Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Crop residue'
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Collins, Shane. "Residue composition influences nutrient release from crop residues." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0171.
Full textMyers, Brian. "Variable crop residue management." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35271.
Full textDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Jeffery R. Williams
Production agriculture is constantly evolving to become more efficient and productive. Crop residue serves as a valuable source of nutrients for the soil, but it is increasingly abundant with today’s enhanced crop genetics. If new technology can effectively provide a way to micro-manage crop residue levels within a field, the benefits will go beyond soil health. Surplus crop residue can be collected for secondary income while leaving the optimum amounts in the field to maintain the environment and soil health as well as promote future crop growth. The main objective of this study is to create a budget model that will determine the economic impact of crop residue removal on a controlled basis. The goals are to determine crop residue removal practices that are sustainable for the long-term, while also enhancing soil quality and increasing grain yield in future years. A sub-objective is to build a business case for producers to invest in variable crop residue management. The hypothesis presented in this study is that the increased complexity and price of a variable rate system is offset by more supplemental profits, increased crop yields, and better management of soil health and nutrients. The negative perceptions of crop residue removal include the fear of soil erosion or loss of soil organic matter. By developing a budget model that is easy to use, takes advantage of existing field data for inputs, and allows producers the ability to look at their operations on a sub-field level, this study aims to provide the necessary motivation to invest in new technology that will increase their productivity. By entering their site-specific crop residue return rate data into a budget model, along with prices and costs related to combine and auxiliary equipment, corn and corn stover, transportation and logistics, and nutrient replacement, they will come up with a return per acre for both constant rate and variable rate collection. The budget model determines whether it is economically viable to harvest crop residue from a continuous corn rotation at a variable rate across a field, rather than at a constant rate, using a producer’s own specific field data. To validate the concept, data from a joint study between John Deere and Iowa State is entered into the model. Prescriptions for corn stover return rates are provided from the study for pre-defined grid areas. Prescriptions are derived from a combination of data including grain yield, soil loss due to wind and water erosion, climate, topography, and soil sample data at time of planting (Nelson, et al. 2004). The average corn stover removal percentage was less for variable rate collection than constant rate collection, 26.05% to 31.85%. However, the assumption that grain yield and corn stover yield are positively correlated did not prove to be true in this case study. The variable rate plots had a lower average grain yield of 158.84 bushel/acre, compared to 160.46 for the constant rate plots, but they had more total corn stover available and therefore a higher return rate of 3.70 tons/acre, compared to 3.05 for the constant rate plots. This case study illustrates that less corn stover can be returned to the field through constant or variable rate collection while sustaining higher grain yields than a conventional harvest that would return all of the corn stover to the field. This case study demonstrates that variable rate collection can be more expensive than constant rate, but not in every situation. Every unique field site will require a specific crop residue management recommendation that is determined by both economic and environmental factors.
Ess, Daniel R. "Cover crop residue effects on machine-induced soil compaction." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-164819/.
Full textHe, Yuxin. "Crop residue management and its impacts on soil properties." Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19043.
Full textAgronomy
DeAnn R. Presley
Crop residue removal for livestock feeding and biofuel production at large scales must be evaluated to assess impacts on soil productivity and properties. Among all the potential negative impacts, wind erosion is a major concern in the central Great Plains. We conducted an on-farm study from 2011 to 2013 by removing crop residue at five levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) to determine the effects of crop residue removal on soil wind erosion parameters such as dry aggregate size distribution including soil wind erodible fraction (EF <0.84 mm aggregates), geometric mean diameter (GMD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD), dry aggregate stability, and soil surface roughness. The sub-model of Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) developed by the USDA-ARS, Single-event Wind Erosion Evaluation Program (SWEEP) is a stand-alone companion software package that can be applied to simulate soil loss and dust emission from a single windstorm event. We applied measured data (i.e. EF, GMD, GSD, and roughness) to SWEEP for predicting wind velocity that can initiate wind erosion and soil loss under each crop residue removal condition with wind velocity at 13 m sˉ¹. The threshold wind velocity to initiate wind erosion generally decreased with increase in crop residue removal levels, particularly for residue removal >75%. The total amount of soil loss in 3 hours ranged from about 0.2 to 2.5 kg mˉ² and depends on soil condition and crop residue cover. On the other hand, high-yielding crops can produce abundant crop residue, which then raises the question that if a farmer wants to reduce residue, what could they do without removing it? The application of fertilizer on crop residue to stimulate microbial activity and subsequent decomposition of the residue is often debated. We conducted wheat straw decomposition field experiments under different fertilizer rates and combinations at three locations in western Kansas following wheat harvest in 2011 and 2012. A double shear box apparatus instrumented with a load cell measured the shear stress required to cut wheat straw and photomicrography was used to measure the cross-sectional area of wheat straw after shearing. Total C and N were also analyzed. The fertilizer rate and timing of application during summer 2012 and Fall 2013 at the Hays site had impacts on wheat straw shear stress at break point. Across site years, earlier (fall) fertilizer application generally resulted in lower remaining aboveground biomass as compared to a spring application. Multivariate and linear regressions suggested that N and C:N ratio partially explain the results observed with respect to treatment effects on winter wheat residue decomposition.
Subedi-Chalise, Kopila. "Impacts of Crop Residue and Cover Crops on Soil Hydrological Properties, Soil Water Storage and Water Use Efficiency of Soybean Crop." Thesis, South Dakota State University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10265200.
Full textCover crops and crop residue play a multifunctional role in improving soil hydrological properties, soil water storage and water use efficiency (WUE). This study was conducted to better understand the role of crop residue and cover crop on soil properties and soil water dynamics. The study was conducted at the USDA-ARS North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, located in Brookings, South Dakota. Two residue removal treatments that include low residue removal (LRR) and high residue removal (HRR) were established in 2000 with randomized complete block design under no-till corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation. In 2005, cover crop treatments which include cover crops (CC) and no cover crops (NCC) were integrated into the overall design. Soil samples were collected in 2014, 2015 and 2016. Data from this study showed that LRR treatment resulted in lower bulk density (BD) by 7 and 9% compared to HRR in 2015 and 2016, respectively, for 0-5 cm depth. Similarly, LRR treatment significantly reduced soil penetration resistance (SPR) by 25% in 0-5 cm depth compared with HRR treatment. In addition to this, LRR treatment significantly increased soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations and total nitrogen (TN) by 22 and 17%, respectively, in 0-5 cm. Similarly, CC treatment resulted in lower BD and SPR by 7% and 23%, respectively, in 0-5 cm depth in 2015 compared with NCC treatment. The LRR significantly increased soil water infiltration by 66 and 22% compared to HRR in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Similarly, the CC treatment significantly increased infiltration by 82 and 22% compared to the NCC in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The significant impact of a crop residue was observed on soil water retention (SWR) in 2014 and 2015 for the 0-5 cm depth. The LRR and CC treatments increased the soil volumetric moisture content (VMC) and soil water storage (SWS) on the surface 0-5 cm depth. However, the trend was not always significant during the growing season. The CC treatment significantly impacted the soybean yield by 14% and WUE by 13% compared with NCC treatment. Some interaction of residue by cover crops was observed on BD, SPR, VMC, and SWS, which showed that the use of cover crops with LRR can be beneficial in improving the soil properties.
Isaac, Gura. "Crop rotation and crop residue management effects under no till on the soil quality of two ecotopes in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2934.
Full textBattaglia, Martin. "Crop residue management effects on crop production, greenhouse gases emissions, and soil quality in the Mid-Atlantic USA." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86483.
Full textPh. D.
Burgess, Magdalena S. E. "Crop residue decomposition and nitrogen dynamics in corn under three tillage systems." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36879.
Full textAlghamdi, Rashad Saeed. "Nitrogen Mineralization Dynamics of Post Harvest Crop Residue in No-Till Systems." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31945.
Full textAdu-Tutu, K. O., W. B. McCloskey, S. H. Husman, P. A. Clay, M. J. Ottman, E. C. Martin, and T. Teegerstrom. "Reduced Tillage and Crop Residue Effects on Cotton Weed Control, Growth and Yield." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198156.
Full textZheng, Baojuan. "Broad-scale Assessment of Crop Residue Management Using Multi-temporal Remote Sensing Imagery." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/19201.
Full textPh. D.
Obara, Flávio Eduardo Botelhos. "Atributos do solo, presença de palha e estádio de desenvolvimento da cana-de-açúcar na aplicação, afetando a eficácia e seletividade dos herbicidas imazapic e imazapyr." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-03062014-144026/.
Full textThe weed management is essential in sugarcane crop. After the harvest, sugarcane ratoons are exposed to interspecific weed competition, and its control usually is done with residual herbicides in pre or post-planting according to the local infestation. Although there are several options for weed chemical control inn sugar cane, new options of formulations are needed. Thus, this research aimed to study the imazapic and imazapyr association through the evaluation of soil parameters influence, the efficacy of weed control and selectivity for the sugar cane. For this purpose field and greenhouse experiments were conducted. In August 2012, field experiments were conducted in sandy and clay soils areas, with and without crop residues to evaluate the effectiveness of imazapic + imazapyr on weed control and selectivity to sugarcane, in which the lower doses tested of imazapic + imazapyr were enough to control the weeds until 120 day after application equating to higher doses in association to tebuthiuron and standard treatments, without phytotoxic symptons in the studied varieties. To evaluate the phytotoxicity, three experiments were installed in november 2012 on second ratoon, Imazapic + imazapyr was selective when applied at 80.25 + 26.25 g ha-1 in pre-emergence, as well as associated with tebuthiuron, metribuzin and clomazone. In early post-emergence, selectivity was noted when applied at 80.25 + 26.25 g imazapic + imazapyr ha-1, as by the association of this rate with the herbicides clomazone and isoxaflutole. However, the application in late post-emergence proved to be non-selective for any use of the association of the herbicides imazapic + imazapyr. Other studies were conducted in a greenhouse to evaluate the the herbicide association ability to leach the straw in relation to rainfall volume, the residual period during the dry season, the herbicide leaching from the surface into different layers of soil as the weed species control in different soil textures. Simulated rainfall volumes from 10 to 20 mm were sufficient to promote herbicide transposition through the straw to clay and mediumsandy soil, respectively. Imazapic + imazapyr effects on bio-indicator showed that even after 120 days of drought conditions after application, when applied on straw or to the soil. Imazapic + imazapyr were able to leach in the sandy and clay soils up to 10-20 cm deep layer, and residual effect at 75 and 90 days after application in sandy and clay soil. Generally, better weed control levels were obtained by the association of imazapic, imazapyr and clomazone, and imazapic, imazapyr and tebuthiuron.
Kravchenko, Anatoliy G. "Overcoming the rotational antagonism of corn following wheat in high residue cropping systems." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2006.
Find full textTitle from PDF t.p. (viewed on June 19, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 94-99). Also issued in print.
Tola, El-Kamil Hamed Mohamed. "Performance of various no-till furrow openers under different soil and crop residue conditions /." Beuren : Grauer, 2002. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=3861863979.
Full textMcNairn, Heather Elizabeth. "Radar response to crop residue cover and tillage application on post-harvest agricultural surfaces." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0017/NQ47579.pdf.
Full textTao, Hsiao-Hang. "Crop residue management in oil palm plantations : soil quality, soil biota and ecosystem functions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ebcc3bd9-45c0-4d22-9fef-71dff4abecd3.
Full textCogdill, Todd Joseph. "Investigation of management strategies for the production of sweet sorghum as a bioenergy crop and preservation of crop residue by the ensiling process." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
Find full textGelder, Brian Keith. "Land management database development methods for delineating management units and estimating crop and residue cover /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
Find full textMcCarty, Jessica Lynn. "Seasonal and interannual variability of emissions from crop residue burning in the contiguous United States." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/9117.
Full textThesis research directed by: Dept. of Geography. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
Tenywa, John Stephen. "Crop residue influence on exchangeable aluminum, potassium availability, and seedling root growth in a oxisol /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487844105976783.
Full textMa, Qian. "Effects of Crop Residue Quality and Nitrogen Fertilization on Priming of Soil Organic Carbon Mineralization." Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/261632.
Full textDucamp, Fernando Arriaga Francisco J. "Effect of rye residue on soil properties and nitrogen fertiization of cotton." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1532.
Full textOstwald, Madelene, Anna Jonsson, Victoria Wibeck, and Therese Asplund. "Mapping energy crop cultivation and identifying motivational factors among Swedish farmers." Linköpings universitet, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-86210.
Full textEtt konkurrenskraftigt jordbruk – kommunikation kring klimatförändring och nya möjligheter (K3), Stiftelsen Lantbruksforskning
Shortall, Orla. "Rethinking bioenergy from an agricultural perspective : ethical issues raised by perennial energy crop and crop residue production for energy in the UK and Denmark." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28756/.
Full textYanni, Sandra. "Crop residue composition and decomposition in transgenic corn agroecosystems: effects of bacillus thuringiensis gene and herbivory." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103693.
Full textLe maïs Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis - Zea mays L.) est reconnu contenir plus de lignine et être plus résistant que les maïs hybrides conventionnels (NBt). Ces derniers sont affectés par la pyrale du maïs (European Corn Borer ou ECB, Ostrinia nubilalis H.), qui peut augmenter le dépôt de «lignine causée par le stress» dans les tissus et changer la décomposition des résidus de maïs. L'objective de cette thèse est d'évaluer les différences de composition en fibres, C et N entre les maïs BT et NBt, et d'étudier l'effet de l'herbivorie par ECB sur la décomposition les différentes parties résiduelles du plant. Les expériences menées au champ ont démontré que la biomasse aérienne et le contenu en lignine étaient similaires entre 18 hybrides des types BT et NBt non infestés par l'ECB. Toutefois, les tiges des maïs Bt ont présenté une vitesse de décomposition plus élevée. En serre, les tiges de maïs NBt infesté et meurtri par l'ECB, ont montré une plus faible biomasse et une plus grande concentration en N. Toutefois, les blessures engendrées par l'ECB n'ont pas affectés la concentration de lignine dans les tiges. L'analyse par oxydation au CuO a démontré que les blessures ont réduit la quantité de phénols dérivés de la lignine réfutant ainsi l'hypothèse que le NBt répond aux meurtrissures de l'ECB en produisant un dépôt de lignine. Suite à une décomposition sous terre de cinq mois, aucune différence significative due à la présence du gène Bt ou non, n'a été mesurée entre les tiges infestées et non-infestées. Cependant, il y avait 87% plus d'acide syringique dans les tiges de NBt infestées à l'ECB, ce qui suggère que l'herbivorie pourrait améliorer la décomposition à long terme. Dans des conditions contrôlées, une expérience d'incubation de 36 semaines a confirmé que les maïs Bt et NBt se décomposent à la même vitesse; les différences observées étant dues au contenu en lignine et N dans les tissus. Les sols fertilisés avec les racines (6.2% lignine) ont produit beaucoup moins de CO2 que les tiges (3.5% lignine) et les feuilles (3.2% lignine). En conclusion, le gène du Bt ainsi que l'infestation par l'ECB n'affectent pas la composition chimique des tissus de maïs et ne devraient pas affecter la décomposition des résidus de culture. Dû à leur contenu en lignine élevé, les racines de maïs peuvent contribuer de manière importante à la stabilisation du C dans le sol.
Almeida, Risely Ferraz [UNESP]. "CO2 emission and O2 uptake of soil under different systems." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/149886.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O oxigênio (O2) e o dióxido de carbono (CO2) no solo são os dois principais gases relacionados com a atividade dos microorganismos no solo. Assim, esta tese foi desenvolvida para observar a concentração e a relação entre a concentração do CO2 e O2 sob diferentes sistemas de resíduos. Para isso, realizamos dois experimentos de solo no Brasil e nos EUA, respectivamente. O primeiro experimento foi desenvolvido para examinar a relação entre fluxo de CO2 (FCO2) e o fluxo de O2 (FO2) usando a umidade do solo e o O2 como um predictor da respiração do solo em uma área de cana-de-açúcar sob diferentes manejos de resíduos (colheita mecânica - GH versus colheita queimada – BH). Portanto, os resultados do primeiro experimento estão descritos no Capítulo 2 e sendo intitulado de "Uso da captura de O2 como índice de respiração de CO2 em áreas de cana-de-açúcar sob diferentes manejos". O segundo experimento do solo observou o impacto do biochar na emissão ou sorção de CO2 e O2 nos solos. Assim, foram estudados três tipos de solos (Rosemount - RM, Potting Sol Sunshine - PS e UM), cinco biochars diferentes (biochar de chip de pinho - ICM, biochar de Carvalho Oak Royal - RO, biochar Acurel ativado - AAC, biochar de Bambu - B; biochar de Macadâmia - MC) e o tratamento controle (solo sem biochar). Consequentemente, os resultados foram descritos no Capítulo 3 e intitulado "Como a captura de O2 pode nos ajudar a entender os processos de sorção de CO2 via biochar?". Assim, nós podemos concluir com os nossos resultados que a concentração e relação entre FCO2 e FO2 dependem dos diferentes sistemas e condições dos solos estudados, tais como: manejo de resíduos de culturas do solo, umidade do solo e uso de biochar. O FO2 está positivamente correlacionado com o FCO2 via atividade biológica e com valores de coeficientes respiratório (RQ) próximos de 1,0. Além disso, podemos observar que valores de RQ maiores que 1 são resultados dos fluxos de troca solo-gás após precipitação ou maior disponibilidade de O2 no meio. Assim, o FO2 pode ser utilizado como um índice para categorizar uma fonte de respiração de CO2. Para concluir, o biochar pode ser utilizado para sequestrar CO2 da atmosfera em curto período de tempo. No entanto, acreditamos que mais estudos devem ser desenvolvidos para elucidar a sorção de CO2 e O2 pelo biochar e suas reações (biológicas e/ou químicas) quando adicionado biochar no solo.
The soil O2 and CO2 concentration are the two most important gases related to soil microorganisms. Thus, this thesis was developed to observe the concentration and relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) under different residue systems. For that, we run two soil experiments in Brazil and the USA, respectively. The first experiment was developed to examine the relationship between CO2 and O2 using soil moisture and O2 as a soil respiration predictor in a sugarcane area under different managements of residues (mechanical harvesting - GH versus straw burning - BH). Therefore, the first experimental results are described in the Chapter 2 and entitled “Use of O2 uptake as an index of CO2 respiration in sugarcane areas under different managements”. We run the second soil experiment measuring biochar’s impact on CO2 production or sorption and O2 uptake in amended soils. Thus, we studied three soil types (Rosemount - RM; Potting soil Sunshine - PS; and UM) and five different biochars (Pine chip biochar - ICM; Royal Oak hardwood lump charcoal - RO; Accurel activated charcoal - AAC; Bamboo - B; and Macadamia nut - MC) and control treatment (Soil without biochar). Consequently, the results are described in the Chapter 3 and entitled “How O2 uptake can help us understand the CO2 sorption processes by biochar?”. Thus, we can conclude with our results that the concentration and relationship between FCO2 and FO2 depend on different systems and soil conditions, for example: soil crop residue managements, soil moisture and use of biochar. The FO2 is positively correlated with FCO2 at biological condition with respiratory quotient (RQ) values close to 1.0. Moreover, we can observe that RQ values higher than 1 are results of soil–gas exchange fluxes after precipitation or higher available on O2. Thus, the FO2 can be used as an index for categorizing the source of FCO2 respiration. To finish, we can observe that the biochar can be used to sequester CO2 from the atmosphere by the absence of biological activities in a short period of time. However, we believe that more study should be developed to elucidate the CO2 and O2 sorption by biochars and their reactions (biological and/or chemical) when added biochar in soil.
Morris, Jennifer L. "Use of herbicides, tillage, and grazing cattle for establishment of corn in rotation with alfalfa and rye." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45050.
Full textMaster of Science
Loganathan, Vijay Anand Clement Prabhakar Feng Yucheng. "Effects of sorption and desorption on bioavailbility of atrazine in soils amended with crop residue derived char." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Theses/LOGANATHAN_VIJAY-ANAND_27.pdf.
Full textMiddleton, Jason Enil. "Logistic Strategies for an Herbaceous Crop Residue-Based Ethanol Production Industry : An Application to Northeastern North Dakota." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29716.
Full textSuriadi, Ahmad. "Structural stability and Na-Ca exchange selectivity of soils under sugarcane trash management." Title page, Contents and Abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ASOM/09asoms961.pdf.
Full textKadango, Tendayi Lovemore. "Farmers' perceptions of insect pests in the Eastern Cape maize-based cropping systems and the effects of crop residue management on insect pest populations." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/6202.
Full textDam, Rikke Friis. "Impacts of long term tillage and residue practices on selected soil properties." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78344.
Full textPizzatto, Mariana. "Ação de produtos fitossanitários utilizados na agricultura orgânica sobre Ascia monuste orseis (Godart, 1818) Lepidoptera: Pieridae." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2013. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1234.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The kale (Brassica oleracea var. Acephala), is an important vegetable among the hardwoods, which is attacked by many pests, especially the cabbage leafworm Ascia monuste orseis (Godart, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), whose damage occurring directly in the consumption product. Vegetables like cabbage, are important sources of income for family farming in Brazil and can be cultivated in a traditional way or through organic production thus the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of pesticides used in organic production system on the A. monuste orseis. For this, we used the commercial products Azamax, DalNeem and Dipel, beyond grout sulfur and Bordeaux mixture at recommended concentrations by the manufacturer carrying out tests as the insecticidal activity. The applications were made in cabbage leaf sections (4 × 5 cm) with sprayer. For assessing the effect of treatments on the development of caterpillars offered the leaf sections to first instar larvae for 24 h, after which the larvae were fed leaf sections for free treatment. To check the action of neem-based products on A. monuste orseis in different instars were offered cabbage leaf sections 24 h to sprayed caterpillars of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth instar. A test was also performed to assess the systemic effects of neem on the insect, therefore, kale plant water stress presented received two irrigations, with products based on neem leaves were cut and offered to the caterpillars that received treated leaves throughout the development. In all trials were assessed daily, mortality, duration of instars, total duration of larval, pupal weight male and female pupal with four days of age, duration and pupal viability observing the percentage of adult emergence. Products Azamax, DalNeem and Dipel showed 100% mortality of the first instar, however the grout caused little influence on the development of A. monuste orseis. When tested in different instars Products Azamax, DalNeem presented mortality in all instars tested, and for Azamax did not observe significant difference in mortality between instars, referring to TL 50 and TL 80 is observed that there is increase in time according the age of the oldest caterpillar tracks which require more time to achieve the desired mortality. When applied to soil the product Azamax, presented higher translocation capacity of the plant causing higher mortality, and prolong the larval stage and pupal derail
A couve manteiga (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), é uma importante olerícola dentre as folhosas, que sofre o ataque de várias pragas, destacando-se o curuquerê da couve, Ascia monuste orseis (Godart, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), cujos danos ocorrem diretamente no produto de consumo. Hortaliças como a couve, são de importantes fontes de renda para agricultura familiar no Brasil, podendo ser cultivada de maneira tradicional ou através da produção orgânica, sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ação de produtos fitossanitários utilizados no sistema de produção orgânico sobre A. monuste orseis. Para tanto, foram utilizados os produtos comerciais Azamax, DalNeem e Dipel, além das caldas sulfocálcica e bordalesa, nas concentrações recomendadas pelo fabricante realizando-se testes quanto a atividade inseticida. As aplicações foram realizadas em secções foliares de couve (4 × 5 cm) com pulverizador manual. Para avaliação da ação dos tratamentos no desenvolvimento das lagartas ofereceu-se as secções foliares à lagartas de primeiro ínstar por 24 h, após este período as lagartas foram alimentadas por secções foliares isentas de tratamento. Para verificar a ação dos produtos à base de nim sobre A. monuste orseis nos diferentes ínstares, foram oferecidas secções foliares de couve pulverizadas por 24 h para lagartas de primeiro, segundo, terceiro, quarto e quinto ínstar. Foi também realizado ensaio para avaliar do efeito sistêmico do nim sobre o inseto, para tanto, plantas de couve apresentado estresse hídrico receberam duas irrigações, com os produtos à base de nim e as folhas foram cortadas oferecidas as lagartas, que receberam folhas tratadas durante todo o desenvolvimento. Em todos os ensaios foram avaliados diariamente, mortalidade, duração dos ínstares, duração total da fase larval, peso de pupa macho e pupa fêmea com quatro dias de idade, duração e viabilidade de pupa observando-se a porcentagem de emergência dos adultos. Os produtos Azamax, DalNeem e Dipel, apresentaram 100% de mortalidade de lagartas de primeiro ínstar, no entanto as caldas causaram baixa influência sobre o desenvolvimento de A. monuste orseis. Quando testados nos diferentes ínstares os produtos Azamax e DalNeem apresentaram mortalidade em todos os ínstares testados, sendo que para Azamax não observou-se diferença significativa na mortalidade entre os ínstares, referente ao TL 50 e TL 80 observa-se que há aumento do tempo de acordo com a idade da lagarta onde lagartas mais velhas necessitam de maior tempo para alcançar a mortalidade desejada. Quando aplicados via solo o produto Azamax, presentou maior capacidade de translocação na planta causando maior mortalidade, além de prolongar a fase larval e inviabilizar as pupas
Nafi, Eeusha [Verfasser]. "Interactive tillage & crop residue management effects on soil properties, crop nutrient uptake & yield in different weathered soils of West Africa : measurements, modelling & scenario simulations / Eeusha Nafi." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1235525945/34.
Full textNishigaki, Tomohiro. "Improvement of Water- and Nutrient-Use Efficiency with Optimum Agricultural Management Practices in Upland Cropping Systems in Morogoro, Tanzania." Kyoto University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/228243.
Full textBenson, Gordon Brinkley. "Integration of High Residue/No-till and Farmscaping Systems in Organic Production of Broccoli." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32805.
Full textMaster of Science
Penick, William Frazier. "Influence of Transplanter Modification and Previous Crop on the Production of No-Till Dark Tobacco." TopSCHOLAR®, 2013. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1257.
Full textSousa, Gasparino Batista de [UNESP]. "Perdas de solo, água e nutrientes por erosão hídrica em uma vertente com palha de cana-de-açúcar." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100859.
Full textFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O escoamento superficial da água provoca o transporte dos nutrientes do solo, quando este encontra-se com a superfície desprotegida de cobertura. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as possíveis relações entre posições do relevo, erosão em entressulcos e seus reflexos nas perdas de solo, matéria orgânica e nutrientes em área cultivada com a cultura de cana-de-açúcar submetida à colheita mecanizada. Parcelas experimentais foram submetidas à ação de uma chuva simulada com intensidade de 60 mm h-1, durante 65 minutos. Foram feitas análises do sedimento erodido para determinar perdas de solo, matéria orgânica e nutrientes. Houve maiores perdas de solo, matéria orgânica e nutrientes no sedimento das parcelas com 0% e 25% de cobertura por palha de cana-de-açúcar. Em média, as perdas no sedimento erodido foram significativamente reduzidas nas parcelas com 75% e 100% de cobertura por resíduos de palha de cana-de-açúcar. Na perda de água, observou-se que houve diferenças estatísticas das médias dos níveis de cobertura 0% e 25% em relação aos demais (50%, 75% e 100%) em todas as posições da vertente. No topo, a diferença do maior valor (168.600 L ha-1) para o menor valor (120.300 L ha-1) foi de 48.300 L ha-1. Os resultados permitem concluir que acima de 50% da cobertura com palhada, na área estudada, reduz a perda de solo e matéria orgânica, e a concentração de nutrientes no sedimento erodido
The water superficial drainage provokes the transport of soil nutrients especially in unprotected surfaces. The present work had as objective to evaluates the possible relationship between positions in a relief and soil losses induced by erosion in an area cultivated with the sugarcane under mechanized harvest. The studied plots were submitted to simulate rain events with intensity of 60 mm h-1, for 65 minutes. The analyses of eroded sediments in terms of volume, soil losses, organic matter and nutrients were conducted. There were larger sediment losses at plots with 0% and 25% of sugarcane crop residues cover. On average, the losses in the eroded sediment were significantly reduced in the portions with 75% and 100% surface residues covering. In terms of water loss it was also observed significant differences between 0% and 25% to the others (50%, 75% and 100%) in all positions in the slope. In the top the difference of the largest value 168,600 L ha-1 for the smallest value 120,300 L ha-1 it was of 48,300 L ha-1. The results points that 50% of crop residues covering would reduce soil losses, including organic matter and nutrients
Sousa, Gasparino Batista de. "Perdas de solo, água e nutrientes por erosão hídrica em uma vertente com palha de cana-de-açúcar /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100859.
Full textBanca: Zigomar Menezes de Souza
Banca: Renato Farias do Valle Junior
Banca: João Antonio Galbiatti
Banca: Jose Marques Junior
Resumo: O escoamento superficial da água provoca o transporte dos nutrientes do solo, quando este encontra-se com a superfície desprotegida de cobertura. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as possíveis relações entre posições do relevo, erosão em entressulcos e seus reflexos nas perdas de solo, matéria orgânica e nutrientes em área cultivada com a cultura de cana-de-açúcar submetida à colheita mecanizada. Parcelas experimentais foram submetidas à ação de uma chuva simulada com intensidade de 60 mm h-1, durante 65 minutos. Foram feitas análises do sedimento erodido para determinar perdas de solo, matéria orgânica e nutrientes. Houve maiores perdas de solo, matéria orgânica e nutrientes no sedimento das parcelas com 0% e 25% de cobertura por palha de cana-de-açúcar. Em média, as perdas no sedimento erodido foram significativamente reduzidas nas parcelas com 75% e 100% de cobertura por resíduos de palha de cana-de-açúcar. Na perda de água, observou-se que houve diferenças estatísticas das médias dos níveis de cobertura 0% e 25% em relação aos demais (50%, 75% e 100%) em todas as posições da vertente. No topo, a diferença do maior valor (168.600 L ha-1) para o menor valor (120.300 L ha-1) foi de 48.300 L ha-1. Os resultados permitem concluir que acima de 50% da cobertura com palhada, na área estudada, reduz a perda de solo e matéria orgânica, e a concentração de nutrientes no sedimento erodido
Abstract: The water superficial drainage provokes the transport of soil nutrients especially in unprotected surfaces. The present work had as objective to evaluates the possible relationship between positions in a relief and soil losses induced by erosion in an area cultivated with the sugarcane under mechanized harvest. The studied plots were submitted to simulate rain events with intensity of 60 mm h-1, for 65 minutes. The analyses of eroded sediments in terms of volume, soil losses, organic matter and nutrients were conducted. There were larger sediment losses at plots with 0% and 25% of sugarcane crop residues cover. On average, the losses in the eroded sediment were significantly reduced in the portions with 75% and 100% surface residues covering. In terms of water loss it was also observed significant differences between 0% and 25% to the others (50%, 75% and 100%) in all positions in the slope. In the top the difference of the largest value 168,600 L ha-1 for the smallest value 120,300 L ha-1 it was of 48,300 L ha-1. The results points that 50% of crop residues covering would reduce soil losses, including organic matter and nutrients
Doutor
Graham, Michael William. "Evaluating the interactions of crop management, carbon cycling, and climate using Earth system modeling and remote sensing." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102386.
Full textDoctor of Philosophy
Shahbaz, Muhammad Verfasser], Yakov [Akademischer Betreuer] [Kuzyakov, Andrea [Gutachter] Carminati, Felix [Gutachter] Heitkamp, and Evgenia [Gutachter] Blagodatskaya. "Crop residue decomposition and stabilization in soil organic matter / Muhammad Shahbaz ; Gutachter: Andrea Carminati, Felix Heitkamp, Evgenia Blagodatskaya ; Betreuer: Yakov Kuzyakov." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1125712996/34.
Full textDiop, El Hadji Habib Sy. "Biofuel feedstocks: implications for sustainability and ecosystem services." Diss., Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16994.
Full textDepartment of Agronomy
Charles W. Rice
Biofuel feedstocks such as grains and cellulose are gaining increased attention as part of the U.S. portfolio of solutions to address climate change and improve energy security. As the future of biofuels unfolds, major concerns are emerging, including the sustainability of the soil resource in bioenergy cropping system. With a clear understanding of the sustainability risks that exist within the agricultural soil resources, it is now essential to develop metrics that document the soil health as well as the total biomass production of different cropping system. We tested the effectiveness of eight bioenergy plant species grouped between annual and perennial crops. Our main objective was to determine the sustainability of bioenergy cropping systems. There was significantly greater soil structural stability plus greater root biomass under the perennial crops but greater aboveground biomass in the annual crop. Differences in soil carbon measured to 1.2 m were not significant between energy crops after five years. A transparent, unbiased method to identify possible change in soil characteristics under bioenergy cropping practice was offered. Our next metrics were soil aggregate stability and microbial community structure as indicators of soil ecosystem health and environmental stability. The effects 24 years of differing levels of residue and fertilizer inputs on soil aggregate stability, aggregate C and microbial community structure were evaluated. A native, undisturbed prairie site, located nearby was used as a reference in this study. The results showed that greater inputs of inorganic N and increased returns of crop residues did not cause a proportionately greater increase in SOC. The abundance of microbial parameters generally followed their potential carbon pool in cultivated soils but a strong mismatch was observed in the native prairie site. Our results showed for the first time a clear disconnect between decomposers and macroaggregates; highlighting the role of soil structure in protecting organic matter. Soil carbon sequestration is one of the mechanisms that have been proposed as temporary measure to mitigate global climate change. However, there was a particularly large risk of negative effects of mitigation measures related to the increased removal of crop residues from cropping systems for use in bioenergy, if this means that soil carbon is reduced. Effective measurement of soil C at the field scale requires an understanding of the spatial variability of soil C on a landscape scale. Recent technological advances in soil C measurement offer new opportunities in this area. Our surface measurements of soil C by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provided a quick assessment of soil C and, soil C predicted by NIRS and measured by dry combustion laboratory measurements was correlated with and R-squared of 0.84.
Mühlig-Versen, Bernhard. "Effects of crop residue management, phosphorus application and molybdenum supply on yield and nutrient uptake of pearl millet, cowpea and groundnut in Sahelian cropping systems /." Beuren : Grauer, 2001. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=3861863723.
Full textRedin, Marciel. "Composição bioquímica e decomposição da parte aérea e raízes de culturas comerciais e plantas de cobertura de solo." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5505.
Full textCrop residues (CR) composed by shoots and roots of plants are the main source of C for the agricultural soils. During the decomposition of these CR in the soil, part of C is evolved as CO2 and nutrients are mineralized, with emphasis on the N. Among the factors that affect decomposition of CR, the biochemical composition has great importance. The objectives of this study were: a) evaluate the dry matter production (DM) and biochemical composition of CR of shoot and roots from commercial and summer cover crops; and b) evaluate the influence of biochemical composition of the transformations of C and N, when CR are kept on the surface (shoot), or incorporated to soil (roots). It was realized two studies, in the first one, it was quantified the DM and biochemical composition of CR from shoot (leaves and stalks) and roots. In the second study, it was evaluated under laboratory conditions for 120 days, the mineralization of C and N and the results were correlated with the biochemical composition of the CR studied. The DM yield of roots varied from 0.54 to 2.86 Mg ha-1 in commercial crops and from 0.56 to 1.66 Mg ha-1 in cover crops. Rice and millet were the species that had the highest DM production of shoots and roots between the commercial and cover crops, respectively. Most of the DM of roots was found in the topsoil (0-10cm) and near the sowing row. The relation root/shoot average of cover crops was less than commercial crops (0.10 vs. 0.17). The CR show wide variation in their biochemical composition. The N content in the DM of CR ranged from 2.8 g kg- 1 (sunflower stalks) to 46.3 g kg- 1 (velvet leaves). The soluble fraction of Van Soest ranged from 108 g kg-1 (soybean stalks) to 774 g kg-1 DM (bean leaves). While the values of cellulose in DM ranged from 138 g kg-1 (bean leaves) to 612 g kg-1 (sunflower stalks), those of lignin ranged only from 38 g kg-1 in the leaves of Crotalaria juncea to 197 g kg- 1 in roots of soybean. The highest levels of polyphenols were found in the CR from shoot (14.1 g kg-1 DM) and roots (22.2 g kg-1 DM) of velvet beans. The CR with N content less than 15 g kg-1 (C/N > 29) cause net immobilization of N in the soil. All the roots of valued commercial crops caused immobilization of N in the soil, and the predominance of net mineralization of N was observed only with the roots of cover crops legume. In general, the mineralization of C from CR decreased in the following order: leaf > stalk+leaf > stalk. Among the CR from commercial crops, those of maize (leaf+stalk) were which presented least amount of C mineralized (39%). The mineralization of C from roots presents values similar to those observed for CR from shoot. The mineralization of N in the soil was significantly correlated with the total content of N in the DM and in the Van Soest soluble fraction of shoot and roots (P < 0.01 and r2 ranging from 0.90 to 0.98). The values of correlation between biochemical composition of CR and C mineralization were lower than those observed for N mineralization, but there was a greater number of significant correlations, especially for ratio C/N, polyphenols and NDF from Van Soest.
Os resíduos vegetais (RV) compostos pela parte aérea e raízes das plantas constituem a principal fonte de C para os solos agrícolas. Durante a decomposição desses RV no solo, parte do C é evoluído como CO2 e nutrientes são mineralizados, com destaque para o N. Dentre os fatores que afetam a decomposição dos RV, a composição bioquímica exerce grande importância. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram os seguintes: a) avaliar a produção de matéria seca (MS) e a composição bioquímica dos RV da parte aérea e de raízes de culturas comerciais e de plantas de cobertura de solo de verão; e b) avaliar a influência da composição bioquímica sobre as biotransformações do C e do N, quando os RV são mantidos na superfície (parte aérea) ou incorporados ao solo (raízes). Foram realizados dois estudos, sendo que no primeiro quantificou-se a MS e a composição bioquímica dos RV da parte aérea (folhas e talos) e de raízes e no segundo estudo, avaliou-se em condições de laboratório por 120 dias, a mineralização do C e do N e os resultados obtidos foram correlacionados com a composição bioquímica dos RV estudados. A produção de MS de raízes variou de 0,54 a 2,86 Mg ha-1 nas culturas comerciais e de 0,56 a 1,66 Mg ha-1 nas plantas de cobertura de solo. O arroz e o milheto foram as espécies que apresentaram as maiores produções de MS da parte aérea e de raízes entre as culturas comerciais e as plantas de cobertura, respectivamente. A maior parte da MS de raízes foi encontrada na camada superficial do solo (0-10 cm) e próximo à linha de semeadura. A relação raiz/parte aérea média das plantas de cobertura foi inferior aquela das culturas comerciais (0,10 vs 0,17). Os RV apresentam ampla variação na sua composição bioquímica. O teor de N na MS dos RV variou de 2,8 g kg-1 (talos girassol) a 46,3 g kg-1 (folhas mucuna). A fração solúvel de Van Soest variou de 108 g kg-1 (talos de soja) a 774 g kg-1 MS (folhas de feijão). Enquanto que os valores de celulose na MS variaram de 138 g kg-1 (folhas feijão) a 612 g kg-1 (talos girassol) os de lignina variaram de apenas 38 g kg-1 nas folhas de crotalária juncea a 197 g kg-1 nas raízes de soja. Os maiores teores de polifenóis foram encontradas nos RV da parte aérea (14,1 g kg-1 MS) e raízes (22,2 g kg-1 MS) da mucuna cinza. Os RV com teores de N inferior a 15 g kg-1 (C/N > 29) provocam imobilização líquida de N no solo. Todas as raízes das culturas comerciais avaliadas causaram imobilização de N no solo, sendo que a predominância de mineralização líquida de N somente foi observada com as raízes das plantas de cobertura leguminosas. De maneira geral, a mineralização do C dos RV decresceu na seguinte ordem: folha > talo+folha > talo. Entre os RV das culturas comerciais, aqueles do milho (folha + talo) foram os que apresentaram menor quantidade de C mineralizado (39%). A mineralização do C das raízes apresenta valores semelhantes àqueles observados para os RV da parte aérea. A mineralização do N no solo foi significativamente correlacionada com os teores de N total na MS e na fração solúvel de Van Soest dos RV da parte aérea e raízes (P < 0.01 e r2 variando de 0,90 a 0,98). Os valores de correlação entre a composição bioquímica dos RV e a mineralização do C foram menores do que aqueles observados para a mineralização do N, porém observou-se maior número de correlações significativas, com destaque para a relação C/N, polifenóis e FDN de Van Soest.
Choi, Suk-won. "The potential and cost of carbon sequestration in agricultural soil empirical study of dynamic model in the midwestern U.S /." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1095676113.
Full textTitle from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 133 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-133).
FELIX, Kátia Cilene da Silva. "Sobrevivência de Ralstonia solanacearum em resto de cultura de pimentão e diferentes tipos de solo de Pernambuco, Brasil." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2009. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6575.
Full textMade available in DSpace on 2017-03-14T15:38:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Katia Cilene da Silva Felix (1).pdf: 376089 bytes, checksum: 45b421012fb39c4ea534d1182006970e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-18
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, race 1, biovars 1 and 3 causes severe damage to pepper growth in Agreste region of state of Pernambuco in Brazil. The pathogen survival in infected tissues of stem and roots incorporated to the soil at 0, 5 and 15 cm; and at 10 different soil types of Pernambuco without host plant was studied by using a spontaneous mutant resistant to 100 mg l-1 of rifampicin (R. solanacearum A1-9Rif). Pathogen survival only showed difference (P<0.05) in relation to vegetal tissue. Pepper root tissues showed higher survival duration (DUR) (17.1 d), area under population curve (AACPOP) (430x104) and population at 7 (POP7) (5.0x104 UFC g-1 tissue) and 21 days (POP21) (3.1x104 UFC g-1 tissue) than stem tissues, which were respectively, 7.0 d; 3.8 x104; 0.35 and 3.1x104 UFC g-1 tissue. On the other hand stem tissues presented higher decomposition index (81.3%) and pH (7.7) than root tissues, respectively 68.9% and 6.8. The previous soil microbiological analysis did not finddifferences among populations of actinomycetes, copiotrophic, bacteria, total bacteria and total fungi respectively 5.02; 3.63; 5.23 and 4.19 log UFC g-1 dry soil. Populations of oligotrophyc bacteria, Bacillus spp., fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and Trichoderma spp. were not detected. The pathogen was isolated from the soil adjacent to infected tissues of stem and roots at the three depths six weeks after experiment establishment. The analysis of AACPOP in relation to locals (counties) of soil sampling, type of soil coverage at the sampling time and soil texture was not significant by Kruskal-Wallis test (P≤0.05). Among the 10 studied soils, seven were classified as suppressive showing low intervals of DUR (42 to 49 days), AACPOP (0.77 to 4.05), POP14 (5.59 to 6.18 log UFC g-1 soil) and POP42 (5.44 to 6.31 log UFC g-1 soil). The soils S3, S4 and S6 were evaluated as conducive. Considering all soils together or only the suppressive, DUR,AACPOP and POP42 only showed significant correlation with soil physical and chemical characteristics, positive for clay, residual humidity and useful water and negative for pH. The population of copiotrophic bacteria, actinomycetes, total bacteria, total fungi (Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. and Rhizopus spp. were identified) and Bacillus spp. did not differ among the 10 soil types.
A murcha-bacteriana do pimentão é causada por Ralstonia solanacearum, raça 1, biovares 1 e 3 e causa grandes prejuízos à cultura desta solanácea. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a sobrevivência do patógeno em tecidos infectados de caule e raiz incorporados ao solo às profundidades de 0, 5 e 15 cm; e em 10 diferentes tipos de solo na ausência da planta hospedeira. Foi utilizado um mutante resistente a 100 mg l-1 de rifampicina (R. solanacearum A1-9Rif). A sobrevivência do patógeno diferiu significativamente (P<0,05) apenas em relação aos tecidos vegetais analisados isoladamente. Desta forma, tecidos de raiz de pimentão apresentaram maior duração da sobrevivência (17,1 d), área abaixo da curva da população (AACPOP) (430x104) e população aos 7 (POP7) (5,0 x 104 UFC g-1 tecido) e 21 dias (POP21) (3,1 x 104 UFC g- 1 tecido) que os de caule, que foram respectivamente, 7,0 d; 3,8; 0,35 x104 e 0,48 x 104UFC g-1 tecido. Por outro lado, os tecidos do caule apresentaram maior índice de decomposição (81,3%) e pH (7,7) do que os de raízes, respectivamente 68,9% e 6,8. A análise microbiológica prévia deste solo não evidenciou diferenças significativas entre as populações de actinomicetos, bactérias copiotróficas, bactérias totais e fungos totais, que foram de 5,02; 3,63; 5,23 e 4,19 log UFC g-1 solo seco, respectivamente. Não foram encontradas populações de bactérias oligotróficas, Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp. fluorescentes, e Trichoderma spp. Entre os 10 tipos de solos estudados, sete foram classificados como supressivos por apresentarem baixas duração da sobrevivência (42 a 49 dias), AACPOP (0,77 a 4,05), POP14 (5,59 a 6,18 log UFC g-1 solo) e POP42 (5,44 a 6,31 log UFC g-1 solo). Os solos S3, S4 e S6 foram avaliados como conducivos. Neste estudo, apenas algumas características físicas e químicas apresentaram correlaçãosignificativa com duração da sobrevivência, AACPOP e POP42, considerando todos ossolos em conjunto ou apenas os supressivos, destacando-se argila, umidade residual e água disponível que apresentaram correlação positiva e o pH com correlação negativa.
Landzela, Besule. "Effects of BT Maize (MON810) crop and its residues on selected soil biological properties and N and P release in a sandy loam soil from Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007542.
Full textReinert, Camila Schorr. "Aspectos da biologia da Digitaria insularis resistente ao herbicida glyphosate." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-17122013-113100/.
Full textThe frequent use of glyphosate in production systems that involve the crops soybean and corn, resistant to glyphosate, have selected weed populations resistant to this herbicide, being very common in Brazil the occurrence of resistant populations of bitter grass (Digitaria insularis). For the rational management of these populations, there is a need of alternative measures, that involve herbicides and cultural practices, which can be applied only with the knowledge of the weed biology, however little is known about the bitter grass biology. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain basic information of the biology of populations of bitter grass susceptible and resistant to the herbicide glyphosate. For that, three assays were conducted in the Department of Crop Science at ESALQ / USP, in Piracicaba - SP, during the year 2012. For that, it was collected seeds of the resistant biotype in Matão, São Paulo and seeds of the susceptible population in Piracicaba, São Paulo. The determination of the resistance factor for glyphosate between the biotypes was performed using dose-response curves at stage 3-4 tillers of bitter grass. Following, it was evaluated the germination and quantification of dry matter produced under the effect of different amounts of coverage with millet straw. It was also developed trials to see longevity of the resistant and susceptible biotypes, conducted at different soil depths. With the model of dose-response curve, it was possible to quantify the resistance factor (GR50) from the R statistical program by obtaining the value of 16.66, compared to the susceptible biotype resistant. The increased amount of millet straw on seed caused reduction in dry weight of seedlings of Digitaria insularis, for both biotypes, being more evident in treatments of 4.0 and 8.0 ton ha-1. The resistant biotype showed significantly higher number of seedlings than susceptible population, regardless of the amount of straw. It is not possible to conclude that the seeds of resistant biotypes have greater longevity than the seeds of the susceptible biotype, and the presence of light is indifferent to its germination.
Callum, Ian R. "Long-term effects of tillage and residues on selected soil quality parameters." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31202.
Full textMartins, Bianca Assis Barbosa. "Biologia e manejo da planta daninha Borreria densiflora DC." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-25072008-122909/.
Full textThe weed vassourinha-de-botao (Borreria densiflora DC.) has been presenting increase in its infestation in areas cultivated with sugarcane and soybean, respectively in Maranhao and Goias states and north of Tocantins state, Brazil. Field observations have reported the control deficiency of this species, when it occurs in advanced growth stage. Thus, this research was conducted with the objective of classify botanically the weed, analyze the light and temperature influence on the germination of this species, its growth, development and reproductive structures, its susceptibility to herbicides in pre and post conditions, as well as the influence of the interaction between seed burial and the presence of crop residue in different amounts in the soil surface on the emergence of this weed. The botanical classification of vassourinha-de-botao was done in the Exact and Natural Sciences College - UNNE / IBONE, Argentina; the experiment that evaluated germination under different conditions was conducted in the Seeds Analyzes Laboratory, of the Crop Science Department of USP / ESALQ, and all the other experiments were carried out in the same department, between 2006 and 2007. It was concluded that the weed vassourinha-de-botao is the species Borreria densiflora DC. and it belongs to Rubiaceae family. Related to germination, it was observed that B. densiflora DC. is preferencial positive photoblastic, since its germination is favored by presence of light, responding differently to the studied light and temperature conditions. The highest germination rates and speeds of germination were reached in presence of photoperiod condition (12h), under the constant temperatures 30ºC and 35ºC and the alternated 20-30ºC. Basically, there was not germination in the constant dark condition. About the growth and development, it was observed that the weed Borreria densiflora DC. is a species with slow initial growth, with a simple perennial life cycle, presenting a big increment in the variables total dry biomass, relative growth and liquid assimilation rates between 26 and 36 days after transplanting (DAT). At the end of the experiment, the stems appear as the most participative compartments in the photosynthate partition by Borreria densiflora DC. This species is able to produce, in average, 93,090 seeds per plant. Related to the chemical management of Borreria densiflora DC., the majority of the herbicides provided controls considered adequate, except clomazone and MSMA, in pre and post-emergence conditions, respectively. Therefore, many herbicide options and mix of herbicides can be recommended to the management of the weed Borreria densiflora DC., since in pre-plant to pre and post-emergence. The study about the influence of the interaction between seed burial and presence of dry sugarcane residue in the soil surface on the emergence of this species demonstrated to exist interaction between those two tested factors, being that the bigger depth in the soil and amount of dry sugarcane residue in the soil surface, the lower is the percentage of emergence and fresh biomass of B. densiflora DC. Those results are important since they favor the understanding of the population dynamics of Borreria densiflora DC., aiding the integrated management of this weed species.