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Academic literature on the topic 'Crop price'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Crop price"

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Nsabimana, Aimable, Fidele Niyitanga, Dave D. Weatherspoon, and Anwar Naseem. "Land Policy and Food Prices: Evidence from a Land Consolidation Program in Rwanda." Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization 19, no. 1 (March 2, 2021): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jafio-2021-0010.

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Abstract Rwanda’s “Crop Intensification Program (CIP)” is primarily a land consolidation program aimed at improving agricultural productivity and food security. The program, which began in 2007, focuses on monocropping and commercialization of six priority crops: maize, wheat, rice, white potato, beans, and cassava. CIP has facilitated easy access to improved seed stocks, fertilizer, extension services, and postharvest handling and storage services. Although studies have documented the impact of CIP on changes in farm yield, incomes, and productivity, less is known about its impact on food prices. In this study, we examine the crop-food price differences in intensive monocropped CIP and non-intensive monocropped CIP zones in Rwanda. Specifically, the study evaluates price variations of beans and maize along with complementary food crops in intensive and non-intensive monocropped zones before and after the introduction of the CIP policy. We find that the CIP policy is not associated with differences in CIP crop prices between the intensive and non-intensive monocropped zones. Over time, prices increased for CIP crops but generally, the crop prices in the two zones were cointegrated. Prices for non-CIP crops in the two different zones did show price differentials prior to the implementation of CIP, with the prices in intensive monocropped zones being greater than in the non-intensive monocropped zones. Moreover, the prices in intensive areas are cointegrated with prices in non-intensive areas for maize and beans and these prices are converging. This indicates that farmers who intensively produced one CIP crop were able to go to the market and purchase other food crops and that price differences between zones have decreased over time, potentially making the CIP intensive farmers better off.
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Ghutake, Ishita, Ritesh Verma, Rohit Chaudhari, and Vidhate Amarsinh. "An intelligent Crop Price Prediction using suitable Machine Learning Algorithm." ITM Web of Conferences 40 (2021): 03040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20214003040.

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Planning of crops for the next season has been a tedious task for the farmers as it is a difficult prediction about metrics of prices that their crop will fetch in a particular season which will be typically based on dynamic weather conditions. This leads to inaccurate prediction of crops’’ prices by farmers, and they happen to wrongly select the crops or in haste they happen to sell their crops early without storing and thus earning less than what the same crop would have fetched them in the future. This problem could be addressed by an ML model which will predict the prices of crops in advance showing the proper analysis of the crop and presenting their future scenario so that farmers can select the right crops to strategize crop production which involves crop selection, time of sowing deciding crop pattern and storage of harvested crops providing enough insights for predicting the appropriate price in the markets.
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Ramsey, A. Ford, Sujit K. Ghosh, and Barry K. Goodwin. "Rating exotic price coverage in crop revenue insurance." Agricultural Finance Review 80, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 609–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-10-2019-0107.

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PurposeRevenue insurance is the most popular form of insurance available in the US federal crop insurance program. The majority of crop revenue policies are sold with a harvest price replacement feature that pays out on lost crop yields at the maximum of a realized or projected harvest price. The authors introduce a novel actuarial and statistical approach to rate revenue insurance policies with exotic price coverage: the payout depends on an order statistic or average of prices. The authors examine the price implications of different dependence models and demonstrate the feasibility of policies of this type.Design/methodology/approachHierarchical Archimedean copulas and vine copulas are used to model dependence between prices and yields and serial dependence of prices. The authors construct several synthetic exotic price coverage insurance policies and evaluate the impact of copula models on policies covering different types of risk.FindingsThe authors’ findings show that the price of exotic price coverage policies is sensitive to the choice of dependence model. Serial dependence varies across the growing season. It is possible to accurately price exotic coverage policies and we suggest these add-ons as a possible avenue for developing private crop insurance markets.Originality/valueThe authors apply hierarchical Archimedean copulas and vine copulas that allow for flexibility in the modeling of multivariate dependence. Unlike previous research, which has primarily considered dependence across space, the form of exotic price coverage requires modeling serial dependence in relative prices. Results are important for this segment of the agricultural insurance market: one of the main areas that insurers can develop private products around the federal program.
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Liang, Yan, J. Corey Miller, Ardian Harri, and Keith H. Coble. "Crop Supply Response under Risk: Impacts of Emerging Issues on Southeastern U.S. Agriculture." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 43, no. 2 (May 2011): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800004156.

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In this paper we consider factors that affect both crop prices and yields in order to examine supply responses of major crops in the Southeast. Due to the variable nature of crop production in the Southeast, previous studies that ignore price and yield risk may fail to capture one of the salient features of the region's agriculture. Our results indicate supply elasticity values for corn, cotton, and soybeans of approximately 0.670, 0.506, and 0.195, respectively. Compared with the results of studies in other regions, corn and cotton acres respond more to price changes and soybean acres respond less to price changes.
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Ye, Minghua, Rongming Wang, Guozhu Tuo, and Tongjiang Wang. "Crop price insurance in China: pricing and hedging using futures market." China Agricultural Economic Review 9, no. 4 (November 6, 2017): 567–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-12-2015-0178.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how crop price insurance premium can be calculated using an option pricing model and how insurers can transfer underwriting risks in the futures market. Design/methodology/approach Based on data from spot and futures market in China, this paper develops an improved B-S model for the calculation of crop price insurance premium and tests the possibility of hedging underwriting risks by insurance firms in the futures market. Findings The authors find that spot price of crops in China can be estimated with agricultural commodity futures prices, and can be taken as the insured price for crop price insurance. The authors also find that improved B-S model yields better estimation of crop price insurance premium than traditional B-S model when spot price does not follow geometric Brownian motion. Finally, the authors find that hedging can be one good alternative for insurance firms to manage underwriting risks. Originality/value This paper develops an improved B-S model that is data-driven in nature. Insured price of the crop price insurance, or the exercise price used in the B-S model, is estimated from a co-integration model built on spot and futures market price series. Meanwhile, distributional patterns of spot price series, one important factor determining the applicability of B-S model, is factored into the improved B-S model so that the latter is more robust and friendly to data with varied distributions. This paper also verifies the possibility of hedging of underwriting risks by insurance firms in the futures market.
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BWALA, M. A., Y. ROSAINE, and S. BAUER. "RISK PERCEPTION AMONG FARM HOUSEHOLDS IN NORTH CENTRAL REGION OF NIGERIA: A LOWER PARTIAL MOMENT APPROACH." Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment 15, no. 1 (March 2, 2016): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v15i1.1473.

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This study investigated the perception of production and price risk by farm households and the factors that influence their level of perception in North Central Nigeria. The study attempted to capture the opinion of farmers about the quantity of crops they expect to harvest at the end of the season, and the prices they also expect for each of the crop cultivated. It was confirmed that the households do have an opinion for the quantity of crops outputs cultivated and also for the price they expect at the end of every season. The study established that farm households do give negative allowances regarding the quantity expected of a crop for a particular land cultivated, this is also true for prices expected. In other words farm households were found to be aware of the possibility that the final output they get from their farming activity may not commensurate with the inputs invested and so therefore expect less than what should be the potential. Furthermore, it was discovered that household crop specific risk percep- tion varies within the region. Majority of the farm households perceived higher price risks for sorghum, rice, and yam crops.
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Shafer, Carl E. "Price and Value Effects of Pecan Crop Forecasts, 1971–1987." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 21, no. 1 (July 1989): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200000959.

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AbstractPrice equations incorporating USDA October crop forecasts and June pecan stocks provided reasonable formulations for pecan price explanation and forecasting. USDA crop forecasts exceeded final reported production in 12 of the 18 seasons from 1970 to 1987, probably resulting in slightly lower prices and crop values. Large crop forecast errors in both direction and level in 1986 and 1987 confounded the price determination process. Nevertheless, producer prices may have been lower absent the October crop forecasts, which somewhat reduce buyers' uncertainty regarding supply. Early crop estimates provided a better explanation of price behavior than postseason revised production data.
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V, Niharika. "Crop Gen Forecast." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46222.

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Abstract: Primary source of Indian livelihood is Agriculture. It has become a strenuous task for the farmers to plan the crops for the next season as it is a critical prediction about the prices that their harvest might yield in that particular season that will be based on driving weather conditions. This in turn results in imprecise prediction of crop prices by farmers which leads in choosing the fallacious crops or in quickly sell their yield resulting in low revenue. The same crop would have gained more value in the future. This paper mainly aims at addressing these issues by using Machine learning algorithms where the input is given through the sensors as live data and the result is displayed on a webpage. The webpage consists of a recommendation engine and the price prediction data of each crop in that particular region.
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Guenthner, Joseph F. "Forecasting Annual Vegetable Plantings." HortTechnology 2, no. 1 (January 1992): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.2.1.89.

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Vegetable producers and marketers make business decisions based on supply estimates. The U.S. Dept. of Agriculture provides estimates of planting intentions for field crops but not for most vegetable crops. This study developed models that can be used to forecast vegetable crop plantings. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the factors that influence plantings of potatoes and onions. Field crop planting intentions, industry structure, lagged values of plantings, prices received, price volatility, and the price of sugar beets were found to be significant factors. The models and/or methods used in this study should be useful to those interested in forecasting vegetable plantings.
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N, Karunakaran. "Growth of Crop-output in Kerala–Is it Real or monetary?" Artha - Journal of Social Sciences 14, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12724/ajss.35.5.

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The main feature of the development of agriculture in Kerala in the last five decades is the change in cropping pattern and shift in cultivation, that is, shift in the cultivated area under food grain crops to non-food grain crops and shift in the cultivated area under one non-food grain crop to another non-food grain crop. The growth of agricultural crop output and productivity has been affected by many factors. The sources of output growth like area effect, yield effect and cropping pattern effect have relevance in deciding the programmes of agricultural development and priorities of investment in it. The growth of agricultural output in the state like that of other parts of India is influenced by the gross cropped area, productivity and level of prices. The increase in the agricultural crop output is decomposed into real and monetary components. The real component includes area effect, yield effect, cropping pattern effect and interaction effect. The monetary elements consist of the pure price effect, price yield effect, price cropping pattern effect and total interaction effect. From the analysis of thedecomposition of output growth into real and monetary components of Kerala agriculture in the last five decades, the general conclusions arrived at are: price factor is the major element in determining the relative contribution of different elements to the growth of crop output and the overall growth in the Kerala agriculture is monetary growth in nature rather than real growth.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crop price"

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Zhang, Xiaohua 1964. "Price expectations in perennial crop supply models." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291531.

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In the analysis of investment and production decisions for perennial crops, expectations play a critical role. This thesis studied three hypotheses about price expectations and reviewed five supply response models for perennial crops. An empirical model for the apple industry was developed to test alternative representations of expected prices. The naive and adaptive expectation model performed well with national data, whereas moving averages of price and the adaptive expectations model performed better with Washington data. To improve estimates of supply response for perennial crops, better data are needed to describe new plantings, removals, the age distribution of trees, production costs, and climatic conditions. Rapid technological change in the U.S. apple industry may cause producers to revise the way they form expected prices, encouraging them to use more historical information and paying more attention to projections of future demand. Rational expectations perspectives may become increasingly relevant.
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Kantanantha, Nantachai. "Crop decision planning under yield and price uncertainties." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24676.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.
Committee Co-Chair: Griffin, Paul; Committee Co-Chair: Serban, Nicoleta; Committee Member: Liang, Steven; Committee Member: Sharp, Gunter; Committee Member: Tsui, Kwok-Leung
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Soares, Abilio Barros. "Crop Price and Land Use Change: Forecasting Response of Major Crops Acreage to Price and Economic Variables in North Dakota." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27685.

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The objective of this study is to examine land use change for cropping systems in North Dakota. Using Seemingly Unrelated Regression with full information maximum likelihood estimation method, acreage forecasting models for barley, corn, oats, soybean, and wheat were developed to examine the extent to which farmers? expectations of prices and costs affect their crop choices. The results of the study show that farmers? decision for acreage allocation is varied across the crops depending on how responsive they are to price, cost and yield of its own and competing crops. Substitutability and complementarity relationship of crops in the production have positive effect on crops selection when facing price, cost, and yield changes. In addition, the results revealed that expected prices have little effect on acreage response compared to expected costs and yield variables in most of the crop models.
IIE team Fulbright sponsorship
North Dakota State University. Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics
National Science Foundation (NSF). Grant Number IIA-1355466
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Amrouk, El Mamoun [Verfasser]. "Price dynamics and interaction of international cash crop and staple food markets / El Mamoun Amrouk." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1230878602/34.

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Oricho, George Odero. "Short run irrigation water demand : an empirical evaluation of the role of price, crop and technology choice." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14386.

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Bibliography: leaves 84-90.
Considerable interest has arisen regarding irrigation water use in, especially, arid areas where competition for this scarce but crucial commodity is likely to intensify. The immediate implication is that user sectors, of which irrigated agriculture is the largest, must ensure efficient and conservative use of scarce water resources, using it sparingly and in high value I return economic activities. Central to the desire for efficient use, in a free market, is the role that proper pricing of water (so that its scarcity value is accurately reflected) could play in limiting farmers' derived short-run irrigation water demand, crop choices, and their choice of technology for irrigation. Using a multi- product firm framework, we have here constructed and modelled four central farm decision functions: the short-run demand function for irrigation water demand; the farmer's crop choice decision; the choice of irrigation technology; and lastly, a crop output equation. We conclude that irrigation water price does not influence short-run irrigation water demand, neither does it affect the farmer's choice of crops or technology. Our fourth equation, the crop output equation, however, demonstrates the important role water plays in irrigation agriculture. Using farm budget data from Orange Free State and Transvaal, which are collected by the Directorate of Agricultural Economics for short - term planning purposes, we conclude that the apparent inefficacy of water costs as a tool for ensuring the efficient and conservative utilisation of irrigation water is due to the relatively negligible weight water inputs have relative to the farmers' capital and operating costs. Water prices alone cannot , therefore, be relied upon as an effective tool for efficient water utilisation in irrigated agriculture in the study area.
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Johnson, Christian J. "The effect of crop yield and feed price variability on profitability of dairy farming in Virginia: a target MOTAD approach." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41920.

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Dairy farming in Virginia could be more profitable if price and yield risks affecting the cost and availability of feed inputs such as corngrain, corn silage, alfalfa and ryelage are reduced. Price and yield risk facing dairy farmers in Virginia can be reduced through a marketing strategy like hedging and government commodity program participation. The overall objective of this study is to evaluate how the variability of price and yields of particular feed crops affect the variability of expected returns in dairy farming. Specific objectives include: 1) to evaluate the relationship between feed production risk and the level and variability of net returns for a representative dairy farm in Virginia; 2) to evaluate the relationship between price risks of purchased feed inputs and the variability of net returns; 3) to draw implications from the results that can be used to help dairy farmers better manage feed production risk. To accomplish these objectives, the target MOTAD risk analysis technique is used.

The empirical model is developed in four steps. First, the model activities such as milking and feeding of cows, heifer and calf activities, crop production, harvesting, labor, and buying and selling activities were created. Second, variable yields based on probability elicitation from dairy farmers were generated. Third, variable prices based on commodity options were generated; and fourth a target income constraint was derived.

Results from the analysis indicated that the target income constraint was exceeded in every state of nature for the representative farm resulting in an efficiency frontier of a single point. Increasing the assumed debt-asset ratio and annual debt service requirement, resulted in a risk-return tradeoff with lower levels of risk (measured as mean deviation below target or MDBT) being obtained at the expense of lower levels of expected returns.

At a higher debt asset-ratio, when the mean deviation below target (MDBT) was varied over a range of values, the quantity of crops harvested also varied. The average harvested acres of alfalfa and corn silage increased as the MDBT increased while the harvested acres of corn grain and ryelage decreased. Alfalfa harvest is increased because less forage in terms of ryelage is harvested and the average quantity of corn grain decreases as the MDBT increases because more com silage is grown in place of the costlier but less risky ryelage.

The results show that hedging and participation in the government feed grain program could lead to effective risk reduction and increases in expected returns for the dairy farmer. Government program participation increased expected returns at all debt-asset ratios. Both government programs and hedging reduced risks at higher debt-asset ratios. Government program participation led to larger gains in expected returns as the availability of land increased.
Master of Science

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Maluleke, Ikageng Martha. "Grain planting progress report : the potential benefits for the South African grain industry." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60832.

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The grain and oil seed industry plays a major role in the South African economy; therefore, having access to market information is vital for this market to remain efficient and competitive. A shortage in market information causes many inefficiencies and uncertainties. Having market information allows the playing field to be level for all role players and reduces opportunities for manipulating prices. South Africa, just like most developing countries, needs to strengthen information flows, as well as institutions governing the grain and oil seed industry. In view of the major grain producing countries in the world and the amount of money and effort spent on releasing planting progress reports, the South Africa grain and oilseed sector should to take heed. This paper considers the importance of market information and how the South African grain and oil seed industry can benefit from that, grain planting progress reports are considered to be of importance as they fill a significant gap in the production season. Taking an institutional perspective into the economics of information, the study found that actors having little financial and social resources or political influence faced high costs in accessing information and that this prevents both market development and access to existing ones. The point of discussion is on weak information flows, as well as transaction costs that come with them, and the impact they have on prices and profitability. We therefore use New Institutional Economics to emphasise the importance of information in the market and the impact thereof in the absence of perfect information. The main underlying issue for imperfect information is that the lack of perfect and freely available information leads to risk and uncertainty in transactions. When trying to analyse the importance of information in the grain and oilseed industry, it was established that accuracy, value and market effect of information for public consumption were important. In particular, information communication technology was examined as a means of information dissemination in agriculture, especially in developing countries like South Africa. The study found that the major grain and oilseed producing countries that generate planting progress reports are the USA, Brazil, Argentina and Australia. The study looked at the methods used by these countries to compile such reports. Although they have varying methodologies, the key point is timely and frequent information which is readily available for public consumption. After analysing developments and methodologies globally, the focus shifted to South Africa where current information sources in the South African grain and oilseed industry, and the kind of information provided, were analysed. A pilot study was conducted in the summer grain production area of NWK Ltd to gain some insight and experience. The source of communication comprised mobile phones and farmers were able to respond on their progress, as well as receive feedback using the same communication media. Lastly in order to re-emphasis the benefits of a planting progress report, we review the impact of price volatility and how information in the market can help stabilise it.
Dissertation (MSc (Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MSc (Agric)
Unrestricted
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Dant, Madeline L. "AN ANALYSIS OF FACTORS IMPACTING HAY AUCTION PRICES AND THE POTENTIAL FOR NAP TO REDUCE ALFALFA REVENUE RISK." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/52.

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Hay auctions have generally been understudied due to their unique market structure. Therefore, the factors that influence the price of hay at auction markets are not well-known. The price of hay at auction markets reflects the various characteristics that differentiate each lot of hay sold. This study is aimed at analyzing the determinants of Central Kentucky hay prices. A hedonic price model is estimated using data collected from a Central Kentucky hay auction. Known hay attributes include forage species, form, bale weight, and nutritive value. An important aspect of this analysis is to determine whether the quality measures of the hay are significant factors in determining hay prices in this auction setting. While price discovery of hay is important, it is also important to know about the insurance that is available to producers. Insurance for hay production is very limited with only two insurance programs available to Kentucky producers. An evaluation of the Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program is conducted by simulating yields from an alfalfa producer and alfalfa trials from University of Kentucky Agriculture Research Centers in Princeton and Lexington, Kentucky. This analysis reveals the effectiveness of the coverage levels offered through the program for alfalfa producers in Kentucky.
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Fehervari, Gabor. "The factors affecting the timing and volume of sales in Hungarian farmers' crop marketing decisions : an alternative perspective on the theory of price of storage." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/75020/.

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The existence of convenience yield has become an axiom in the analysis of intertemporal price relations for commodities. However, the link between the macro level convenience yield concept and the micro-level sell/store decisions of stock holders lacks empirical evidence. The main objective of the study is to establish the drivers behind timing and volume of stock holders' actual commodity sales and to establish whether the decision-making process can be linked to convenience yield. Regression analysis of intertemporal price spreads, monthly dummies and stocks for Hungarian com are performed both to establish the relevance of the convenience yield concept, and to confirm its relationship to stocks. The GSADF (Generalized Sup-ADF) method is applied on consecutive expiries of corn futures, in order to validate convenience yield related assumptions of explosiveness. An alternative explanation of the convenience yield concept formulated in the spatial-temporal interpretation of storage is also tested on a large volume of actual Hungarian com logistics data. Finally, a choice model with hypothetical sales scenarios, filled by a large sample of Hungarian farmers is performed in order to validate whether a two-step Heckman model offers a good approximation of the actual decision-making process behind stock sales. Both convenience yield's existence and its inverse relation to stocks are demonstrated for Hungarian com. However, evidence does not support the hypothesis that nearby prices show greater tendencies for bubble formation than later expiries. Contrary to expectations, spatial¬temporal storage conclusions are validated on Hungarian corn, as delivery distance to central markets does increase through the season. Some variables proposed are found to be individually significant in driving stock sales, and the expectation that selling is best explained by a two-step Heckman model is also partly confirmed. Besides testing existing models on the data of a new geography, it is the additional step taken towards real decision-makers, where this study of commodity sales is expected to contribute both to convenience yield theory and to our current knowledge of how the physical grain markets work.
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Santos, Lana Mara Rodrigues dos. "Programação de rotação de culturas - modelos e métodos de solução." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55134/tde-09062009-110129/.

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Nas últimas décadas, diversas propostas de técnicas e de processos visando aumentar a sustentabilidade da agricultura ganharam evidência. Tais propostas geram novos modelos de planejamento em que devem ser considerados aspectos técnicos e ecológicos de produção, bem como o acesso de pequenos agricultores familiares ao mercado consumidor. Neste tipo de planejamento da produção, a rotação de culturas desempenha um papel fundamental, pois contribui para a manutenção dos recursos produtivos, para a minimização do uso de recursos não-renováveis e para o controle biológico da população de herbívoros, patógenos e plantas espontâneas. Nesta tese abordamos dois problemas de Programação de Rotação de Culturas (PRC) focados na produção de base sustentável de hortaliças: o problema de PRC com restrições de Adjacências (PRC-A) e o problema de PRC com atendimento da Demanda (PRC-D). O planejamento da produção de hortaliças é complexo pois envolve, em geral, um grande número de culturas com limitações específicas quanto à época de plantio e com períodos de cultivo e produtividades muito variáveis. A programação de rotação de culturas para as áreas de plantio é formulada como um modelo de otimização 01 e, para os dois problemas, em cada programação considera se tanto aspectos técnicos (época de plantio e colheita etc.) quanto ecológicos (adubação verde, pousio etc.). No problema PRC-A o objetivo é a maximização da ocupação das áreas produtivas em que as restrições de plantio são estendidas às áreas adjacentes. Como a formulação matemática para o problema tem, em geral, um número muito grande de restrições e variáveis, com matriz de restrições esparsa e bloco-diagonal, o modelo é reformulado com a Decomposição DantzigWolfe, o que permitiu sua resolução por procedimentos baseados em geração de colunas, heurísticos e exatos. No problema PRC-D desejase suprir a demanda de um conjunto de hortaliças tendo-se disponível um conjunto de áreas heterogêneas. As culturas passíveis de plantio, bem como as suas produtividades, dependem da área considerada. O problema foi formulado como um modelo de otimização linear em que cada variável está associada a uma programação de rotação de culturas. O modelo contém potencialmente um número grande de programações de rotação e é resolvido por geração de colunas. Experimentos computacionais usando instâncias baseadas em dados reais confirmam a eficácia dos modelos e das metodologias propostos para os problemas
Over the last decades, various proposals for techniques and processes to increase agricultural sustainability have been put forward. These proposals bring new planning models in which technical and ecological production aspects must be considered, as well as the access of small farmers to the consumer market. In this type of agricultural production planning, crop rotation plays a fundamental role as it contributes to maintaining productive resources, to reducing the use of non-renewable resources, and to biologically controlling the population of herbivores, pathogens and spontaneous plants. In this thesis, two problems concerning the Crop Rotation Schedule (CRS) focusing on sustainable production vegetables are addressed: the problem of the CRS having Adjacent constraints (CRS-A) and the problem of the CRS under Demand constraints (CRS-D). Production planning of vegetables is complex as it generally involves a large number of crop species having specific limitations regarding the planting season and very varied production times and productivity. The crop rotation schedule problem is formulated as an optimization model 0-1, and for both problems, in each schedule technical (planting and harvesting season etc.) and ecological (green manure, fallow etc.) aspects are considered. Concerning the CRS-A problem, the aim is to maximize the occupation of cropping areas in which planting constraints are extended to adjacent areas. As the mathematical formulation for the problem generally has a large number of restrictions and variables and the structure of the constraint matrix of the problem is sparse and block-diagonal, the model has been reformulated using the Dantzig-Wolfe Decomposition strategy, which has enabled the use of a heuristic and exact procedures based on the column generation approach for its resolution. In the CRS-D problem, the aim is to meet the market demands for vegetables having a set of heterogeneous cropping areas available. The potential planting crops, as well as their productivity, depend on the considered cropping area. The problem is formulated as an optimization linear model in which each variable is associated to a crop rotation schedule. The model may include a large number of rotation schedules and is solved by the column generation approach. Computational experiments using instances based on real-world data confirm the efficiency of models and methodologies proposed for the problems
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Books on the topic "Crop price"

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Mielke, Myles J. Government intervention in the Mexican crop sector. Washington, DC (1301 New York Ave., NW., Washington 20005-4788): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1989.

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W, Rosegrant Mark, ed. Price and investment policies for food crop sector growth in the Philippines. Washington, D.C: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1986.

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United States. Congressional Budget Office., ed. Diversity in crop farming: Its meaning for income-support policy. [Washington, D.C.?]: Congress of the U.S., Congressional Budget Office, 1985.

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Fielder, Lonnie L. Measurement of price, yield, and revenue variability for Louisiana crops. Baton Rouge, La: Dept. of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 1985.

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Chite, Ralph M. Farm disaster payments: Recent history and specialty crop issues. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1994.

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United States. Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service, ed. Alternatives to a state-based ACRE program: Expected payments under a national, crop district, or county base. Washington, D.C.]: Economic Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 2011.

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Responding to the continuing economic crisis adversely affecting American agricultural producers: Report together with additional views (to accompany H.R. 2213) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2001.

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US GOVERNMENT. An Act to Respond to the Continuing Economic Crisis Adversely Affecting American Agricultural Producers. [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2001.

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National Research Centre for Orchids (India), ed. Our crop our pride: Custodian farmers of traditional crops of Sikkim. Pakyong, Sikkim: ICAR-National Research Centre for Orchids, 2016.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grains. 1988 wheat program announcement and county loan rates for the 1987 wheat crop: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grains of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session, July 13, 1987. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Crop price"

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Streeten, Paul. "Towards a Country and Crop Typology." In What Price Food?, 8–10. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18921-2_3.

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Prajwal, C. Y., K. S. Chandan, S. Likith, M. S. Poorna Prajwal, and B. Santhosh. "Crop Price Prediction Using Deep Learning." In ICT Infrastructure and Computing, 297–302. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5331-6_31.

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Chintapalli, Prashant, and Christopher S. Tang. "The Impact of Crop Minimum Support Price on Crop Production and Farmer Welfare." In Agricultural Supply Chain Management Research, 247–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81423-6_14.

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Vikram, R., R. Divij, N. Hishore, G. Naveen, and D. Rudhramoorthy. "Crop Price Prediction Using Machine Learning Naive Bayes Algorithms." In Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 27–34. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2541-2_3.

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Jain, Drashi, Choudhary Nikita, and Megha Kamble. "Crop Yield Quantity and Price Prediction: An Ensemble Approach." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 110–20. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8896-6_9.

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Mooney, Richard L., Charles E. O’Rear, G. Craig Llewellyn, and Gerald C. Llewellyn. "Aflatoxin Occurrence in Virginia Price Support-Corn: 1986 Crop-Year." In Biodeterioration Research, 207–27. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9453-3_16.

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Ganguly, Kavery, and Ashok Gulati. "Pulses Value Chain- Pigeon Pea and Gram." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 253–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4268-2_8.

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AbstractPulses form an important part of agriculture in India given that the country is the largest producer, consumer and importer of pulses. Owing to their natural resilience to extreme weather conditions, low water requirements and being environmentally benign, pulses have been traditionally a smallholder’s crop. However, with poor price realization, farmers are switching towards other remunerative crops such as sugarcane, soybean, among others. Unlike rice and wheat, pulses are not covered by the regular public procurement system which makes marketing of pulses at fair and remunerative prices a challenge for the farmers. Pulses are no longer a poor man’s diet given the escalating consumer prices. Nonetheless, it is considered as an important source of protein (given the large vegetarian diet base in India), consumption of which is being promoted to address the observed protein gap in the diets. Over time, per capita availability of pulses has declined like other traditional cereals. With changing consumption patterns and emerging dietary deficiencies, there is scope for enhancing consumption of pulses through traditional and value-added products.
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Coble, Keith H., and Thomas O. Knight. "Crop Insurance as a Tool for Price and Yield Risk Management." In A Comprehensive Assessment of the Role of Risk in U.S. Agriculture, 445–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3583-3_20.

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Glauber, Joseph W., and Mario J. Miranda. "The Effects of Southern Hemisphere Crop Production on Trade, Stocks, and Price Integration." In Food Price Volatility and Its Implications for Food Security and Policy, 83–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28201-5_4.

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Kumar, Vikash, Anjali Chauhan, Avinash Kumar Shinde, Ramesh L. Kunkerkar, Deepak Sharma, and Bikram Kishore Das. "Mutation breeding in rice for sustainable crop production and food security in India." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 83–99. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0009.

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Abstract With the inevitable risk posed by global climate change affecting crop yield and the ever-increasing demands of agricultural produce, crop improvement techniques need to be more precise in developing smart crop varieties. The rice crop, a staple food for the majority of the world population, has a significant role to play in alleviating the global hunger problem. With the world population burgeoning at an unprecedented rate, limited fertile land resources, climate change, emerging new races of pests and diseases and consumer preferences for quality attributes, it is imperative to increase crop diversity, and this requires better selection efficiency addressing the challenges of future rice production. Mutation breeding is a fundamental and very successful tool helping to increase crop diversity and allowing plant breeders to exercise their skill in developing desirable crop varieties. The induction of mutations has been used to enhance yield, improve nutritional quality and widen the adaptability of the world's most important crops such as wheat, rice, pulses, millets and oilseeds. India is considered to be one of the primary centres of origin of crop species with the concomitant very high genetic diversity in traditional landraces for different agronomic traits of economic importance. Plant architecture, such as plant height, branching habit (tiller number), leaf shape and patterns, floral and grain traits and quality traits such as aroma, amylose content and cooking quality are of tremendous importance for rice improvement programmes. Traditional landraces of rice have premium grain quality, fetching a premium price, but their cultivation is being marginalized due to their tall stature, proneness to lodging, late maturity and poor yield. Mutation breeding technology has been successfully implemented in rice improvement programmes, which have resulted in the improvement of aromatic rice varieties, such as 'Pusa Basmati 1', 'Dubraj and Jawaphool'. Two high-yielding mutant rice varieties, TCDM-1 ('Trombay Chhattisgarh Dubraj Mutant-1') and TKR Kolam ('Trombay Karjat Rice Kolam'), have been released for cultivation in Chhattisgarh and the Konkan region of Maharashtra. Both these varieties possess dwarf plant stature (110 cm), medium maturity (130 days), premium grain quality and resistance to major pests and diseases. Improvement of other traditional rice varieties is underway which will bring these varieties back into cultivation and help in improving the tribal and marginal farmers' economy.
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Conference papers on the topic "Crop price"

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Langarudi, Saeed P., and Carlos G. Silva. "Crop Price Volatility and its Influence on Crop Patterns." In CSS 2017: CSSSA's Annual Conference on Computational Social Science. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3145574.3145579.

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Sawyer, John E. "Fertilizing Crops in the New Price Age - Nitrogen." In Proceedings of the 19th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-943.

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Wang, Senhua, and Rui Li. "Research on the Relationship between Crop Cost and Price." In 2016 International Conference on Management Science and Innovative Education. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/msie-16.2016.124.

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Thapaswini, G., and M. Gunasekaran. "A Methodology for Crop Price Prediction Using Machine Learning." In 2022 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Mobile Networks and Wireless Communications (ICMNWC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmnwc56175.2022.10031852.

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PETRE, Ionut Laurentiu, and Iuliana DOBRE. "STUDY ON THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE MAIN OLEAGINOUS CULTURES IN ROMANIA." In Competitiveness of Agro-Food and Environmental Economy. Editura ASE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/cafee/2019/8/07.

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This paper aims to determine the economic efficiency that each of the three main oil crops can have, namely the sunflower, soybean and rapeseed in Romania. Starting from the cultivation technologies of these plants it can be determined the main expenses for the cultivation of one hectare. With the help of statistical data on the price of recovery and the average production per hectare, it can be determined the incomes obtained by cultivating each crop taken into consideration, thus, at the end of this paper, it can determined the economic efficiency of cultivating one hectare with one of the three crops studied. These calculations will be performed for two levels of production; thus, two scenarios will be estimated for each crop chosen.
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Gallagher, Paul, Guenter Schamel, and Hosein Shapouri. "Some Price and Cost Analysis for the Corn Processing Sector." In Proceedings of the 13th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-737.

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Mallarino, Antonio P. "Fertilizing Crops in the New Price Age - Phophorus and Potassium." In Proceedings of the 19th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-944.

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Jain, Ayush, Smit Marvaniya, Shantanu Godbole, and Vitobha Munigala. "Towards Context-based Model Selection for Improved Crop Price Forecasting." In CODS-COMAD 2022: 5th Joint International Conference on Data Science & Management of Data (9th ACM IKDD CODS and 27th COMAD). New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3493700.3493725.

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K, Dhanasekaran, Ramprasath M, Sathiyamoorthi V, Poornima N, and Irrai Anbu Jayaraj. "Meta-Learning Based Adaptive Crop Price Prediction for Agriculture Application." In 2021 5th International Conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceca52323.2021.9675891.

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Kozlova, Zoya, Lyubov' Matais, and Ol'ga Glushkova. "Influence of sainfoin on soil fertility and agro-economic indicators of fodder crop rotations under conditions of East Siberia." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production23 (71). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-23-71-67-72.

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Under conditions of East Siberia, the positive effect of sainfoin on the fertility of gray forest soil and the introduction of this crop into fodder five-course rotations have been studied. In Siberia the Hungarian sainfoin (Onobrychis arenaria) is well-spread. As a control variant the crop rotation without perennial legume crops (sainfoin-free) was taken. Our research on the introduction of a new legume crop — sainfoin has shown that the content of mobile phosphorus, on the average in crop rotations, varies from 15.3 to 17.1 mg per 100 g of soil, the value of the nitrate nitrogen indicator — from 21.5 to 25.3 mg/kg. The intake of organic matter into the soil, due to a green manure — sainfoin — increases the humus content to 4.8–4.9 %. The rise in the yield of cultivated grain-forage crops after perennial legumes has been proved. Thus, the yield of pea-oats amounted 2.0–2.4 t/ha feed units. Among the crops harvested for green mass corn was more productive. It provided 1.8–2.2 t/ha of feed units. Pea-oats gave less productivity — from 1.5 t/ha of feed units in a control variant to 1.8 t/ha of feed units in the variants with sainfoin. The yielding capacity of sainfoin was 2.1–2.2 t/ha of feed units. The average yield for crop rotations with sainfoin was higher than the control by 16.6 %. Taking the obtained data into account, it may be concluded that all three five-course crop rotations are productive, the best, according to all criteria, is the variant with two fields of sainfoin providing the decline in cost price up to 3529.9 rub. one feed unit, the high level of pure income 11848 rub./ha and the biggest coefficient of energy efficiency — 3.0
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Reports on the topic "Crop price"

1

Policy Support Activity, Myanmar Agriculture. Myanmar agricultural performance survey (Q1 2022): Farmgate prices and marketing by crop farmers. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.135937.

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Alemu, Dawit, and Tirhas Kinfe. Responses of Rice Farmers Engaged in Vegetable Production: Implications of the Collapse of Vegetable Prices in the Fogera Plain. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.017.

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Since the early 1980s, the Fogera Plain has been one of Ethiopia's major rice production areas. The introduction of rice, its commercialisation and the subsequent increased surplus production has led to the ability of smallholder rice farmers to intensify their production through diverse investments, mainly in supplementary irrigation. This has also enabled rice farmers to diversify crop production, mainly during the off-season, through the production of high-value crops like vegetables. Despite this expansion, a recent visit to the Fogera Plain by the authors revealed that most smallholder rice farmers were not able to sell their onions due to the collapse of local markets. To investigate this collapse further, this paper follows the authors' investigation of farmer investments in producing onion, their responses to the collapse of the onion market, and the implications for rural livelihood improvement within the Fogera Plain.
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Nin Pratt, Alejandro, and Héctor Valdés Conroy. After the Boom: Agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002955.

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The convergence of a favorable macroeconomic environment and high prices of primary commodities between 2000 and 2011 contributed to the best performance of agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) since the 1980s, with steady growth of total factor productivity (TFP) and output per worker and a reduction in the use of input per worker. The end of the upward phase of the commodity cycle in 2011 together with less favorable external markets and a deterioration of the policy environment in several countries, motivates us to revisit the situation of agriculture in LAC in recent years to analyze how these changes have affected its performance. This study applies a framework that uses index numbers together with data envelopment analysis (DEA) to estimate levels of productivity and efficiency, incorporating technical change together with technical (TE) and environmental efficiency (EE) into the decomposition of TFP. The EE index adjusts the TFP measure for pollution, treating GHG emissions as a by-product of the desired crop or livestock outputs. TFP and efficiency of crop and livestock sub-sectors was calculated for 24 LAC countries from 2000 to 2016. Our results show that the period of fast agricultural growth in LAC, driven by technical change and resource reallocation, transformed agriculture in the region leaving it in a better position to cope with the more unfavorable regional macroeconomic environment and the less dynamic global markets observed after 2011.
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Osidoma, Japhet, and Ashiru Mohammed Kinkwa. Creatively Improving Agricultural Practices and Productivity: Pro Resilience Action (PROACT) project, Nigeria. Oxfam, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7260.

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Since April 2016, The European Union and the Oxfam Pro-Resilience Action Project in Kebbi and Adamawa States, Nigeria, have supported poor smallholder rural farmers to improve their agricultural productivity. The project has a specific focus on increasing crop yields per hectare for better land usage, as well as ensuring farmers possess the skills they need to maintain good agricultural practices, such as inputs utilization and climate mitigation strategies, as well as an information-sharing system on weather and market prices. The project uses a Farmer Field School model that continues to serve as a viable platform for rural farmers to access hands-on skills and basic modern farming knowledge and techniques. The case studies presented here demonstrate a significant increase in farmers’ productivity, income and resilience. This approach should be emulated by governments and private sector players to achieve impact at scale in Nigeria’s agricultural sector, which is the country’s top non-oil revenue stream.
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Salavisa, Isabel, Mark Soares, and Sofia Bizarro. A Critical Assessment of Organic Agriculture in Portugal: A reflection on the agro-food system transition. DINÂMIA'CET-Iscte, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/dinamiacet-iul.wp.2021.05.

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Over the last few decades, the organic agriculture sector has experienced sustained growth. Globally, as well as in the European Union and Portugal, organic production accounts for just under 10% of total Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) (FiBL, 2019; Eurostat, 2019; DGADR, 2019; INE, 2019; GPP, 2019). This growth has been seen in terms of production, number of producers, amount of retail sales, imports and exports. This article attempts to build on the multi-level perspective (MLP) of the socio-technical (ST) transitions theory by employing a whole systems analysis (Geels, 2018) of organic agriculture in Portugal, which defends an integrated vision of the systems, where multiple interactions occur within and among the niche, the regime and the landscape levels. This approach has been employed in order to develop a critical analysis of the current state of the Portuguese organic agriculture sector, stressing the multiplicity of elements that are contributing to the agro-food system´s transformation into a more sustainable one. In fact, the agro-food system is related with climate change but also has connections with other domains such as public health, water management, land use and biodiversity. Therefore, it is affected by shifts in these areas. This analysis considers developments in increasing domestic organic production, number of producers, amount of retail sales, imports, exports, market innovations, and the sector´s reconfiguration. The organic sector´s increase has been attributed to European regulation, institutionalization, standardization, farmer certification, external (government) subsidy support programs, incremental market improvements (visibility and product access), the emergence of new retailers, the rise of supporting consumers and a shift away from conventional agriculture (Truninger, 2010; DGADR, 2019; Pe´er et al, 2019). However, together with positive incentives, this sector also faces numerous barriers that are hindering a faster transformation. Difficulties for the sector to date have included: product placement; a disconnect between production, distribution and marketing systems; high transport costs; competition from imports; European subsidies focused on extensive crops (pastures, olive groves, and arable crops), entailing a substantial growth in the area of pasture to the detriment of other crops; the fact that the products that are in demand (fresh vegetables and fruit) are being neglected by Portuguese producers; expensive certification procedures; lack of adequate support and market expertise for national producers; the hybrid configuration of the sector; and price. Organic agriculture as a niche-innovation is still not greatly contributing to overall agricultural production. The low supply of organic products, despite its ever-increasing demand, suggests that a transition to increased organic production requires a deeper and faster food system reconfiguration, where an array of distinct policies are mobilized and a diversity of actions take place at different levels (Geels, 2018; Pe´er et al, 2019). This paper will attempt to contribute an overall critical assessment of the organic sector´s features and evolution and will identify some of the main obstacles to be overcome, in order to boost the sustainability transition of the agro-food system in Portugal.
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Reisch, Bruce, Avichai Perl, Julie Kikkert, Ruth Ben-Arie, and Rachel Gollop. Use of Anti-Fungal Gene Synergisms for Improved Foliar and Fruit Disease Tolerance in Transgenic Grapes. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7575292.bard.

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Original objectives . 1. Test anti-fungal gene products for activity against Uncinula necator, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer and Botrytis cinerea. 2. For Agrobacterium transformation, design appropriate vectors with gene combinations. 3. Use biolistic bombardment and Agrobacterium for transformation of important cultivars. 4. Characterize gene expression in transformants, as well as level of powdery mildew and Botrytis resistance in foliage of transformed plants. Background The production of new grape cultivars by conventional breeding is a complex and time-consuming process. Transferring individual traits via single genes into elite cultivars was proposed as a viable strategy, especially for vegetatively propagated crops such as grapevines. The availability of effective genetic transformation procedures, the existence of genes able to reduce pathogen stress, and improved in vitro culture methods for grapes, were combined to serve the objective of this proposal. Effective deployment of resistance genes would reduce production costs and increase crop quality, and several such genes and combinations were used in this project. Progress The efficacy of two-way combinations of Trichoderma endochitinase (CHIT42), synthetic peptide ESF12 and resveratrol upon the control of growth of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium digitatum were evaluated in vitro. All pairwise interactions were additive but not synergistic. Per objective 2, suitable vectors with important gene combinations for Agrobacterium transformation were designed. In addition, multiple gene co-transformation by particle bombardment was also tested successfully. In New York, transformation work focused on cultivars Chardonnay and Merlot, while the technology in Israel was extended to 41B, R. 110, Prime, Italia, Gamay, Chardonnay and Velika. Transgenic plant production is summarized in the appendix. Among plants developed in Israel, endochitinase expression was assayed via the MuchT assay using material just 1-5 days after co-cultivation. Plants of cv. Sugraone carrying the gene coding for ESF12, a short anti-fungal lytic peptide under the control of the double 358 promoter, were produced. Leaf extracts of two plants showed inhibition zones that developed within 48 h indicating the inhibitory effect of the leaf extracts on the six species of bacteria. X fastidiosa, the causal organism of Pierce's disease, was very sensitive to leaf extracts from ESF12 transformed plants. Further work is needed to verify the agricultural utility of ESF12 transformants. In New York, some transformants were resistant to powdery mildew and Botrytis fruit rot. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements and implications The following scientific achievements resulted from this cooperative BARD project: 1. Development and improvement of embryogenesis and tissue culture manipulation in grape, while extending these procedures to several agriculturally important cultivars both in Israel and USA. 2. Development and improvement of novel transformation procedures while developing transformation techniques for grape and other recalcitrant species. 3. Production of transgenic grapevines, characterization of transformed vines while studying the expression patterns of a marker gene under the control of different promoter as the 35S CaMV in different part of the plants including flowers and fruits. 4. Expression of anti-fungal genes in grape: establishment of transgenic plants and evaluation of gene expression. Development of techniques to insert multiple genes. 5. Isolation of novel grape specific promoter to control the expression of future antimicrobial genes. It is of great importance to report that significant progress was made in not only the development of transgenic grapevines, but also in the evaluation of their potential for increased resistance to disease as compared with the non engineered cultivar. In several cases, increased disease resistance was observed. More research and development is still needed before a product can be commercialized, yet our project lays a framework for further investigations.
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Mawassi, Munir, Baozhong Meng, and Lorne Stobbs. Development of Virus Induced Gene Silencing Tools for Functional Genomics in Grapevine. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7613887.bard.

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Grapevine is perhaps the most widely grown fruit crop. To understand the genetic make-up so as to improve the yield and quality of grapes and grape products, researchers in Europe have recently sequenced the genomes of Pinot noir and its inbred. As expected, function of many grape genes is unknown. Functional genomics studies have become the major focus of grape researchers and breeders. Current genetic approaches for gene function studies include mutagenesis, crossing and genetic transformation. However, these approaches are difficult to apply to grapes and takes long periods of time to accomplish. It is thus imperative to seek new ways for grape functional genomics studies. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) offers an attractive alternative for this purpose and has proven highly effective in several herbaceous plant species including tomato, tobacco and barley. VIGS offers several advantages over existing functional genomics approaches. First, it does not require transformation to silence a plant gene target. Instead, it induces silencing of a plant gene through infection with a virus that contains the target gene sequence, which can be accomplished within a few weeks. Second, different plant genes can be readily inserted into the viral genome via molecular cloning and functions of a large number of genes can be identified within a short period of time. Our long-term goal of this research is to develop VIGS-based tools for grapevine functional genomics, made of the genomes of Grapevine virus A (GVA) from Israel and Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) from Canada. GVA and GRSPaV are members of the Flexiviridae. Both viruses have single-stranded, positive sense RNA genomes, which makes them easy to manipulate genetically and excellent candidates as VIGS vectors. In our three years research, several major breakthroughs have been made by the research groups involved in this project. We have engineered a cDNA clone of GVA into a binary vector that is infectious upon delivery into plantlets of micropropagated Vitis viniferacv. Prime. We further developed the GVA into an expression vector that successfully capable to silence endogenous genes. We also were able to assemble an infectious full-length cDNA clones of GRSPaV. In the following sections Achievements and Detailed description of the research activities, we are presenting the outcome and results of this research in details.
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Gurevitz, Michael, William A. Catterall, and Dalia Gordon. face of interaction of anti-insect selective toxins with receptor site-3 on voltage-gated sodium channels as a platform for design of novel selective insecticides. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699857.bard.

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Voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) play a pivotal role in excitability and are a prime target of insecticides like pyrethroids. Yet, these insecticides are non-specific due to conservation of Navs in animals, raising risks to the environment and humans. Moreover, insecticide overuse leads to resistance buildup among insect pests, which increases misuse and risks. This sad reality demands novel, more selective, insect killers whose alternative use would avoid or reduce this pressure. As highly selective insect toxins exist in venomous animals, why not exploit this gift of nature and harness them in insect pest control? Many of these peptide toxins target Navs, and since their direct use via transformed crop plants or mediator microorganisms is problematic in public opinion, we focus on the elucidation of their receptor binding sites with the incentive of raising knowledge for design of toxin peptide mimetics. This approach is preferred nowadays by agro-industries in terms of future production expenses and public concern. However, characterization of a non-continuous epitope, that is the channel receptor binding site for such toxins, requires a suitable experimental system. We have established such a system within more than a decade and reached the stage where we employ a number of different insect-selective toxins for the identification of their receptor sites on Navs. Among these toxins we wish to focus on those that bind at receptor site-3 and inhibit Nav inactivation because: (1) We established efficient experimental systems for production and manipulation of site-3 toxins from scorpions and sea anemones. These peptides vary in size and structure but compete for site-3 on insect Navs. Moreover, these toxins exhibit synergism with pyrethroids and with other channel ligands; (2) We determined their bioactive surfaces towards insect and mammalian receptors (see list of publications); (3) We found that despite the similar mode of action on channel inactivation, the preference of the toxins for insect and mammalian channel subtypes varies greatly, which can direct us to structural features in the basis of selectivity; (4) We have identified by channel loop swapping and point mutagenesis extracellular segments of the Navinvolved with receptor site-3. On this basis and using channel scanning mutagenesis, neurotoxin binding, electrophysiological analyses, and structural data we offer: (i) To identify the residues that form receptor site-3 at insect and mammalian Navs; (ii) To identify by comparative analysis differences at site-3 that dictate selectivity toward various Navs; (iii) To exploit the known toxin structures and bioactive surfaces for modeling their docking at the insect and mammalian channel receptors. The results of this study will enable rational design of novel anti-insect peptide mimetics with minimized risks to human health and to the environment. We anticipate that the release of receptor site-3 molecular details would initiate a worldwide effort to design peptide mimetics for that site. This will establish new strategies in insect pest control using alternative insecticides and the combined use of compounds that interact allosterically leading to increased efficiency and reduced risks to humans or resistance buildup among insect pests.
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