Academic literature on the topic 'Crop-livestock farm'
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Journal articles on the topic "Crop-livestock farm"
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Wiesner, Susanne, Alison J. Duff, Ankur R. Desai, and Kevin Panke-Buisse. "Increasing Dairy Sustainability with Integrated Crop–Livestock Farming." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030765.
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Dairy farms are predominantly carbon sources, due to high livestock emissions from enteric fermentation and manure. Integrated crop–livestock systems (ICLSs) have the potential to offset these greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as recycling products within the farm boundaries is prioritized. Here, we quantify seasonal and annual greenhouse gas budgets of an ICLS dairy farm in Wisconsin USA using satellite remote sensing to estimate vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines to calculate farm emissions. Remotely sensed annual vegetation NPP correlated well with farm harvest NPP (R2 = 0.9). As a whole, the farm was a large carbon sink, owing to natural vegetation carbon sinks and harvest products staying within the farm boundaries. Dairy cows accounted for 80% of all emissions as their feed intake dominated farm feed supply. Manure emissions (15%) were low because manure spreading was frequent throughout the year. In combination with soil conservation practices, ICLS farming provides a sustainable means of producing nutritionally valuable food while contributing to sequestration of atmospheric CO2. Here, we introduce a simple and cost-efficient way to quantify whole-farm GHG budgets, which can be used by farmers to understand their carbon footprint, and therefore may encourage management strategies to improve agricultural sustainability.
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Kouka, Pierre-Justin, Patricia A. Duffy, and C. Robert Taylor. "Long-Term Planning of a Livestock-Crop Farm Under Government Programs." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 26, no. 1 (July 1994): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800019362.
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AbstractOptimal crop and livestock mix was determined for a representative Alabama farm using a dynamic programming model. Results indicate that decisions concerning livestock production are highly influenced by the amount of cotton base available on the farm. In most cases, increasing cotton base results in less cattle production. The triple base provisions of the 1990 Farm Bill, however, may give some cotton farmers an incentive to produce more stocker cattle during the winter months. Research results also indicate that the availability of farm programs can alter the optimal enterprise mix on a farm with no beginning base in cotton.
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Asante, Bright O., Renato A. Villano, and George E. Battese. "Evaluating complementary synergies in integrated crop-livestock systems in Ghana." International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-04-2019-0274.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of crop-livestock diversification among smallholders in the forest-savannah agroecological zone of Ghana. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a stochastic input distance function to investigate the evidence of economies of diversification and its effect on determining diversification decisions of smallholders in Ghana. Furthermore, this study also explores evidence of scale economies in integrated crop-livestock systems among smallholder farmers. Findings The empirical results show that economies of diversification are significant in determining diversification decisions of smallholders. The economies of scale are evident in integrated crop-livestock systems in Ghana, suggesting that opportunities exist to expand crop-livestock outputs without employing additional inputs or improved production technologies. Crop-livestock diversification is a desirable strategy for improving overall farm productivity among smallholders in Ghana. Economies of diversification were found to be significant among the output combinations, maize with other crops and other crops with livestock, in integrated crop-livestock production systems. Research limitations/implications This study is based on a cross-sectional data set. Hence, the findings may be subject to some limitations; however, the authors have sought to minimise such limitations. Practical implications The results imply that crop-livestock diversification is a desirable strategy for improving overall farm productivity. Therefore, the findings are useful for policymakers to design appropriate strategies for enhancing the production of specific output combinations in crop-livestock diversification systems among smallholders in Ghana. Specifically, such policies should promote the production and integration of crops such as legumes with other crops, and livestock with other crops in diversified farming systems to enhance overall farm productivity. This will reduce food insecurity and poverty among rural farm households and the entire rural population. Originality/value These results indicate that to improve crop-livestock productivity through diversification, and reduce the effect of climate variability, it is imperative to provide the enabling environment that will facilitate and encourage production of these output combinations among smallholders in Ghana. The empirical results enhance the literature by providing empirical evidence of the complementary synergies and economies of diversification in integrated farming systems and, hence, make recommendations for improving these farming systems. Peer review The peer review history for this paper is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-04-2019-0274.
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Dyer, James, Xavier Vergé, Raymond Desjardins, and Devon Worth. "District Scale GHG Emission Indicators for Canadian Field Crop and Livestock Production." Agronomy 8, no. 9 (September 15, 2018): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8090190.
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The three main farm products from Canadian agriculture, i.e., proteins, vegetable oils, and carbohydrates, account for 98% of the land in annual crops in Canada. The intensities and efficiencies of these field crops in relation to their Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions were assessed for their value as land use change indicators. To facilitate spatial comparisons, this assessment was carried out at the Ecodistrict (ED) scale. The Unified Livestock Industry and Crop Emissions Estimation System (ULICEES) model was modified to operate at the ED scale, and used to quantify the GHG emission intensity of protein. GHG emissions were also calculated for plant products not used for livestock feed. The livestock GHG emissions and GHG-protein intensities estimated using ED scale inputs to ULICEES were reasonably close to GHG-protein intensities generated by the version of ULICEES driven by provincial scale census data. Carbohydrates were split into two groups, i.e., whether or not they supported livestock. Annual farm product data at 5-year intervals were used to generate GHG emissions from all farm operations. The range of GHG emissions from all farm operations in Western Canada was from 42 to 54 Mt CO2e between in 1991 and 2011, while GHG emissions from livestock ranged from 22 to 34 Mt CO2e over the same period. The Eastern Canadian GHG emissions from all farm operations declined gradually from 24 to 22 Mt CO2e over the period, with most of the eastern GHG emissions being from livestock. Ruminant livestock accounted for most of the livestock GHG emissions, particularly in the west. Provincial scale GHG emission efficiencies of the four farm product groups were assessed on a per-unit of GHG emissions basis for 2006. The most GHG-efficient province for protein was Ontario, whereas the most GHG-efficient province for all three plant products was Saskatchewan. The coastal provinces were the least GHG-efficient sources of all four farm product groups.
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Syarifuddin, Hutwan. "Indeks Keberlanjutan Integrasi Tanaman dengan Ternak (Crop Livestock System) di Kuamang Kuning." Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jiiip.v0i0.485.
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Kuamang Kuning is one of animal supplied area in Jambi Province. It has not been yet exploited such as optimal potential land for farm. Eventhough conversion of land and quality were decreased to experience. To increase potency of farm hence integration crop and livestock (crop-livestock system) require to be developed in order to undergo the sustainable agriculture development. Efficiency on farm can be use internal input because meaning to lessen use of external input which must be bought. Sustainable indexs of pattern of CLS 57.12 indicating that activity of CLS sustainable enough. Strategy which can be used to farm development is moderate-optimistic. As for key factors for implementation of the strategy were: (1) farmer group, ( 2) cage fertilize exploiting and ( 3)governmental subsidy.
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Sharmin, Sadika, M. Serajul Islam, and Md Kamrul Hasan. "Socioeconomic Analysis of Alternative Farming Systems in Improving Livelihood Security of Small Farmers in Selected Areas of Bangladesh." Agriculturists 10, no. 1 (July 1, 2012): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v10i1.11065.
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The present study attempted to determine the economic returns of alternative farming system of integrated farming aiming to address the livelihood security of small farm households. One hundred and sixty small and medium farmers practicing in four different FS such as Crop-Poultry (C-P), Crop-Poultry-Pond fisheries (C-P-F), Crop-Livestock-Poultry (C-L-P) and Crop-Livestock-Poultry-Pond fisheries (C-L-P-F) were selected from Mymensingh, Jamalpur and Sherpur district. The main information collected were socio-demographic characteristics of farm households, household income from farm and non-farm sources, size of land holding and farming system followed, livestock and poultry rearing and pond fish culture, and effect of integrated farming on household income and livelihood security of small farm households. Data were collected covering one production period during 2009-2010. For estimating farm income of small farm household, whole farm approach was considered. Increased number of farm enterprises caused higher farm income. However, considering the small farm practices and whole farm approach, the farm income as well as net return was higher for C-L-P-F farmers (Tk. 57002), followed by C-L-P (Tk. 52978), C-P-F (Tk. 20447) and C-P (Tk. 13734) farmers. Some of the most commonly used factors in the assessment of livelihood security included those related to household income and expenditure, expenditure spent on food, adequacy of food taken, household structure and facilities, owning household assets, and access to drinking water and sanitation, and other basic needs of farm household. All these socioeconomic factors were found to be related livelihood security of small farmers in Bangladesh. Women were more involved in income earning activities and household decision making with the introduction of integrated farming in small farm condition.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v10i1.11065The Agriculturists 2012; 10(1): 51-63
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FRANKE, A. C., E. D. BERKHOUT, E. N. O. IWUAFOR, G. NZIGUHEBA, G. DERCON, I. VANDEPLAS, and J. DIELS. "DOES CROP-LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION LEAD TO IMPROVED CROP PRODUCTION IN THE SAVANNA OF WEST AFRICA?" Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 4 (August 17, 2010): 439–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479710000347.
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SUMMARYIntegrated crop-livestock farming in the Guinea savanna of West Africa is often assumed to lead to synergies between crop and livestock production, thereby improving the overall productivity and resilience of agricultural production. Whether these synergies actually occur remains poorly studied. On-farm trials were conducted in northern Nigeria over a period of four years to assess the agronomic and economic performance of maize-legume systems with and without the integration of livestock (goats). Groundnut-maize rotations with livestock achieved the highest carry-over of nutrients as manure from one season to the next, covering approximately one-third of the expected N, P and K uptake by maize and reducing the demand for synthetic fertilizers. However, the advantage of lower fertilizer costs in rotations with livestock was offset by higher labour costs for manure application and slightly lower values of maize grain. Overall, no clear agronomic or economic benefits for crop production were observed from the combined application of manure and synthetic fertilizer over the application of synthetic fertilizer only, probably because the amounts of manure applied were relatively small. Legume-maize rotations achieved higher cereal yields, a better response to labour and fertilizer inputs, and a higher profitability than maize-based systems with no or only a small legume component, irrespective of the presence of livestock. Livestock at or near the farm could nevertheless make legume cultivation economically more attractive by increasing the value of legume haulms. The results suggested that factors other than crop benefits, e.g. livestock providing tangible and non-tangible benefits and opportunities for animal traction, could be important drivers for the ongoing integration of crop and livestock production in the savanna.
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Ryschawy, Julie, Alexandre Joannon, and Annick Gibon. "Mixed crop-livestock farm: definitions and research issues. A review." Cahiers Agricultures 23, no. 6 (November 2014): 346–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/agr.2014.0727.
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Morrison, David A., Ross S. Kingwell, David J. Pannell, and Michael A. Ewing. "A mathematical programming model of a crop-livestock farm system." Agricultural Systems 20, no. 4 (January 1986): 243–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-521x(86)90116-2.
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Dhanapala, Susanthika, Helitha Nilmalgoda, Miyuru B. Gunathilake, Upaka Rathnayake, and Eranga M. Wimalasiri. "Energy Balance Assessment in Agricultural Systems; An Approach to Diversification." AgriEngineering 5, no. 2 (May 26, 2023): 950–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering5020059.
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The energy in agricultural systems is two-fold: transformation and utilization. The assessment and proper use of energy in agricultural systems is important to achieve economic benefits and overall sustainability. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the energy balance of crop and livestock production, net energy ratio (NER), and water use efficiency (WUE) of crops of a selected farm in Sri Lanka using the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. In order to assess the diversification, 18 crops and 5 livestock types were used. The data were obtained from farm records, personal contacts, and previously published literature. Accordingly, the energy balance in crop production and livestock production was −316.87 GJ ha−1 Year−1 and 758.73 GJ Year−1, respectively. The energy related WUE of crop production was 31.35 MJ m−3. The total energy balance of the farm was 736.2 GJ Year−1. The results show a negative energy balance in crop production indicating an efficient production system, while a comparatively higher energy loss was shown from the livestock sector. The procedure followed in this study can be used to assess the energy balance of diversified agricultural systems, which is important for agricultural sustainability. This can be further developed to assess the carbon footprint in agricultural systems.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crop-livestock farm"
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Ghebretsadik, Amanuel Habte. "Farm planning for a typical crop-livestock integrated farm : an application of a mixed integer linear programming model." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49965.
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Assignment (MSc) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In an integrated crop-livestock production farm, the profitability and sustainability of farm production is dependent on the crop rotation strategy applied. Crop rotations have historically been applied to maintain long-term profitability and sustainabiliry of farming production by exploiting the jointly beneficial interrelationships existing among different crop types and the animal production activity. Monocrop (specifically wheat) growers in the Swartland area of the Western Cape are struggling to maintain long-term profitability and sustainability of the crop production, challenging them to rethink about the introduction crop rotation in the production planning. By making proper assumptions, this paper develops a mixed integer linear programming model to suggest a decision planning for the farm planning problem faced by an integratedcrop- livestock production farmer. The mathematical model developed includes crop production, dairy production and wool sheep production activities, which permitted the consideration of five crop types within a crop rotation system. By assuming that a farmer uses a cycle of at most three years, the crop rotation model was incorporated in the composite mixed integer linear farm planning model. In order to demonstrate the application of the mathematical farm planning model formulated, a case study is presented. Relevant data from the Koeberg area of the Swartland region of the Western Cape was applied. For each planning period, the model assumed that the farm has the option of selecting from any of 15 cropping strategies. A land which is not allocated to any of the 15 crop rotation strategies due to risky production situation is left as grass land for roughage purposes of the animal production. Results of the mathematical model indicated that farm profit is dependent on the cropping strategy selected. Additionally, animal production level was also dependent on the crop strategy appl ied. Furthermore, study results suggest that the profit generated from the integrated crop-livestock farm production by adopting crop rotation was superior to profit generated 1'1'0111 the farm activities which are based on monocrop wheat strategy. Empirical results also indicated that the complex interrelationship involved in a mixed crop-livestock farm operation play a major role in determining optimal farm plans. This complex interrelationships favour the introduction of crop rotation in the crop production activities of the farm under investigation. Crop production risk is the major risk component of risk the farmer faces in the farm production. In this study, risk is incorporated in the mixed integer programrnmg farm planning model as a deviation from the expected values of an activity of returns. Model solution with risk indicated that crop rotation strategy and animal production level is sensitive to risk levels considered. The Results also showed that the incorporation of risk in the model greatly affects the level of acreage allocation, crop rotation and animal production level of the farm. Finally, to improve the profitability and sustainability of the farm activity, the study results suggest that the introduction of crop rotation which consist cereals, oil crops and leguminous forages is of paramount importance. Furthermore, the inclusion of forage crops such as medics in the integrated crop livestock production is beneficial for sustained profitability from year to year.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wisselbou is baie belangrik om volhoubare winsgewindheid te verseker in 'n geintegreerde lewendehawe I gewasverbouing boerdery in die Swartland gebied van Wes-Kaap. "n Monokultuur van veral koring produksie het ernstige problerne vir produsente veroorsaak. In hierdie studie word 'n gemengde heeltallige liniere prograrnmerings-model gebruik om te help met besluitneming in sulke boerderye.Die wiskundige model beskou die produksie van kontant- en voer-gewasse (5 verskillende soorte) asook suiwel- en wol/vleis-produksie (beeste en skape) .Daar word aanvaar dat die boer "n siklus van hoogstens 3 jaar in die wisselbou rotasie model gebruik .. 'n Gevallestudie word gedoen met behulp van toepaslike data van 'n plaas in die Koeberg gebied. Die model aanvaar dat die produsent 'n keuse het uit 16 wisselbou strategic .Resultate toon dat winsgewindheid afhanklik is van die strategie gekies en dat wisselbou beter resultate lewer as in die geval van "n monokultuur.Dit wys ook dat die wisselwerking tussen diereproduksie en gewasproduksie baie belangrik is in die keuse van 'n optimale strategie. Die risiko in gewasverbouing is die belangrikste risiko factor vir die produsent.In hierdie studie word risiko ook ingesluit in die gemengde heeltallige model, naamlik as 'n afwyking van die verwagte opbrengs-waardes .Die model toon duidelik dat gewasproduksie en lewendehawe-produksie baie sensitief is ten opsigte van die gekose risiko vlak. Die studie toon ook dat 'n wisselbou program wat die produksie van graan (veral koring) .oliesade asook voere insluit belangrik is vir volhoubare winsgewindheid Die insluiting van klawers (bv "medics") is veral belangrik hier.
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Allison, John T. Jr. "TWO ESSAYS ON INPUT SUBSTITUTION AND OPTIMAL DECISION MAKING IN CROP AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/80.
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The thesis presented consists of two essays that analyze input substitution and decision making in crop and livestock production systems. The first essay consists of a whole-farm analysis that sought to optimize feed mixes and enterprise combinations for an organic dairy operation in the Southeastern United States. This was accomplished through mathematical programming where whole-farm net returns were maximized, and total feed costs were minimized simultaneously for four milk production level cases. Additionally, the sensitivity of the system and break-even milk price were explored. Results suggest substitutability in ration components where an increase in supplemental feeds is justified by additional milk output and sales. The second essay utilizes econometric methods and hedonic modeling to explore factors that drive the price of row crop planters on the used machinery market. Factors relating to make, age, condition, planter specifications, sale type, spatial aspects, seasonality, and year of the sale were analyzed. Results suggest non-linear relationships for row number and age relative to price and interactions between variables make and age that imply varying depreciation depending on the manufacturer. An additional break-even analysis relating to pasture yields and planter purchase price was conducted to explore these primary concepts in further detail.
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Meyer, Christin Verfasser], and Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] [Scheffran. "Climate Change Impacts and Risk Management : Improving farm resilience through adaptation in the crop-livestock zone of the Corangamite catchment in Victoria (Australia) with a Case Study of the ´Mount Hesse´ farm / Christin Meyer ; Betreuer: Jürgen Scheffran." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1151322385/34.
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Kim, Sung Kyu. "Agricultural intensification and smallholder crop-livestock integration in Rwanda." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/74936/.
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This thesis is about agricultural intensification and the role of smallholder farmers in the future of agriculture in Rwanda. Intensification of agriculture has been the central objective of policy in Rwanda since independence in 1962. Over five decades, one of the dominant approaches to achieving this goal has been through mixed farming, i.e. the integration of crop and livestock production. However, despite continued efforts to transform agricultural and rural livelihood through mixed farming, many farmers have not achieved intensification. Thus, there seems to be a critical disjuncture between the government's vision of modern agriculture based on increasing levels of intensification and commercialisation, and the ability of many smallholders to engage with this intensification and commercialisation agenda. In this thesis, I argue that the disjuncture between the long-standing policy objective and Rwanda's rural realities poses serious repercussions to the rural development and the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers. I substantiate the argument by addressing the following question: “how does the integration of crop and livestock production contribute to agricultural intensification for smallholder farmers in Rwanda?” Firstly, I situate the research context within the historical development of agricultural policies promoting the mixed farming agenda. Secondly, I study two villages in Rwamagana district as rural and peri-urban cases. Various patterns of interactions between crop and livestock production systems are identified, characterised and analysed within the broader household livelihood strategies. Thirdly, I incorporate the life history accounts of farmers with diverse background and capabilities to engage in mixed farming to better understand the wide-ranging issue of livestock-based asset accumulation which is crucial for the crop-livestock integration. Finally, I discuss the implications for the government's continued efforts to transform agriculture and rural livelihoods through mixed farming and possible ways to assist many farmers who lack the resources required for intensification through integrated crop-livestock production.
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Moinard, Victor. "Conséquences de l’introduction de la méthanisation dans une exploitation de polyculture-élevage sur les cycles du carbone et de l’azote. Combinaison de l’expérimentation et de la modélisation à l’échelle de la ferme." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASB049.
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La méthanisation agricole des effluents animaux est une pratique en fort développement en France. Elle produit de l’énergie renouvelable (biogaz). La valorisation des digestats au champ, comme celle des effluents non méthanisés, permet le retour au sol de nutriments et de matière organique, ce qui diminue le besoin en engrais minéraux et entretient les stocks de C des sols. Le traitement et l’épandage de ces produits peut aussi induire l’émission de gaz à effet de serre et de contaminants. La méthanisation agricole influence ces impacts : pour les maitriser, il faut comprendre comment la digestion des effluents avec des déchets importés modifie les cycles du C et du N à l’échelle de la ferme. Cette question a été traitée en s’appuyant sur un cas d’étude à l’INRAE de Nouzilly (Centre – Val de Loire) : une exploitation agricole avec un méthaniseur traitant les effluents de son élevage bovin et divers déchets organiques. Lors de l’essai au champ MétaMétha, nous avons comparé les flux d’azote au cours d’une rotation culturale fertilisée avec des engrais minéraux, des lisiers et fumiers bovins, ou des digestats issus de ces effluents. Les digestats se substituent bien aux engrais minéraux, mais ils sont sensibles à la volatilisation d’ammoniac (NH3). Les vers de terre peuvent être négativement impactés juste après l’épandage de digestat ou de lisier, mais les effets sont similairement positifs après 2 ans d’apports de matière organique. Nous avons ensuite évalué les modèles STICS et SYS-Metha pour simuler respectivement l’essai au champ et le traitement des digestats. Ces modèles ont été couplés pour simuler les flux de C et N à l’échelle de la ferme. Avec de forts imports de déchets, la méthanisation favorise la substitution des engrais minéraux, le stockage de C dans les sols, mais aussi les émissions de NH3. Ce travail permet de mieux évaluer les conséquences de l’introduction d’un méthaniseur dans une exploitation agricole et ainsi d’optimiser la filièreThe anaerobic digestion (AD) of animal effluents is strongly developing in France. It produces renewable energy (biogas). Like undigested effluents, the use of anaerobic digestates in the field enables the recycling of nutrients and organic matter in the soil, which decreases the need for synthetic fertilizers and maintains soil organic carbon stocks. However, the treatment and field application of those organic products can also cause greenhouse gas emissions and contaminants. The on-farm AD nfluences those impacts. In order to control them, we need to understand how the co-digestion of animal effluents with imported organic wastes influences C and N cycles at the farm scale. We studied this question with the support of a case study at INRAE in Nouzilly (Centre – Val de Loire, France): a crop and livestock farm where an anaerobic digester treats the cattle effluents together with imported wastes. During the MetaMetha field experiment, we compared N fluxes during a crop rotation that was fertilized with synthetic N fertilizers, undigested cattle slurry and farmyard manure, or digestates issued from their digestion. We found that digestates can substitute synthetic fertilizers, despite the risk of ammonia (NH3) emissions. Earthworms can be negatively impacted just after the application of digestate of slurry, but the input of organic matter induced similar positive impacts after two years. We then evaluated the STICS and SYS-Metha models to simulate the field experiment, and digestate treatment and storage, respectively. Both models were coupled to simulate C and N fluxes at the farm scale. The models showed that when large amounts of digested wastes are imported, AD promotes substitution of synthetic N fertilizers and storage of soil organic C, but also NH3 emissions. The study enabled us to better evaluate the consequences of the on-farm AD and therefore to optimize the sector
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Muchara, Binganidzo. "Analysis of food value chains in smallholder crop and livestock enterprises in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000983.
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The study was conducted in Mbozi and Ciko villages in Mbhashe Local Municipality of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Two irrigation projects in the area were studied. Consumers and agricultural commodity traders in Willowvale Town, Dutywa, Butterworth and East London were also interviewed. The major objective of the study is to profile and map cabbage, maize and cattle food value chains broadly, and to understand their nature, constraints and opportunities in smallholder agriculture. A multi-stage random sampling procedure was used in which the first stage involved selecting the local government areas. This was followed by the selection of the district and then the respondents. A total of 168 participants were sampled in the proportion of 82 smallholder farmers, 41 consumers, 26 hawkers and 20 agricultural commodity traders. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were also used during the data collection process. Value Chain mapping was done using the commodity based approach. All value chains under study indicated that they are short and commodities were transacted in unprocessed form. As cabbages and maize move from the farm to retail outlets, value addition start to take place through transportation to the market and processing in supermarkets. The cattle value chain however does not have a forward linkage beyond the two administrative boundaries of the two communities. Less than 3% of the farmers traded livestock, and this was mostly through private sales to neighbours. The farmers‘ major goal in agricultural production is assumed to be an important aspect in lengthening the value chain. As such, results of a Pearson‘s correlation exercise indicated that there is a significant relationship at 0.05% level between goals of the farmers and the village of origin. Some factors that showed significance (p=0.05) in influencing farmers‘ goals are membership of an irrigation project and household sources of income. An analysis of determinants of technical efficiency at farm level was performed using the stochastic frontier model for cabbage, maize and cattle enterprises. The results showed that rainfall adequacy, input costs, market channels and quantity sold are important determinants of cabbage production efficiency. On the other hand, maize production efficiency is positively determined by market price, area under production and rainfall adequacy. Market related variables are major drivers of the cattle value chain efficiency and these include cattle prices, market satisfaction, market channel and farm labour.
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Minase, Nigatu Alemayehu. "Assessment of environmental-livestock interactions in crop-livestock systems of central Ethiopian highlands." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13359.
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The study was done in Adaa district which is one of the 12 districts in East Shoa zone in Oromia regional state of Ethiopia. It is located southeast of Addis Ababa at 38o51’ 43.63’’ to 39o04’ 58.59’’ E and 8o46’ 16.20’’ to 8o59’ 16.38’’ N, on the western margin of the Great East African Rift Valley. The altitude ranges from 1 500 to ≥ 2 000 meters above sea level. The district has a high potential for mixed livestock and crop production systems. The purpose of this study was to make up for the paucity of information on livestock and environment interaction by assessing the relationship of livestock, soil, water, land, climate and crops under mixed crop-livestock production systems in central Ethiopian highlands.
The objectives of the study were: (a) to assess the effect of change in land management on carbon storage and the contribution of livestock to carbon storage; (b) to examine the impact of livestock on natural resources and the environment; (c) to assess the effects of the change in traditional agricultural practices, expansion of factories, slaughter houses, greenhouses and flower farms on water and soil quality; (d) to evaluate the effect of climate change on livestock production under small-scale agriculture; and (e) to recommend options for mitigation and adaptation to environmental changes.
The research design was non-experimental and did not involve the manipulation of the situation, circumstances or experiences of the interviewees. The design was comparative research that compared two or more groups on one or more variables, such as the effect of agricultural land use management, tillage type etc. on carbon storage in the soil. This research also applied a longitudinal design that examined variables such as the performance exhibited by groups over time. Purposive sampling was often used to measure the effect of agricultural, industrial effluent and human interferences on the environment by measuring nutrient contents at sources in the soil, water and manure. Biological data were complemented by key socio-economic survey by interviewing individual farmers and focus groups from sampling sites. Secondary data were also reviewed to measure soil degradation and run-off attributed to livestock.
Results showed that animal waste and farmyard manure had the highest contribution in the addition of carbon in the soil. This implied that for most of carbon inputs livestock products and by-products had a greater place in the carbon sink. Therefore, livestock production could be considered as one of the major agricultural production systems in soil carbon storage. Similarly, livestock production systems also play an important role in maintaining the eco-system balance through nutrient recycling.
On the average, the number of livestock per household for most species increased during the Derge regime in the 1990s compared to the Haile Sellassie regime in the 1970s when people did not own land; and then the number declined in the 2000s except for equines, crossbreeds and oxen. The change to crop intensification led to the change in the purpose for livestock keeping. Farmers started keeping certain types of animals for specific purposes unlike before when livestock was kept for prestige and economic security. The major drive for the change of attitude towards the purpose of keeping livestock was scarcity of resources, mainly feed and water. Equine ownership has significantly increased due to their low off-take rate and their feeding habits which allowed them to survive in harsh environments where feed resources were extremely scarce.
There was a significant difference in crop response to manure application. Vegetables produced higher yields with manure than chemical fertilizers. Cereals on the other hand responded more to chemical fertilizers than to manure. Therefore, combining manure and chemical fertilizers was the best option for the sustainability of crop production in the study area. Some of the limitations to the use of manure as an organic fertilizer were inadequate manure production, high labour cost, bulkiness and high cost of transport to the fields and weed infestation. Manure management systems in the study area were affected by livestock husbandry practices. Only crossbred cattle (5%) were zero-grazed and used; and manure was stored in pits as slurry. Indigenous cattle were grazed outdoors in the fields during the day and at night they were kept in kraals near homesteads. There was a substantial loss of nutrients during the day when animals were grazing in the fields through leaching and trampling of dung and urine patches. Indoor or zero grazing of livestock could reduce nutrient losses.
The use of manure as fuel in the study area had no significant effect on CO2 emissions at household or local level, but had a negative impact on soil organic carbon storage and soil fertility. Therefore, for improved yield and balanced eco-systems manure burning has to be replaced by other alternative energy sources such as bio-gas and kerosene. The largest carbon equivalent emissions were from CH4 (72.6%), N2O (24%) and CO2 (3.4%) which indicated the need to improve livestock and manure management systems under smallholder agriculture.
Overall, there was an indication of a decline in water resources on per capita basis. The major contributing factors were combined pressure of human and animal population on natural resources that led to excessive deforestation, loss of biological diversity, overgrazing, soil degradation and various forms of pollution and contamination. The global climate change also played a role in the decline in water resources due to the decrease in annual precipitation and increasing temperatures. Urbanization and economic growth increased the demand for milk and meat, which required additional water use for each unit of increased animal protein. The demand for milk and meat is expected to double in the next 20 years with an annual growth rate of between 2.5 to 4%.
From the sixty-year meteorological data (1951-2009) there was an established increase in rainfall by 2% per annum; and maximum and minimum temperature by 0.08oC per decade, which amounted to a cumulative temperature increase of 0.5oC in the last decade. The increase in precipitation and temperature favoured the adaption of lowland crops like maize and sorghum to highland agro-ecology. Climate prediction models forecasted that most of the highlands in Ethiopia will remain suitable for cereals like wheat and Teff for the next 50 to100 years. However, the perception of farmers indicated that they felt more heat and warm weather than they have experienced before. They reported that rainfall is now more erratic or comes late and stops earlier before plants completed their vegetative growth.Environmental Sciences
D. Litt. et Phil. (Environmental Science)
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Hildebrand, Steve Allen. "An analysis of a crop-forage-livestock system on a representative farm in southeast Kansas using linear programming." 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/22074.
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SEDLÁKOVÁ, Lucie. "Ekologické zemědělství v ČR (geografické analýzy)." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-200806.
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The aim of this thesis is processing ÚZEI data for organic agricultural production in individual regions of the Czech Republic in the form of maps and graphs that provide a basic overview of the territorial deployment of crop and livestock production of organic farming. For crop production are given the following information: sown area in the conversion period and in the full organic mode, organic production and the average yield. Data of livestock in organic farming provide information about the numerical status of the individual categories of livestock. Part of the thesis is also devoted to the realization of crop and livestock organic products on the market in 2012. The thesis is part of the project Gaju 019/2013 / S.
Books on the topic "Crop-livestock farm"
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Dillon, John L. The analysis of response in crop and livestock production. 3rd ed. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press, 1990.
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Gebremedhin, Berhanu, and International Livestock Research Institute. Improving Productivity and Market Success of Ethiopian Farmers Project, eds. Interdependence of smallholders' net market positions in crop and livestock markets: Evidence from Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: International Livestock Research Institute, 2011.
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Emerton, L. A survey to assess the damage caused by wild animals to farm households adjacent to the Aberdares Forest Reserve. Nairobi: KIFCON, Karura Forest Station, 1992.
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Flint, M. E. S. Crop and livestock production in the Pelotshetlha lands area: The main report of the IFPP phase II farm management survey. Lobatse: Integrated Farming Pilot Project, 1986.
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Flint, M. E. S. Crop and livestock production in the Pelotshetlha Lands area: The main report of the IFPP phase II farm management survey. Lobatse: Integrated Farming Pilot Project, 1986.
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R, Simpson James. China's livestock and related agriculture: Projections to 2025. Wallingford, Oxon: CAB International, 1994.
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Ethanol and agriculture: Effect of increased production on crop and livestock sectors. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1993.
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Pallot, Judith, and Tat'yana Nefedova. Russia's Unknown Agriculture. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199227419.001.0001.
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Basing their findings on four years of research during which they studied rural districts drawn from a variety of contrasting regions of European Russia, the authors discuss the place of rural households in Russia's agri-food production system. They show that far from being solely concerned with 'survival' household plots in contemporary Russia are increasingly used to produce crops and livestock products for the market. In the book they describe the rich variety of forms that small and independent farming takes today from highly localised clusters of cucumber or tomato producers to specialization in crop or animal husbandry at a higher spatial scale or associated with particular ethnic groups. The authors systematically examine the influence on past and present practices of distance and the environment, the state of the large farm sector, local customs, and ethnicity on what households produce and how they produce it often using case studies of people they have met (plot holders, farmers, local officials) to illustrate their point. They criticise the tendency of the household production to be treated as the agricultural 'Other' in post-Soviet Russia and argue with the right incentives it has the potential for further development.
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China's Livestock and Related Agriculture: Projections to 2025 (Cabi Publishing). CABI, 1996.
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Stirling, Graham, Helen Hayden, Tony Pattison, and Marcelle Stirling. Soil Health, Soil Biology, Soilborne Diseases and Sustainable Agriculture. CSIRO Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486303052.
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Our capacity to maintain world food production depends heavily on the thin layer of soil covering the Earth's surface. The health of this soil determines whether crops can grow successfully, whether a farm business is profitable and whether an enterprise is sustainable in the long term. Farmers are generally aware of the physical and chemical factors that limit the productivity of their soils but often do not recognise that soil microbes and the soil fauna play a major role in achieving healthy soils and healthy crops.
Soil Health, Soil Biology, Soilborne Diseases and Sustainable Agriculture provides readily understandable information about the bacteria, fungi, nematodes and other soil organisms that not only harm food crops but also help them take up water and nutrients and protect them from root diseases. Complete with illustrations and practical case studies, it provides growers and their consultants with holistic solutions for building an active and diverse soil biological community capable of improving soil structure, enhancing plant nutrient uptake and suppressing root pests and pathogens.
The book is written by scientists with many years' experience developing sustainable crop production practices in the grains, vegetable, sugarcane, grazing and horticultural industries.
This book will be useful for: growers, consultants, agronomists and soil chemists, extension personnel working in the grains, livestock, sugarcane and horticultural industries, professionals running courses in soil health/biological farming, and students taking university courses in soil science, ecology, microbiology, plant pathology and other biological sciences.
Book chapters on the topic "Crop-livestock farm"
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Mpairwe, Denis, and David Mutetikka. "Improved feeding for dairy cattle and poultry in smallholder crop-livestock systems." In Sustainable agricultural intensification: a handbook for practitioners in East and Southern Africa, 106–18. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800621602.0008.
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Abstract This chapter describes how cropping systems can be used to supplement feeds to increase dairy and poultry yields. It completes the concept of on-farm integration of crop, livestock and natural resources technologies necessary for sustainable intensification on smallholder farms. The different processes that utilize different feed sources to produce better-quality feed rations for dairy cows and poultry are also discussed.
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Smith, Hendrik J., Gerhardus Trytsman, and Andre A. Nel. "On-farm experimentation for scaling-out conservation agriculture using an innovation systems approach in the north west province, South Africa." In Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 416–30. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0026.
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Abstract A project under the Farmer Innovation Programme (FIP) that aimed to adapt Conservation Agriculture (CA) among grain farmers in South Africa was implemented in a commercial farming area of the North West Province. The following on-farm, collaborative-managed trials produced key findings concerning: (i) plant population densities (high versus low) under CA; (ii) conventional crop systems versus CA crop systems; (iii) the testing and screening of cover crops; (iv) green fallow systems for soil restoration; and (v) livestock integration. Key results from these trials were that the yield of maize was significantly higher under high-density no-till (NT) systems compared to the normal NT systems. The yield of maize in local conventional systems was lower than the yield in NT systems tested on three farmer-managed trials. The screening trial assisted in testing and learning the suitability and the different attributes of a range of cover crops in that area. Cover crop mixtures used as a green fallow system with livestock showed that CA can facilitate the successful restoration of degraded soil.
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Dumba, Hillary, Jones Abrefa Danquah, and Ari Pappinen. "Rural Farmers’ Approach to Drought Adaptation: Lessons from Crop Farmers in Ghana." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1033–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_29.
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AbstractSub-Saharan Africa is considered to be highly vulnerable to climate change-related disasters particularly drought. Farmers in Ghana have learnt to co-exist with it by resorting to various approaches. This study sheds light on farmers’ adaptation to drought in Ghana. The cross-sectional survey design was used to collect data from a random sample of 326 farmers and six purposively selected lead farmers from six farming communities. Questionnaire and in-depth interviews were used for data collection. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study revealed a significant variation between locations and use of drought adaptation approaches. The study showed that the most common drought adaptation measures comprise locating farms on riverine areas, drought monitoring, formation of farm-based organizations for dissemination of climate information, application of agro-chemicals, changing planting dates, cultivating different crops, integrating crop and livestock production, changing the location of crops, diversifying from farm to non-farm income-generating activities, and cultivation of early maturing crops. Therefore, it was recommended, among other things, that Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) should assist the government to construct small-scale irrigation facilities and provide drought-resistant crops to further boost the capacity of farming communities in Ghana.
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Ayinde, Taiwo B., Benjamin Ahmed, and Charles F. Nicholson. "Farm-Level Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Reductions for the Predominant Production Systems in Northern Nigeria." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 875–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_4.
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AbstractThis chapter summarizes the sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from different economic sectors in Nigeria and emphasizes those arising from agriculture and forestry. The impacts of climate change on agricultural systems in Nigeria are likely to be large, motivating the need for additional knowledge to assess current practices and formulate appropriate modifications for both mitigation and adaptation. Some current farming practices are believed to be adaptive, but further study would provide better assessments. We also analyzed the trade-offs between household income and GHG emissions at two contrasting sites in northern Nigeria. A farm optimization model maximizing the value of crop, livestock, and tree production activities in a single representative year assessed the potential impacts for GHG reductions of 10% and 25% and the maximum allowable reductions of 26% and 30% on farm activities and income. Emissions reductions of 10% reduced annual household incomes by less than 5% but required substantive changes, especially in livestock owned. Maximum possible GHG emissions reductions (while still meeting minimum household consumption needs) would require marked changes in production pattern and would lower household incomes by 22–44%. We did not assess effects over longer periods, where the role of livestock as a key asset may imply additional negative impacts. Productivity-enhancing technologies that would simultaneously reduce GHG emissions and increase incomes are needed for smallholder farms to play a larger role in climate change mitigation without the burden of reduced incomes and greater risk. This suggests the need for programmatic and policy actions both by national agricultural research systems and the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).
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M'hamed, Hatem Cheikh, Haithem Bahri, Mohamed Annabi, Aymen Frija, and Zied Idoudi. "Historical review and future opportunities for wider scaling of conservation agriculture in Tunisia." In Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 137–50. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0007.
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Abstract In Tunisia, rainfed agriculture is facing the major challenges of low and irregular rainfall, as well as natural resources degradation. These are further accentuated by climate change. Changes in technical and management paradigms are needed to boost agricultural productivity. Since the early 1990s in Tunisia, a Conservation Agriculture (CA) system has been proposed as an adapted set of management principles to ensure more efficient and resilient agricultural production systems. In the last 20 years several research and development (R&D) projects have been implemented. Research findings in Tunisia show that the long-term adoption of CA allows increased crop yields and water use efficiency of cereals, enhanced soil biological life and soil organic carbon and reduced energy costs at farm level. Despite promising research results, adoption and up-scaling of CA in Tunisia has been rather modest (currently some 16,000 ha are managed under CA systems). The purpose of this book chapter is to summarize the previous R&D projects dealing with CA in Tunisia. It also aims to provide better insights into the complexity and potential ongoing solutions for integrating crops and livestock into CA systems. Crop-livestock systems dominate a large part of northern and central Tunisia where most of the rainfed field crops are produced.
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Shetto, Richard, Saidi Mkomwa, Ndabhemeye Mlengera, and Remmy Mwakimbwala. "Conservation agriculture in the southern highlands of Tanzania: learnings from two decades of research for development." In Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 122–36. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0006.
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Abstract Since its introduction into the Southern Highlands of Tanzania by researchers 25 years ago, Conservation Agriculture (CA) has been well received, researched and the concept proven to be increasing productivity and incomes, enhancing resilience of livelihoods and contributing to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. CA research, as defined by the three interlined principles, was introduced into the Southern Highlands by the Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute (TARI) Uyole, formerly Agricultural Research Institute (ARI) Uyole around 1995. Research results showed a labour saving of up to 70% in CA compared to conventional tillage, yield increases of 26%-100% and 360% for maize and sunflower, respectively, partly attributed to higher moisture content (18%-24%) in CA systems. CA was also found to be much more effective in mitigating dry spells and increasing productivity in maize production in areas where average annual rainfall is less than 770 mm. Economic analysis of maize production showed that profits in CA were three times more than in conventional tillage production at US$526.9 ha-1 and US$ 176.6 ha-1, respectively. Profits were twice as much for beans under CA at US$917.4 ha-1 compared to US$376.3 ha-1 for conventional practice. Studies confirm that 5% of farmers in the Southern Highlands have adopted CA. Increased uptake requires addressing challenges including resistance to change in mindset, inaccessibility of appropriate mechanization and cover crop seeds, traditions of free-range communal grazing of livestock (which makes it difficult for farmers to retain crop residue in their farms) and shortage of investment capital. A holistic value chain approach is recommended in CA interventions, bringing together various stakeholders including scientists, trainers, extension workers, administrators, policy makers, agro-inputs and machinery dealers, machinery service providers, agro-processors and financial institutions. The innovations adaptation set-up brings service providers closer to farmers for co-innovation. Long-term CA programmes are recommended, with farmers being taken through the complete learning cycle in testing CA technologies under their own farm environments. This should be complemented by entrepreneurial CA machinery hire services provision to increase the availability of farm power to smallholders unlikely to have the capital or skills to buy and manage their own machinery. The proof of application of the CA concept in the Southern Highlands has set the stage for further scaling the adoption of CA through support from national policies and programmes.
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Wagino, Abbebe Marra, and Teshale W. Amanuel. "Community Adaptation to Climate Change: Case of Gumuz People, Metekel Zone, Northwest Ethiopia." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2339–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_244.
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AbstractThe effect of climate change on agricultural-dependent communities is immense. Ethiopia in which more than 85% of its population is agrarian is affected by climate change. Communities in different parts of the country perceived climate change and practice different climate change adaptation strategies. This chapter was initiated to identify adaptation strategy to the impact of changing climate. Data on a total of 180 households were gathered using structured and semi-structured questioners. Focus group discussion and key informant interview were also used for data collection. Climatic data from the nearest meteorological stations of the area were collected and used in this chapter. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The upshot indicated that all the respondent communities experienced at least one of autonomous/self-adaptation strategies to cope and live with the impacts of changing climate. Though 33.6% complained on its accessibility and pricing, 66.4% of the respondents reviled as they do not have any awareness on improved agricultural technologies. The major adaptation strategies identified were collecting and using of edible wild plants and other forest products, hunting, renting/selling of own farm lands, livestock sell, selling of household materials/assets, collecting and selling of wood and wood products and depending on well-off relatives, using drought-resistant crop variety, changing cropping calendar, replanting/sowing, and increasing farmland size. Nevertheless, the communities are not yet fully aware and accessed to policy-driven options for climate change adaptation. Although they used different autonomous adaptation mechanisms, the households are not resilient to the current and perceived climate change. Finally, based on the findings, the recommendation is that besides encouraging the existing community-based adaptation strategies planned adaptation strategies have to be implemented: such as early-warning and preparedness programs have to be effectively implemented in the area, introduction of different drought-resistant locally adapted food crop varieties, and expansion of large-scale investment in the area has to be checked, and give due recognition to forest ecosystem–based adaptation mechanisms of the local community in the area.
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Zaman, M., K. Kleineidam, L. Bakken, J. Berendt, C. Bracken, K. Butterbach-Bahl, Z. Cai, et al. "Greenhouse Gases from Agriculture." In Measuring Emission of Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and Developing Mitigation Options using Nuclear and Related Techniques, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55396-8_1.
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AbstractThe rapidly changing global climate due to increased emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) is leading to an increased occurrence of extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, and heatwaves. The three major GHGs are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). The major natural sources of CO2 include ocean–atmosphere exchange, respiration of animals, soils (microbial respiration) and plants, and volcanic eruption; while the anthropogenic sources include burning of fossil fuel (coal, natural gas, and oil), deforestation, and the cultivation of land that increases the decomposition of soil organic matter and crop and animal residues. Natural sources of CH4 emission include wetlands, termite activities, and oceans. Paddy fields used for rice production, livestock production systems (enteric emission from ruminants), landfills, and the production and use of fossil fuels are the main anthropogenic sources of CH4. Nitrous oxide, in addition to being a major GHG, is also an ozone-depleting gas. N2O is emitted by natural processes from oceans and terrestrial ecosystems. Anthropogenic N2O emissions occur mostly through agricultural and other land-use activities and are associated with the intensification of agricultural and other human activities such as increased use of synthetic fertiliser (119.4 million tonnes of N worldwide in 2019), inefficient use of irrigation water, deposition of animal excreta (urine and dung) from grazing animals, excessive and inefficient application of farm effluents and animal manure to croplands and pastures, and management practices that enhance soil organic N mineralisation and C decomposition. Agriculture could act as a source and a sink of GHGs. Besides direct sources, GHGs also come from various indirect sources, including upstream and downstream emissions in agricultural systems and ammonia (NH3) deposition from fertiliser and animal manure.
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Wassie, Adera S., and Noah M. Pauline. "Effectiveness of existing climate smart agricultural practices in Tehuledere district, north-eastern Ethiopia." In Climate change impacts and sustainability: ecosystems of Tanzania, 180–93. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242966.0180.
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Abstract This study sought to understand the effectiveness of existing climate smart agricultural (CSA) practices used by smallholder farmers in Tehuledere District, north-eastern Ethiopia, using empirical data collected over 3 months in 2016. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from primary and secondary sources, including historical climatic records and perceptions, indicatiors of climate change, impacts and responses. The study employed focus group discussions and a household questionnaire survey during data collection. Findings reveal that the majority of participants are aware of climate change and variability. The indicators of climate change include drought, off-season rainfall, too little and/or too much rainfall, and high temperature. The impact of climate variability observed by participants include: (i) decreasing crop yields and livestock production; (ii) increasing pests and disease; and (iii) decreasing water quantity and quality. The adaptation measures embraced to mitigate negative climate change effects include: (i) changing crop varieties; (ii) integrating livestock and crop production; and (iii) soil and water conservation practices. As far as CSA practices were found to be viable and effective response measures, support from innovative polices and strategies should be emphasized so as to address the barriers and bring about widespread adoption.
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Le, Thao Duc, and Chung Thi Bao Pham. "Soybean breeding through induced mutation in Vietnam." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 40–46. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0004.
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Abstract In Vietnam, soybean is one of the traditional crops and plays an important role in crop rotation, soil improvement and meeting the nutritional needs of humans and livestock. With the aim of generating genetic variability in soybean and creating new soybean varieties to meet the needs of production, induced mutation research has been carried out since the 1980s and has gained outstanding achievements. Induction of modified traits and their incorporation into an ideal genotype was achieved by judicious use of the induced mutation technique. So far, outstanding soybean varieties such as DT84, DT90, DT99, DT2008 and several promising lines have been developed in Vietnam by incorporating desirable traits like high and stable yield (2.0-3.5 t/ha), good quality, drought tolerance, disease resistance (rust, powdery mildew, downy mildew), short growth duration (70-100 days), wide adaptability and suitability for cropping systems and ecological regions in the whole country. The most outstanding variety, DT84, occupies over 50% of the total production area and 80% in Central and North Vietnam (about 70,000-80,000 ha/year). These varieties have also been used as materials for developing several additional improved soybean varieties. Thus, induced mutation research has played an important role in improving soybean varieties in Vietnam.
Conference papers on the topic "Crop-livestock farm"
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De Graeuwe, Mireille, Lavena Van Cranenbroeck, Rémy Parent, Clément Serdobbel, Yves Brostaux, and Kevin Maréchal. "Learning agroecology through the serious game SEGAE in an online lesson: unveiling its impact on knowledge articulation." In Ninth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head23.2023.16305.
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Facing global challenges, the currently dominating agricultural system has shown its limitation. Therefore, agroecology appears as an attractive alternative. Its implementation has been shown to benefit the environment, while harboring economic potential. For a transition towards more agroecology, this new paradigm needs to be taught to students and professionals in the agricultural sector. However, traditional learning methods are not fully adapted to teach these concepts because of the poor interactivity and/or lack of interdisciplinarity. To help teach agroecology, the “SErious Game for AgroEcology” (SEGAE) was developed. SEGAE is a simulated mixed crop–livestock farm complex models in which players can learn by doing. To access SEGAE pedagogical interest, university students, coming from four specializations (Agronomy; Chemistry; Environment and Forest) participated to a theoretical class which was tighted to a play session of the game. The students then answered a knowledge survey on agroecology and a feedback survey based on flow theory. Results showed that students did significantly increase their knowledge of agroecology. Morevoer, a large majority of students enjoyed the game (83%) and thought playing this game increased their knowledge (91%).
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Ivanova E. P., E. P. "Agrophytocenoses of alfalfa as an element of biologization of agriculture in the Far East." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-9.
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Cultivation of variable alfalfa meets the requirements of biological agriculture, has a powerful phytomeliorative effect, is a large-scale source of biological nitrogen, increases soil fertility and yields of subsequent crops, reduces the cost of agricultural products, contributes to resource conservation and increases the competitiveness of crop and livestock produc
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Bieliaieva, Nataliia, Olena Sova, Nadiia Antypenko, and Victoriia Khmurova. "Peculiarities of cost management: agricultural enterprises under normal operating conditions and during the crisis." In 23rd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2022”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2022.56.040.
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The aim of the article is to investigate and formulate peculiarities of agricultural enterprises’ cost management under normal operating conditions and during the crisis. The object of the research is the modification of the functional approach to the costs formation to determine the full cost of the resource on the base of its business processes passed. The analysis was based on the specifics of the agrosphere, including that one of the types of products is the main one (grain, root crops, marketable fish), the others are conjugate or secondary. A zonation of the production of marketable crop production has been formed. As a result of the research, the distribution of farms was carried out in accordance with the recommended zoning. It was discovered that the most promising method for achieving the maximum intensification of production, outstripping the growth of commercial output in comparison with the growth of production costs, is the improvement of equipment, technology and organization of production, breeding high-yielding varieties of agricultural crops and increasing the genetic potential of livestock and poultry. A method for the distribution of the main indicators of objective factors for reducing the cost of crop production and livestock industries is proposed. The main results of the research can be applied in the practical activity of agricultural enterprises to minimize the risks of their functioning. Further research needs to address the general economic costs and their distribution by types of crop production, determination of the characteristic bases of distribution etc.
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Bell, L. W., L. J. Watt, and R. Stutz. "Diverse Forage Brassica Genotypes Have Potential to Augment Forage Supply on Drier Mixed Crop-Livestock Farms Across Australia." In XXV International Grassland Congress. Berea, KY 40403: International Grassland Congress 2023, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/071171-0253.
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Mishina, N. V. "ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ СОВРЕМЕННОГО РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА ПРОВИНЦИИ ХЭЙЛУНЦЗЯН (КНР) В СРАВНЕНИИ С ЮЖНЫМИ РАЙОНАМИ ДАЛЬНЕГО ВОСТОКА." In Geosistemy vostochnyh raionov Rossii: osobennosti ih struktur i prostranstvennogo razvitiia. ИП Мироманова Ирина Витальевна, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33833/tig.2019.35.25.009.
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В работе представлены результаты изучения развития сельского хозяйства провинции Хэйлунцзян (КНР) за период с 2000 по 2017 гг. Данная провинция имеет протяженную границу с Дальневосточным федеральным округом РФ и ее сельскохозяйственное освоение является одним из важных факторов экологической безопасности приграничных территорий России. Основой для выполнения исследования являются официальные статистические данные. Для выявления основных изменений в отрасли анализировались такие показатели, как валовое производство сельскохозяйственной продукции, размеры и структура посевных площадей, объемы использования минеральных удобрений, сельскохозяйственное водопользование, поголовье скота и производство продуктов животноводства. Сельское хозяйство провинции Хэйлунцзян КНР активно развивалось в рассматриваемый период, что подтверждается многократным увеличением значения большинства показателей отрасли, а также ростом ее доли в ВРП. В растениеводстве наблюдался сильный перекос в сторону увеличения производства кукурузы и риса, сопровождавшийся значительным расширением посевных площадей, в т.ч. орошаемых, что обусловило рост сельскохозяйственного водопотребления. В животноводстве, кроме традиционного производства мясопродуктов, развитие получило молочное животноводство, производство шерсти, меда, шелковых коконов. В пространственном отношении в последние 17 лет вектор сельскохозяйственного развития в провинции смещался в сторону ранее наименее освоенных приграничных округов, в которых имеется запас пригодных для освоения земель. Сопоставление данных о сельскохозяйственном производстве провинции Хэйлунцзян и в сопредельных районах юга Дальнего Востока России показало рост трансграничных градиентов для большинства показателей, что указывает на более интенсивное развитие отрасли на китайской территории. Сохранение этих тенденций в перспективе означает ухудшение состояния природной среды в провинции, нарастание остроты экологических проблем, увеличение экономического и экологического дисбаланса на приграничных территориях России и КНР. The paper is a general review of the agricultural development of Province Heilongjiang (China) in 20002017. This province has a long border with the Far Eastern Federal District of the Russian Federation and its agricultural development is an important factor of the environmental safety of the border areas of Russia. The basis for the review is the official statistical data. We analyzed such indicators as a gross output value of agricultural production, a size and a structure of sown areas, using mineral fertilizers, the agricultural water use, livestock number and products. Multiple growth of the value of most indicators confirms active development of agriculture in Province Heilongjiang in the period under consideration. The analysis of crop farming data showed a strong shift towards production of corn and rice, significant expansion of the sown area, including the irrigated ones, an increase in agricultural water consumption. In animal husbandry dairy farming and the production of wool, honey, and silk cocoons developed in addition to the traditional production of meat products. Spatially, over the past 17 years, agricultural development has shifted towards the border regions (prefectures) with rather large stock lands suitable for reclamation. The comparison of the agricultural data in Province Heilongjiang and in the south of the Russian Far East showed an increase in crossborder gradients for most indicators meaning more intense agricultural development of the Chinese territory. Continuation of these trends in future means environmental deterioration, intensification of ecological problems, growth of the economic and environmental imbalance in the border areas of Russia and China.
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Mishina, N. V. "ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ СОВРЕМЕННОГО РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА ПРОВИНЦИИ ХЭЙЛУНЦЗЯН (КНР) В СРАВНЕНИИ С ЮЖНЫМИ РАЙОНАМИ ДАЛЬНЕГО ВОСТОКА." In Geosistemy vostochnyh raionov Rossii: osobennosti ih struktur i prostranstvennogo razvitiia. ИП Мироманова Ирина Витальевна, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35735/tig.2019.35.25.009.
Full textAbstract:
В работе представлены результаты изучения развития сельского хозяйства провинции Хэйлунцзян (КНР) за период с 2000 по 2017 гг. Данная провинция имеет протяженную границу с Дальневосточным федеральным округом РФ и ее сельскохозяйственное освоение является одним из важных факторов экологической безопасности приграничных территорий России. Основой для выполнения исследования являются официальные статистические данные. Для выявления основных изменений в отрасли анализировались такие показатели, как валовое производство сельскохозяйственной продукции, размеры и структура посевных площадей, объемы использования минеральных удобрений, сельскохозяйственное водопользование, поголовье скота и производство продуктов животноводства. Сельское хозяйство провинции Хэйлунцзян КНР активно развивалось в рассматриваемый период, что подтверждается многократным увеличением значения большинства показателей отрасли, а также ростом ее доли в ВРП. В растениеводстве наблюдался сильный перекос в сторону увеличения производства кукурузы и риса, сопровождавшийся значительным расширением посевных площадей, в т.ч. орошаемых, что обусловило рост сельскохозяйственного водопотребления. В животноводстве, кроме традиционного производства мясопродуктов, развитие получило молочное животноводство, производство шерсти, меда, шелковых коконов. В пространственном отношении в последние 17 лет вектор сельскохозяйственного развития в провинции смещался в сторону ранее наименее освоенных приграничных округов, в которых имеется запас пригодных для освоения земель. Сопоставление данных о сельскохозяйственном производстве провинции Хэйлунцзян и в сопредельных районах юга Дальнего Востока России показало рост трансграничных градиентов для большинства показателей, что указывает на более интенсивное развитие отрасли на китайской территории. Сохранение этих тенденций в перспективе означает ухудшение состояния природной среды в провинции, нарастание остроты экологических проблем, увеличение экономического и экологического дисбаланса на приграничных территориях России и КНР. The paper is a general review of the agricultural development of Province Heilongjiang (China) in 20002017. This province has a long border with the Far Eastern Federal District of the Russian Federation and its agricultural development is an important factor of the environmental safety of the border areas of Russia. The basis for the review is the official statistical data. We analyzed such indicators as a gross output value of agricultural production, a size and a structure of sown areas, using mineral fertilizers, the agricultural water use, livestock number and products. Multiple growth of the value of most indicators confirms active development of agriculture in Province Heilongjiang in the period under consideration. The analysis of crop farming data showed a strong shift towards production of corn and rice, significant expansion of the sown area, including the irrigated ones, an increase in agricultural water consumption. In animal husbandry dairy farming and the production of wool, honey, and silk cocoons developed in addition to the traditional production of meat products. Spatially, over the past 17 years, agricultural development has shifted towards the border regions (prefectures) with rather large stock lands suitable for reclamation. The comparison of the agricultural data in Province Heilongjiang and in the south of the Russian Far East showed an increase in crossborder gradients for most indicators meaning more intense agricultural development of the Chinese territory. Continuation of these trends in future means environmental deterioration, intensification of ecological problems, growth of the economic and environmental imbalance in the border areas of Russia and China.
Reports on the topic "Crop-livestock farm"
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Rossiter, Lyle T. Allee Demonstration Farm Crop and Livestock Report. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-434.
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Lane, Erin, and Kate MacFarland. 360o of Silvopasturing to Adapt to Climate Change. USDA Northeast Climate Hub, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.6937342.ch.
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Climate change is already impacting farm and forest lands throughout the northeastern United States. Temperatures are increasing and more rain is falling all at once with dry periods in between. With these changes comes greater variation and uncertainty in crop and livestock production. Without modifying management, agricultural profits may decline
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Turner, Dylan. Federal programs for agricultural risk management. Washington, D.C.: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2023.8321812.ers.
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This report provides a broad overview of the Federal programs that are designed to help agricultural producers manage risks to income or profitability caused by natural and economic forces. This report refers to these programs as "risk management programs." Focus is given to risk management programs that are available under the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (i.e., 2018 Farm Bill) with an emphasis on programs for crop and livestock producers that are available under Title I: Commodity Programs or Title XI: Crop Insurance. Available policies for managing production and price risk are discussed with recent trends in program enrollment and outlays provided..--
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Ludena, Carlos, Thomas Hertel, Paul Preckel, Kenneth Foster, and Alejandro Nin-Pratt. Productivity Growth and Convergence in Crop, Ruminant and Non-Ruminant Production: Measurement and Forecasts. GTAP Working Paper, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp35.
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There is considerable interest in projections of future productivity growth in agriculture. Whether one is interested in the outlook for global commodity markets, future patterns of international trade, or the interactions between land use, deforestation and ecological diversity, the rate of productivity growth in agriculture is an essential input. Yet solid projections for this variable have proven elusive – particularly on a global basis. This is due, in no small part, to the difficulty in measuring historical productivity growth. The purpose of this paper is to report the latest time series evidence on total factor productivity growth for crops, ruminants and non-ruminant livestock, on a global basis. We then follow with tests for convergence amongst regions, providing forecasts for farm productivity growth to the year 2040. The results suggest that most regions in the sample are likely to experience larger productivity gains in livestock than in crops. Within livestock, the non-ruminant sector is expected to continue to be more dynamic than the ruminant sector. Given the rapid rates of productivity growth observed recently, non-ruminant and crop productivity in developing countries may be converging to the productivity levels of developed countries. For ruminants, the results show that productivity levels may be diverging between developed and developing countries.
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Einarsson, Rasmus. Nitrogen in the food system. TABLE, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/2fa45626.
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Nitrogen (N) plays a dual role in the agri-food system: it is an essential nutrient for all life forms, yet also an environmental pollutant causing a range of environmental and human health impacts. As the plant nutrient needed in greatest quantities, and as a building block of proteins and other biomolecules, N is a necessary part of all life. In the last century, an enormous increase of N turnover in the agri-food system has enabled increasing per-capita food supply for a growing world population, but as an unintended side effect, N pollution has increased to levels widely agreed in science and policy to be far beyond sustainable limits. There is no such thing as perfectly circular N supply. Losses of N to the environment inevitably arise as N is transformed and used in the food system, for example in soil processes, in manure storage, and in fertilizer application. This lost N must be replaced by ‘new’ N, which is N converted to bioavailable forms from the vast atmospheric pool of unreactive dinitrogen (N2). New N comes mainly as synthetic N fertilizer and through a process known as biological N fixation (BNF). In addition, there is a large internal flow of recycled N in the food system, mainly in the form of livestock excreta. This recirculated N, however, is internal to the food system and cannot make up for the inevitable losses of N. The introduction of synthetic N fertilizer during the 20th century revolutionized the entire food system. The industrial production of synthetic N fertilizer was a revolution for agricultural systems because it removed the natural constraint of N scarcity. Given sufficient energy, synthetic N fertilizer can be produced in limitless quantities from atmospheric dinitrogen (N2). This has far-reaching consequences for the whole agri-food system. The annual input of synthetic N fertilizer today is more than twice the annual input of new N in pre-industrial agriculture. Since 1961, increased N input has enabled global output of both crop and livestock products to roughly triple. During the same time period, total food-system N emissions to the environment have also more than tripled. Livestock production is responsible for a large majority of agricultural N emissions. Livestock consume about three-quarters of global cropland N output and are thereby responsible for a similar share of cropland N emissions to air and water. In addition, N emissions from livestock housing and manure management systems contribute a substantial share of global N emissions to air. There is broad political agreement that global N emissions from agriculture should be reduced by about 50%. High-level policy targets of the EU and of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity are for a 50% reduction in N emissions. These targets are in line with a large body of research assessing what would be needed to stay within acceptable limits as regards ecosystem change and human health impacts. In the absence of dietary change towards less N-intensive diets, N emissions from food systems could be reduced by about 30%, compared to business-as-usual scenarios. This could be achieved by implementing a combination of technical measures, improved management practices, improved recycling of wasted N (including N from human excreta), and spatial optimization of agriculture. Human dietary change, especially in the most affluent countries, offers a huge potential for reducing N emissions from food systems. While many of the world’s poor would benefit nutritionally from increasing their consumption of nutrient-rich animal-source foods, many other people consume far more nutrients than is necessary and could reduce consumption of animal-source food by half without any nutritional issues. Research shows that global adoption of healthy but less N-polluting diets might plausibly cut future food-system N losses by 10–40% compared to business-as-usual scenarios. There is no single solution for solving the N challenge. Research shows that efficiency improvements and food waste reductions will almost certainly be insufficient to reach agreed environmental targets. To reach agreed targets, it seems necessary to also shift global average food consumption onto a trajectory with less animal-source food.
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Eshed, Yuval, and John Bowman. Harnessing Fine Scale Tuning of Endogenous Plant Regulatory Processes for Manipulation of Organ Growth. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696519.bard.
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Background and objectives: Manipulation of plant organ growth is one of the primary reasons for the success of mankind allowing increasing amounts of food for human and livestock consumption. In contrast with the successful selection for desirable growth characteristics using plant breeding, transgenic manipulations with single genes has met limited success. While breeding is based on accumulation of many small alterations of growth, usually arise from slight changes in expression patterns, transgenic manipulations are primarily based on drastic, non-specific up-regulation or knock down of genes that can exert different effects during different stages of development. To successfully harness transgenic manipulation to attain desirable plant growth traits we require the tools to subtly regulate the temporal and spatial activity of plant growth genes. Polar morphology along the adaxial/abaxial axis characterizes lateral organs of all plants. Juxtaposition of two cell types along this axis is a prerequisite of laminar growth induction. In the study summarized here, we addressed the following questions: Can we identify and harness components of the organ polarity establishment pathway for prolonged growth? Can we identify specific regulatory sequences allowing spatial and temporal manipulation in various stages of organ development? Can we identify genes associated with YABBY-induced growth alterations? Major conclusions and implications: We showed that regulated expression, both spatially and temporally of either organ polarity factors such as the YABBY genes, or the organ maturation program such as the CIN-TCPs can stimulate substantial growth of leaves and floral organs. Promoters for such fine manipulation could be identified by comparison of non-coding sequences of KAN1, where a highly conserved domain was found within the second intron, or by examination of multiple 5” regions of genes showing transient expression along leaf ontogeny. These promoters illustrate the context dependent action of any gene we examined thus far, and facilitate fine tuning of the complex growth process. Implications, both scientific and agricultural. The present study was carried out on the model organism Arabidopsis, and the broad application of its findings were tested in the tomato crop. We learned that all central regulators of organ polarity are functionally conserved, probably in all flowering plants. Thus, with minor modifications, the rules and mechanisms outlined in this work are likely to be general.
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Gurevitz, Michael, Michael E. Adams, Boaz Shaanan, Oren Froy, Dalia Gordon, Daewoo Lee, and Yong Zhao. Interacting Domains of Anti-Insect Scorpion Toxins and their Sodium Channel Binding Sites: Structure, Cooperative Interactions with Agrochemicals, and Application. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585190.bard.
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Integrated pest management in modern crop protection may combine chemical and biological insecticides, particularly due to the risks to the environment and livestock arising from the massive use of non-selective chemicals. Thus, there is a need for safer alternatives, which target insects more specifically. Scorpions produce anti-insect selective polypeptide toxins that are biodegradable and non-toxic to warm-blooded animals. Therefore, integration of these substances into insect pest control strategies is of major importance. Moreover, clarification of the molecular basis of this selectivity may provide valuable information pertinent to their receptor sites and to the future design of peptidomimetic anti-insect specific substances. These toxins may also be important for reducing the current overuse of chemical insecticides if they produce a synergistic effect with conventional pesticides. Based on these considerations, our major objectives were: 1) To elucidate the three-dimensional structure and toxic-site of scorpion excitatory, "depressant, and anti-insect alpha toxins. 2) To obtain an initial view to the sodium channel recognition sites of the above toxins by generating peptide decoys through a phage display system. 3) To investigate the synergism between toxins and chemical insecticides. Our approach was to develop a suitable expression system for toxin production in a recombinant form and for elucidation of toxin bioactive sites via mutagenesis. In parallel, the mode of action and synergistic effects of scorpion insecticidal toxins with pyrethroids were studied at the sodium channel level using electrophysiological methods. Objective 1 was achieved for the alpha toxin, LqhaIT Zilberberg et al., 1996, 1997; Tugarinov et al., 1997; Froy et al., 2002), and the excitatory toxin, Bj-xtrIT (Oren et al., 1998; Froy et al., 1999; unpublished data). The bioactive surface of the depressant toxin, LqhIT2, has been clarified and a crystal of the toxin is now being analyzed (unpublished). Objective 2 was not successful thus far as no phages that recognize the toxins were obtained. We therefore initiated recently an alternative approach, which is introduction of mutations into recombinant channels and creation of channel chimeras. Objective 3 was undertaken at Riverside and the results demonstrated synergism between LqhaIT or AaIT and pyrethroids (Lee et al., 2002). Furthermore, negative cross-resistance between pyrethroids and scorpion toxins (LqhaIT and AaIT) was demonstrated at the molecular level. Although our study did not yield a product, it paves the way for future design of selective pesticides by capitalizing on the natural competence of scorpion toxins to distinguish between sodium channels of insects and vertebrates. We also show that future application of anti-insect toxins may enable to decrease the amounts of chemical pesticides due to their synergism.