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Wiesner, Susanne, Alison J. Duff, Ankur R. Desai, and Kevin Panke-Buisse. "Increasing Dairy Sustainability with Integrated Crop–Livestock Farming." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030765.
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Dairy farms are predominantly carbon sources, due to high livestock emissions from enteric fermentation and manure. Integrated crop–livestock systems (ICLSs) have the potential to offset these greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as recycling products within the farm boundaries is prioritized. Here, we quantify seasonal and annual greenhouse gas budgets of an ICLS dairy farm in Wisconsin USA using satellite remote sensing to estimate vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines to calculate farm emissions. Remotely sensed annual vegetation NPP correlated well with farm harvest NPP (R2 = 0.9). As a whole, the farm was a large carbon sink, owing to natural vegetation carbon sinks and harvest products staying within the farm boundaries. Dairy cows accounted for 80% of all emissions as their feed intake dominated farm feed supply. Manure emissions (15%) were low because manure spreading was frequent throughout the year. In combination with soil conservation practices, ICLS farming provides a sustainable means of producing nutritionally valuable food while contributing to sequestration of atmospheric CO2. Here, we introduce a simple and cost-efficient way to quantify whole-farm GHG budgets, which can be used by farmers to understand their carbon footprint, and therefore may encourage management strategies to improve agricultural sustainability.
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Kouka, Pierre-Justin, Patricia A. Duffy, and C. Robert Taylor. "Long-Term Planning of a Livestock-Crop Farm Under Government Programs." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 26, no. 1 (July 1994): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800019362.
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AbstractOptimal crop and livestock mix was determined for a representative Alabama farm using a dynamic programming model. Results indicate that decisions concerning livestock production are highly influenced by the amount of cotton base available on the farm. In most cases, increasing cotton base results in less cattle production. The triple base provisions of the 1990 Farm Bill, however, may give some cotton farmers an incentive to produce more stocker cattle during the winter months. Research results also indicate that the availability of farm programs can alter the optimal enterprise mix on a farm with no beginning base in cotton.
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Asante, Bright O., Renato A. Villano, and George E. Battese. "Evaluating complementary synergies in integrated crop-livestock systems in Ghana." International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-04-2019-0274.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of crop-livestock diversification among smallholders in the forest-savannah agroecological zone of Ghana. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a stochastic input distance function to investigate the evidence of economies of diversification and its effect on determining diversification decisions of smallholders in Ghana. Furthermore, this study also explores evidence of scale economies in integrated crop-livestock systems among smallholder farmers. Findings The empirical results show that economies of diversification are significant in determining diversification decisions of smallholders. The economies of scale are evident in integrated crop-livestock systems in Ghana, suggesting that opportunities exist to expand crop-livestock outputs without employing additional inputs or improved production technologies. Crop-livestock diversification is a desirable strategy for improving overall farm productivity among smallholders in Ghana. Economies of diversification were found to be significant among the output combinations, maize with other crops and other crops with livestock, in integrated crop-livestock production systems. Research limitations/implications This study is based on a cross-sectional data set. Hence, the findings may be subject to some limitations; however, the authors have sought to minimise such limitations. Practical implications The results imply that crop-livestock diversification is a desirable strategy for improving overall farm productivity. Therefore, the findings are useful for policymakers to design appropriate strategies for enhancing the production of specific output combinations in crop-livestock diversification systems among smallholders in Ghana. Specifically, such policies should promote the production and integration of crops such as legumes with other crops, and livestock with other crops in diversified farming systems to enhance overall farm productivity. This will reduce food insecurity and poverty among rural farm households and the entire rural population. Originality/value These results indicate that to improve crop-livestock productivity through diversification, and reduce the effect of climate variability, it is imperative to provide the enabling environment that will facilitate and encourage production of these output combinations among smallholders in Ghana. The empirical results enhance the literature by providing empirical evidence of the complementary synergies and economies of diversification in integrated farming systems and, hence, make recommendations for improving these farming systems. Peer review The peer review history for this paper is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-04-2019-0274.
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Dyer, James, Xavier Vergé, Raymond Desjardins, and Devon Worth. "District Scale GHG Emission Indicators for Canadian Field Crop and Livestock Production." Agronomy 8, no. 9 (September 15, 2018): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8090190.
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The three main farm products from Canadian agriculture, i.e., proteins, vegetable oils, and carbohydrates, account for 98% of the land in annual crops in Canada. The intensities and efficiencies of these field crops in relation to their Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions were assessed for their value as land use change indicators. To facilitate spatial comparisons, this assessment was carried out at the Ecodistrict (ED) scale. The Unified Livestock Industry and Crop Emissions Estimation System (ULICEES) model was modified to operate at the ED scale, and used to quantify the GHG emission intensity of protein. GHG emissions were also calculated for plant products not used for livestock feed. The livestock GHG emissions and GHG-protein intensities estimated using ED scale inputs to ULICEES were reasonably close to GHG-protein intensities generated by the version of ULICEES driven by provincial scale census data. Carbohydrates were split into two groups, i.e., whether or not they supported livestock. Annual farm product data at 5-year intervals were used to generate GHG emissions from all farm operations. The range of GHG emissions from all farm operations in Western Canada was from 42 to 54 Mt CO2e between in 1991 and 2011, while GHG emissions from livestock ranged from 22 to 34 Mt CO2e over the same period. The Eastern Canadian GHG emissions from all farm operations declined gradually from 24 to 22 Mt CO2e over the period, with most of the eastern GHG emissions being from livestock. Ruminant livestock accounted for most of the livestock GHG emissions, particularly in the west. Provincial scale GHG emission efficiencies of the four farm product groups were assessed on a per-unit of GHG emissions basis for 2006. The most GHG-efficient province for protein was Ontario, whereas the most GHG-efficient province for all three plant products was Saskatchewan. The coastal provinces were the least GHG-efficient sources of all four farm product groups.
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Syarifuddin, Hutwan. "Indeks Keberlanjutan Integrasi Tanaman dengan Ternak (Crop Livestock System) di Kuamang Kuning." Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jiiip.v0i0.485.
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Kuamang Kuning is one of animal supplied area in Jambi Province. It has not been yet exploited such as optimal potential land for farm. Eventhough conversion of land and quality were decreased to experience. To increase potency of farm hence integration crop and livestock (crop-livestock system) require to be developed in order to undergo the sustainable agriculture development. Efficiency on farm can be use internal input because meaning to lessen use of external input which must be bought. Sustainable indexs of pattern of CLS 57.12 indicating that activity of CLS sustainable enough. Strategy which can be used to farm development is moderate-optimistic. As for key factors for implementation of the strategy were: (1) farmer group, ( 2) cage fertilize exploiting and ( 3)governmental subsidy.
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Sharmin, Sadika, M. Serajul Islam, and Md Kamrul Hasan. "Socioeconomic Analysis of Alternative Farming Systems in Improving Livelihood Security of Small Farmers in Selected Areas of Bangladesh." Agriculturists 10, no. 1 (July 1, 2012): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v10i1.11065.
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The present study attempted to determine the economic returns of alternative farming system of integrated farming aiming to address the livelihood security of small farm households. One hundred and sixty small and medium farmers practicing in four different FS such as Crop-Poultry (C-P), Crop-Poultry-Pond fisheries (C-P-F), Crop-Livestock-Poultry (C-L-P) and Crop-Livestock-Poultry-Pond fisheries (C-L-P-F) were selected from Mymensingh, Jamalpur and Sherpur district. The main information collected were socio-demographic characteristics of farm households, household income from farm and non-farm sources, size of land holding and farming system followed, livestock and poultry rearing and pond fish culture, and effect of integrated farming on household income and livelihood security of small farm households. Data were collected covering one production period during 2009-2010. For estimating farm income of small farm household, whole farm approach was considered. Increased number of farm enterprises caused higher farm income. However, considering the small farm practices and whole farm approach, the farm income as well as net return was higher for C-L-P-F farmers (Tk. 57002), followed by C-L-P (Tk. 52978), C-P-F (Tk. 20447) and C-P (Tk. 13734) farmers. Some of the most commonly used factors in the assessment of livelihood security included those related to household income and expenditure, expenditure spent on food, adequacy of food taken, household structure and facilities, owning household assets, and access to drinking water and sanitation, and other basic needs of farm household. All these socioeconomic factors were found to be related livelihood security of small farmers in Bangladesh. Women were more involved in income earning activities and household decision making with the introduction of integrated farming in small farm condition.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v10i1.11065The Agriculturists 2012; 10(1): 51-63
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FRANKE, A. C., E. D. BERKHOUT, E. N. O. IWUAFOR, G. NZIGUHEBA, G. DERCON, I. VANDEPLAS, and J. DIELS. "DOES CROP-LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION LEAD TO IMPROVED CROP PRODUCTION IN THE SAVANNA OF WEST AFRICA?" Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 4 (August 17, 2010): 439–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479710000347.
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SUMMARYIntegrated crop-livestock farming in the Guinea savanna of West Africa is often assumed to lead to synergies between crop and livestock production, thereby improving the overall productivity and resilience of agricultural production. Whether these synergies actually occur remains poorly studied. On-farm trials were conducted in northern Nigeria over a period of four years to assess the agronomic and economic performance of maize-legume systems with and without the integration of livestock (goats). Groundnut-maize rotations with livestock achieved the highest carry-over of nutrients as manure from one season to the next, covering approximately one-third of the expected N, P and K uptake by maize and reducing the demand for synthetic fertilizers. However, the advantage of lower fertilizer costs in rotations with livestock was offset by higher labour costs for manure application and slightly lower values of maize grain. Overall, no clear agronomic or economic benefits for crop production were observed from the combined application of manure and synthetic fertilizer over the application of synthetic fertilizer only, probably because the amounts of manure applied were relatively small. Legume-maize rotations achieved higher cereal yields, a better response to labour and fertilizer inputs, and a higher profitability than maize-based systems with no or only a small legume component, irrespective of the presence of livestock. Livestock at or near the farm could nevertheless make legume cultivation economically more attractive by increasing the value of legume haulms. The results suggested that factors other than crop benefits, e.g. livestock providing tangible and non-tangible benefits and opportunities for animal traction, could be important drivers for the ongoing integration of crop and livestock production in the savanna.
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Ryschawy, Julie, Alexandre Joannon, and Annick Gibon. "Mixed crop-livestock farm: definitions and research issues. A review." Cahiers Agricultures 23, no. 6 (November 2014): 346–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/agr.2014.0727.
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Morrison, David A., Ross S. Kingwell, David J. Pannell, and Michael A. Ewing. "A mathematical programming model of a crop-livestock farm system." Agricultural Systems 20, no. 4 (January 1986): 243–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-521x(86)90116-2.
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Dhanapala, Susanthika, Helitha Nilmalgoda, Miyuru B. Gunathilake, Upaka Rathnayake, and Eranga M. Wimalasiri. "Energy Balance Assessment in Agricultural Systems; An Approach to Diversification." AgriEngineering 5, no. 2 (May 26, 2023): 950–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering5020059.
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The energy in agricultural systems is two-fold: transformation and utilization. The assessment and proper use of energy in agricultural systems is important to achieve economic benefits and overall sustainability. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the energy balance of crop and livestock production, net energy ratio (NER), and water use efficiency (WUE) of crops of a selected farm in Sri Lanka using the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. In order to assess the diversification, 18 crops and 5 livestock types were used. The data were obtained from farm records, personal contacts, and previously published literature. Accordingly, the energy balance in crop production and livestock production was −316.87 GJ ha−1 Year−1 and 758.73 GJ Year−1, respectively. The energy related WUE of crop production was 31.35 MJ m−3. The total energy balance of the farm was 736.2 GJ Year−1. The results show a negative energy balance in crop production indicating an efficient production system, while a comparatively higher energy loss was shown from the livestock sector. The procedure followed in this study can be used to assess the energy balance of diversified agricultural systems, which is important for agricultural sustainability. This can be further developed to assess the carbon footprint in agricultural systems.
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Lehtonen, Heikki Sakari. "Evaluating adaptation and the production development of Finnish agriculture in climate and global change." Agricultural and Food Science 24, no. 3 (October 31, 2015): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.51080.
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Agricultural product prices and policies influence the development of crop yields under climate change through farm level management decisions. On this basis, five main scenarios were specified for agricultural commodity prices and crop yields. An economic agricultural sector model was used in order to assess the impacts of the scenarios on production, land use and farm income in Finland. The results suggest that falling crop yields, if realized due to low prices and restrictive policies, will result in decreasing crop and livestock production and increasing nutrient surplus. Slowly increasing crop yields could stabilise production and increase farm income. Significantly higher crop prices and yields are required, however, for any marked increase in production in Finland. Cereals production would increase relatively more than livestock production, if there were high prices for agricultural products. This is explained by abundant land resources, a high opportunity cost of labour and policies maintaining current dairy and beef production.
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Gerasimov, Alexey N., Ekaterina I. Lelikova, and Vadim B. Ukraintsev. "THE ROLE OF PEASANT (FARM) FARMS IN ENSURING FOOD SECURITY." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 7/3, no. 139 (2023): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2023.07.03.019.
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Developing in the conditions of global economic uncertainty and sanctions pressure, the agroindustrial complex of the Russian Federation makes a significant contribution to ensuring food independence and sustainable socio-economic development of the country. A significant role in the production of agricultural products is assigned to peasant (farm) farms: for example, in 2022 they produced 16,2% of the total volume of agricultural products, including 32,3% of all gourds, food crops, 30,2% of grain crops, 22,4% vegetables, 15,6% vegetables. In farms, there were 2920,2 thousand heads of cattle (or 16,7% of the total head of cattle), sheep and goats – 8226,1 thousand heads (39,6% of the total livestock), pigs – 252,2 thousand. heads (0,8% of the total livestock). Compared to 2015, agricultural production increased by 2,6 rubles, including in crop production – by 2,8 rubles, in animal husbandry – by 1,9 rubles. Although leading scientists have been researching small agricultural entrepreneurship for a long time, many problems remain that hinder the more successful functioning of peasant (farm) farms.
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Bassanino, Monica, Carlo Grignani, Dario Sacco, and Erica Allisiardi. "Nitrogen balances at the crop and farm-gate scale in livestock farms in Italy." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 122, no. 3 (November 2007): 282–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.023.
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Baker, T. P., M. T. Moroni, D. S. Mendham, R. Smith, and M. A. Hunt. "Impacts of windbreak shelter on crop and livestock production." Crop and Pasture Science 69, no. 8 (2018): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17242.
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Agroforestry (the integration of trees into agricultural landscapes) has been promoted, in Australia and elsewhere, as a way to increase farm productivity by providing a wide range of benefits. Despite this, adoption of agroforestry in Australian agricultural systems remains low. To implement agroforestry, farmers must be convinced the benefits of including trees outweigh the costs. This review evaluates the available quantitative data on shelter benefits with emphasis on Australian conditions, identifies key research gaps and determines if there is sufficient knowledge to make accurate predictions about impacts on farm productivity. Availability of quantitative data on windbreak shelter benefits was examined in five key areas; water use and evaporation, crop/pasture production, livestock mortality, livestock productivity and the capacity to model impacts of windbreaks on crop/livestock systems. Good quantitative data exists for many areas, particularly for changes in environmental conditions following tree establishment, however there were many gaps in key areas. Importantly, the ability to predict crop growth under spatially and temporally variable environmental conditions and the impact of windbreaks on livestock productivity is not yet able to be meaningfully quantified. Thus modelling the profitability of windbreaks is difficult and existing models require additional quantitative data to validate and improve them.
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NHEMACHENA, CHARLES, RASHID HASSAN, and PRADEEP KURUKULASURIYA. "MEASURING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS." Climate Change Economics 01, no. 01 (May 2010): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007810000066.
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This study measured the economic impacts of climate change on crop and livestock farming in Africa based on a cross-sectional survey of over 8000 farming households from 11 countries in east, west, north and southern Africa. The response of net revenue from crop and livestock agriculture across various farm types and systems in Africa to changes in climate normals (i.e. mean rainfall and temperature) is analysed. The analyses controlled for effects of key socioeconomic, technology, soil and hydrological factors influencing agricultural production. Results show that net farm revenues are in general negatively affected by warmer and drier climates. The small-scale mixed crop and livestock system predominantly typical in Africa is the most tolerant whereas specialized crop production is the most vulnerable to warming and lower rainfall. These results have important policy implications, especially for the suitability of the increasing tendency toward large-scale mono-cropping strategies for agricultural development in Africa and other parts of the developing world in light of expected climate changes. Mixed crop and livestock farming and irrigation offered better adaptation options for farmers against further warming and drying predicted under various future climate scenarios.
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Čengić-Džomba, Senada, Velid Zilkić, Emir Džomba, and Dženan Hadžić. "WHOLE FARM NITROGEN BALANCE ON POULTRY FARMS IN CENTRAL BOSNIA REGION." Radovi Šumarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu 21, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54652/rsf.2016.v1.i1.298.
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UDK 636.2:66.074.32(497.6)
At livestock farms most part of nitrogen arrives as purchased products (fertilizer, animal feed and purchased animals). Within the boundaries of the farm, nitrogen recycles between the livestock and crop components. Finally, nitrogen exit a livestock operation unit preferably as managed outputs (meat, crops and manure) sold off the farm. Difference between the inputs and the managed outputs represents an itrogen balance that can be an indicator of environmentally sustainable production. Nitrogen (im)balance consider only amount of the nutrient that cross the border of the farm. In ideal conditions the nitrogen input/output ratio should be 1:1. Some nitrogen exits the farm as losses to the environment (nitrates in groundwater, ammonia volatilized into the atmosphere, and nitrogen into groundwater and surface water).
A study was conducted on five small poultry farm in order to determine whole farm nitrogen balance as difference between total nitrogen inputs (one day chickens, litter, animal feed) and outputs (meat, dead animals and manure). Selected farms differ according to capacity (ranging from 5,000 to 40,000 birds), producers of poultry feed, type and length of manure storage as well as other sensible farming practice which could influence on nitrogen balance.
Collection of data on all farms is done using a questionnaire. Nitrogen content in all substrates (feed, manure, litter) was determinate by Kjeldahl procedure. The results of the whole farm nitrogen balance with the recommendations of its balancing in order to reduce the negative environmental implications are presented in the paper.
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BERRE, DAVID, FRÉDÉRIC BAUDRON, MENALE KASSIE, PETER CRAUFURD, and SANTIAGO LOPEZ-RIDAURA. "DIFFERENT WAYS TO CUT A CAKE: COMPARING EXPERT-BASED AND STATISTICAL TYPOLOGIES TO TARGET SUSTAINABLE INTENSIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES, A CASE-STUDY IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA." Experimental Agriculture 55, S1 (November 15, 2016): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479716000727.
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SUMMARYUnderstanding farm diversity is essential to delineate recommendation domains for new technologies, but diversity is a subjective concept, and can be described differently depending on the way it is perceived. Historically, new technologies have been targeted primarily based on agro-ecological conditions, largely ignoring socioeconomic conditions. Based on 273 farm households' surveys in Ethiopia, we compare two approaches for the delineation of farm type recommendation domains for crop and livestock technologies: one based on expert knowledge and one based on statistical methods. The expert-based typology used a simple discriminant key for stakeholders in the field to define four farm types based on Tropical Livestock Unit, total cultivated surface and the ratio of these two indicators. This simple key took only a few minutes to make inferences about the potential of adoption of crop and livestock technologies. The PCA-HC analysis included a greater number of variables describing the farm (land use, household size, cattle, fertilizer, off-farm work, hiring labour, production). This analysis emphasized the multi-dimensional potential of such a statistical approach and, in principle, its usefulness to grasp the full complexity of farming systems to identify their needs in crop and livestock technologies. A sub-sampling approach was used to test the impact of data selection on the diversity represented in the statistical approach. Our results show that diversity structure is significantly impacted according to the choice of a sub-sample of 15 of the 20 variables available. This paper shows the complementarity of the two approaches and demonstrates the influence of data selection within large baseline data sets on the total diversity represented in the clusters identified.
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McIntire, J., and G. Gryseels. "Crop-Livestock Interactions in Sub-Saharan Africa and their Implications for Farming Systems Research." Experimental Agriculture 23, no. 3 (July 1987): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700017129.
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SUMMARYHerding and farming environments in sub-Saharan Africa are described briefly. The relative importance of crops and livestock is described for each environment. A matrix of crop-livestock interactions is defined for each environment and the reasons for each type of relation are noted. Farming systems are defined as segregated or completely integrated, according to the degree of crop-livestock integration on the farm. Points at which farming systems research (FSR) might be undertaken to improve interactions between crops and livestock are noted for both systems.
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Hadush, Muuz. "Examining the Effect of Animal Resource Scarcity on Farm Labor and Farm Production in Northern Ethiopia." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 52, no. 2 (February 4, 2020): 264–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2019.43.
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AbstractRural households in Ethiopia suffer from the scarcity of grazing land and water. This article examines the economic impact of time spent looking for water and grazing lands for livestock on crop farming labor and crop output based on a nonseparable farm household model. We estimated a general Cobb-Douglas production function using 518 farmers in Ethiopia. Our results confirm a negative relationship between labor input to crop farming and resource scarcity. On average, a 1% reduction in the time spent looking for water, grazing, and straw led to an increase in food production by 0.16%, 0.28% and 0.33%, respectively.
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Moraine, Marc, Michel Duru, and Olivier Therond. "A social-ecological framework for analyzing and designing integrated crop–livestock systems from farm to territory levels." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 32, no. 1 (January 14, 2016): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170515000526.
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AbstractIntegrated crop–livestock systems are often considered a promising way to address agricultural sustainability issues. Many authors claim that complementarities and synergies between crops and livestock can improve nutrient cycling and delivery of ecosystem services (ES) in agricultural systems. They have analyzed effects of interactions at the farm level and affirmed the potential advantage of developing crop–livestock interactions at the territory level. However, potential benefits of developing synergies beyond the farm level have not been clearly identified. Thus, we developed a conceptual framework that can be used to analyze, design and perform integrated assessment of crop–livestock systems at the territory level. To address crop–livestock interaction issues, we define it as a social-ecological system called the territorial crop–livestock system (TCLS). The ecological system is represented as three interacting components, crops, grasslands and animals, allowing description of various land uses and their potential effects on nutrient cycling and ES. The social system, represented as farmers interacting with natural-resource managers and agro-food chain actors, determines land use and the nature and intensity of ES delivered. We highlight the importance of coordination and learning among actors to support implementation of complex adaptive systems such as TCLSs. We illustrate the expressive power of our conceptual framework through development of a generic typology of crop–livestock systems. Then we show how our conceptual framework can be used as an intermediary object with stakeholders in participatory design approaches. We illustrate this process by representing four archetypal TCLSs. We provide an example of the design approach implemented in Southwestern France to address severe recurrent water shortages, which includes analysis of land use in the current crop–livestock system and the associated key metabolic and ES issues, identification of options for change and multi-criteria analysis of these options. We conclude that this framework shows great potential to support development of sustainable farming systems at the territory level.
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Charjan, Y. D., V. V. Tapre, R. S. Wankhade, and P. N. Magare. "Characterizing the diversity of smallholder farming systems and their constraints and opportunities for innovation: A case study from the Central Region, India." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 19, no. 2 (June 15, 2023): 620–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/19.2/620-633.
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Typologies may be used as tools for dealing with farming system heterogeneity. Small holder farming system into a few farm types particularly achieved by classifying farms into groups that have common characteristics, i.e. farm types, which can support the implementation of a more tailored approach to agricultural development. This article explored patterns of farming system diversity through the classification of 60 smallholder farm households in Nagpur districts of two blocks (Tahsils) Katol (High productive) and Narkhed (Low productive) of India’s Central Region. Based on 2017 survey data, the typology was constructed using the multivariate statistical techniques of principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Results proposed three farm types, stratified on the basis of household, labor, land use, livestock and income variables, explaining the structural and functional differences between farming systems. Types 1 was characterized by relatively high levels of resource endowment and oriented towards other-farm enterprises and crop sales with bullock pair, Types 2 were characterized by relatively low levels of resource endowment and oriented towards other-farm enterprises, dairy (livestock) and crop sales and Types 3 was characterized by crop + Horticulture + Dairy and Bullock pair, respectively. The most salient differences among farm types concerned rearing of bullock pair (income from bullock pair), degree of legume integration, household size and hired labor, degree of diversification into off/non-farm activities and severity of resource constraints (Type 2 was most constrained with a small farm area and herd comprised mainly of livestock particularly cow and under Type 3 crop + Horticulture + Dairy and Bullock pair). It was found that livelihood strategies reflected the distinctive characteristics of farm households; with economic benefit from the farming. This study clearly demonstrates that using the established typology as a practical framework allows identification of type-specific farm household opportunities and constraints for the targeting of agricultural interventions and innovations, which will be further analyzed in the research-for-development project. Conclude that a more flexible approach to typology construction, for example through the incorporation of farmer perspectives, might provide further context and insight into the causes, consequences and negotiation of farm diversity. The three type of farming system studied with some scientific incorporation of intervention and found 34 percent increase over benchmark in field crop + dairy farming system.
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Martinello, Christopher S. "The “Statistically Average” Early Haliburton Farm." Ontario History 107, no. 2 (July 24, 2018): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1050634ar.
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Haliburton County, now a major cottage and lumbering area, was founded for the purpose of farming, before the west was officially open for settlement. The original two settlements were Haliburton Village and Kennaway, now a ghost town. Local census and tax assessment registers for Kennaway can tell us who the pioneers were, and exactly what kinds of crops and livestock they tended. This allows us to determine average annual crop yields, livestock numbers, acres of land cleared, and the average family and farm sizes in the region. From this we can construct a “statistically average” early Haliburton farm and discover with precision what some of Ontario’s last pioneer farms were like.
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Cruz Colazo, Juan, Juan de Dios Herrero, Ricardo Sager, Maria Laura Guzmán, and Mohammad Zaman. "Contribution of Integrated Crop Livestock Systems to Climate Smart Agriculture in Argentina." Land 11, no. 11 (November 17, 2022): 2060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11112060.
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Integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS) is a useful practice to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) compared to continuous cropping systems (CC). However, robust data from different regions around the world remain to be collected. So, our objectives were to (i) compare SOC and its physical fractions in ICLS and CC, and (ii) evaluate the use of δ13C to identify the source of C of SOC in these systems in the Pampas region of Argentina. For that, we compared two farms, an ICLS and a CC having the same soil type and landscape position. The ICLS farm produces alfalfa grazed alternatively with soybean and corn, and the CC farm produces the latter two crops in a continuous sequence. Soil samples (0–5, 5–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm) were collected and analyzed for SOC, its physical fractions, and their isotopic signature (δ13C). Soils under ICLS showed an increment of 50% of SOC stock compared to CC in the first 60 cm. This increase was related to 100–2000 µm fractions of SOC. The shift in δ13C signature is more in ICLS than in CC, suggesting that rotation with C3 legumes contributed to C sequestration and, therefore, climate-smart agriculture. The combination of on-farm research and isotopic technique can help to study deeply the effect of real farm practices on soil carbon derived from pasture.
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Smith, Andrew P., and Andrew D. Moore. "Whole farm implications of lucerne transitions in temperate crop-livestock systems." Agricultural Systems 177 (January 2020): 102686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102686.
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Hillier, Jonathan, Christof Walter, Daniella Malin, Tirma Garcia-Suarez, Llorenç Mila-i-Canals, and Pete Smith. "A farm-focused calculator for emissions from crop and livestock production." Environmental Modelling & Software 26, no. 9 (September 2011): 1070–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.03.014.
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Hoshide, Aaron K., Timothy J. Dalton, and Smith N. Stewart. "Profitability of coupled potato and dairy farms in Maine." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 21, no. 4 (December 2006): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/raf2006146.
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AbstractAfter decades of farm specialization, re-integrating crop and livestock farming systems is being reconsidered as a key step toward sustainable agriculture. The relative profitability of Maine farms integrating crops and livestock is compared to non-integrated or conventional farms. Crop and livestock integration in Maine occurs through either diversified on-farm integration or, more commonly, through coupled interactions between specialized crop and livestock producers. Potato and dairy systems coupled for only 2 years (short-term) had greater profitability compared to conventional systems. Profitability increased in the short term in two ways. First, potato farms grew more of their primary cash crop. Secondly, dairy farms expanded cow numbers, increasing profitability assuming increasing returns to scale. Coupled systems integrated for more than 10 years (long-term) had more favorable profitability than short-term couplers since greater manure-nutrient credits were taken for potatoes and silage corn. The advantages of potato–dairy integration were even greater if potato yields increased in the long term, as suggested by long-term rotation plot studies in Maine. Even if coupling is more profitable than non-integrated systems, it requires that farms be in close proximity and for farmers to have adequate working relationships and management skills. Despite these challenges to re-integrating crops and livestock, short- and long-term economic benefits may encourage farmers in appropriate areas to consider coupling with other producers.
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Stutzman, Sarah Anne. "Differences across farm typologies in capital investment during 1996-2013." Agricultural Finance Review 78, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 41–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-01-2017-0002.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of changes in farm economic conditions and macroeconomic trends on US farm capital expenditures between 1996 and 2013. Design/methodology/approach A synthetic panel is constructed from Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) data. A dynamic system GMM regression model is estimated for farms as a whole and separately within farm typology categories. The use of farm typologies allows for comparison of the relative magnitudes of these estimates across farms by farm sales level and the operator’s primary occupation. Findings Changes in gross farm income levels, tax depreciation rates, and interest rates have a significant impact on crop farm investment, while changes in output prices, net cash farm income levels, tax depreciation rates, and farm specialization levels have significant impacts on livestock farm capital investment. The relative significance and magnitudes of these impacts differ within farm typologies. Significant differences include a greater responsiveness to change in tax policy variables for residential crop farms, greater responsiveness to changes in output prices and debt to asset ratios for intermediate livestock farms, and larger changes in commercial crop and livestock farm investment given equivalent changes in farm sales or the returns to investment. Research limitations/implications These findings are of interest to agricultural economists when constructing farm investment models and employing pseudo panel methods, to those in the agricultural equipment and manufacturing sector when constructing models to manage inventories and plan for production needs across regions and over time, to those involved in drafting tax policy and evaluating the potential impacts of tax changes on agricultural investment, and for those in the agricultural lending sector when designing and executing agricultural capital lending programs. Originality/value This study uniquely identifies differences in the level of investment and the magnitude of investment responsiveness to changes in farm economic conditions and macroeconomic trends given differences in income levels and primary operator occupation. In addition, this study is one of the few which utilizes ARMS data to study farm capital investment. Utilizing ARMS data provides a rich panel data set, covering producers across many different crop production types and regions. Finally, employing pseudo panel construction methods contributes to efforts to effectively employ cross-sectional data and dynamic models to study farm behavior across time.
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Raghavendra, K. J., L. R. Meena, A. L. Meena, Debashis Dutta, Nirmal k, Devendra Kumar, and A. S. Panwar. "Understanding Farm Diversity through Typology for Technological Interventions in Western Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh, India." Indian Journal of Extension Education 58, no. 1 (2022): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijee.2022.58128.
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The farming systems having diverse characteristics need to be understand for tailoredtechnological interventions. Farm typology designates the heterogeneous farmers’characteristics in to homogenous groups to understand the factual situation in the region.The multivariate analysis viz. PCA and Cluster analysis performed to minimize data andgroup them into homogenous characteristics by various farm variables. A cross sectionsurvey of 120 farmers in WPZ of Uttar Pradesh was carried out and identified 9 significantvariables and generated 4 PCs from PCA. Hierarchical clustering of PCs leads to groupingfarms into homogenous class. The predominant farm types based are type-1 (22.5%)livestock based intensive farms, type-2 (23.3%) are resource endowed large farms, type-3(10.8%) are crop based marginal farms and type-4 (43.3%) are small farmers with highprofit margin. Large farms are integrated with crop and animal components earning higherincome. The results show that the diversified farms with both livestock and crop sectorsare reaping better income and technology adoption capacities.
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Hopkins, Jeffrey, Gary Schnitkey, and Luther Tweeten. "Impacts of Nitrogen Control Policies on Crop and Livestock Farms at Two Ohio Farm Sites." Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 18, no. 3 (September 1996): 311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1349618.
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Dell’Unto, Davide, Gabriele Dono, and Raffaele Cortignani. "Impacts of Environmental Targets on the Livestock Sector: An Assessment Tool Applied to Italy." Agriculture 13, no. 4 (March 23, 2023): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13040742.
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Environmental and climate targets are becoming very relevant policy objectives for European agriculture. The introduction of environmental targets could have important impacts on production, land use and economic dimensions of the EU agricultural sector. The livestock sector is influenced doubly, considering crop cultivation and livestock-rearing activities and their interactions. This study assesses the impacts on Italian livestock farms from the implementation of some environmental targets set by the Farm to Fork strategy, i.e., reducing the use of chemical inputs for forage crops and antimicrobials for livestock. An agroeconomic supply model based on microdata from the Farm Accountancy Data Network is used to evaluate the impacts on production, land use and socio-economic outcomes. Results show an increase of feed purchases to maintain livestock numbers in all farm types, while limiting the use of chemical inputs for forage crops. Adding limitations on the use of antimicrobials, livestock number decreases in all farm types, but especially in those rearing granivores. Negative economic impacts are particularly observed in farms of small and medium economic size. The highest reduction of labor employment occurs in farms of large economic size. Results could support policymakers’ decisions in setting measures that aid transition towards more sustainable farming systems.
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Thomas, D. T., J. Finlayson, A. D. Moore, and M. J. Robertson. "Profitability of grazing crop stubbles may be overestimated by using the metabolisable energy intake from the stubble." Animal Production Science 50, no. 7 (2010): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09213.
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Grazing crop stubbles affects soil structure, groundcover, and the productivity of subsequent crops, but the cost of this practice is highly variable and not easily compared against the value of feed provided to livestock. To compare with and without grazing stubbles in terms of whole-farm profit and water-use efficiency we created a mixed enterprise farm model using the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator and GRAZPLAN biophysical simulation submodels, and the Model of Integrated Dryland Agricultural System linear programming model. We hypothesised that grazing crop stubbles would increase farm profit by an amount equivalent to the value of the metabolisable energy (ME) consumed by sheep when they grazed the crop stubbles. Representative mixed farms where sheep were or were not allowed to graze crop stubbles were compared for two locations in the wheatbelt of Western Australia (Cunderdin and Geraldton) at two stocking rates. Across locations and stocking rates, the estimated value of the ME intake from crop stubbles was 2.2 times the increase in farm gross margin when stubble grazing was allowed. Contributing to this difference was that stubble grazing provided a less flexible feed source than supplementary feeding and in the absence of adjustments in stocking rates sheep tended to utilise more of the annual and permanent pastures when stubble grazing was not permitted. Therefore, the value of grazing crop stubbles to the profitability of the farm enterprise was overestimated by the ME value of the intake. Owing to reduced consumption of supplementary feed by livestock, whole-farm water-use efficiency of protein production was increased by 15% when grazing of crop stubbles was permitted. This simulation study shows that the value of grazing crop stubbles cannot be predicted well using energy intake from stubble grazing or reduced supplementary feeding costs.
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Ghimire, Suraj, Jingjing Wang, and John R. Fleck. "Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems for Nitrogen Management: A Multi-Scale Spatial Analysis." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010100.
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The size and productivity of the livestock operations have increased over the past several decades, serving the needs of the growing human population. This growth however has come at the expense of broken connection between croplands and livestock operations. As a result, there is a huge disconnect between the nutrient needs of croplands and the availability of nutrients from livestock operations, leading to a range of environmental and public health issues. This study develops a theoretical framework for multi-scale spatial analysis of integrated crop-livestock systems. Using New Mexico, USA as a case study, we quantify the amount of nitrogen produced by dairy farms in the state and examine if the available nitrogen can be assimilated by the croplands and grasslands across spatial scales. The farm-level assessment identifies that all the farms under study do not have adequate onsite croplands to assimilate the nitrogen produced therein. The successive assessments at county and watershed levels suggest that the among-farm integration across operations could be an effective mechanism to assimilate the excess nitrogen. Our study hints towards the multi-spatial characteristic of the problem that can be pivotal in designing successful policy instruments.
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Millar, G. D., R. E. Jones, D. L. Michalk, and S. Brady. "An exploratory tool for analysis of forage and livestock production options." Animal Production Science 49, no. 10 (2009): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09024.
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The Grain & Graze Whole-Farm Model was developed as a simple modelling tool to identify better strategies to improve the income of farmers and overcome grassland degradation. Using information on farm structure, crop and forage production systems, livestock production systems and variable costs involved in all enterprises, maximum whole-farm gross margins are obtained for an optimum or a prescribed mix of enterprises. The incorporation of production systems for different rainfall scenarios enables climatic risks and water use efficiencies of different enterprises to be investigated. Model simulations demonstrated the potential improvements that could be achieved in dollar water use efficiency ($WUE), by changes in management and/or changes in enterprise. The design of the model makes it a valuable tool for evaluating new systems, as it easy to develop new crop, pasture and livestock systems. Innovative farming systems such as pasture cropping and alley farming are included in the model.
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Powell, J. M., R. A. Pearson, and J. C. Hopkins. "Impacts of livestock on crop production." BSAP Occasional Publication 21 (1998): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00032067.
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AbstractIn sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the association of crops and livestock in mixed farming systems generally benefits both enterprises. This paper focuses on the main contributions of livestock to crop production: the use of manure and animal draught power to produce crops and the investment of income from livestock into technologies that benefit crop production. In low-input, grazing-based feeding operations, manure is a vital soil fertility amendment. In these systems, penning livestock overnight on fields, fallow between cropping periods, returns both manure and urine to the soil and results in much higher crop yields than if manure only is gathered from stalls and spread onto fields. However, most farmers have insufficient manure to sustain food production. Nutrient harvests often exceed nutrient inputs, requiring a much greater use of fertilizers to arrest soil nutrient depletion. The opposite may be true for mixed farming where livestock are given food in confinement. In these emerging systems, the continuous importation of food (and fertilizer) can result in nutrient surpluses with subsequent soil nutrient build-up and loss. The contribution of animal power to crop production is relatively new in Africa. Animal power affects the amount of land cultivated by farmers, crop selection, the yield per farm and per ha, and on the participation and work load of people (family members and outside labour) involved in crop production and its associated activities. In addition to the impacts of manure and draught power on crop production, income derived from livestock is often invested in inputs that enhance crop production. At the ‘micro’ level, livestock income influences crop production (1) directly by allowing households to invest in productive inputs such as fertilizer, hired labour, and carts and (2) indirectly by allowing poor households to improve their nutritional status and, therefore, the productivity of their most important resource, their own labour. At the ‘macro’ level, increased livestock exports have a large stimulating effect on the demand for locally produced goods and services, particularly basic food crops. Thus, increasing the productivity of the livestock sector, including an emphasis on the policy and institutional environment influencing marketing and trade, is an important element of a development strategy focused on stimulating economic growth and alleviating poverty.
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Lohakare, Mohini S. "A Knowledge Based Farm Protection System to Manage Crop Vandalization." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 2851–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35525.
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Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC) has direct & indirect negative effects, as crop loss, and livestock loss in India. For crop protection many technical security systems are available thaw they are technologically feasible are not viable financially for the poor land holders working for crop production. Fault removal or maintenance of available techniques are The issues as barrier for the rural people .The proposed work is aimed to reduce the crop vandalization using less complex and cheaper protection system. Solar photovoltaic energy source supported Arduino base circuit is used in this system there for useful for off grid locations too.
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Asante, Bright O., Renato A. Villano, Ian W. Patrick, and George E. Battese. "Determinants of farm diversification in integrated crop–livestock farming systems in Ghana." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 33, no. 2 (January 9, 2017): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170516000545.
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AbstractAgricultural diversification has been identified as one of the mechanisms for managing household food security and poverty in developing economies, because it can spread the risk among multiple production enterprises and provide a range of food items for the households. By examining the integrated farming systems of 608 smallholders in Ghana, this paper presents empirical evidence to support the development of effective strategies that enhance diversified farming systems. The estimated mean diversification indices were 0.45, 0.32 and 0.59 for crop, livestock and crop–livestock diversification systems, respectively. Using the Cragg two-step regression model, this paper shows that the decision to diversify and the extent of diversification are distinct decisions affected by different sets of factors. Likewise, the effect of these factors also varied across the three categories of diversification examined. Careful consideration needs to be given to the selection of factors and the methods for examining the diversification process to avoid confounding recommendations. The findings underscore the importance of households’ access to tillage equipment, fertilizers, credit and market information in encouraging farmers to diversify.
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Luna, John, Vivien Allen, Joseph Fontenot, Lee Daniels, David Vaughan, Scott Hagood, Daniel Taylor, and Curtis Laub. "Whole farm systems research: An integrated crop and livestock systems comparison study." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 9, no. 1-2 (June 1994): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300005580.
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AbstractTo examine the long-term productivity, profitability, and ecological interactions associated with whole farming systems, we established an interdisciplinary replicated comparison of a conventional and an experimental alternative crop-livestock farming system in southwest Virginia in 1988. The conventional system uses the best management practices commonly used in the mid-Atlantic region. The alternative system puts more emphasis on crop rotation, grazing and forage management, conservation tillage, cover crops, and integrated pest management. Each is managed as a year-round system, with management decisions based on the system's overall goals.The comparison is planned to run for 10 years, so that only preliminary conclusions can be drawn so far. These include the following: 1) similar total productivity can be achieved with either reduced or full use of herbicides and insecticides; 2) the need for N fertilization can be decreased using grazing management and short-rotation alfalfa; and 3) recycling of manure from cattle fed corn silage provides most nutrients needed for the following corn crop. The comparative profitability of the two systems has fluctuated among years, and it is too early to know which system is more profitable. The process of interdisciplinary systems research has increased our knowledge of total system interactions, challenged prior assumptions, and clarified the methodological problems of integrated systems research.
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Rakotoarisoa, Manitra A., and Simeon Kaitibie. "Effects of Regular Off-farm Activities on Household Agricultural Income: Evidence from Kenya’s Kerio Valley." SocioEconomic Challenges 3, no. 3 (2019): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.3(3).13-20.2019.
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This paper contributes to clarifying the scientific debate on whether off-farm activities hurt or help agricultural income in the Kerio Valley (Kenya). The main purpose of this research is to estimate the impacts of rural household’s participation in regular off-farm activities on agricultural income. The literature indicates that off-farm activities affect rural household’s income but studies on their effect on agricultural income have remained largely inconclusive. Determining how off farm activities affect agricultural income is highly relevant for the decisions of poor rural households and policy makers to allocate resources efficiently and increase investment to combat poverty. Investigation of the effects of regular off-farm activities is carried out in the following logical sequence: we performed surveys to gather information from rural households located in the Kerio Valley in Kenya; using the matching technique, we compared agricultural income per capita between households that took part in regular off-farm activities and those that did not. Methodological tools of the research were the results of a three-year project focusing on improving rural income. The object of research is the households in Kerio Valley in Kenya because they practiced the typical mix of farm and off-farm activities in rural Kenya. The empirical results of the analysis showed at first that household’s participation in regular off-farm activities had no significant effect on household agricultural income per capita. However, by splitting agricultural income into crop and livestock incomes, we found that participation in regular off-farm activities did not affect crop income per capita but it increased livestock income per capita. The results can be useful to policy makers because it shows the existence of a symbiotic association between regular off-farm activities and livestock production. The results also confirm that creating opportunities for rural households to engage in off-farm activities generates supplemental revenues, and more importantly, reliable assets. Keywords: matching technique, agricultural income, off-farm activities.
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Hun, Sereynithia, Shoichi Ito, Hiroshi Isoda, and Yuichiro Amekawa. "Impacts of Agricultural Cooperatives on Farmers’ Revenues in Cambodia: A Case Study of Tram Kak District, Takeo Province." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 2 (January 12, 2018): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n2p82.
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Agricultural cooperatives in Cambodia have been promoted with the aim of increasing agricultural production and farmers’ revenues. The objectives of this study are to identify factors influencing farmers’ decision on membership in agricultural cooperatives, and to assess the impact of being a member in those cooperatives on farmers’ revenues from paddy, livestock and farm. Cross-sectional data from interviews of 242 households in Tram Kak District, Takeo Province were used. The probit model and propensity score matching were employed to achieve the objectives. The results show that farmers who sold their paddy and had been contacted by extension workers from the government agency and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are more likely to join the cooperatives while male-headed household farmers and farmers who have high off-farm income are less likely to become members of the cooperatives. Moreover, the results of propensity score matching reveal that agricultural cooperatives have no impact on paddy yields and paddy revenue due to the fact that agricultural cooperatives do not provide sufficient training to their members, and members did not actively attend those trainings provided. Also, the cooperatives have failed to provide members better prices for their paddy. There are positive impacts on their livestock and farm revenues through increasing livestock and other crop production when agricultural cooperatives provide livestock and other crop training to their members. However, there is no impact on non-members if they join the cooperatives as they have higher off-farm income, less paddy land size and fewer laborers that are not favorable to taking on other farming activities.
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dos Reis, Júlio César, Mariana Y. T. Kamoi, Daniel Latorraca, Rafael F. F. Chen, Miqueias Michetti, Flávio Jesus Wruck, Rachael D. Garrett, Judson Ferreira Valentim, Renato de Aragão Ribeiro Rodrigues, and Saulo Rodrigues-Filho. "Assessing the economic viability of integrated crop−livestock systems in Mato Grosso, Brazil." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 35, no. 6 (September 11, 2019): 631–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170519000280.
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AbstractPopulation growth and rising incomes have led to increasing global demand for meat products. Meeting this demand without converting remaining natural ecosystems or further degrading ecosystems is one of the largest global sustainability challenges. A critical step to overcoming this challenge is to increase the productivity of livestock grazing systems, which occupy the largest land area of any type of agriculture globally. Integrated crop−livestock systems (iCL), which re-couple crop and livestock production at the farm scale, have been considered a promising strategy to tackle this challenge by restoring degraded pasturelands and providing supplemental nutrition to livestock. However, few studies have analyzed the economic viability of such systems, especially in Brazil, an important player in global food systems. This paper presents an economic analysis of iCL in Mato Grosso, Brazil, the largest grain and beef producer in the country, which spans the ecologically diverse Amazon, Cerrado and Pantanal biomes. We compare the economic performance of an integrated soybean/corn and beef cattle system to a continuous crop (soybean/corn) system and a continuous livestock (beef cattle) production system from 2005 to 2012. We use empirical case study data to characterize a ‘typical’ farm for each production system within the study region. We find that the integrated crop−livestock system has a higher annual net present value (NPV) per hectare (ha) than continuous cropping or livestock under a range of discount rates. However, under a scenario of substantially higher crop prices, the continuous cropping outperforms iCL. While iCL is not feasible in all regions of the Amazon and Cerrado, our results indicate that in places where the biophysical and market conditions are suitable for production, it could be a highly profitable way to intensify cattle production and potentially spare land for other uses, including conservation. Nevertheless, additional credit and technical support may be needed to overcome high upfront costs and informational barriers to increase iCL areas as a sustainable development strategy for agriculture in the Amazon and Cerrado regions.
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Llewellyn, Rick S., Michael J. Robertson, Richard C. Hayes, David Ferris, Katrien Descheemaeker, and Clinton Revell. "Developing the role of perennial forages for crop–livestock farms: a strategic multi-disciplinary approach." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 10 (2014): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14111.
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Developing new and improved grazing systems for crop–livestock farms where crop production is the major driver of farm management decisions presents a unique research and development challenge. In southern Australia, a substantial proportion of animal production from grazing comes from regions and farms where cropping is the major enterprise. In this paper, we describe a multi-disciplinary farming-systems research approach (EverCrop) aimed at improving farm profitability, risk management and environmental impacts through the development and integration of new grazing options with an emphasis on perennial species. It has been used to analyse and target new opportunities for farmers to benefit from perennial species across dry Mediterranean-type and temperate regions of southern Australia. It integrates field experimentation, on-farm trialling, farmer participatory research, soil–plant–climate biophysical modelling, whole-farm bioeconomic analysis and evaluations of adoptability. Multi-functional roles for summer-active grasses with winter cropping, integration of forage shrubs and establishment of new mixes of perennial grasses in crop rotations to improve farming system performance are identified, along with an analysis of factors likely to affect rate of uptake by farmers.
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Soeharsono, Soeharsono, Sinung Rustijarno, and Kurnianita Triwidyastuti. "Pembibitan Ternak Sapi Potong dalam Sistem Integrasi Tanaman – Ternak di Kawasan Pantai Selatan Kabupaten Bantul." Sains Peternakan 6, no. 1 (February 8, 2017): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sainspet.6.1.49-55.
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<div class="Section1"><p><em>This research aimed to know the management effort beef cattle breeding in the integrate crop - livestock system in south coastal area Bantul regency of Yogyakarta Special Region. Farm Record keeping conducted livestock farmer group Andini Mukti of Poncosari village, Srandakan countryside, Bantul regency. A number of 20 farmers grouped by as according to farming system : 1) Beef cattle breeding farming system and 2) Integrate rice crop–livestock system. Management farming and livestock noted and tabulation. Data analysed with the distribution frequency and discription. This results of research indicate that the beef cattle breeding system by ownership 2,36 cows/farmer. Beef cattle looked in group individually cage area. Hay from weste rice crop given ad libitum added consentrate mean 1,5 kg/head. Insemination system conducted with the artificial insemination made in </em><em>with the S/C 2,39. Labour effusing in livestock management 114,06 work day person/farmer/year. This result of effort in the calf and organic fertilizer. Effort income beef cattle breeding system equal Rp 3.013.000 (R/C 1,64). Integrate rice crop – livestock with the pattern plant the paddy - paddy – crops planted. Farm ownership 1000 m<sup>2</sup> /farmers and 2 cows which looked in cage group area. Using produce in the form of seed 45,83 kg/ha; fertilize 395,52 kg/ha and family labour 43,06 work day person and external labour 15,03 work day person every season plant. The productivity of unhulled paddy dry harvest 6,88 ton/ha. Income farming system integrate rice crop – livestock equal to Rp 5.592.310 (R/C 1,82).</em></p></div><p><em> </em></p><strong><em>Key words : management, breeding, beef cattle, integration</em></strong>
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Soeharsono, Soeharsono, Sinung Rustijarno, and Kurnianita Triwidyastuti. "Pembibitan Ternak Sapi Potong dalam Sistem Integrasi Tanaman – Ternak di Kawasan Pantai Selatan Kabupaten Bantul." Sains Peternakan 6, no. 1 (February 8, 2017): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sainspet.v6i1.4946.
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<div class="Section1"><p><em>This research aimed to know the management effort beef cattle breeding in the integrate crop - livestock system in south coastal area Bantul regency of Yogyakarta Special Region. Farm Record keeping conducted livestock farmer group Andini Mukti of Poncosari village, Srandakan countryside, Bantul regency. A number of 20 farmers grouped by as according to farming system : 1) Beef cattle breeding farming system and 2) Integrate rice crop–livestock system. Management farming and livestock noted and tabulation. Data analysed with the distribution frequency and discription. This results of research indicate that the beef cattle breeding system by ownership 2,36 cows/farmer. Beef cattle looked in group individually cage area. Hay from weste rice crop given ad libitum added consentrate mean 1,5 kg/head. Insemination system conducted with the artificial insemination made in </em><em>with the S/C 2,39. Labour effusing in livestock management 114,06 work day person/farmer/year. This result of effort in the calf and organic fertilizer. Effort income beef cattle breeding system equal Rp 3.013.000 (R/C 1,64). Integrate rice crop – livestock with the pattern plant the paddy - paddy – crops planted. Farm ownership 1000 m<sup>2</sup> /farmers and 2 cows which looked in cage group area. Using produce in the form of seed 45,83 kg/ha; fertilize 395,52 kg/ha and family labour 43,06 work day person and external labour 15,03 work day person every season plant. The productivity of unhulled paddy dry harvest 6,88 ton/ha. Income farming system integrate rice crop – livestock equal to Rp 5.592.310 (R/C 1,82).</em></p></div><p><em> </em></p><strong><em>Key words : management, breeding, beef cattle, integration</em></strong>
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Sanderson, Matt A., David Archer, John Hendrickson, Scott Kronberg, Mark Liebig, Kris Nichols, Marty Schmer, Don Tanaka, and Jonathan Aguilar. "Diversification and ecosystem services for conservation agriculture: Outcomes from pastures and integrated crop–livestock systems." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 28, no. 2 (March 11, 2013): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170512000312.
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AbstractConservation agricultural systems rely on three principles to enhance ecosystem services: (1) minimizing soil disturbance, (2) maximizing soil surface cover and (3) stimulating biological activity. In this paper, we explore the concept of diversity and its role in maximizing ecosystem services from managed grasslands and integrated agricultural systems (i.e., integrated crop–livestock–forage systems) at the field and farm level. We also examine trade-offs that may be involved in realizing greater ecosystem services. Previous research on livestock production systems, particularly in pastureland, has shown improvements in herbage productivity and reduced weed invasion with increased forage diversity but little response in terms of animal production. Managing forage diversity in pastureland requires new tools to guide the selection and placement of plant mixtures across a farm according to site suitability and the goals of the producer. Integrated agricultural systems embrace the concept of dynamic cropping systems, which incorporates a long-term strategy of annual crop sequencing that optimizes crop and soil use options to attain production, economic and resource conservation goals by using sound ecological management principles. Integrating dynamic cropping systems with livestock production increases the complexity of management, but also creates synergies among system components that may improve resilience and sustainability while fulfilling multiple ecosystem functions. Diversified conservation agricultural systems can sustain crop and livestock production and provide additional ecosystem services such as soil C storage, efficient nutrient cycling and conservation of biodiversity.
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Thomson, Euan F., Faik A. Bahhady, Thomas L. Nordblom, and Hazel C. Harris. "A model-farm approach to research on crop-livestock integration — III. Benefits of crop-livestock integration and a critique of the approach." Agricultural Systems 49, no. 1 (January 1995): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-521x(95)91632-9.
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Ambler, Kate, Alan de Brauw, and Susan Godlonton. "Cash Transfers and Management Advice for Agriculture: Evidence from Senegal." World Bank Economic Review 34, no. 3 (October 31, 2019): 597–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhz005.
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Abstract This study analyzes impacts of large, one-time cash transfers and farm management plans among farmers in Senegal. Farmers were randomized into groups receiving advisory visits; the visits and an individualized farm management plan; or the visits, the plan, and a cash transfer. After one year, crop production and livestock ownership were higher in the transfer group relative to the group that only received visits. Livestock gains persisted after two years. The evidence suggests the results were driven by increased investment, and, indeed, there is no robust evidence that the management plans alone affected agricultural outcomes.
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Bhatti, Muhammad Azher, Sosheel Solomon Godfrey, Ryan H. L. Ip, Chipo Kachiwala, Håvard Hovdhaugen, Liveness J. Banda, Moses Limuwa, Peter C. Wynn, Tormod Ådnøy, and Lars Olav Eik. "Diversity of Sources of Income for Smallholder Farming Communities in Malawi: Importance for Improved Livelihood." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 9599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179599.
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Agriculture is vital to global food production. Around 550 million smallholding households produce most of the world’s food, and many rely on livestock rearing for a living. Smallholder farms must survive and thrive to maintain and increase food production. Baseline information is vital for further extension service interventions. The goal of this Malawian study was to collect quantitative baseline data on crop and livestock production, agriproduct sales, and other indicators through a household survey, and to compare the efficacy (in terms of income) of using the concept of “Lead and Follow” farmer training programs. The baseline study survey was carried out in 44 sections of 11 extension planning areas from Malawi’s five districts (Dowa, Kasungu, Mchinji, Mzimba, and Rumphi). In total, 1131 smallholder households were interviewed. Crop production, livestock farming, and providing casual labor for others were all identified as significant sources of income for smallholders, implying that all agriproducts (the whole-farm approach) is equally important for improving smallholder livelihoods. On the one hand, the whole-farm approach should improve smallholders’ resilience regarding climate change and poverty. Lower agriproduct sales, on the other hand, indicated that links to the market were frequently poor but an increased market focus should help smallholders sell their produce at a fair margin. In terms of best practices adoption, both Lead and Follow farmers adopted similar farm practices (crops and livestock) to increase income. In general, no significant difference in income was calculated from many farm enterprises for both Lead and Follow farmers. However, the income from pigs and firewood was significantly higher for Follow farmers than for Lead farmers. Lead farmers reported significantly higher off-farm income sources. Significant changes are proposed to the “Lead farmer extension approach”.
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Hloušková, Zuzana, and Michaela Lekešová. "Farm outcomes based on cluster analysis of compound farm evaluation." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 10 (October 29, 2020): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/273/2020-agricecon.
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The purpose of this paper is to examine the internal structure of Czech agricultural holdings based on a multicriteria evaluation of the five dimensions representing the main functions of agriculture including production, economic<br />factors, financial stability, environmental, and social and other factors. A cluster analysis was performed to identify two clusters of farms. The first cluster consists of smaller holdings that specialize in livestock production and achieve poorer financial results compared to the second cluster, which includes a larger share of large holdings that focus on crop production. The first cluster exhibited better performance as regards environmental protection and financial stability. In contrast, the second cluster achieved better scores regarding production and economic factors. However, an evaluation of all dimensions showed that the second cluster of farms obtained slightly better ratings (2.7% above the overall average) then the first cluster (3.1% below the overall average score). It is up to policy makers to decide which group of farmers, is more approaching the aim of the new agricultural policy. Policy makers can consider the results of this study to find the areas where the sustainability rate should be increased and purposefully promote that by specific measures to achieve balanced farming system.
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P. W. Jayasuriya, Hemanatha, and Romy Das. "Agricultural resources management through a linear programming approach: A case study on productivity optimization of crop-livestock farming integration." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 22, no. 1 (January 17, 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol22iss1pp27-35.
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The crop-livestock integrated farming system practiced in most developing countries depends to a greater extent on the ecosystem as a whole. The importance of animals as an agent of nutrient recycle, sources of rural energy in terms of draft power and fuel as well as major contributor of the farm economy, has resulted into increased population of ruminant stock in these regions creating threats to the sustainability and productivity of land resources. This case-study research attempted to formulate optimum herd size compatible to different resource holding farm categories within the sub watershed in mid hills region of Nepal. The research was conducted by classified data collection in Nepal and analysis using Linear Programming (LP) techniques. The LP analysis revealed that the farmers of large, medium and small categories of farms can optimize their livestock holding with combination of 3 Livestock Units (LU) buffaloes and 4 LU goats, 2 LU buffaloes and 4 LU goats and 1 LU buffaloes and 4.4 LU goats with maximum return to the farm family without exerting pressure on the fragile natural resources.
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SHRESTHA, S., M. ABDALLA, T. HENNESSY, D. FORRISTAL, and M. B. JONES. "Irish farms under climate change – is there a regional variation on farm responses?" Journal of Agricultural Science 153, no. 3 (May 1, 2014): 385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859614000331.
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SUMMARYThe current paper aims to determine regional impacts of climate change on Irish farms examining the variation in farm responses. A set of crop growth models were used to determine crop and grass yields under a baseline scenario and a future climate scenario. These crop and grass yields were used along with farm-level data taken from the Irish National Farm Survey in an optimizing farm-level (farm-level linear programming) model, which maximizes farm profits under limiting resources. A change in farm net margins under the climate change scenario compared to the baseline scenario was taken as a measure to determine the effect of climate change on farms. The growth models suggested a decrease in cereal crop yields (up to 9%) but substantial increase in yields of forage maize (up to 97%) and grass (up to 56%) in all regions. Farms in the border, midlands and south-east regions suffered, whereas farms in all other regions generally fared better under the climate change scenario used in the current study. The results suggest that there is a regional variability between farms in their responses to the climate change scenario. Although substituting concentrate feed with grass feeds is the main adaptation on all livestock farms, the extent of such substitution differs between farms in different regions. For example, large dairy farms in the south-east region adopted total substitution of concentrate feed while similar dairy farms in the south-west region opted to replace only 0·30 of concentrate feed. Farms in most of the regions benefitted from increasing stocking rate, except for sheep farms in the border and dairy farms in the south-east regions. The tillage farms in the mid-east region responded to the climate change scenario by shifting arable production to beef production on farms.