEMENT." Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 1 (January 2005): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479704002303.
Full textAbstract:
To understand the impact of residue and tillage management on crop productivity of rice and barley (including grain yield) and soil fertility in a tropical dryland agro-ecosystem, the following six treatments were established: (a) conventional tillage and residue removed (CT−R); (b) conventional tillage and residue retained (CT+R); (c) minimum tillage and residue removed (MT−R); (d) minimum tillage and residue retained (MT+R); (e) zero tillage and residue removed (ZT−R); and (f) zero tillage and residue retained (ZT+R). Minimum total net productivity (TNP) in both barley (the winter season crop) and rice (the rainy season crop) was recorded in the ZT−R treatment and the maximum in the MT+R treatment. In these crops, 83–88% of TNP was represented by above-ground net productivity (ANP). A reduction in tillage, from conventional to zero, especially when combined with residue retention, reduced the crop TNP/weed TNP ratio, reflecting the abundance of weeds with zero tillage. In both crops, minimum tillage increased grain yields, compared with conventional, but zero tillage resulted in reduced yields. Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) and N-mineralization rates were higher in rice than in barley, and were maximum in the MT+R treatment. Crop productivity and grain yield in different treatments were positively correlated with MBC, MBN, N-mineralization rate and available-N. Strong negative correlations between crop productivity and grain yield with weed TNP and N-uptake were recorded. This study suggests that retention of a small fraction (one-third) of above-ground biomass from the previous crop and its incorporation in the soil through minimum tillage enhances the crop productivity and grain yield of succeeding crops and promotes soil fertility in a cereal based tropical dryland agro-ecosystem.
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Gomes, J., N. Brüggemann, D. P. Dick, G. M. Pedroso, M. Veloso, and C. Bayer. "Urea and legume residues as 15N-N2O sources in a subtropical soil." Soil Research 57, no. 3 (2019): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr18300.
Full textAbstract:
In this work, we used the 15N labelling technique to identify the sources of N2O emitted by a subtropical soil following application of mineral nitrogen (N) fertiliser (urea) and residues of a legume cover crop (cowpea). For this purpose, a 45-day incubation experiment was conducted by subjecting undisturbed soil cores from a subtropical Acrisol to five different treatments: (1) control (no crop residue or fertiliser-N application); (2) 15N-labelled cowpea residue (200 μg N g–1 soil); (3) 15N-labelled urea (200 μg N g–1 soil); (4) 15N-labelled cowpea residue (100 μg N g–1 soil) + unlabelled urea (100 μg N g–1 soil); and (5) unlabelled cowpea residue (100 μg N g–1 soil) + 15N-labelled urea (100 μg N g–1 soil). Cores were analysed for total N2O formation, δ15N-N2O and δ18O-N2O by continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry, as well as for total NO3–-N and NH4+-N. Legume crop residues and mineral fertiliser increased N2O emissions from soil to 10.5 and 9.7 µg N2O-N cm–2 respectively, which was roughly six times the value for control (1.5 µg N2O-N cm–2). The amount of 15N2O emitted from labelled 15N-urea (0.40–0.45% of 15N applied) was greater than from 15N-cowpea residues (0.013–0.015% of 15N applied). Unlike N-poor crop residues, urea in combination with N-rich residues (cowpea) failed to reduce N2O emissions relative to urea alone. Legume cover crops thus provide an effective mitigation strategy for N2O emissions in relation to mineral N fertilisation in climate-smart agriculture. Judging by our inconclusive results, however, using urea in combination with N-rich residues provides no clear-cut environmental advantage.