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Collins, Shane. "Residue composition influences nutrient release from crop residues." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0171.
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[Truncated abstract] A greater adoption of stubble retention, minimum-till and no-till farming practices for the purposes of conserving soil, water and fertility requires a greater understanding of the complexity of physical and chemical interactions between the soil and crop residues. There is currently insufficient knowledge to allow reliable predictions of the effects of different residue types in different environments on soil fertility and crop growth, owing to the many residue characteristics and environmental interactions that have been shown to affect decomposition or nutrient release. The role of fibre and nutrient composition in nutrient release from crop residues, and implications for residue management techniques, were studied. Canola, lupin and field pea residues, obtained from farmland in Meckering and Northam, Western Australia, were separated into upper and basal stems, leaves, and siliques or pods. This was done to provide materials with a wide range of chemical and physical characteristics, and also allowed consideration of differential residue management of plant organs, such as comparing harvested canola siliques and retained canola stubble. Pre-treatment by chopping and/or humidification was applied to residues to provide some information about the processes of nutrient release. Residues were subjected to simulated rainfall to assess nutrient leaching from plant material, and placed on soil in pots in constant-temperature glasshouse conditions to assess decomposition. Amounts and rates of change of residue fibre and nutrients were determined throughout leaching and decomposition. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis was used to assess the location of diffusible ions in air-dried residues and the effects of humidification on nutrient positioning and release. ... However, the release of calcium and magnesium depended on the decomposition of the more recalcitrant components such as cellulose and lignin, as supported by microscopy results showing changes in nutrient distribution following humidification. The proportionality of amounts of calcium and magnesium leached and released during decomposition is likely to suggest a similarity of chemical form more than similarity of function or position of the two elements. Management of crop residues for maximising and optimising the timing of release of different nutrients will need to take into account the placement of different plant types and parts, particle sizes distribution and pre-treatment of material to efficiently manage short- and long-term soil fertility to sustain crops, particularly on degraded soils. Significant nutrient release of potassium, sulphur and magnesium from crop residues can be achieved from surface placement, with the release of potassium and sulphur managed by modifying residue particle size through appropriate harvesting, ploughing or sowing implement selection. High nutrient uptake crops and plant parts where they can be economically viable to grow or separated by the harvesting technique are particularly valuable as sources of nutrients and soil organic matter.
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Myers, Brian. "Variable crop residue management." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35271.
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Master of AgribusinessDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Jeffery R. Williams
Production agriculture is constantly evolving to become more efficient and productive. Crop residue serves as a valuable source of nutrients for the soil, but it is increasingly abundant with today’s enhanced crop genetics. If new technology can effectively provide a way to micro-manage crop residue levels within a field, the benefits will go beyond soil health. Surplus crop residue can be collected for secondary income while leaving the optimum amounts in the field to maintain the environment and soil health as well as promote future crop growth. The main objective of this study is to create a budget model that will determine the economic impact of crop residue removal on a controlled basis. The goals are to determine crop residue removal practices that are sustainable for the long-term, while also enhancing soil quality and increasing grain yield in future years. A sub-objective is to build a business case for producers to invest in variable crop residue management. The hypothesis presented in this study is that the increased complexity and price of a variable rate system is offset by more supplemental profits, increased crop yields, and better management of soil health and nutrients. The negative perceptions of crop residue removal include the fear of soil erosion or loss of soil organic matter. By developing a budget model that is easy to use, takes advantage of existing field data for inputs, and allows producers the ability to look at their operations on a sub-field level, this study aims to provide the necessary motivation to invest in new technology that will increase their productivity. By entering their site-specific crop residue return rate data into a budget model, along with prices and costs related to combine and auxiliary equipment, corn and corn stover, transportation and logistics, and nutrient replacement, they will come up with a return per acre for both constant rate and variable rate collection. The budget model determines whether it is economically viable to harvest crop residue from a continuous corn rotation at a variable rate across a field, rather than at a constant rate, using a producer’s own specific field data. To validate the concept, data from a joint study between John Deere and Iowa State is entered into the model. Prescriptions for corn stover return rates are provided from the study for pre-defined grid areas. Prescriptions are derived from a combination of data including grain yield, soil loss due to wind and water erosion, climate, topography, and soil sample data at time of planting (Nelson, et al. 2004). The average corn stover removal percentage was less for variable rate collection than constant rate collection, 26.05% to 31.85%. However, the assumption that grain yield and corn stover yield are positively correlated did not prove to be true in this case study. The variable rate plots had a lower average grain yield of 158.84 bushel/acre, compared to 160.46 for the constant rate plots, but they had more total corn stover available and therefore a higher return rate of 3.70 tons/acre, compared to 3.05 for the constant rate plots. This case study illustrates that less corn stover can be returned to the field through constant or variable rate collection while sustaining higher grain yields than a conventional harvest that would return all of the corn stover to the field. This case study demonstrates that variable rate collection can be more expensive than constant rate, but not in every situation. Every unique field site will require a specific crop residue management recommendation that is determined by both economic and environmental factors.
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Ess, Daniel R. "Cover crop residue effects on machine-induced soil compaction." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-164819/.
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He, Yuxin. "Crop residue management and its impacts on soil properties." Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19043.
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Doctor of PhilosophyAgronomy
DeAnn R. Presley
Crop residue removal for livestock feeding and biofuel production at large scales must be evaluated to assess impacts on soil productivity and properties. Among all the potential negative impacts, wind erosion is a major concern in the central Great Plains. We conducted an on-farm study from 2011 to 2013 by removing crop residue at five levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) to determine the effects of crop residue removal on soil wind erosion parameters such as dry aggregate size distribution including soil wind erodible fraction (EF <0.84 mm aggregates), geometric mean diameter (GMD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD), dry aggregate stability, and soil surface roughness. The sub-model of Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) developed by the USDA-ARS, Single-event Wind Erosion Evaluation Program (SWEEP) is a stand-alone companion software package that can be applied to simulate soil loss and dust emission from a single windstorm event. We applied measured data (i.e. EF, GMD, GSD, and roughness) to SWEEP for predicting wind velocity that can initiate wind erosion and soil loss under each crop residue removal condition with wind velocity at 13 m sˉ¹. The threshold wind velocity to initiate wind erosion generally decreased with increase in crop residue removal levels, particularly for residue removal >75%. The total amount of soil loss in 3 hours ranged from about 0.2 to 2.5 kg mˉ² and depends on soil condition and crop residue cover. On the other hand, high-yielding crops can produce abundant crop residue, which then raises the question that if a farmer wants to reduce residue, what could they do without removing it? The application of fertilizer on crop residue to stimulate microbial activity and subsequent decomposition of the residue is often debated. We conducted wheat straw decomposition field experiments under different fertilizer rates and combinations at three locations in western Kansas following wheat harvest in 2011 and 2012. A double shear box apparatus instrumented with a load cell measured the shear stress required to cut wheat straw and photomicrography was used to measure the cross-sectional area of wheat straw after shearing. Total C and N were also analyzed. The fertilizer rate and timing of application during summer 2012 and Fall 2013 at the Hays site had impacts on wheat straw shear stress at break point. Across site years, earlier (fall) fertilizer application generally resulted in lower remaining aboveground biomass as compared to a spring application. Multivariate and linear regressions suggested that N and C:N ratio partially explain the results observed with respect to treatment effects on winter wheat residue decomposition.
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Subedi-Chalise, Kopila. "Impacts of Crop Residue and Cover Crops on Soil Hydrological Properties, Soil Water Storage and Water Use Efficiency of Soybean Crop." Thesis, South Dakota State University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10265200.
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Cover crops and crop residue play a multifunctional role in improving soil hydrological properties, soil water storage and water use efficiency (WUE). This study was conducted to better understand the role of crop residue and cover crop on soil properties and soil water dynamics. The study was conducted at the USDA-ARS North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, located in Brookings, South Dakota. Two residue removal treatments that include low residue removal (LRR) and high residue removal (HRR) were established in 2000 with randomized complete block design under no-till corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation. In 2005, cover crop treatments which include cover crops (CC) and no cover crops (NCC) were integrated into the overall design. Soil samples were collected in 2014, 2015 and 2016. Data from this study showed that LRR treatment resulted in lower bulk density (BD) by 7 and 9% compared to HRR in 2015 and 2016, respectively, for 0-5 cm depth. Similarly, LRR treatment significantly reduced soil penetration resistance (SPR) by 25% in 0-5 cm depth compared with HRR treatment. In addition to this, LRR treatment significantly increased soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations and total nitrogen (TN) by 22 and 17%, respectively, in 0-5 cm. Similarly, CC treatment resulted in lower BD and SPR by 7% and 23%, respectively, in 0-5 cm depth in 2015 compared with NCC treatment. The LRR significantly increased soil water infiltration by 66 and 22% compared to HRR in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Similarly, the CC treatment significantly increased infiltration by 82 and 22% compared to the NCC in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The significant impact of a crop residue was observed on soil water retention (SWR) in 2014 and 2015 for the 0-5 cm depth. The LRR and CC treatments increased the soil volumetric moisture content (VMC) and soil water storage (SWS) on the surface 0-5 cm depth. However, the trend was not always significant during the growing season. The CC treatment significantly impacted the soybean yield by 14% and WUE by 13% compared with NCC treatment. Some interaction of residue by cover crops was observed on BD, SPR, VMC, and SWS, which showed that the use of cover crops with LRR can be beneficial in improving the soil properties.
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Isaac, Gura. "Crop rotation and crop residue management effects under no till on the soil quality of two ecotopes in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2934.
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The degradation of soil quality due to undesirable farming practices has reached alarming scales in the Eastern Cape and this has had negative repercussions on soil productivity and the environment in general. There is growing evidence that conservation agriculture (CA) practices involving minimal mechanical disturbance, maintaining permanent surface cover and embracing diverse crop rotations increase soil organic carbon (SOC) and therefore has potential to mitigate soil quality deterioration. A study was carried out at two sites located in two ecotopes to investigate the effects of crop residue retention and crop rotations in a no till system on overall soil quality using the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) as the soil quality assessment tool. The CA study trials were laid out in 2012 at two different locations, one at the Phandulwazi Agricultural High school within the Phandulwazi Jozini ecotope and the other one at University of Fort Hare Research Farm within the Alice Jozini ecotope. The experiment was laid out as a split-split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Tillage treatments were applied on the main plots while crop rotation treatments were applied as subplots. Crop residue retention treatments were applied as sub-sub plots. The rotational treatments were maize-fallow-maize (MFM), maize-fallow-soybean (MFS), maize-wheat-maize (MWM) and maize-wheat-soybean (MWS). The initial assessment of the overall soil quality of the two ecotopes using the SMAF soil quality index (SQI) revealed that the soils at the Alice site were functioning at 80% while the soils at the Phandulwazi site were functioning at 79 percent of their optimum capacity. The slight difference in the soil quality of the two ecotopes could be attributed to their different soil organic C contents where the Alice Jozini ecotope had significantly higher soil organic C contents than the Phandulwazi Jozini ecotope. After 3 years of continuous treatment application, crop residue retention significantly improved most of the measured soil quality parameters. Generally across the sites, more soil organic C, microbial biomass C (MBC), ß-glucosidase (BG) activity, mineral N, extractable P and K, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, and macro-aggregates were recorded in treatments where crop residues were retained. Crop rotations alone did not have a significant impact on most of the measured soil quality indicators. The crop rotations influenced significantly the availability of mineral N across the two sites, highlighting the importance of using a legume in rotations on available N for the subsequent crops. Most of the measured soil attributes were not significantly influenced after 3 years of continuously applying combined treatment of CA components. Mineral N (NO3 + NH4), K, Zn and Fe were significantly impacted on by the interactions of CA components at the Phandulwazi site, while N, Cu, Zn and Mn were significantly increased at the Alice site. Low response of SOC to combined CA treatments in the short-term prompted the need to examine treatment effects on individual soil carbon fractions. The interaction of crop rotation and residue management techniques were significant on the fine particulate organic matter – C fractions and microbially respired C. These soil C fractions were more sensitive to short-term treatments of combined CA components than SOC and MBC, therefore they can be used as short-term indicators of CA effects on SOM. Soil organic carbon, MBC, extractable P and K, soil pH, EC, b, AGS (aggregate stability) and BG activity were measured and the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) used to calculate soil quality index (SQI) values for each treatment. The combination of the crop rotations with crop residue retention showed the potential to significantly improve SQI values in the long term. The highest soil quality improvement at both sites was achieved by the maize-wheat-soybean (MWS) rotation with crop residue retention.
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Battaglia, Martin. "Crop residue management effects on crop production, greenhouse gases emissions, and soil quality in the Mid-Atlantic USA." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86483.
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Cellulosic biomass-to-bioenergy systems can provide environmental and economic benefits to modern societies, reducing the dependence on fossil-fuels and greenhouse gas emissions while simultaneously improving rural economies. Corn (Zea mays L.) stover and wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.) residues have particular promise given these crops are widely grown and their cellulosic fractions present a captured resource as a co-product of grain production. Annual systems also offer the ability to change crops rapidly in response to changing market demands. However, concerns exist about residue removal effects on soil health, greenhouse gases emissions and subsequent crop productivity. The carbon footprint and the crop yield productivity and soil health responses resulting from the removal of crop residues has been studied extensively over the last 20 years, but this research has been largely conducted in the Corn Belt. To investigate the impact of crop residue removal in the Mid-Atlantic USA, combinations of corn stover (0, 3.33, 6.66, 10 and 20 Mg ha-1) and wheat straw (0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 Mgha-1) were soil applied in a corn-wheat/soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) rotation in Virginia's Coastal Plain. Corn stover (0, 3.33, 6.66, 10 and 20 Mg ha-1) was applied in a continuous corn cropping system in the Ridge/Valley province. For each system, residues were applied following grain harvest over two production cycles. Each experiment was conducted as a randomized complete design with four replications. The highest rates of stover retention resulted in greater greenhouse gas emissions in year 1, but not year 2 of these studies and did not affect overall global warming potentials. Stover application also increased soil carbon but had little effect on other measures of soil quality. Stover K levels were greater with high rates of stover retention. Overall, these studies indicate little effect of residue removal or retention (above typical residue production rates) on subsequent crop production, greenhouse gas emissions, or soil health measures in the short term. This study is one of the first to assess residue removal in the Mid-Atlantic USA and is the first study to investigate the impacts that managing more than one crop residue in a multi-crop system. Longer-term research of this type may be warranted both to determine the consequences of residue management and to start building a regionally-specific body of knowledge about these practices.Ph. D.
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Burgess, Magdalena S. E. "Crop residue decomposition and nitrogen dynamics in corn under three tillage systems." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36879.
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Decomposition and N dynamics of grain-corn residues were investigated in a field study in southwestern Quebec, with particular reference to the roles of different plant parts (stems, leaves etc.) in determining overall residue mass loss and N content. A litterbag study was conducted, with surface and buried placements in plots under three tillage systems (no-till, reduced tillage, and conventional tillage, established five years before litterbag placement). Residue mass loss and N content were monitored over a two-year period. Separate data were obtained for leaves, stems, husks, and cobs. Net values for all residues combined were calculated taking into account initial proportions of each plant part at harvest. Overall estimates were made based on residue depth-distribution typical of each tillage system. A spreadsheet-based model of surface residue mass loss was developed, incorporating litterbag mass and other surface-residue data, in order to determine how well litterbag results predicted surface residue mass loss in the field, and to test alternative assumptions regarding residue decomposition and/or burial. Buried residues lost mass more quickly than surface residues, as expected. Thus residue breakdown would be fastest in a conventional system, slowest under no-till, and intermediate with reduced tillage. Substantial decreases in mass and residue N content occurred between fall placement and first sampling in spring, despite low temperatures for much of this period. Mass loss in the first period was substantial for stems as we as husks and leaves. Cobs decomposed most slowly throughout. Nitrogen dynamics, including effects of depth on residue N content, differed greatly by residue type. All the lower-N residues (cobs, husks, stems) immobilized N at some point. However, during the two-year study, N immobilization by one or more residue types was always counterbalanced or exceeded by N release by other residue, at least for the sampling intervals included. Pa
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Alghamdi, Rashad Saeed. "Nitrogen Mineralization Dynamics of Post Harvest Crop Residue in No-Till Systems." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31945.
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In North Dakota, adoption of conservation tillage practices has resulted in an accumulation of crop residue remaining on the soil surface. North Dakota producers receive a nitrogen credit for long-term no-till but due to previous crop residue this credit may not be realistic for providing partial nutrient needs to subsequent crops in a cool environment with a short growing season. Our objectives were to evaluate the N mineralization potential of common crop residues to determine whether crop residue accumulation in no-till systems can provide sufficient nitrogen quantities needed for subsequent crops. Three lab incubation studies were conducted to provide N mineralization insights for individual crop residues, crop residues over several simulated growing seasons, and crop residue in diversified cropping systems. Differences in soil texture, surface application versus incorporation of residue, freeze and thaw cycles and combinations of residues were all factors examined. Results indicated that crop residue decomposition and N release from the residue treatments generally immobilized N but were not significantly different from the bare soil for nearly all studies. The only exception observed was for the forage radish cover crop which showed the potential to improve soil N mineralization in select three-year rotations. Findings of these studies show that most wide C:N ratio crop residues will immobilize soil N in a no-till system under ideal conditions (i.e. moisture, temperature, and residue particle size). These findings suggestion that a fertilizer N credits may require reevaluation and take into consideration soil moisture with validated data to support the fertilizer N credit.
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Adu-Tutu, K. O., W. B. McCloskey, S. H. Husman, P. A. Clay, M. J. Ottman, E. C. Martin, and T. Teegerstrom. "Reduced Tillage and Crop Residue Effects on Cotton Weed Control, Growth and Yield." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198156.
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The tillage operations conducted in a barley and cotton double-crop rotation were reduced by eliminating tillage prior to planting cotton, eliminating cultivations for weed control in cotton, and especially by eliminating tillage following cotton prior to planting barley. Data collected in 2002 and 2003 in Coolidge and Marana showed that a weed sensing, automatic spot-spray system reduced the amount of spray volume and herbicide used by 50 to 60%. Data from Maricopa in 2003 indicated that the savings can be much greater (e.g., in a treatment with thick Solum barley cover crop residues) or much less if volunteer grain germinates after grain harvest. Similar weed control was obtained with the weed sensing, automated spot-spray system compared to conventional continuous spray systems for most weed species. At Coolidge in 2002, the minimum tillage treatment with a barley cover crop produced 24% more lint than the conventional tillage system (1089 versus 880 lb/A) because more water was applied in that treatment. In 2003, the minimum tillage treatment yielded 24% less than the conventional tillage treatment (1178 versus 1539 lb/A) due to herbicide injury. There were no differences in cotton yields among the tillage systems at Goodyear in 2002 and 2003. In Marana (2002 and 2003) and Maricopa (2003), there were yield differences between treatments related to planting date, with late-planted cotton yielding less than early-planted cotton. At Marana, the cotton yields of the minimum-till and conventionally tilled treatments were not statistically different. At Maricopa, the early-planted minimum-till cotton yielded less than the early-planted conventionally tilled cotton (956 versus 1141 lb/A). The yield comparisons between conservation tillage and conventional tillage cotton production systems are not yet definitive and more research needs to be conducted. Economic comparisons between productions systems indicated an advantage for conservation/minimum tillage treatments if cotton yields were comparable.
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Zheng, Baojuan. "Broad-scale Assessment of Crop Residue Management Using Multi-temporal Remote Sensing Imagery." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/19201.
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Tillage practices have changed dramatically during the past several decades as agricultural specialists have recognized the unfavorable environmental effects of mechanized tillage. Alternatively, conservation tillage management can mitigate adverse environmental impacts of tillage, such as soil and water degradation. Adoption of conservation tillage has continued to increase since its first introduction, which raises questions of when and where it is practiced. Spatial and temporal specifics of tillage practices form important dimensions for development of effective crop management practices and policies. Because Landsat has been and will continue to image the Earth globally, it provides opportunities for systematic mapping of crop residue cover (CRC) /tillage practices. Thus, the overall objective of this study is to develop methodologies to improve our ability to monitor crop management across different landscapes in a time-efficient and cost-effective manner using Landsat TM and ETM+ imagery, which is addressed in three separate studies. The first study found that previous efforts to estimate CRC along a continuum using Landsat-based tillage indices were unsuccessful because they neglected the key temporal changes in agricultural surfaces caused by tilling, planting, and crop emergence at the start of the growing season. The first study addressed this difficulty by extracting minimum values of multi-temporal NDTI (Normalized Difference Tillage Index) spectral profiles, designated here as the minNDTI method. The minNDTI improves crop residue estimation along a continuum (R2 = 0.87) as well as tillage classification accuracy (overall accuracy > 90%). A second study evaluated effectiveness of the minNDTI approach for assessing CRC at multiple locations over several years, and compared minNDTI to hyperspectral tillage index (CAI), and the ASTER tillage index (SINDRI). The minNDTI is effective across four different locations (R2 of 0.56 ~ 0.93). The third study, built upon the second study, addressed the Landsat ETM+ missing data issue, and devised methodologies for producing field-level tillage data at broad scales (multiple counties). In summary, this research demonstrates that the minNDTI technique is currently the best alternative for monitoring CRC and tillage practices from space, and provides a foundation for monitoring crop residue cover at broad spatial and temporal scales.Ph. D.
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Obara, Flávio Eduardo Botelhos. "Atributos do solo, presença de palha e estádio de desenvolvimento da cana-de-açúcar na aplicação, afetando a eficácia e seletividade dos herbicidas imazapic e imazapyr." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-03062014-144026/.
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As soqueiras de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) são colhidas anualmente, momento em que são expostas a uma grande interferência negativa interespecífica das plantas daninhas, sendo essencial o manejo destas plantas para obtenção de uma produtivade economicamente rentável da cultura. Comumente este controle é feito com a aplicação de herbicidas residuais em condições de pré ou pós-plantio através da recomendação de acordo com a infestação local. Apesar da existência de várias opções de controle químico de plantas daninhas em pré-emergência na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, novas opções de formulaçõoes de herbicidas são necessárias. Sendo assim, esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de estudar uma nova associação de moléculas, imazapic e imazapyr, para o controle das plantas daninhas em cana-de-açúcar, através da avaliação da influência de parâmetros de solo e culturais, na eficácia de controle de plantas daninhas e seletividade para a cultura. Para este propóstito foram conduzidos experimentos em condições de campo e casa de vegetação. Em condições de campo, em agosto de 2012 foram instalados experimentos em áreas de solos arenoso e argiloso com e sem palhada, para avaliação da eficácia da associação de imazapic e imazapyr no controle de plantas daninhas e da seletividade à cultura, no qual as menores doses testadas de (imazapic + imazapyr), em todas as situações continuaram eficientes no controle da comunidade infestante até 120 dias após a aplicação, equiparando estatisticamente aos tratamentos com maiores doses, aos tratamentos associados ao tebuthiuron e aos padrões, com a ausência de sintomas fitotóxicos nas variedades. Para avaliação da fitotoxidade foram instalados três experimentos durante o mês de novembro de 2012 sobre soqueira de 2º corte, nos quais foram feitas aplicações do (imazapic + imazapyr) isolado e associados a outros herbicidas nos estádios de pré-emergência total, pós-inicial e pós-tardia da cultura, sendo possível observar a seletividade quando aplicada a dose (80,25 + 26,25 g imazapic + imazapyr ha-1) na modalidade de pré-emergência, como também quando associada ao tebuthiuron, metribuzin e clomazone. Foram realizados estudos em casa de vegetação para avaliação de características do herbicida quanto à capacidade de lixiviação pela palha em relação à precipitação, quanto ao período residual durante época seca, quanto à lixiviação do herbicida da superfície às diferentes camadas de solo, e quanto ao controle de espécies daninhas em diferentes texturas de solo. Volumes de 10 e 20 mm de água foram suficientes para promover a transposição do herbicida sobre a camada de palha em solo argiloso e médio-arenoso, respectivamente, apresentando atividade do (imazapic + imazapyr) no controle do bioindicador mesmo após 120 dias sem irrigação após a aplicação do herbicida, quando aplicado sobre a palha ou sobre o solo. A presença do herbicida foi observada até a camada 10-20 cm de profundidade, pelos índices de controle do bioindicador resultantes da lixiviação, e do efeito residual em solo arenoso e argiloso aos 75 e 90 dias após a aplicação, sendo de um modo geral as associações (imazapic + imazapyr) + clomazone e (imazapic + imazapyr) + tebuthiuron foram as mais eficientes no controle das espécies daninhas estudadas.The weed management is essential in sugarcane crop. After the harvest, sugarcane ratoons are exposed to interspecific weed competition, and its control usually is done with residual herbicides in pre or post-planting according to the local infestation. Although there are several options for weed chemical control inn sugar cane, new options of formulations are needed. Thus, this research aimed to study the imazapic and imazapyr association through the evaluation of soil parameters influence, the efficacy of weed control and selectivity for the sugar cane. For this purpose field and greenhouse experiments were conducted. In August 2012, field experiments were conducted in sandy and clay soils areas, with and without crop residues to evaluate the effectiveness of imazapic + imazapyr on weed control and selectivity to sugarcane, in which the lower doses tested of imazapic + imazapyr were enough to control the weeds until 120 day after application equating to higher doses in association to tebuthiuron and standard treatments, without phytotoxic symptons in the studied varieties. To evaluate the phytotoxicity, three experiments were installed in november 2012 on second ratoon, Imazapic + imazapyr was selective when applied at 80.25 + 26.25 g ha-1 in pre-emergence, as well as associated with tebuthiuron, metribuzin and clomazone. In early post-emergence, selectivity was noted when applied at 80.25 + 26.25 g imazapic + imazapyr ha-1, as by the association of this rate with the herbicides clomazone and isoxaflutole. However, the application in late post-emergence proved to be non-selective for any use of the association of the herbicides imazapic + imazapyr. Other studies were conducted in a greenhouse to evaluate the the herbicide association ability to leach the straw in relation to rainfall volume, the residual period during the dry season, the herbicide leaching from the surface into different layers of soil as the weed species control in different soil textures. Simulated rainfall volumes from 10 to 20 mm were sufficient to promote herbicide transposition through the straw to clay and mediumsandy soil, respectively. Imazapic + imazapyr effects on bio-indicator showed that even after 120 days of drought conditions after application, when applied on straw or to the soil. Imazapic + imazapyr were able to leach in the sandy and clay soils up to 10-20 cm deep layer, and residual effect at 75 and 90 days after application in sandy and clay soil. Generally, better weed control levels were obtained by the association of imazapic, imazapyr and clomazone, and imazapic, imazapyr and tebuthiuron.
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Kravchenko, Anatoliy G. "Overcoming the rotational antagonism of corn following wheat in high residue cropping systems." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2006.
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Thesis (M. S.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, 2006.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on June 19, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 94-99). Also issued in print.
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Tola, El-Kamil Hamed Mohamed. "Performance of various no-till furrow openers under different soil and crop residue conditions /." Beuren : Grauer, 2002. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=3861863979.
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McNairn, Heather Elizabeth. "Radar response to crop residue cover and tillage application on post-harvest agricultural surfaces." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0017/NQ47579.pdf.
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Tao, Hsiao-Hang. "Crop residue management in oil palm plantations : soil quality, soil biota and ecosystem functions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ebcc3bd9-45c0-4d22-9fef-71dff4abecd3.
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The application of crop residues is one of the most common agricultural practices used to maintain soil ecosystems and crop productivity. This thesis focuses on the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) agroecosystem, an important tropical crop that has expanded rapidly over the past four decades. Both land conversion and business-as-usual practices within the plantations have contributed to soil degradation. The application of oil palm residues, such as empty fruit bunches (EFB) and oil palm fronds, are thought to have positive effects on the soil ecosystem; yet there is currently a deficit of knowledge on their effectiveness. This thesis aims to examine the effects of oil palm residue application on soil physicochemical properties, soil biota, and ecosystem functions. It reports the results of extensive field trials, sample collection, and statistical analysis of crop residue applications in oil palm plantations in Central Sumatra, Indonesia. Four key results emerged from the thesis. First, in this study site land conversion from secondary forest to oil palm does not affect litter decomposition rate, but positively influences soil fauna activity. Second, there is greater soil fauna activity following EFB application than oil palm fronds or chemical fertilizers, and the fauna activity is highly associated with changes in soil chemical properties and soil moisture conditions. Third, EFB application enhances soil ecosystem functions, through the direct provision of organic matter, and by influencing soil biota. Finally, over 15 years of application, EFB appears to be effective in maintaining or increasing annual crop yield in comparison to chemical fertiliser treatment. Temporal changes in crop yield under EFB application appear to be associated with climatic conditions and soil organic carbon. Overall, these findings improve our understanding of the potential of oil palm residue applications to increase soil quality, soil biota, and ecosystem functions. They also provide useful information for a wider audience of soil ecologists, agricultural managers, and policy makers to improve sustainable management of the oil palm ecosystem.
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Cogdill, Todd Joseph. "Investigation of management strategies for the production of sweet sorghum as a bioenergy crop and preservation of crop residue by the ensiling process." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
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Gelder, Brian Keith. "Land management database development methods for delineating management units and estimating crop and residue cover /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
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McCarty, Jessica Lynn. "Seasonal and interannual variability of emissions from crop residue burning in the contiguous United States." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/9117.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2009.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Geography. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Tenywa, John Stephen. "Crop residue influence on exchangeable aluminum, potassium availability, and seedling root growth in a oxisol /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487844105976783.
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Ma, Qian. "Effects of Crop Residue Quality and Nitrogen Fertilization on Priming of Soil Organic Carbon Mineralization." Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/261632.
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Ducamp, Fernando Arriaga Francisco J. "Effect of rye residue on soil properties and nitrogen fertiization of cotton." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1532.
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Ostwald, Madelene, Anna Jonsson, Victoria Wibeck, and Therese Asplund. "Mapping energy crop cultivation and identifying motivational factors among Swedish farmers." Linköpings universitet, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-86210.
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Based on a meta-study, the paper describes the existing options, areal extents, and Swedish farmers' conditions for energy crop production promoted by the governments to mitigate and adapt to climate change. The drivers of and barriers to cultivating various energy crops are described in terms of a variety of motivational factors. The approach used peer-reviewed and gray literature using three Internet sources. Questions addressed include the energy crops available to Swedish farmers and how well established they are in terms of areal extent. What drivers of and barriers to growing energy crops do farmers perceive? How do various motivational factors for these drivers and barriers correspond to the adoption of certain energy crops? The results indicate that 13 energy-related crops are available, of which straw (a residue), oil crops, and wheat are the most extensively produced in terms of cultivated area. Results confirm earlier research findings that converting from annual to perennial crops and from traditional crops or production systems to new ones are important barriers. Economic motivations for changing production systems are strong, but factors such as values (e.g., esthetic), knowledge (e.g., habits and knowledge of production methods), and legal conditions (e.g., cultivation licenses) are crucial for the change to energy crops. Finally, there are knowledge gaps in the literature as to why farmers decide to keep or change a production system. Since the Swedish government and the EU intend to encourage farmers to expand their energy crop production, this knowledge of such motivational factors should be enhanced.Ett konkurrenskraftigt jordbruk – kommunikation kring klimatförändring och nya möjligheter (K3), Stiftelsen Lantbruksforskning
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Shortall, Orla. "Rethinking bioenergy from an agricultural perspective : ethical issues raised by perennial energy crop and crop residue production for energy in the UK and Denmark." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28756/.
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The aim of this project is to explore the social and ethical dimensions of the agricultural production of perennial energy crop and crop residues for energy. Biomass – any living or recently living matter – is being promoted in industrialised countries as part of the transition from fossil fuels to an economy based on renewable energy. Various challenges face the use of bioenergy however. One particularly controversial and high profile example has been the use of food crop biofuels in transport which are seen to conflict with food production and to cause significant environmental damage. Suggested ways around these controversies is the production of perennial energy crops such as grasses and trees and crop residues such as straw, which are seen to require fewer inputs and less prime land. Some have analysed the controversies raised by biofuels in terms of controversies around industrial agriculture more broadly: biofuels are perceived to be large scale, monocultural, environmentally damaging and pushed by agri-business and energy interests. This project asks what type of agriculture system perennial energy crops and crop residues are seen as developing within, if at all. This was considered worth exploring because the type of system will have a large bearing on how they are received in future. To this end a theoretical framework of different paradigms of agriculture ranging from industrial agriculture at one end to alternative agriculture at the other was developed and applied to the data. Interviews with key stakeholders and analysis of key documents in the UK and Denmark were carried out to address the question of how perennial energy crops and crop residues are seen as overcoming previous controversies raised by food crop biofuels, in terms of their place in agricultural systems. The thesis argues that stakeholder’s visions of perennial energy crops and crop residues can be understood in terms of four models of agriculture: two industrial and two alternative. These are called “industrialism lite” that involves producing perennial energy crops on marginal land; life sciences integrated agriculture including the biorefinery strategy; multifunctional perennial energy crop production on environmentally marginal land; and ecologically integrated multipurpose biomass production through agroforestry production. There is also an argument which cuts across the paradigms and maintains that regardless of the type of agricultural system used very little or no biomass should be produced for the energy sector because of the scale of resources it requires and the scale of society’s energy use. These positions can be summarised as three different ways to overcome challenges raised by food crop biofuels: further industrialise agriculture; de-industrialise agriculture; and de-industrialise agriculture and reduce society’s energy use, though biomass could still only be used to a very limited extent, if at all, in energy production.
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Yanni, Sandra. "Crop residue composition and decomposition in transgenic corn agroecosystems: effects of bacillus thuringiensis gene and herbivory." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103693.
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Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn (Zea mays L.) is reported to have a higher lignin concentration and be more resistant to degradation compared to conventional non-Bt (NBt) hybrids. NBt hybrids are physically affected by the European corn borer (ECB, Ostrinia nubilalis H.), which could increase the deposition of 'stress lignin' in injured tissues and alter the decomposability of corn residue. The objective of this thesis is to test the compositional differences between Bt and NBt corn in terms of fiber, C, and N concentrations and study the decomposition of these residues. The natural variation in lignin between plant parts was also considered to affect the decomposition of corn residue. Field experiments that included 18 Bt and NBt hybrids not infested by ECB showed similarity in lignin and aboveground biomass. Stems from a field-grown Bt hybrid decomposed faster than the NBt near-isoline. In the greenhouse, ECB-infested NBt corn sustained injury, which resulted in lower stem biomass and higher stem N concentration in injured plants. ECB injury did not affect the lignin concentration in stems and CuO oxidation analysis revealed that ECB injury reduced the amount of lignin-derived phenols in stems, which refutes the hypothesis that NBt corn would respond to ECB injury by depositing 'stress lignin'. Infested and non-infested stems buried in the field for five months showed no difference in decomposition due to the Bt gene or herbivory. However, there was 87% more syringic acid in injured NBt stems suggesting that herbivory may enhance lignin decomposition in the longer-term. Under controlled conditions, a 36-week incubation experiment confirmed that Bt and NBt corn tissue decompose at a similar rate, with variation in decomposition rates attributed to the lignin and N concentration in corn tissues. Soils amended with roots (6.2% lignin) produced significantly lower CO2 than stems (3.5% lignin) and leaves (3.2% lignin). In conclusion, the Bt gene and ECB infestation do not affect the chemical composition of corn tissue and should not have an effect on residue decomposition in Bt corn agroecosystems. Due to their elevated lignin concentration, corn roots can make an important contribution to the stabilization of C in the soil.Le maïs Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis - Zea mays L.) est reconnu contenir plus de lignine et être plus résistant que les maïs hybrides conventionnels (NBt). Ces derniers sont affectés par la pyrale du maïs (European Corn Borer ou ECB, Ostrinia nubilalis H.), qui peut augmenter le dépôt de «lignine causée par le stress» dans les tissus et changer la décomposition des résidus de maïs. L'objective de cette thèse est d'évaluer les différences de composition en fibres, C et N entre les maïs BT et NBt, et d'étudier l'effet de l'herbivorie par ECB sur la décomposition les différentes parties résiduelles du plant. Les expériences menées au champ ont démontré que la biomasse aérienne et le contenu en lignine étaient similaires entre 18 hybrides des types BT et NBt non infestés par l'ECB. Toutefois, les tiges des maïs Bt ont présenté une vitesse de décomposition plus élevée. En serre, les tiges de maïs NBt infesté et meurtri par l'ECB, ont montré une plus faible biomasse et une plus grande concentration en N. Toutefois, les blessures engendrées par l'ECB n'ont pas affectés la concentration de lignine dans les tiges. L'analyse par oxydation au CuO a démontré que les blessures ont réduit la quantité de phénols dérivés de la lignine réfutant ainsi l'hypothèse que le NBt répond aux meurtrissures de l'ECB en produisant un dépôt de lignine. Suite à une décomposition sous terre de cinq mois, aucune différence significative due à la présence du gène Bt ou non, n'a été mesurée entre les tiges infestées et non-infestées. Cependant, il y avait 87% plus d'acide syringique dans les tiges de NBt infestées à l'ECB, ce qui suggère que l'herbivorie pourrait améliorer la décomposition à long terme. Dans des conditions contrôlées, une expérience d'incubation de 36 semaines a confirmé que les maïs Bt et NBt se décomposent à la même vitesse; les différences observées étant dues au contenu en lignine et N dans les tissus. Les sols fertilisés avec les racines (6.2% lignine) ont produit beaucoup moins de CO2 que les tiges (3.5% lignine) et les feuilles (3.2% lignine). En conclusion, le gène du Bt ainsi que l'infestation par l'ECB n'affectent pas la composition chimique des tissus de maïs et ne devraient pas affecter la décomposition des résidus de culture. Dû à leur contenu en lignine élevé, les racines de maïs peuvent contribuer de manière importante à la stabilisation du C dans le sol.
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Almeida, Risely Ferraz [UNESP]. "CO2 emission and O2 uptake of soil under different systems." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/149886.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O oxigênio (O2) e o dióxido de carbono (CO2) no solo são os dois principais gases relacionados com a atividade dos microorganismos no solo. Assim, esta tese foi desenvolvida para observar a concentração e a relação entre a concentração do CO2 e O2 sob diferentes sistemas de resíduos. Para isso, realizamos dois experimentos de solo no Brasil e nos EUA, respectivamente. O primeiro experimento foi desenvolvido para examinar a relação entre fluxo de CO2 (FCO2) e o fluxo de O2 (FO2) usando a umidade do solo e o O2 como um predictor da respiração do solo em uma área de cana-de-açúcar sob diferentes manejos de resíduos (colheita mecânica - GH versus colheita queimada – BH). Portanto, os resultados do primeiro experimento estão descritos no Capítulo 2 e sendo intitulado de "Uso da captura de O2 como índice de respiração de CO2 em áreas de cana-de-açúcar sob diferentes manejos". O segundo experimento do solo observou o impacto do biochar na emissão ou sorção de CO2 e O2 nos solos. Assim, foram estudados três tipos de solos (Rosemount - RM, Potting Sol Sunshine - PS e UM), cinco biochars diferentes (biochar de chip de pinho - ICM, biochar de Carvalho Oak Royal - RO, biochar Acurel ativado - AAC, biochar de Bambu - B; biochar de Macadâmia - MC) e o tratamento controle (solo sem biochar). Consequentemente, os resultados foram descritos no Capítulo 3 e intitulado "Como a captura de O2 pode nos ajudar a entender os processos de sorção de CO2 via biochar?". Assim, nós podemos concluir com os nossos resultados que a concentração e relação entre FCO2 e FO2 dependem dos diferentes sistemas e condições dos solos estudados, tais como: manejo de resíduos de culturas do solo, umidade do solo e uso de biochar. O FO2 está positivamente correlacionado com o FCO2 via atividade biológica e com valores de coeficientes respiratório (RQ) próximos de 1,0. Além disso, podemos observar que valores de RQ maiores que 1 são resultados dos fluxos de troca solo-gás após precipitação ou maior disponibilidade de O2 no meio. Assim, o FO2 pode ser utilizado como um índice para categorizar uma fonte de respiração de CO2. Para concluir, o biochar pode ser utilizado para sequestrar CO2 da atmosfera em curto período de tempo. No entanto, acreditamos que mais estudos devem ser desenvolvidos para elucidar a sorção de CO2 e O2 pelo biochar e suas reações (biológicas e/ou químicas) quando adicionado biochar no solo.
The soil O2 and CO2 concentration are the two most important gases related to soil microorganisms. Thus, this thesis was developed to observe the concentration and relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) under different residue systems. For that, we run two soil experiments in Brazil and the USA, respectively. The first experiment was developed to examine the relationship between CO2 and O2 using soil moisture and O2 as a soil respiration predictor in a sugarcane area under different managements of residues (mechanical harvesting - GH versus straw burning - BH). Therefore, the first experimental results are described in the Chapter 2 and entitled “Use of O2 uptake as an index of CO2 respiration in sugarcane areas under different managements”. We run the second soil experiment measuring biochar’s impact on CO2 production or sorption and O2 uptake in amended soils. Thus, we studied three soil types (Rosemount - RM; Potting soil Sunshine - PS; and UM) and five different biochars (Pine chip biochar - ICM; Royal Oak hardwood lump charcoal - RO; Accurel activated charcoal - AAC; Bamboo - B; and Macadamia nut - MC) and control treatment (Soil without biochar). Consequently, the results are described in the Chapter 3 and entitled “How O2 uptake can help us understand the CO2 sorption processes by biochar?”. Thus, we can conclude with our results that the concentration and relationship between FCO2 and FO2 depend on different systems and soil conditions, for example: soil crop residue managements, soil moisture and use of biochar. The FO2 is positively correlated with FCO2 at biological condition with respiratory quotient (RQ) values close to 1.0. Moreover, we can observe that RQ values higher than 1 are results of soil–gas exchange fluxes after precipitation or higher available on O2. Thus, the FO2 can be used as an index for categorizing the source of FCO2 respiration. To finish, we can observe that the biochar can be used to sequester CO2 from the atmosphere by the absence of biological activities in a short period of time. However, we believe that more study should be developed to elucidate the CO2 and O2 sorption by biochars and their reactions (biological and/or chemical) when added biochar in soil.
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Morris, Jennifer L. "Use of herbicides, tillage, and grazing cattle for establishment of corn in rotation with alfalfa and rye." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45050.
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Six combinations of grazing, tillage, and herbicides were studied during 2 yr in a randomized block design to determine alfalfa (Medicago sativa) survival, corn (Zea mays) plant populations and corn growth in an alfalfa-corn rotation. Alfalfa was overseeded with rye (Secale cereale) in autumn prior to planting corn in spring of each year. Treatments were 1) non-grazed control with standard chemical treatments for no-till establishment of corn, 2) grazing alfalfa, then grazing rye until corn planting followed by dicamba application, 3) alfalfa grazing plus glyphosate prior to corn planting, 4) treatment 3 plus grazing prior to rye jointing, and 5) alfalfa grazing plus autumn application of glyphosate, 6) alfalfa grazing plus autumn disking (no herbicides). Grazing until corn planting decreased (P<0.05) alfalfa stands and rye biomass, but increased (P<0.05) corn plant populations and soil bulk density compared to shorter grazing periods. Grazing prior to rye jointing increased (P <0.05) soil bulk density and corn plant populations, and decreased (P<0.05) rye biomass compared to no spring grazing. Autumn disking decreased (P<0.05) bulk density, but generally provided less (P<0.05) control of alfalfa compared to autumn application of glyphosate. Autumn disking and glyphosate application (Trts. 5 and 6) increased (P<0.05) rye biomass compared to no autumn treatment (Trts. 3 and 4). Applying glyphosate prior to corn planting (Trts. 3 and 4) improved (P<0.05) corn populations and growth compared to autumn glyphosate or disking (Trts. 5 and 6) and was similar to conventional no-till establishment (Trt. 1). Herbicides were necessary to completely kill alfalfa, but grazing reduced TNC in alfalfa roots and alfalfa plant persistence.Master of Science
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Loganathan, Vijay Anand Clement Prabhakar Feng Yucheng. "Effects of sorption and desorption on bioavailbility of atrazine in soils amended with crop residue derived char." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Theses/LOGANATHAN_VIJAY-ANAND_27.pdf.
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Middleton, Jason Enil. "Logistic Strategies for an Herbaceous Crop Residue-Based Ethanol Production Industry : An Application to Northeastern North Dakota." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29716.
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A mixed integer programming model is developed to determine a logistical design for maximizing rates of return to harvest, storage, transportation, and bioreflning of herbaceous crop residue for production of biofuels and feed for ruminant animals. The primary objective of this research is to identify the optimal location, scale, and number of pretreatment and biorefinery plants in northeastern North Dakota. The pretreatment and biorefinery plants are modeled under the assumption that they utilize recent technological advancement in AFEX and Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation, respectively. Potential feedstocks include wheat straw, barley straw, Durum straw, and com stover. Results indicate that the minimum ethanol rack price that will effectively trigger the production of cellulosic ethanol is $1.75 per gallon.
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Suriadi, Ahmad. "Structural stability and Na-Ca exchange selectivity of soils under sugarcane trash management." Title page, Contents and Abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ASOM/09asoms961.pdf.
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Kadango, Tendayi Lovemore. "Farmers' perceptions of insect pests in the Eastern Cape maize-based cropping systems and the effects of crop residue management on insect pest populations." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/6202.
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Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important crops in South Africa that is cultivated for food, feed and as a cash crop. Maize in the Eastern Cape is typically grown for consumption and the Province is one of the least producers owing to small landholdings, poor production conditions and pests. This study investigated: (i) the different maize cropping systems smallholder farmers practice in the Eastern Cape (EC), (ii) the major maize insect pests within the identified cropping systems, (iii) the perceptions of Eastern Cape smallholder maize farmers on the effects of insect pests, and (iv) the effects of crop residues on insect pests’ population dynamics. Four major cropping systems namely: maize sole cropping without rotations by government sponsored farmers (GCP) (94 percent), maize intercropping without rotations by independent farmers (IF) (79 percent), maize sole cropping without rotations by IF (67 percent) and maize intercropping without rotations by GCP (61 percent) were identified. The choice of a cropping system by the smallholder farmers was significantly influenced by source of sponsorship, the difference in their district localities, tenure system, availability of inputs and farming equipment, percentage of farmland farmers allocate to maize, maize varieties, farming experience, fallow operations and access to irrigation facilities. The major constraints faced by the farmers in maize production are the attack by insect pests, weeds competition, drought, the lack of fencing around the fields and destruction by mammals. The major insect pests identified were stalk borers (Busseola fusca, Chilo partellus), cutworms (Agrotis spp.), aphids (Rhopalosiphum maidis), bollworms (Helicoverpa armigera) and weevils (Sitophylus spp.). The most popular control measures employed were the use of GM maize and pesticides. Results from the field trial showed that field crickets were the major ground dwelling insect pests observed followed by bollworms and cutworms. However, there were no significant influence of residue retention on the insects’ diversity indices, richness, and evenness. Above ground insects sampling revealed the domination by four major insects namely, cutworms, maize stalk borer, bollworms, and spotted stalk borer. Residue management significantly influenced the infestation by spotted stalk borer only on maize plots. However, the general trend was that there was less infestation by the insects in plots where residues were retained than the ones with residue removed. Results from the study indicate that government sponsorship is significantly influencing the maize cropping systems of the smallholder farmers of the Eastern Cape.
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Dam, Rikke Friis. "Impacts of long term tillage and residue practices on selected soil properties." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78344.
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A two year study was initiated in 2001 on a 2.4 ha site of mostly St. Amable loamy sand and shallow loamy sand at the Macdonald Campus Research Farm. This study sought to assess the effects of long term tillage and residue practices on soil physical properties and to relate these properties to their influence on total carbon, total nitrogen and soil microbial biomass-carbon. The site was set up as a factorial experiment with three tillage practices (no till---NT; reduced till---RT; and conventional till---CT) and two residue practices (with residue (grain corn), +R; without residue (silage corn), -R). Soil physical properties measured were bulk density, macroporosity at -6 kPa, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat ), dry aggregate distribution, soil moisture and soil temperature. Wheel versus non-wheel track bulk density was also determined in the NT plots. Total porosity, soil water characteristic curves and pore volume distribution were derived from field samples. Crop yield was also assessed. Tillage alone had an effect on total porosity, bulk density, pore diameter and macroporosity. No individual physical property was significantly affected by the residue treatments; however, the tillage and residue interaction was significant for Ksat, soil moisture and soil temperature. Dry aggregate distribution was not affected by either tillage, residue or the combination of the two. Tillage affected total carbon and total nitrogen in the 0--0.10 m depth. Soil microbial biomass-carbon was affected by residue inputs. Total carbon and nitrogen were influenced by the bulk density, but none of the other soil physical properties. Soil microbial biomass-carbon was not influenced by any of the physical properties. Tillage and residue practices had no significant effect on crop yield for either year.
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Pizzatto, Mariana. "Ação de produtos fitossanitários utilizados na agricultura orgânica sobre Ascia monuste orseis (Godart, 1818) Lepidoptera: Pieridae." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2013. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1234.
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Previous issue date: 2013-05-20Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The kale (Brassica oleracea var. Acephala), is an important vegetable among the hardwoods, which is attacked by many pests, especially the cabbage leafworm Ascia monuste orseis (Godart, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), whose damage occurring directly in the consumption product. Vegetables like cabbage, are important sources of income for family farming in Brazil and can be cultivated in a traditional way or through organic production thus the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of pesticides used in organic production system on the A. monuste orseis. For this, we used the commercial products Azamax, DalNeem and Dipel, beyond grout sulfur and Bordeaux mixture at recommended concentrations by the manufacturer carrying out tests as the insecticidal activity. The applications were made in cabbage leaf sections (4 × 5 cm) with sprayer. For assessing the effect of treatments on the development of caterpillars offered the leaf sections to first instar larvae for 24 h, after which the larvae were fed leaf sections for free treatment. To check the action of neem-based products on A. monuste orseis in different instars were offered cabbage leaf sections 24 h to sprayed caterpillars of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth instar. A test was also performed to assess the systemic effects of neem on the insect, therefore, kale plant water stress presented received two irrigations, with products based on neem leaves were cut and offered to the caterpillars that received treated leaves throughout the development. In all trials were assessed daily, mortality, duration of instars, total duration of larval, pupal weight male and female pupal with four days of age, duration and pupal viability observing the percentage of adult emergence. Products Azamax, DalNeem and Dipel showed 100% mortality of the first instar, however the grout caused little influence on the development of A. monuste orseis. When tested in different instars Products Azamax, DalNeem presented mortality in all instars tested, and for Azamax did not observe significant difference in mortality between instars, referring to TL 50 and TL 80 is observed that there is increase in time according the age of the oldest caterpillar tracks which require more time to achieve the desired mortality. When applied to soil the product Azamax, presented higher translocation capacity of the plant causing higher mortality, and prolong the larval stage and pupal derail
A couve manteiga (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), é uma importante olerícola dentre as folhosas, que sofre o ataque de várias pragas, destacando-se o curuquerê da couve, Ascia monuste orseis (Godart, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), cujos danos ocorrem diretamente no produto de consumo. Hortaliças como a couve, são de importantes fontes de renda para agricultura familiar no Brasil, podendo ser cultivada de maneira tradicional ou através da produção orgânica, sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ação de produtos fitossanitários utilizados no sistema de produção orgânico sobre A. monuste orseis. Para tanto, foram utilizados os produtos comerciais Azamax, DalNeem e Dipel, além das caldas sulfocálcica e bordalesa, nas concentrações recomendadas pelo fabricante realizando-se testes quanto a atividade inseticida. As aplicações foram realizadas em secções foliares de couve (4 × 5 cm) com pulverizador manual. Para avaliação da ação dos tratamentos no desenvolvimento das lagartas ofereceu-se as secções foliares à lagartas de primeiro ínstar por 24 h, após este período as lagartas foram alimentadas por secções foliares isentas de tratamento. Para verificar a ação dos produtos à base de nim sobre A. monuste orseis nos diferentes ínstares, foram oferecidas secções foliares de couve pulverizadas por 24 h para lagartas de primeiro, segundo, terceiro, quarto e quinto ínstar. Foi também realizado ensaio para avaliar do efeito sistêmico do nim sobre o inseto, para tanto, plantas de couve apresentado estresse hídrico receberam duas irrigações, com os produtos à base de nim e as folhas foram cortadas oferecidas as lagartas, que receberam folhas tratadas durante todo o desenvolvimento. Em todos os ensaios foram avaliados diariamente, mortalidade, duração dos ínstares, duração total da fase larval, peso de pupa macho e pupa fêmea com quatro dias de idade, duração e viabilidade de pupa observando-se a porcentagem de emergência dos adultos. Os produtos Azamax, DalNeem e Dipel, apresentaram 100% de mortalidade de lagartas de primeiro ínstar, no entanto as caldas causaram baixa influência sobre o desenvolvimento de A. monuste orseis. Quando testados nos diferentes ínstares os produtos Azamax e DalNeem apresentaram mortalidade em todos os ínstares testados, sendo que para Azamax não observou-se diferença significativa na mortalidade entre os ínstares, referente ao TL 50 e TL 80 observa-se que há aumento do tempo de acordo com a idade da lagarta onde lagartas mais velhas necessitam de maior tempo para alcançar a mortalidade desejada. Quando aplicados via solo o produto Azamax, presentou maior capacidade de translocação na planta causando maior mortalidade, além de prolongar a fase larval e inviabilizar as pupas
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Nafi, Eeusha [Verfasser]. "Interactive tillage & crop residue management effects on soil properties, crop nutrient uptake & yield in different weathered soils of West Africa : measurements, modelling & scenario simulations / Eeusha Nafi." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1235525945/34.
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Nishigaki, Tomohiro. "Improvement of Water- and Nutrient-Use Efficiency with Optimum Agricultural Management Practices in Upland Cropping Systems in Morogoro, Tanzania." Kyoto University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/228243.
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Benson, Gordon Brinkley. "Integration of High Residue/No-till and Farmscaping Systems in Organic Production of Broccoli." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32805.
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High-biomass cover cropping enhances marketable yields in organic production of vegetables, linked to the improvement of soil quality and weed control. Although, during transition from chemical to organic cover-cropping production, especially with no-till systems, reduction of nitrogen availability to the main crop and increase in weed and pest pressure may occur. In 2004-2005, summer and fall broccoli (Brassica oleraceae L. Botrytis Group) crops were grown in twin rows on permanent (controlled traffic) raised beds (185-cm wide). Before broccoli transplanting, high-biomass cover crops were grown in specific bed areas. Legumes (Vicia villosa, Glycine max L., and Crotolaria juncea L.) on bed tops (grow zones) and grass species (Secale Cereale L., Setaria italica L., and Sorghum bicolor X S. bicolor var. Sudanese) in the alleyways (bed shoulders and bottoms). Experimental treatments were tillage (conventional, CT; and no-tillage, NT), farmscaping (with and without), and nitrogen sidedressing (with and without, applied 3 weeks after transplanting as a mixture of sodium nitrate - 22 kg N ha-1 - and feathermeal - 44 kg N ha-1). Weeds were managed by mechanical cultivation in CT and a spot weeding by hand in NT treatments. High numbers of beneficial insects (Cotesia glomerata, Cotesia orobenae and Diadegma insulare) kept the primary insect pest population (Pieris rapae, Evergestis rimosalis (Guenee), and Plutella xylostella) at a pest to predator ratio below 4:1. Although the excellent insect pest control was attributed to the farmscape plantings, pest level and crop yields were not significantly affected by farmscaping (likely due to the close proximity of the farmscaped plots (10-50m from non-farmscaped)). Broccoli yield averaged 62% higher in fall than summer (12.1 vs. 7.5 t ha-1) likely due to cool weather conditions during broccoli head development (October), increasing head size, uniformity, and marketability. In 2004, broccoli yield in CT plots was either equal or slightly higher than NT (9.5 vs. 9.0 t ha-1). However, in 2005, broccoli yield in CT plots was significantly higher in both spring (8.8 vs. 6.8 t ha-1; p = 0.0258) and fall crops (13.5 vs. 12.3 t ha-1 with p = 0.0484). Nitrogen sidedressing improved yield in all plots (9.8. vs. 12.7 t ha-1) and particularly in NT (8.6 vs. 12.1 t ha-1), indicating that availability and/or synchrony of nitrogen was a limiting factor. Incorporating high-N legume residues in the grow zones resulted in a lesser N response in CT.Master of Science
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Penick, William Frazier. "Influence of Transplanter Modification and Previous Crop on the Production of No-Till Dark Tobacco." TopSCHOLAR®, 2013. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1257.
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Dark tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) has historically been produced usingconventional tillage practices. Soil is cultivated multiple times throughout a growing season leading to an increased incidence of soil erosion. No-till systems have been growing in popularity with the advent of new technology that has enabled the practice to be performed effectively and efficiently. With the recent expansion of no-till practices throughout the agricultural community, many crops have had success in producing comparable yields while reducing input costs and saving soil resources. For this experiment, a traditional tobacco transplanter was modified for use in a no-till environment. All modifications were fabricated without using specialty tools and made possible to be removed if desired or necessary. Frame extensions were designed and built to accommodate row cleaners and coulters. Tillage shanks were also added to aid in optimal furrow formation. Double-disc opening shoes replaced the original round point shoes and the curved edges of the rear drive wheels were removed, creating a flat surface to increase soil contact. Experimental no-till plots in fescue sod and soybean chaff residues were conducted alongside conventional tillage plots at the Western Kentucky University Agricultural Research and Education Complex in summer 2011. Five treatments, one conventionally tilled (Conv) and four no-till, were replicated three times within a randomized complete block design and used to determine the efficacy of transplanter modifications (consistency of depth, furrow closure, observed plant damage), survival of the transplants, and the amount of residue displacement. The four no-till treatments utilized different combinations including: coulter, row cleaner and shank (CRS), row cleaner and shank (RS), coulter and shank (CS), and shank only (S). These treatments demonstrated the functionality of each combination in comparison to conventional treatments. No treatment performed equally well in both residue locations. Plots in fescue residue utilizing a combination of coulter, row cleaner, shank (CRS), exhibited the lowest amount of root exposure, highest survival rate, and comparable cured weight when compared to conventionally tilled treatments. In soybean residue plots, the treatment operating with row cleaners and shanks (RS) had equivalent amounts of furrow closure to conventionally tilled plots. Pairing specific modification combinations with previous crop residue can provide furrow closure, transplant survival, and cured yield equivalent to conventionally tilled dark tobacco.
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Sousa, Gasparino Batista de [UNESP]. "Perdas de solo, água e nutrientes por erosão hídrica em uma vertente com palha de cana-de-açúcar." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100859.
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sousa_gb_dr_jabo.pdf: 1449920 bytes, checksum: 805de1eda80021c1476ccc1c0e5cf804 (MD5)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O escoamento superficial da água provoca o transporte dos nutrientes do solo, quando este encontra-se com a superfície desprotegida de cobertura. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as possíveis relações entre posições do relevo, erosão em entressulcos e seus reflexos nas perdas de solo, matéria orgânica e nutrientes em área cultivada com a cultura de cana-de-açúcar submetida à colheita mecanizada. Parcelas experimentais foram submetidas à ação de uma chuva simulada com intensidade de 60 mm h-1, durante 65 minutos. Foram feitas análises do sedimento erodido para determinar perdas de solo, matéria orgânica e nutrientes. Houve maiores perdas de solo, matéria orgânica e nutrientes no sedimento das parcelas com 0% e 25% de cobertura por palha de cana-de-açúcar. Em média, as perdas no sedimento erodido foram significativamente reduzidas nas parcelas com 75% e 100% de cobertura por resíduos de palha de cana-de-açúcar. Na perda de água, observou-se que houve diferenças estatísticas das médias dos níveis de cobertura 0% e 25% em relação aos demais (50%, 75% e 100%) em todas as posições da vertente. No topo, a diferença do maior valor (168.600 L ha-1) para o menor valor (120.300 L ha-1) foi de 48.300 L ha-1. Os resultados permitem concluir que acima de 50% da cobertura com palhada, na área estudada, reduz a perda de solo e matéria orgânica, e a concentração de nutrientes no sedimento erodido
The water superficial drainage provokes the transport of soil nutrients especially in unprotected surfaces. The present work had as objective to evaluates the possible relationship between positions in a relief and soil losses induced by erosion in an area cultivated with the sugarcane under mechanized harvest. The studied plots were submitted to simulate rain events with intensity of 60 mm h-1, for 65 minutes. The analyses of eroded sediments in terms of volume, soil losses, organic matter and nutrients were conducted. There were larger sediment losses at plots with 0% and 25% of sugarcane crop residues cover. On average, the losses in the eroded sediment were significantly reduced in the portions with 75% and 100% surface residues covering. In terms of water loss it was also observed significant differences between 0% and 25% to the others (50%, 75% and 100%) in all positions in the slope. In the top the difference of the largest value 168,600 L ha-1 for the smallest value 120,300 L ha-1 it was of 48,300 L ha-1. The results points that 50% of crop residues covering would reduce soil losses, including organic matter and nutrients
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Sousa, Gasparino Batista de. "Perdas de solo, água e nutrientes por erosão hídrica em uma vertente com palha de cana-de-açúcar /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100859.
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Orientador: Marcílio Vieira Martins FilhoBanca: Zigomar Menezes de Souza
Banca: Renato Farias do Valle Junior
Banca: João Antonio Galbiatti
Banca: Jose Marques Junior
Resumo: O escoamento superficial da água provoca o transporte dos nutrientes do solo, quando este encontra-se com a superfície desprotegida de cobertura. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as possíveis relações entre posições do relevo, erosão em entressulcos e seus reflexos nas perdas de solo, matéria orgânica e nutrientes em área cultivada com a cultura de cana-de-açúcar submetida à colheita mecanizada. Parcelas experimentais foram submetidas à ação de uma chuva simulada com intensidade de 60 mm h-1, durante 65 minutos. Foram feitas análises do sedimento erodido para determinar perdas de solo, matéria orgânica e nutrientes. Houve maiores perdas de solo, matéria orgânica e nutrientes no sedimento das parcelas com 0% e 25% de cobertura por palha de cana-de-açúcar. Em média, as perdas no sedimento erodido foram significativamente reduzidas nas parcelas com 75% e 100% de cobertura por resíduos de palha de cana-de-açúcar. Na perda de água, observou-se que houve diferenças estatísticas das médias dos níveis de cobertura 0% e 25% em relação aos demais (50%, 75% e 100%) em todas as posições da vertente. No topo, a diferença do maior valor (168.600 L ha-1) para o menor valor (120.300 L ha-1) foi de 48.300 L ha-1. Os resultados permitem concluir que acima de 50% da cobertura com palhada, na área estudada, reduz a perda de solo e matéria orgânica, e a concentração de nutrientes no sedimento erodido
Abstract: The water superficial drainage provokes the transport of soil nutrients especially in unprotected surfaces. The present work had as objective to evaluates the possible relationship between positions in a relief and soil losses induced by erosion in an area cultivated with the sugarcane under mechanized harvest. The studied plots were submitted to simulate rain events with intensity of 60 mm h-1, for 65 minutes. The analyses of eroded sediments in terms of volume, soil losses, organic matter and nutrients were conducted. There were larger sediment losses at plots with 0% and 25% of sugarcane crop residues cover. On average, the losses in the eroded sediment were significantly reduced in the portions with 75% and 100% surface residues covering. In terms of water loss it was also observed significant differences between 0% and 25% to the others (50%, 75% and 100%) in all positions in the slope. In the top the difference of the largest value 168,600 L ha-1 for the smallest value 120,300 L ha-1 it was of 48,300 L ha-1. The results points that 50% of crop residues covering would reduce soil losses, including organic matter and nutrients
Doutor
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Graham, Michael William. "Evaluating the interactions of crop management, carbon cycling, and climate using Earth system modeling and remote sensing." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102386.
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Crop management practices, such as soil tillage and crop residue management, are land management activities with potentially large impacts on carbon (C) cycling and climate at the global scale. Improvements in crop management practices, such as conservation tillage or 'no-till' (NT), have been proposed as climate change mitigation measures because such practices may alter C cycles through increased sequestration of soil C in agricultural soils. Despite their potential importance, regional to global scale data are lacking for many crop management practices, and few studies have evaluated the potential impact of the full range of crop management practices on C cycling and climate at the global scale. However, monitoring of crop management practices is crucial for assessing spatial variations in management intensity and informing policy decisions. Inclusion of crop management practices in Earth system models used for assessing global climate is a key requirement for evaluating the overall effects of different crop management practices on C cycling and their potential to mitigate climate change. Studies in this dissertation seek to address these issues by: (1) evaluating the efficacy of remote sensing methods for monitoring differences in soil tillage and crop residue management practices in Iowa; (2) incorporating soil tillage practices into an Earth system model and assessing the potential for soil C sequestration and climate change mitigation through adoption of NT practices; (3) assessing the historical impact of including the full range of crop management practices (residue harvest, grain harvest, soil tillage, irrigation, and fertilization) on changes in C cycling associated with land use and land cover change (LULCC) to crops in an Earth system model. The remote sensing study found that performance of the minimum Normalized Difference Tillage Index (minNDTI) method for assessing differences in tillage and residue management was below average compared to previous studies, even when using imagery from both Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2A sensors. Accurate assessment of these practices using minNDTI was hindered by issues with image quality and inability to obtain sufficient cloud-free, time series imagery during the critical planting window. Remote sensing research aimed at obtaining regional to global scale data on tillage and residue management practices is likely to continue to face these issues in the future, but further research should incorporate additional sensors and assess the efficacy of the minNDTI method for multiple locations and years. Adoption of NT practices in the Community Land Model, which is the land component of the Community Earth System Model, resulted in a cumulative soil C sequestration of 6.6 – 14.4 Pg C from 2015 – 2100 under a future climate change scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5), and cumulative soil C sequestration was equal to approximately one year of present-day fossil fuel emissions. Adjusting for areas where NT is already practiced had minor impacts on cumulative soil C storage, reducing gains in soil C from NT adoption by 0.4 – 0.9 Pg C globally. These results indicate that soil C sequestration and potential for climate change mitigation through NT may be more limited than has been anticipated elsewhere. Soil C sequestration via NT adoption was highest in temperate regions of developed countries with high initial soil C contents, indicating these areas should be targeted for NT adoption. Simulating the full range of crop management practices in the Community Land Model resulted in an increase in C emissions due to LULCC of 29 – 38 Pg C compared to scenarios with generic crops and model defaults. Individual crop management practices with the largest impact on LULCC emissions were crop residue harvest (18 Pg C), followed by grain harvest (9 Pg C) and soil tillage (5 Pg C). Although implementation of crop residue harvest and soil tillage was extreme in this study, these results imply that Earth system models may underestimate emissions from LULCC by excluding the full range of crop management practices. Studies in this dissertation corroborate the importance of crop management practices for C cycling and climate, but further research on these management practices is needed in terms of data collection, improving process-level understanding, and inclusion of these practices in Earth system models.Doctor of Philosophy
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Shahbaz, Muhammad Verfasser], Yakov [Akademischer Betreuer] [Kuzyakov, Andrea [Gutachter] Carminati, Felix [Gutachter] Heitkamp, and Evgenia [Gutachter] Blagodatskaya. "Crop residue decomposition and stabilization in soil organic matter / Muhammad Shahbaz ; Gutachter: Andrea Carminati, Felix Heitkamp, Evgenia Blagodatskaya ; Betreuer: Yakov Kuzyakov." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1125712996/34.
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Diop, El Hadji Habib Sy. "Biofuel feedstocks: implications for sustainability and ecosystem services." Diss., Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16994.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Agronomy
Charles W. Rice
Biofuel feedstocks such as grains and cellulose are gaining increased attention as part of the U.S. portfolio of solutions to address climate change and improve energy security. As the future of biofuels unfolds, major concerns are emerging, including the sustainability of the soil resource in bioenergy cropping system. With a clear understanding of the sustainability risks that exist within the agricultural soil resources, it is now essential to develop metrics that document the soil health as well as the total biomass production of different cropping system. We tested the effectiveness of eight bioenergy plant species grouped between annual and perennial crops. Our main objective was to determine the sustainability of bioenergy cropping systems. There was significantly greater soil structural stability plus greater root biomass under the perennial crops but greater aboveground biomass in the annual crop. Differences in soil carbon measured to 1.2 m were not significant between energy crops after five years. A transparent, unbiased method to identify possible change in soil characteristics under bioenergy cropping practice was offered. Our next metrics were soil aggregate stability and microbial community structure as indicators of soil ecosystem health and environmental stability. The effects 24 years of differing levels of residue and fertilizer inputs on soil aggregate stability, aggregate C and microbial community structure were evaluated. A native, undisturbed prairie site, located nearby was used as a reference in this study. The results showed that greater inputs of inorganic N and increased returns of crop residues did not cause a proportionately greater increase in SOC. The abundance of microbial parameters generally followed their potential carbon pool in cultivated soils but a strong mismatch was observed in the native prairie site. Our results showed for the first time a clear disconnect between decomposers and macroaggregates; highlighting the role of soil structure in protecting organic matter. Soil carbon sequestration is one of the mechanisms that have been proposed as temporary measure to mitigate global climate change. However, there was a particularly large risk of negative effects of mitigation measures related to the increased removal of crop residues from cropping systems for use in bioenergy, if this means that soil carbon is reduced. Effective measurement of soil C at the field scale requires an understanding of the spatial variability of soil C on a landscape scale. Recent technological advances in soil C measurement offer new opportunities in this area. Our surface measurements of soil C by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provided a quick assessment of soil C and, soil C predicted by NIRS and measured by dry combustion laboratory measurements was correlated with and R-squared of 0.84.
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Mühlig-Versen, Bernhard. "Effects of crop residue management, phosphorus application and molybdenum supply on yield and nutrient uptake of pearl millet, cowpea and groundnut in Sahelian cropping systems /." Beuren : Grauer, 2001. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=3861863723.
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Redin, Marciel. "Composição bioquímica e decomposição da parte aérea e raízes de culturas comerciais e plantas de cobertura de solo." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5505.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorCrop residues (CR) composed by shoots and roots of plants are the main source of C for the agricultural soils. During the decomposition of these CR in the soil, part of C is evolved as CO2 and nutrients are mineralized, with emphasis on the N. Among the factors that affect decomposition of CR, the biochemical composition has great importance. The objectives of this study were: a) evaluate the dry matter production (DM) and biochemical composition of CR of shoot and roots from commercial and summer cover crops; and b) evaluate the influence of biochemical composition of the transformations of C and N, when CR are kept on the surface (shoot), or incorporated to soil (roots). It was realized two studies, in the first one, it was quantified the DM and biochemical composition of CR from shoot (leaves and stalks) and roots. In the second study, it was evaluated under laboratory conditions for 120 days, the mineralization of C and N and the results were correlated with the biochemical composition of the CR studied. The DM yield of roots varied from 0.54 to 2.86 Mg ha-1 in commercial crops and from 0.56 to 1.66 Mg ha-1 in cover crops. Rice and millet were the species that had the highest DM production of shoots and roots between the commercial and cover crops, respectively. Most of the DM of roots was found in the topsoil (0-10cm) and near the sowing row. The relation root/shoot average of cover crops was less than commercial crops (0.10 vs. 0.17). The CR show wide variation in their biochemical composition. The N content in the DM of CR ranged from 2.8 g kg- 1 (sunflower stalks) to 46.3 g kg- 1 (velvet leaves). The soluble fraction of Van Soest ranged from 108 g kg-1 (soybean stalks) to 774 g kg-1 DM (bean leaves). While the values of cellulose in DM ranged from 138 g kg-1 (bean leaves) to 612 g kg-1 (sunflower stalks), those of lignin ranged only from 38 g kg-1 in the leaves of Crotalaria juncea to 197 g kg- 1 in roots of soybean. The highest levels of polyphenols were found in the CR from shoot (14.1 g kg-1 DM) and roots (22.2 g kg-1 DM) of velvet beans. The CR with N content less than 15 g kg-1 (C/N > 29) cause net immobilization of N in the soil. All the roots of valued commercial crops caused immobilization of N in the soil, and the predominance of net mineralization of N was observed only with the roots of cover crops legume. In general, the mineralization of C from CR decreased in the following order: leaf > stalk+leaf > stalk. Among the CR from commercial crops, those of maize (leaf+stalk) were which presented least amount of C mineralized (39%). The mineralization of C from roots presents values similar to those observed for CR from shoot. The mineralization of N in the soil was significantly correlated with the total content of N in the DM and in the Van Soest soluble fraction of shoot and roots (P < 0.01 and r2 ranging from 0.90 to 0.98). The values of correlation between biochemical composition of CR and C mineralization were lower than those observed for N mineralization, but there was a greater number of significant correlations, especially for ratio C/N, polyphenols and NDF from Van Soest.
Os resíduos vegetais (RV) compostos pela parte aérea e raízes das plantas constituem a principal fonte de C para os solos agrícolas. Durante a decomposição desses RV no solo, parte do C é evoluído como CO2 e nutrientes são mineralizados, com destaque para o N. Dentre os fatores que afetam a decomposição dos RV, a composição bioquímica exerce grande importância. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram os seguintes: a) avaliar a produção de matéria seca (MS) e a composição bioquímica dos RV da parte aérea e de raízes de culturas comerciais e de plantas de cobertura de solo de verão; e b) avaliar a influência da composição bioquímica sobre as biotransformações do C e do N, quando os RV são mantidos na superfície (parte aérea) ou incorporados ao solo (raízes). Foram realizados dois estudos, sendo que no primeiro quantificou-se a MS e a composição bioquímica dos RV da parte aérea (folhas e talos) e de raízes e no segundo estudo, avaliou-se em condições de laboratório por 120 dias, a mineralização do C e do N e os resultados obtidos foram correlacionados com a composição bioquímica dos RV estudados. A produção de MS de raízes variou de 0,54 a 2,86 Mg ha-1 nas culturas comerciais e de 0,56 a 1,66 Mg ha-1 nas plantas de cobertura de solo. O arroz e o milheto foram as espécies que apresentaram as maiores produções de MS da parte aérea e de raízes entre as culturas comerciais e as plantas de cobertura, respectivamente. A maior parte da MS de raízes foi encontrada na camada superficial do solo (0-10 cm) e próximo à linha de semeadura. A relação raiz/parte aérea média das plantas de cobertura foi inferior aquela das culturas comerciais (0,10 vs 0,17). Os RV apresentam ampla variação na sua composição bioquímica. O teor de N na MS dos RV variou de 2,8 g kg-1 (talos girassol) a 46,3 g kg-1 (folhas mucuna). A fração solúvel de Van Soest variou de 108 g kg-1 (talos de soja) a 774 g kg-1 MS (folhas de feijão). Enquanto que os valores de celulose na MS variaram de 138 g kg-1 (folhas feijão) a 612 g kg-1 (talos girassol) os de lignina variaram de apenas 38 g kg-1 nas folhas de crotalária juncea a 197 g kg-1 nas raízes de soja. Os maiores teores de polifenóis foram encontradas nos RV da parte aérea (14,1 g kg-1 MS) e raízes (22,2 g kg-1 MS) da mucuna cinza. Os RV com teores de N inferior a 15 g kg-1 (C/N > 29) provocam imobilização líquida de N no solo. Todas as raízes das culturas comerciais avaliadas causaram imobilização de N no solo, sendo que a predominância de mineralização líquida de N somente foi observada com as raízes das plantas de cobertura leguminosas. De maneira geral, a mineralização do C dos RV decresceu na seguinte ordem: folha > talo+folha > talo. Entre os RV das culturas comerciais, aqueles do milho (folha + talo) foram os que apresentaram menor quantidade de C mineralizado (39%). A mineralização do C das raízes apresenta valores semelhantes àqueles observados para os RV da parte aérea. A mineralização do N no solo foi significativamente correlacionada com os teores de N total na MS e na fração solúvel de Van Soest dos RV da parte aérea e raízes (P < 0.01 e r2 variando de 0,90 a 0,98). Os valores de correlação entre a composição bioquímica dos RV e a mineralização do C foram menores do que aqueles observados para a mineralização do N, porém observou-se maior número de correlações significativas, com destaque para a relação C/N, polifenóis e FDN de Van Soest.
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Choi, Suk-won. "The potential and cost of carbon sequestration in agricultural soil empirical study of dynamic model in the midwestern U.S /." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1095676113.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 133 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-133).
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FELIX, Kátia Cilene da Silva. "Sobrevivência de Ralstonia solanacearum em resto de cultura de pimentão e diferentes tipos de solo de Pernambuco, Brasil." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2009. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6575.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, race 1, biovars 1 and 3 causes severe damage to pepper growth in Agreste region of state of Pernambuco in Brazil. The pathogen survival in infected tissues of stem and roots incorporated to the soil at 0, 5 and 15 cm; and at 10 different soil types of Pernambuco without host plant was studied by using a spontaneous mutant resistant to 100 mg l-1 of rifampicin (R. solanacearum A1-9Rif). Pathogen survival only showed difference (P<0.05) in relation to vegetal tissue. Pepper root tissues showed higher survival duration (DUR) (17.1 d), area under population curve (AACPOP) (430x104) and population at 7 (POP7) (5.0x104 UFC g-1 tissue) and 21 days (POP21) (3.1x104 UFC g-1 tissue) than stem tissues, which were respectively, 7.0 d; 3.8 x104; 0.35 and 3.1x104 UFC g-1 tissue. On the other hand stem tissues presented higher decomposition index (81.3%) and pH (7.7) than root tissues, respectively 68.9% and 6.8. The previous soil microbiological analysis did not finddifferences among populations of actinomycetes, copiotrophic, bacteria, total bacteria and total fungi respectively 5.02; 3.63; 5.23 and 4.19 log UFC g-1 dry soil. Populations of oligotrophyc bacteria, Bacillus spp., fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and Trichoderma spp. were not detected. The pathogen was isolated from the soil adjacent to infected tissues of stem and roots at the three depths six weeks after experiment establishment. The analysis of AACPOP in relation to locals (counties) of soil sampling, type of soil coverage at the sampling time and soil texture was not significant by Kruskal-Wallis test (P≤0.05). Among the 10 studied soils, seven were classified as suppressive showing low intervals of DUR (42 to 49 days), AACPOP (0.77 to 4.05), POP14 (5.59 to 6.18 log UFC g-1 soil) and POP42 (5.44 to 6.31 log UFC g-1 soil). The soils S3, S4 and S6 were evaluated as conducive. Considering all soils together or only the suppressive, DUR,AACPOP and POP42 only showed significant correlation with soil physical and chemical characteristics, positive for clay, residual humidity and useful water and negative for pH. The population of copiotrophic bacteria, actinomycetes, total bacteria, total fungi (Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. and Rhizopus spp. were identified) and Bacillus spp. did not differ among the 10 soil types.
A murcha-bacteriana do pimentão é causada por Ralstonia solanacearum, raça 1, biovares 1 e 3 e causa grandes prejuízos à cultura desta solanácea. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a sobrevivência do patógeno em tecidos infectados de caule e raiz incorporados ao solo às profundidades de 0, 5 e 15 cm; e em 10 diferentes tipos de solo na ausência da planta hospedeira. Foi utilizado um mutante resistente a 100 mg l-1 de rifampicina (R. solanacearum A1-9Rif). A sobrevivência do patógeno diferiu significativamente (P<0,05) apenas em relação aos tecidos vegetais analisados isoladamente. Desta forma, tecidos de raiz de pimentão apresentaram maior duração da sobrevivência (17,1 d), área abaixo da curva da população (AACPOP) (430x104) e população aos 7 (POP7) (5,0 x 104 UFC g-1 tecido) e 21 dias (POP21) (3,1 x 104 UFC g- 1 tecido) que os de caule, que foram respectivamente, 7,0 d; 3,8; 0,35 x104 e 0,48 x 104UFC g-1 tecido. Por outro lado, os tecidos do caule apresentaram maior índice de decomposição (81,3%) e pH (7,7) do que os de raízes, respectivamente 68,9% e 6,8. A análise microbiológica prévia deste solo não evidenciou diferenças significativas entre as populações de actinomicetos, bactérias copiotróficas, bactérias totais e fungos totais, que foram de 5,02; 3,63; 5,23 e 4,19 log UFC g-1 solo seco, respectivamente. Não foram encontradas populações de bactérias oligotróficas, Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp. fluorescentes, e Trichoderma spp. Entre os 10 tipos de solos estudados, sete foram classificados como supressivos por apresentarem baixas duração da sobrevivência (42 a 49 dias), AACPOP (0,77 a 4,05), POP14 (5,59 a 6,18 log UFC g-1 solo) e POP42 (5,44 a 6,31 log UFC g-1 solo). Os solos S3, S4 e S6 foram avaliados como conducivos. Neste estudo, apenas algumas características físicas e químicas apresentaram correlaçãosignificativa com duração da sobrevivência, AACPOP e POP42, considerando todos ossolos em conjunto ou apenas os supressivos, destacando-se argila, umidade residual e água disponível que apresentaram correlação positiva e o pH com correlação negativa.
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Landzela, Besule. "Effects of BT Maize (MON810) crop and its residues on selected soil biological properties and N and P release in a sandy loam soil from Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007542.
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There are apprehensions that genetic modification of maize with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) may have negative effects on soil biodiversity, ecosystem processes and functions. This study aimed at determining the effect of Bt maize crop, Bt maize residues and its genetic modification on microbial biomass carbon (MBC), selected enzyme activities, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and N and P release patterns. The study was conducted under field, glasshouse and laboratory conditions. In 2010/2011 season, four maize cultivars; DKC 61-25B (Bt), DKC 61-24 (non-Bt), PAN 6Q-321B (Bt) and PAN6777 (non-Bt) were planted. Determination of MBC, enzyme activities and fungal spore count was done at 42, 70, and 105 days after planting (DAP). A loam soil amended with Bt or non-Bt maize leaf residues from a study of 2009/2010 season was incubated to investigate effects of Bt maize residues on MBC and soil enzyme activities. Leaf residues of Bt and non-Bt maize cultivars (DKC 61-25B, DKC 61-24, PAN 6Q-321B and PAN6777) were used and soil without residues was used as a control. Samples were collected at 7, 28 and 56 days of incubation (DOI). An incubation study was also carried out in the laboratory to determine the effect of Bt maize residues (i.e. leaf, stem and root) and its genetic modification on N and P release patterns. Residues of DKC 61-25B, DKC 61-24, PAN 6Q-321B and PAN6777and soil without residues as a control were incubated in the laboratory. After destructive sampling at 0, 7, 14, 28, and 56 DOI, N in the form of NH4-N and NO3-N and P mineralisation were determined. Amendment of soil with residues enhanced MBC (p < 0.05) at all the sampling dates. For example MBC increased from 95 in the control to 146.3 mg/kg in the DKC 61-25B treatment at the end of the glasshouse trial. In the field DKC 61-25B had 9.1 mg/kg greater MBC than DKC 61-24, while PAN 6Q-321B had 23.9 mg/kg more MBC than PAN6777 at the end of the trial. However, no differences (p < 0.05) were observed in enzyme activities under field and glasshouse conditions except for dehydrogenase that had greater activity where DKC 61-25B and PAN 6777 were grown. There were no differences between the type of residues (Bt and non-Bt) on enzyme activities tested. However, differences were observed among the sampling dates. No effects of Bt maize crop on fungal spore count were observed. Similarly no differences were observed in leaf, stem and root tissues composition between Bt and non-Bt maize cultivars. Net N and P mineralisation from Bt maize cultivars did not differ from that of non-Bt maize cultivars. However, differences were observed among the cultivars. The results of this study suggested that Bt maize with Bt MON810 event can be grown in the central region of the Eastern Cape (EC), South Africa without affecting MBC, soil enzyme activities, VAM, and release of N and P nutrients from its residues.
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Reinert, Camila Schorr. "Aspectos da biologia da Digitaria insularis resistente ao herbicida glyphosate." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-17122013-113100/.
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A utilização frequente de glyphosate em sistemas de produção envolvendo as culturas de soja e milho, resistentes ao glyphosate, tem selecionado populações resistentes de plantas daninhas a este herbicida, sendo comum no Brasil a ocorrência de populações resistentes de capim amargoso (Digitaria insularis). Para manejo racional destas populações, há necessidade de medidas alternativas envolvendo herbicidas e práticas culturais, as quais somente podem ser empregadas adequadamente com o conhecimento da biologia da planta daninha, porém atualmente pouco se sabe sobre a biologia do capim amargoso. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo obter informações básicas da biologia das populações de capim-amargoso suscetíveis e resistentes ao herbicida glyphosate. Para isso, foram conduzidos três ensaios no Departamento de produção Vegetal da ESALQ/USP, em Piracicaba - SP, durante o ano de 2012. Para isso foram coletadas sementes do biótipo resistente no município de Matão, São Paulo, e as sementes do biótipo suscetível no município de Piracicaba, São Paulo. A determinação do fator de resistência entre estes biótipos ao glyphosate foi determinas a partir da elaboração de curvas de dose-resposta no estádio de desenvolvimento de 3 a 4 perfilhos do capim amargoso. Em seguida, foram conduzidos experimentos para avaliar a germinação e quantificação de massa seca produzida sob efeito de diferentes volumes da cobertura do solo com resíduos de milheto. Também foram desenvolvidos ensaios para avaliar a longevidade das sementes dos biótipos resistentes e suscetíveis, conduzidas em diferentes profundidades no solo. Através do modelo de curva dose-resposta foi possível quantificar o fator de resistência (GR50) a partir do programa estatístico R obtendo o valor de 16,66, comparando-se o biótipo resistente ao suscetível. O aumento da quantidade de palha de milheto sobre as sementes proporciona diminuição do peso de matéria seca de plântulas de Digitaria insularis, tanto resistente como suscetível ao glyphosate, sendo percebida de forma mais acentuada nos tratamentos 4,0 e 8,0 ton ha-1. O biótipo resistente apresenta número de plântulas significativamente maior que o biótipo suscetível, independentemente da quantidade de palha. Não é possível concluir que as sementes dos biótipos resistentes possuem maior longevidade que as sementes dos biótipos suscetíveis, sendo que a presença de luz é indiferente para a sua germinação.The frequent use of glyphosate in production systems that involve the crops soybean and corn, resistant to glyphosate, have selected weed populations resistant to this herbicide, being very common in Brazil the occurrence of resistant populations of bitter grass (Digitaria insularis). For the rational management of these populations, there is a need of alternative measures, that involve herbicides and cultural practices, which can be applied only with the knowledge of the weed biology, however little is known about the bitter grass biology. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain basic information of the biology of populations of bitter grass susceptible and resistant to the herbicide glyphosate. For that, three assays were conducted in the Department of Crop Science at ESALQ / USP, in Piracicaba - SP, during the year 2012. For that, it was collected seeds of the resistant biotype in Matão, São Paulo and seeds of the susceptible population in Piracicaba, São Paulo. The determination of the resistance factor for glyphosate between the biotypes was performed using dose-response curves at stage 3-4 tillers of bitter grass. Following, it was evaluated the germination and quantification of dry matter produced under the effect of different amounts of coverage with millet straw. It was also developed trials to see longevity of the resistant and susceptible biotypes, conducted at different soil depths. With the model of dose-response curve, it was possible to quantify the resistance factor (GR50) from the R statistical program by obtaining the value of 16.66, compared to the susceptible biotype resistant. The increased amount of millet straw on seed caused reduction in dry weight of seedlings of Digitaria insularis, for both biotypes, being more evident in treatments of 4.0 and 8.0 ton ha-1. The resistant biotype showed significantly higher number of seedlings than susceptible population, regardless of the amount of straw. It is not possible to conclude that the seeds of resistant biotypes have greater longevity than the seeds of the susceptible biotype, and the presence of light is indifferent to its germination.
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Callum, Ian R. "Long-term effects of tillage and residues on selected soil quality parameters." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31202.
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A two year study was initiated in 1999 at the Macdonald Campus Farm, on a 2.4 ha site consisting mainly of St-Amable sand to shallow loamy sand (Typic Endoaquent; Humic Gleysol). The site was planted to alfalfa ( Medicago sativa) prior to the establishment of the experimental design and has been planted to corn (Zea mays L.) since 1991. The experiment was set up as a randomized complete block design and consisted of three tillage levels (NT, no-till; RT, reduced tillage; and CT, conventional tillage) and two residue levels (-R, no residues; +R, with residues). This study was performed in order to ascertain the effect of these management systems on soil organic carbon (SOC), particulate organic matter carbon (POM-C), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) levels and soil physical properties. Soil physical properties measured included bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), dry and wet aggregate stability, total porosity, macroporosity at -1 kPa and -6 kPa of matric potential, and moisture content. Crop yield was also measured. Results indicated that lower rates of mineralization of POM-C under NT+R in the surface 0--10 cm led to significantly higher SOC at the same depth. There were no significant differences between treatments at the 10--20 cm depth. The MBC was not a good indicator of the differences in soil organic matter levels between treatments. No-till treatments had higher bulk densities, reduced total porosity and macroporosity, increased moisture content, and increased constant-head measured Ksat. Differences in Ksat as measured with the Guelph permeameter, were not significant between treatments, most likely due to increased earthworm activity in NT. There were no significant differences in crop yield in 1999, but a significantly wetter year in 2000 caused lower grain yields in NT+R compared to NT-R and CT+R.
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Martins, Bianca Assis Barbosa. "Biologia e manejo da planta daninha Borreria densiflora DC." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-25072008-122909/.
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A planta daninha vassourinha-de-botão (Borreria densiflora DC.) está apresentando aumento na sua infestação em áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar e soja, respectivamente nos estados do Maranhão, Goiás e Tocantins. Observações de campo têm relatado a deficiência de controle químico sobre esta espécie, quando ocorre em estádio de crescimento avançado. Sendo assim, este trabalho objetivou classificar botanicamente B. densiflora DC., analisar a influência da luz e da temperatura na germinação desta espécie, seu crescimento, desenvolvimento e estruturas reprodutivas, sua susceptibilidade a herbicidas em condições de pré e pósemergência, e a influência da interação entre a profundidade de enterrio e a presença de palha em diferentes quantidades sobre a superfície do solo sobre a emergência desta planta daninha. A classificação botânica foi realizada na Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura - UNNE / IBONE, Argentina; o experimento que analisou a germinação sob diferentes condições foi realizado no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes, do Departamento de Produção Vegetal da USP / ESALQ, e todos os demais experimentos foram conduzidos em casa-de-vegetação, do mesmo departamento. Todos os trabalhos foram conduzidos entre 2006 e 2007. Constatou-se que a planta daninha vassourinha-de-botão se trata da espécie Borreria densiflora DC., pertencente à família Rubiaceae. Com relação à germinação, constatou-se que a vassourinha-de-botão é fotoblástica positiva preferencial, uma vez que sua germinação é favorecida na presença de luz, respondendo diferentemente às condições de luz e temperatura estudadas. As maiores taxas de germinação e índices de velocidade de germinação foram alcançados em condição de fotoperíodo (12h) sob as temperaturas constantes de 30ºC e 35ºC e alternada de 20-30ºC. Praticamente, não houve germinação no escuro constante. Sobre o crescimento e desenvolvimento, observou-se que a planta daninha Borreria densiflora DC. é uma espécie com desenvolvimento inicial lento, de ciclo de vida perene simples, apresentado grande incremento nas variáveis massa seca total, taxa de crescimento relativo e de assimilação líquida entre os 26 e 36 dias após transplante (DAT). Ao final do experimento, os ramos se mostram como os compartimentos mais participativos na partição de fotoassimilados pela vassourinha-de-botão. Esta espécie é capaz de produzir, em média, 93.090 sementes por planta. Com relação ao manejo químico de Borreria densiflora DC., a maioria dos herbicidas promoveram controles considerados adequados, com exceção ao clomazone e MSMA, em condições de pré e pós-emergência, respectivamente. Sendo assim, várias opções de herbicidas e de misturas destes podem ser recomendadas para o manejo da planta daninha B. densiflora DC., tanto em condições de pré-semeadura quanto pré e pós-emergência. O estudo sobre a influência da interação entre profundidade da semente no solo e presença de palha de cana-de-açúcar na superfície do solo sobre a emergência desta espécie demonstrou haver interação entre os dois fatores testados, sendo que quanto maior a profundidade da semente no solo e a quantidade de palha sobre a superfície, menor é a porcentagem de emergência e biomassa fresca de B. densiflora DC. Tais resultados são importante na medida em que favorecem o entendimento da dinâmica populacional da B. densiflora DC., auxiliando o manejo integrado desta espécie.The weed vassourinha-de-botao (Borreria densiflora DC.) has been presenting increase in its infestation in areas cultivated with sugarcane and soybean, respectively in Maranhao and Goias states and north of Tocantins state, Brazil. Field observations have reported the control deficiency of this species, when it occurs in advanced growth stage. Thus, this research was conducted with the objective of classify botanically the weed, analyze the light and temperature influence on the germination of this species, its growth, development and reproductive structures, its susceptibility to herbicides in pre and post conditions, as well as the influence of the interaction between seed burial and the presence of crop residue in different amounts in the soil surface on the emergence of this weed. The botanical classification of vassourinha-de-botao was done in the Exact and Natural Sciences College - UNNE / IBONE, Argentina; the experiment that evaluated germination under different conditions was conducted in the Seeds Analyzes Laboratory, of the Crop Science Department of USP / ESALQ, and all the other experiments were carried out in the same department, between 2006 and 2007. It was concluded that the weed vassourinha-de-botao is the species Borreria densiflora DC. and it belongs to Rubiaceae family. Related to germination, it was observed that B. densiflora DC. is preferencial positive photoblastic, since its germination is favored by presence of light, responding differently to the studied light and temperature conditions. The highest germination rates and speeds of germination were reached in presence of photoperiod condition (12h), under the constant temperatures 30ºC and 35ºC and the alternated 20-30ºC. Basically, there was not germination in the constant dark condition. About the growth and development, it was observed that the weed Borreria densiflora DC. is a species with slow initial growth, with a simple perennial life cycle, presenting a big increment in the variables total dry biomass, relative growth and liquid assimilation rates between 26 and 36 days after transplanting (DAT). At the end of the experiment, the stems appear as the most participative compartments in the photosynthate partition by Borreria densiflora DC. This species is able to produce, in average, 93,090 seeds per plant. Related to the chemical management of Borreria densiflora DC., the majority of the herbicides provided controls considered adequate, except clomazone and MSMA, in pre and post-emergence conditions, respectively. Therefore, many herbicide options and mix of herbicides can be recommended to the management of the weed Borreria densiflora DC., since in pre-plant to pre and post-emergence. The study about the influence of the interaction between seed burial and presence of dry sugarcane residue in the soil surface on the emergence of this species demonstrated to exist interaction between those two tested factors, being that the bigger depth in the soil and amount of dry sugarcane residue in the soil surface, the lower is the percentage of emergence and fresh biomass of B. densiflora DC. Those results are important since they favor the understanding of the population dynamics of Borreria densiflora DC., aiding the integrated management of this weed species.