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Journal articles on the topic 'Crop irrigation'
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1
Bajwa, M. S., and A. S. Josan. "Effects of Alternating Sodic and Non-sodic Irrigations on the Build-up of Sodium in the Soil and on Crop Yields in Northern India." Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 2 (April 1989): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700016707.
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SUMMARYIn a field experiment, the effects of irrigating crops alternately with sodic water (high in sodium adsorption ratio and ) and good quality canal water were investigated for six years on a well drained sandy loam (Typic Ustochrept). The irrigation treatments included: irrigation with non-sodic canal water (CW), irrigation with sodic water (SW), CW irrigation alternating with one or two SW irrigations, and two CW irrigations alternating with one SW irrigation. The results showed that the use of sodic water increased the sodium saturation of the soil and decreased rice and wheat yields. The build-up of sodium depended on the number of SW irrigations during the season. The increase in sodium saturation and decline in crop yields were progressive over the years. The improvements in yield due to alternating sodic and non-sodic irrigations compared with the use of sodic water alone increased over the years. Alternating sodic and non-sodic irrigations could therefore be considered a practical way to alleviate the problems caused by sodic water. The number of sodic irrigations during a season should, however, be kept to a minimum and the build-up of sodium in the soil over time should be monitored.
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Hanson, Blaine R., Donald M. May, and Larry J. Schwankl. "Effect of Irrigation Frequency on Subsurface Drip Irrigated Vegetables." HortTechnology 13, no. 1 (January 2003): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.13.1.0115.
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The effect on crop yield of drip-irrigation frequencies of two irrigations per day (2/d), one irrigation per day (1/d), two irrigations per week (2/week), and one irrigation per week (1/week) was investigated for lettuce (Lactuca sativa), pepper (Capsicum annuum), and onion (Allium cepa) grown on sandy loam and processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) grown on silt loam during experiments conducted during 1994 to 1997. All treatments of a particular crop received the same amount of irrigation water per week. Results showed that the 1/week frequency should be avoided for the shallow rooted crops in sandy soil. Irrigation frequency had little effect on yield of tomato, a relatively deep-rooted crop. These results suggest that drip irrigation frequencies of 1/d or 2/week are appropriate in medium to fine texture soils for the soil and climate of the project site. There was no yield benefit of multiple irrigations per day.
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Zhao, Q. L., J. N. Zhang, S. J. You, S. H. Wang, and L. N. Wang. "Effect of irrigation with reclaimed water on crops and health risk assessment." Water Supply 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.965.
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Irrigation with tertiary effluent, secondary effluent, and raw wastewater (sewage) were studied with tap water irrigation as the control. The effects of the irrigations on the qualities of three testing crops: cucumber, celery cabbage and maize were investigated. The contents of residual chloride ion, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, and residual heavy metals in these irrigated crops were also examined. The results showed that the secondary and tertiary effluent had no significant effects on the crop qualities. However, irrigation with the sewage could lead to increase parts of nutrient components in the crops. Irrigation with the sewage caused accumulation of nitrate and heavy metals in the crops, indicating that sewage was not suitable for irrigation. The risk assessment results suggested that the health risk of the irrigations using sewage and secondary effluent exceeded the maximum acceptable risk level. Comparatively, the risk in the tertiary effluent irrigation was much lower than the acceptable level.
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Rajkanna, U., T. Karthickkumar, L. Jayaraman, and M. Mathankumar. "Senna Crop Irrigation." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 11, no. 6 (2018): 2656. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2018.00492.4.
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Bryla, David R., Thomas J. Trout, and James E. Ayars. "Weighing Lysimeters for Developing Crop Coefficients and Efficient Irrigation Practices for Vegetable Crops." HortScience 45, no. 11 (November 2010): 1597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.11.1597.
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Large, precision weighing lysimeters are expensive but invaluable tools for measuring crop evapotranspiration and developing crop coefficients. Crop coefficients are used by both growers and researchers to estimate crop water use and accurately schedule irrigations. Two lysimeters of this type were installed in 2002 in central California to determine daily rates of crop and potential (grass) evapotranspiration and develop crop coefficients for better irrigation management of vegetable crops. From 2002 to 2006, the crop lysimeter was planted with broccoli, iceberg lettuce, bell pepper, and garlic. Basal crop coefficients, Kcb, defined as the ratio of crop to potential evapotranspiration when the soil surface is dry but transpiration in unlimited by soil water conditions, increased as a linear or quadratic function of the percentage of ground covered by vegetation. At midseason, when groundcover was greater than 70% to 90%, Kcb was ≈1.0 in broccoli, 0.95 in lettuce, and 1.1 in pepper, and Kcb of each remained the same until harvest. Garlic Kcb, in comparison, increased to 1.0 by the time the crop reached 80% ground cover, but with only 7% of additional coverage, Kcb continued to increase to 1.3, until irrigation was stopped to dry the crop for harvest. Three weeks after irrigation was cutoff, garlic Kcb declined rapidly to a value of 0.16 by harvest. Yields of each crop equaled or exceeded commercial averages for California with much less water in some cases than typically applied. The new crop coefficients will facilitate irrigation scheduling in the crops and help to achieve full yield potential without overirrigation.
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GOENAGA, R., and H. IRIZARRY. "YIELD OF BANANA GROWN WITH SUPPLEMENTAL DRIP-IRRIGATION ON AN ULTISOL." Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 4 (October 1998): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479798004062.
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A three-year study was conducted on an Ultisol to determine the water requirement, yield and fruit-quality traits of three ratoon crops (R1, R2, R3) of ‘Grande Naine’ banana (Musa acuminata Colla, AAA group) subjected to four levels of irrigation. The irrigation treatments were based on Class A pan factors ranging from 0.0 (rainfed) to 1.0 in increments of 0.25. When needed, drip irrigation was supplied three times a week on alternate days. Results showed significant (p < 0.01) irrigation treatment and crop effects on bunch weight, yield, bunch mean hand weight, weight and fruit diameter of the third and last hands, and length of fruits of the third hand. Highest marketable yield (47.9 t ha−1) was obtained from the R2 crop with water application according to a pan factor of 1.0. It was concluded that irrigating the crop according to a pan factor of 1.0 was sufficient to justify the investment of a drip-irrigation system for a farm in the mountain region.
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Singh, O. P., and P. K. Singh. "Effects of drip and alternate furrow method of irrigation on cotton yield and physical water productivity: A case study from farmers’ field of Bhavnagar district of Gujarat, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 2 (June 5, 2021): 677–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i2.2696.
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With the growing irrigation water scarcity, the researchers and policymakers are more concerned to improve the irrigation water use efficiency at farmers’ field level. The water-saving technologies provide greater control over water delivery to the crop root zone and reduce the non-beneficial evaporation from the crop field. Water productivity is an important concept for measuring and comparing water use efficiency. The present study tried to estimate the irrigation water use and physical water productivity of cotton under alternate furrow and drip irrigation methods in the Bhavnagar district of Gujarat. Results suggest that crop yield and physical water productivity were higher for cotton irrigated by drip method than alternate furrow method during normal rainfall and drought year. The irrigation water use under the drip method of irrigation was lower as compared to the alternate furrow method. In the case of total water (effective rainfall + irrigation water) use, per hectare crop yield and physical water productivity were higher for the drip method of irrigation than the alternate furrow method of irrigating cotton crop during normal rainfall and drought year. In the case of total water use (effective rainfall + irrigation water), it was lower for drip irrigation than the alternate furrow method of irrigating cotton crop during normal rainfall year and drought year. While estimating total water (effective rainfall + irrigation water) use, it was assumed that there is no return flow of water from the cotton field in the study area under both irrigation methods.
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Wang, Xin Hua, Mei Hua Guo, and Hui Mei Liu. "Research Dry Crop and Irrigation Water Requirement in Environment Engineering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 340 (July 2013): 961–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.340.961.
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According to Kunming 1980-2010 monthly weather data and CROPWAT software and the corresponding crop data, crop water requirements and irrigation water use are calculated. By frequency analysis, irrigation water requirement was get for different guaranteed rate. The results show that: corn, potatoes, tobacco, and soybeans average crop water requirements were 390.7mm, 447.9mm, 361.8mm and 328.4mm, crop water dispersion coefficient is small, period effective rainfall during crop growth in most of the year can meet the crop water requirements, so irrigation water demand is small. While the multi-year average crop water requirements were 400.8mm, 353.5mm, 394.3mm for small spring crops of wheat, beans, rape. Because the effective rainfall for these crops during growth period is relative less, crop irrigation water requirements for small spring crop is much. Vegetables and flowers are plant around the year, so the crop water and irrigation water requirements are the largest.
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Harding, Keith J., Tracy E. Twine, and Yaqiong Lu. "Effects of Dynamic Crop Growth on the Simulated Precipitation Response to Irrigation*." Earth Interactions 19, no. 14 (November 1, 2015): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei-d-15-0030.1.
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Abstract The rapid expansion of irrigation since the 1950s has significantly depleted the Ogallala Aquifer. This study examines the warm-season climate impacts of irrigation over the Ogallala using high-resolution (6.33 km) simulations of a version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model that has been coupled to the Community Land Model with dynamic crop growth (WRF-CLM4crop). To examine how dynamic crops influence the simulated impact of irrigation, the authors compare simulations with dynamic crops to simulations with a fixed annual cycle of crop leaf area index (static crops). For each crop scheme, simulations were completed with and without irrigation for 9 years that represent the range of observed precipitation. Reduced temperature and precipitation biases occur with dynamic versus static crops. Fundamental differences in the precipitation response to irrigation occur with dynamic crops, as enhanced surface roughness weakens low-level winds, enabling more water from irrigation to remain over the region. Greater simulated rainfall increases (12.42 mm) occur with dynamic crops compared to static crops (9.08 mm), with the greatest differences during drought years (+20.1 vs +5.9 mm). Water use for irrigation significantly impacts precipitation with dynamic crops (R2 = 0.29), but no relationship exists with static crops. Dynamic crop growth has the largest effect on the simulated impact of irrigation on precipitation during drought years, with little impact during nondrought years, highlighting the need to simulate the dynamic response of crops to environmental variability within Earth system models to improve prediction of the agroecosystem response to variations in climate.
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Kassaye, Kassu Tadesse, Wubengeda Admasu Yilma, Mehiret Hone Fisha, and Dawit Habte Haile. "Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Potato under Alternate Furrows and Deficit Irrigation." International Journal of Agronomy 2020 (November 24, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8869098.
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The benefits of water-saving techniques such as alternate furrow and deficit irrigations need to be explored to ensure food security for the ever-increasing population within the context of declining availability of irrigation water. In this regard, field experiments were conducted for 2 consecutive dry seasons in the semiarid region of southwestern Ethiopia and investigated the influence of alternate furrow irrigation method with different irrigation levels on the yield, yield components, water use efficiency, and profitability of potato production. The experiment comprised of 3 irrigation methods: (i) conventional furrow irrigation (CFI), (ii) alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), and (iii) fixed furrow irrigation (FFI) combined factorially with 3 irrigation regimes: (i) 100%, (ii) 75%, and (iii) 50% of the potato water requirement (ETC). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design replicated thrice. Results revealed that seasonal irrigation water applied in alternate furrows was nearly half (170 mm) of the amount supplied in every furrow (331 mm). Despite the half reduction in the total amount of water, tuber (35.68 t ha−1) and total biomass (44.37 t ha−1) yields of potato in AFI did not significantly differ from CFI (34.84 and 45.35 t ha−1, respectively). Thus, AFI improved WUE by 49% compared to CFI. Irrigating potato using 75% of ETC produced tuber yield of 35.01 t ha−1, which was equivalent with 100% of ETC (35.18 t ha−1). Irrigating alternate furrows using 25% less ETC provided the highest net return of US$74.72 for every unit investment on labor for irrigating potato. In conclusion, irrigating alternate furrows using up to 25% less ETC saved water, provided comparable yield, and enhanced WUE and economic benefit. Therefore, farmers and experts are recommended to make change to AFI with 25% deficit irrigation in the study area and other regions with limited water for potato production to improve economic, environmental, and social performance of their irrigated systems.
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Kumar, R., Zeenat Farooq, Sakiba Nabi, and Deepak Jhajharia. "Ecohydrological modeling of irrigation scheduling of maize using time series analysis in the temperate region of Kashmir valley, India." Water Supply 15, no. 4 (February 27, 2015): 727–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.026.
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Water, one of the most crucial inputs of irrigation, should be utilized judiciously to identify appropriate strategies for planning and management of irrigated farmland. The present study was conducted for the crop maize (Zea mays), grown mainly in the rabi-season (July–October), to evaluate the irrigation water requirements in the temperate region of Kashmir Valley, India during the last 20 years from 1993 to 2012. The crop evapotranspiration values have been determined using the universally accepted Penman–Monteith method. The reference evapotranspiration varied by 93 mm, which accounts for variation of 20.12% for a temperature change of 1.61 °C. Net irrigation requirement of the crop is influenced greatly due to the possible effect of climate change, observed through varying temperature in different crop periods. The number of irrigations required in sandy loam soil is much more than the required number of irrigations in clay loam soil. The irrigation scheduling was analyzed using meteorological data through FAO-56 Penman–Monteith method as a guiding force for irrigation water management in order to save water and increase crop water use efficiency. The time series analysis reveals that maize crop in sandy loam and clay loam needs to be advanced by 5 days and 4 days in order to adapt for the climate change.
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Dukes, Michael D., Lincoln Zotarelli, and Kelly T. Morgan. "Use of Irrigation Technologies for Vegetable Crops in Florida." HortTechnology 20, no. 1 (February 2010): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.1.133.
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Major horticultural crops in Florida are vegetables, small fruit, melons, and tree fruit crops. Approximately half of the agricultural area and nearly all of the horticultural crop land is irrigated. Irrigation systems include low-volume microirrigation, sprinkler systems, and subsurface irrigation. The present review was divided into two papers, in which the first part focuses on vegetable crop irrigation and the second part focuses on fruit tree crop irrigation. This first part also provides an overview of irrigation methods used in Florida. Factors affecting irrigation efficiency and uniformity such as design and maintenance are discussed. A wide range of soil moisture sensors (e.g., tensiometers, granular matrix, and capacitance) are currently being used in the state for soil moisture monitoring. Current examples of scheduling tools and automated control systems being used on selected crops in Florida are provided. Research data on the effect of irrigation scheduling and fertigation on nutrient movement, particularly nitrate, are reviewed. Concluding this review is a discussion of potential for adoption of irrigation scheduling and control systems for vegetable crops by Florida growers and future research priorities.
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Musazura, W., A. O. Odindo, I. B. Bame, and E. H. Tesfamariam. "Effect of irrigation with anaerobic baffled reactor effluent on Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris cicla.) yield, nutrient uptake and leaching." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 5, no. 4 (April 15, 2015): 592–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.011.
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The disposal of treated wastewater from an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) effluent into water bodies can cause pollution. Treated wastewater management through irrigation of crops has the potential of increasing crop production through nutrient uptake while reducing the risks of environmental pollution. However, this study aimed to investigate the effect of irrigation with ABR effluent on Swiss chard yield, nutrient (N and P) uptake and leaching. Field experiments were done over three seasons at Newlands, Durban, South Africa. The experiments were laid out in a randomised complete block design with three treatments: ABR effluent irrigation (ABR), tap water irrigation with fertiliser (TWF) and rain-fed with fertiliser (RFF). Data were collected on nutrient (N and P) leaching at 30 and 50 cm depths, crop growth, soil chemical properties and nutrient uptake. Effects of irrigation with ABR effluent on soil chemical properties, Swiss chard growth, plant nutrient uptake and leaching were comparable to TWF and RFF treatments. This implies that irrigating crops with ABR effluent is a potential method for wastewater management in a manner that will not cause environmental pollution while benefiting peri-urban farmers.
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Burnett, Stephanie, and Donglin Zhang. "Using Active Learning to Teach Irrigation Concepts in Greenhouse Management." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1003B—1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1003b.
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In the past, horticulture students at the University of Maine have been taught to irrigate plants using only hand irrigation. It is becoming increasingly important to irrigate and fertilize efficiently in commercial greenhouses in order to reduce water waste and nutrient leaching. In 2004 and 2006, greenhouse management or plant production students were exposed to alternate methods of irrigating Dendranthema ×morifolium (chrysanthemum) in greenhouses to train students more effectively in irrigation techniques. In 2004, students measured the quantity of water applied to chrysanthemums once they reached the permanent wilting point from 26 Sept. until 30 Oct. The irrigation frequency generally increased as crops grew, but, the quantity of water applied upon irrigation was not significantly different. This experience provided students with a tangible idea of how irrigation frequency and timing change as crops grow, which could be applied to irrigation timing decisions in the future. In 2006, students grew a crop of chrysanthemums using alternate methods of irrigation (hand watering vs. drip irrigation) and fertilization. Student surveys in 2006 indicated that only 25% of students with previous experience working in a greenhouse or nursery had grown crops using drip irrigation, but all students with prior experience had irrigated by hand. Expanding student experiences with irrigation in the greenhouse uses active learning to instill students with more knowledge of irrigation and provide them with practical skills for irrigating efficiently and conservatively in the future.
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Smidt, Samuel, Anthony Kendall, and David Hyndman. "Increased Dependence on Irrigated Crop Production Across the CONUS (1945–2015)." Water 11, no. 7 (July 14, 2019): 1458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071458.
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Efficient irrigation technologies, which seem to promise reduced production costs and water consumption in heavily irrigated areas, may instead be driving increased irrigation use in areas that were not traditionally irrigated. As a result, the total dependence on supplemental irrigation for crop production and revenue is steadily increasing across the contiguous United States. Quantifying this dependence has been hampered by a lack of comprehensive irrigated and dryland yield and harvested area data outside of major irrigated regions, despite the importance and long history of irrigation applications in agriculture. This study used a linear regression model to disaggregate lumped agricultural statistics and estimate average irrigated and dryland yields at the state level for five major row crops: corn, cotton, hay, soybeans, and wheat. For 1945–2015, we quantified crop production, irrigation enhancement revenue, and irrigated and dryland areas in both intensively irrigated and marginally-dependent states, where both irrigated and dryland farming practices are implemented. In 2015, we found that irrigating just the five commodity crops enhanced revenue by ~$7 billion across all states with irrigation. In states with both irrigated and dryland practices, 23% of total produced area relied on irrigation, resulting in 7% more production than from dryland practices. There was a clear response to increasing biofuel demand, with the addition of more than 3.6 million ha of irrigated corn and soybeans in the last decade in marginally-dependent states. Since 1945, we estimate that yield enhancement due to irrigation has resulted in over $465 billion in increased revenue across the contiguous United States (CONUS). Example applications of this dataset include estimating historical water use, evaluating the effects of environmental policies, developing new resource management strategies, economic risk analyses, and developing tools for farmer decision making.
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Sorensen, R. B., and C. L. Butts. "Peanut Response to Crop Rotation, Drip Tube Lateral Spacing, and Irrigation Rates with Deep Subsurface Drip Irrigation." Peanut Science 41, no. 2 (July 1, 2014): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps13-19.1.
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ABSTRACT Long term crop yield with various crop rotations irrigated with subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI) is not known for US southeast. A SSDI system was installed in 1998 on Tifton loamy sand soil with five crop rotations, two drip tube lateral spacings, and three irrigation levels. Crop rotations ranged from continuous peanut (Arachis hypogaea L) to four years between peanut. Laterals were installed beneath each crop row (0.91-m) and alternate row middles (1.83-m). Crops were irrigated daily at 100, 75 and 50% of estimated crop water use. Laterals spaced at 1.83 m had the same yield as laterals spaced at 0.91-m in nine out of ten years. The 50, 75, and 100% irrigation treatments averaged 3263, 3468, and 3497 kg/ha, respectively. There was no yield difference between the 75 and 100% irrigation treatments implying 25% water savings. Crop rotation affected peanut yield seven out of eight years and continuous peanut had lowest yield across all years. As time between peanut crops increased peanut yield increased. Irrigation treatment had no effect on total sound mature kernels (TSMK). Lateral spacing affected TSMK 20% of the time and crop rotation affected TSMK 90% of the time. Continuous peanut rotation had the lowest TSMK with higher TSMK occurring as time between peanut crops increased. There was no evidence of any one crop rotation negatively affecting kernel size distribution except for continuous peanut. When using SSDI, it is possible to save 25% irrigation water, install drip laterals in alternate row middles, and rotate with peanut every three years without negatively affecting peanut yield or grade.
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Corbari, Chiara, Imen Ben Charfi, and Marco Mancini. "Optimizing Irrigation Water Use Efficiency for Tomato and Maize Fields across Italy Combining Remote Sensing Data and the AquaCrop Model." Hydrology 8, no. 1 (March 2, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8010039.
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Remote sensing data of canopy cover and leaf area index are used together with the AquaCrop model to optimize irrigation water use efficiency for tomato and maize fields across Italy, which differ in climate, soil types and irrigation technique. An optimization irrigation strategy, “SIM strategy”, is developed based on crop stress thresholds and then applied to all the analyzed fields in different crop seasons, evaluating the effect not only on irrigation volume and number of irrigations but also on crop yield and canopy cover, and on the drainage flux which represents the main water loss. Irrigation volume reduction is found to be between 200 and 1000 mm, mainly depending on the different soil types within the climate, irrigation technique and crop type. This is directly related to the drainage flux reduction which is of a similar entity. The SIM strategy efficiency has then been quantified by different indicators, such as the irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) which is higher than with the observed irrigations (around 35% for tomato fields in Southern Italy, between 30 and 80% for maize in Northern Italy), and the percolation deficit and irrigation efficiency. The AquaCrop model has been previously calibrated against canopy cover and leaf area index (LAI) data, producing errors between 0.7 and 5%, while absolute mean errors (MAE) between 0.015 and 0.04 are obtained for soil moisture (SM). The validation of the AquaCrop model has been performed against evapotranspiration (ET) ground-measured data and crop yields producing MAE values ranging from 0.3 to 0.9 mm/day, and 0.9 ton/ha for maize and 10 ton/ha for tomatoes, respectively.
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LINO, VITOR ABEL DA SILVA, JOSÉ FRANCISMAR DE MEDEIROS, ANDRÉA RAQUEL FERNANDES CARLOS DA COSTA, SOLERNE CAMINHA COSTA, MAX VINÍCIUS TEIXEIRA DA SILVA, and FRANCISCA KARLA KELLY DA SILVA. "USE OF HIGH SALT CONCENTRATION WATER IN SORGHUM PRODUCTION IN THE BRAZILIAN SEMI-ARID REGION." Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo 19 (June 23, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18512/rbms2020v19e1134.
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In arid and semi-arid regions, due to the low rainfall and high evapotranspiration rate, salts are concentrated in the soil and in the water, causing the salinization of the medium. Irrigation is necessary in these regions, but the volume required by the crops is high. Deficit irrigation is an alternative since it alleviates plant stress, but without affecting the crop yield. Sorghum is a plant that tolerates soil moisture deficit and surplus. The objective of this work was to verify the influence of irrigation water salinity and depth in the sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) crop in terms of yield. The experiment was conducted from February to May 2016, in the municipality of Mossoró / state of Rio Grande do Norte. The treatments studied consisted of three factors as follows: irrigation water salt concentration (ECw) of 0.8, 2.4, 3.43 and 4.81 dS m-1; irrigation depths of 80, 98 and 127% of ETc applied via drip irrigation; and BRS 506, IPA 2502 and Ponta Negra sorghum cultivars, arranged in a (4x3)x3 factorial scheme with split plots, cultivars in sub-plots, with four blocks. Supplemental irrigations were implemented, being around 9% of the crop demand supplied by rainfall that occurred in the period. Soil electrical conductivity presented a reduction tendency when larger water volumes were applied. Irrigation depth and salinity did not influence yield aspects, even with a 20% reduction in the ideal irrigation depth and water salt concentration of at least 4.81 dS m-1 of electrical conductivity.
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Li, Bo, and Tie Liang Wang. "Effect of Air Moisture on Pepper Growth with Different Irrigation Methods in a Greenhouse." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 676–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.676.
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Air moisture in a greenhouse is an important factor to reduce crop diseases and insect pests and to increase crop yield. When soil moisture was 60%-70% of field capacity and the irrigating quota was 15mm, this paper experimentally studies the effect of air moisture on the growth of pepper in the greenhouse. Moreover, it analyzed the incidence of crop pests diseases respectively with small tube flow, infiltration irrigation, drip irrigation and furrow irrigation. The results show that the relevance between air moisture and irrigation methods is obvious. The variety trend of air temperature and air moisture are opposite, when the air temperature in a greenhouse is controlled between 25°C and 28°C, the air moisture in a greenhouse is lower. And the air moisture in a greenhouse is the lowest with infiltration irrigation, the incidence of crop diseases and insect pests is close to that with small tube flow and 35% lower than that with furrow irrigation; and the yield (2310kg/mu) is the highest with infiltration irrigation. The yield of pepper with drip irrigation, infiltration irrigation and small tube flow are 17%、39%、34% higher than that with furrow irrigation respectively.
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Cremona, Maria Victoria, Hartmut Stützel, and Henning Kage. "Irrigation Scheduling of Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) Using Crop Water Stress Index." HortScience 39, no. 2 (April 2004): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.2.276.
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Two-year field experiments were carried out to evaluate the suitability of crop water stress index (CWSI) as a basis for irrigation scheduling of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes) by comparison with irrigation scheduling based on total soil water content (SWC). In the first year, irrigation scheduling when CWSI exceeded 0.3 resulted in more frequent water applications, but the total amount of irrigation water given was lower compared to irrigation when SWC fell below 70%. Kohlrabi tuber fresh weight at harvest was similar in both scheduling treatments, leading to 25% higher irrigation water use efficiency in the CWSI-scheduled plots. In the second year, three threshold levels, i.e., 0.2 and 80%, 0.4 and 60%, and 0.6 and 40% of CWSI and SWC, respectively, were investigated. At the level of highest water supply (CWSI = 0.2 and SWC = 80%), the total amount of water supplied was less in the CWSI but the number of irrigations was higher than in the SWC plots. The CWSI-based approach may be a method for irrigation scheduling of vegetables under temperate conditions. The higher irrigation frequency required would make this method particularly suitable in combination with irrigation system that allow frequent applications, i.e., in drip irrigation. To improve the method, a coupling with a soil water balance model seems promising.
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Sarangi, A., K. K. Bandyopadhyay, A. Samal, and A. Pathan. "Evaluation of FAOAqua Crop model for wheat under different irrigation regimes." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i1.820.
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The experiment was conducted at the research farm of the Water Technology Centre, IARI, New Delhi during rabi seasons of 2010-11and 2011-12. Irrigation treatments include irrigation applied at 50% deficit (W1) and 25 % deficit (W2) and full irrigation (W3) under recommended fertilization levels with split doses of N-fertilizer. Fullirrigation treatment was based on irrigations to meet the soil moisture deficit up to the field capacity (FC) level and deficit irrigation treatments of 25% and 50% were imposed with respect to the full irrigation.The model was calibrated with experiment generated data sets of rabi 2010-11 and validated using the data set of rabi 2011-12. It was observed that the validated model performed well for grain yield prediction with absolute prediction error of 2.9%, 0.91% and 7.85% for full, 25% deficit and 50% deficit irrigation levels, respectively. Also, for prediction of biomass yield the prediction error ranged from 11.81% to 28.96% for all three irrigation treatments. Moreover, the validated model was observed to predict the water productivity with absolute prediction errors of 43.57%, 13.87% and 12.8% for full, 25% deficit and 50% deficit irrigation treatment levels, respectively. Nonetheless, it was observed from this study that the AquaCrop model can be used to simulate the grain and biomass yield for wheat crop with acceptable accuracy under different irrigation regimes in a semi-arid enviroment.
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Kruse, E. Gordon, James E. Ells, and Ann E. McSay. "Scheduling Irrigations for Carrots." HortScience 25, no. 6 (June 1990): 641–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.6.641.
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A 3-year irrigation scheduling study on carrots (Daucus carota L.) was conducted at the Colorado State Univ. Horticulture Research Center near Fort Collins to determine the irrigation schedule that produced the best combination of high water use efficiency and marketable yields with the least amount of water and fewest irrigations. This study used an irrigation scheduling program developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service with crop coefficients calculated for carrots. Maximum carrot production and water use efficiency were obtained when the scheduling program simulated a 30-cm rooting depth at planting, increasing linearly to 60 cm in 75 days. Best yields and water use efficiency were attained by irrigating whenever 40% of the available water in the root zone had been depleted. The computer program for irrigation scheduling is available on diskette from the authors.
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Simonne, Eric H., Joseph M. Kemble, and Doyle A. Smittle. "213 A COMPARISON OF STRATEGIES FOR SCHEDULING IRRIGATION OF VEGETABLES." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 460a—460. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.460a.
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The effect of irrigation scheduling method (variable crop factor, 1; constant crop factor, 2; empirical, 3), soil water tension (25, 50, 75kPa SWT), tillage (disc arrow, DA, moldboard plow, MP) and planting dates (PD) on total irrigation (TI), number of irrigations (NI), useful (UR) and lost rainfall (LR) was studied using a Pascal program that simulated water budgets of 720 crops of snap bean over 10 years. NI and TI were significantly (p<0.01) lower with met.1. Met.3 had the lowest LR and highest UR, but did not allow the complete calculation of the water balance. TI was significantly higher at 25kPa. MP tillage requested fewer NI and less TI, had lower LR and higher UR. Early PD requested fewer NI and TI, and had higher LR. Hence, when water supply was not limiting and weather data were available, a combination of Met.1, MP at any PD provided a continuous supply of water to the crop while controlling water deficit.
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Mila, A. J., A. R. Akanda, and K. K. Sark. "Determination of Crop Co-efficient Values of Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) by Lysimeter Study." Agriculturists 14, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v14i2.31338.
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Local level calibration of crop coefficient (Kc) values is critical for regional level planning and allocation of water resources for irrigation. In this regard, an experiment was conducted at the Irrigation and Water Management Division of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur, in order to estimate crop coefficient values of soybean under the local climatic condition. An improved crop variety- BARI Soybean-6 was used in this experiment. The crop was grown under four irrigation treatments, allowing irrigation at an interval of 10, 15, 20 and 25 days. The treatments were so designed that drainage was allowed between the consecutive irrigations. Irrigation at 15 days interval produced the highest seed yield of 1.26 t/ha and was considered to be suitable for estimating seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and Kc values. The seasonal highest cumulative ETc was 308.43 mm under this treatment. The Kc values of soybean at initial, development, mid-season and late season stages were found as 0.67, 1.46, 1.59 and 0.62, respectively.The Agriculturists 2016; 14(2) 14-23
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Piccinni, Giovanni, Thomas Gerik, Evelyn Steglich, Daniel Leskovar, Jonghan Ko, Thomas Marek, and Terry Howell. "Crop Simulation and Crop Evapotranspiration for Irrigation Management of Spinach." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 971B—971. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.971b.
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Improving irrigation water management for crop production is becoming increasingly important in South Texas as the water supplies shrink and competition with urban centers in the region grows. Crop simulators and crop evapotranspiration (ET) are appealing methods for estimating crop water use and irrigation requirements because of the low investment in time and dollars required by on-site (in-field) measurement of soil and/or crop water status. We compared the effectiveness of the Crop.m.an/EPIC crop simulator and Crop-ET approaches estimating the crop water use for irrigation scheduling of spinach. In-ground weighing lysimeters were used to measure real-time spinach water use during the growing season. We related the water use of the spinach crop to a well-watered reference grass crop to determine crop coefficients (Kc) to assist in predicting accurate crop needs using available meteorological data. In addition, we ran several simulations of CropMan to evaluate the best management for growing spinach under limited water availability. Results show the possibility of saving about 61 to 74 million m3 of water per year in the 36,500 ha of irrigated farms of the Edwards aquifer region if proper irrigation management techniques are implemented in conjunction with the newly developed decision support systems. We discuss the implications of the use of these technologies for improving the effectiveness of irrigation and for reducing irrigation water requirements in South Texas.
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Smittle, Doyle A., and W. Lamar Dickens. "Water Budgets to Schedule Irrigation for Vegetables." HortTechnology 2, no. 1 (January 1992): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.2.1.54.
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Instrumented rainfall- and groundwater-protected irrigation shelters were used to establish relationships (daily crop factors) between pan evaporation and daily water use for several vegetables. Use of these daily crop factors (water use/pan evaporation) and pan evaporation data for scheduling irrigations are described. Snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is used to illustrate irrigation scheduling by this method. A table of the model output with columnar headings of age, root depth, date, pan evaporation, crop factor, daily water use, cumulative water use, allowable water use, rainfall, and irrigation is presented. When irrigation was applied according to the model, soil water tension was held below 25 db at 6-inch (15-cm) soil depth. With varying irrigation rates under a line-source irrigation system, marketable pod yields were maximized at 100% of the model rate. Marketable yields of summer squash also were maximized when irrigation was applied at 100% of the model rate. Marketable yields of sweetpotato were not affected by irrigation rates ranging from 1% to 177% of the model rate.
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Agbemabiese, Y. K., A.-G. Shaibu, and V. D. Gbedzi. "Validation of Aquacrop for Different Irrigation Regimes of Onion (Allium Cepa) in Bontanga Irrigation Scheme." International Journal of Irrigation and Agricultural Development (IJIRAD) 1, no. 1 (January 25, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47762/2017.964x.19.
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Crop water productivity models are important tools in evaluating the effect of different irrigation regime on crop yield. AquaCrop model is a crop water productivity model adopted by the Land and Water Division of FAO in the year 2009. It simulates yield response to water for herbaceous crops, and it is particularly suitable in addressing conditions where water is a key limiting factor in crop production such as in northern Ghana. The objective of this study was to calibrate the AquaCrop model for different irrigation regimes for onion (Allium cepa), to determine its effect on crop growth and yield parameters of the crop at the Bontanga irrigation scheme. To achieve these, the Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used on Red Creole onion variety. RCBD was made up of four irrigation treatment regimes, 117%, 100%, 80% and 60% crop water requirements (CWR) of onion, with five replicates. Results indicated that there was no significant variation in yield, dry bulb biomass and total biomass, but there was difference for dry leaf biomass of onion at 0.05 significance level. The AquaCrop model simulated satisfactorily the crop yield, biomass and evapotranspiration water productivity of onion. There was a strong correlation and a significant linear relation between the simulated and measured crop yield, biomass and evapotranspiration water productivity. Validation of AquaCrop model using Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (E), Root mean square errors (RMSE) and index of agreement (d) showed that, AquaCrop model can be used to simulate CWR of bulb crops, such as onion.
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Panfilov, Andrey Vladimirovich, Vladimir Petrovich Belogolovtsev, Valery Genadievih Popov, Lyusya Aleksandrovna Ter-Sarkisova, Evgeny Nikolaevich Martynov, and Vyacheslav Vladimirovich Barbashin. "Mineral nutrition in the cultivation of agricultural crops in the crop rotation." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2020i12pp34-36.
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The article deals with the production of crops in agriculture using mineral nutrition. A fertilizer system that provides high-quality crop yields with the lowest cost per unit of production, steadily increases the fertility of irrigated soils. When developing the issue of crop planning, it is important to establish scientifically based doses of fertilizers. Stable yields of alfalfa are possible under the conditions of irrigation, fertilizers, plant protection products – a high crop of agriculture. An important stabilizing factor in crop irrigation is forest strips that allow you to maintain the timing of irrigation at wind speeds exceeding the permissible values for sprinklers. Optimal seeding rates and design of forest strips for obtaining high yields of alfalfa on irrigation have been established.
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Johnson, Lee F., Michael Cahn, Frank Martin, Forrest Melton, Sharon Benzen, Barry Farrara, and Kirk Post. "Evapotranspiration-based Irrigation Scheduling of Head Lettuce and Broccoli." HortScience 51, no. 7 (July 2016): 935–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.51.7.935.
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Estimation of crop evapotranspiration supports efficient irrigation water management, which in turn supports water conservation, mitigation of groundwater depletion/degradation, energy savings, and crop quality maintenance. Past research in California has revealed strong relationships between fraction of the ground covered by photosynthetically active vegetation (Fc), crop coefficients (Kc), and evapotranspiration (ET) of cool-season vegetables and other specialty crops. Replicated irrigation trials for iceberg lettuce and broccoli were performed during 2012 and 2013 at the USDA Agricultural Research Station in Salinas, CA. The main objective was to compare crop yield and quality from ET-based irrigation scheduling with industry standard practice. Sprinkler irrigation was used to germinate and establish the crops, followed by surface drip irrigation during the treatment period. Each experiment compared three irrigation treatment schedules replicated five times in a randomized block design. Two decision-support models were evaluated as follows: 1) an FAO-56-based algorithm embedded in NASA’s prototype Satellite Information Management System (SIMS) based on observed Fc, and 2) CropManage (CM), an online database-driven irrigation scheduling tool based on modeled Fc. Both methods used daily reference ETo data from the California Irrigation Management Irrigation System (CIMIS) to translate Kc to crop ET, with a target of 100% replacement of water use during the drip irrigation phase. A third treatment followed an irrigation schedule representing grower standard practice (SP) at 150% to 175% ET replacement during the drip irrigation phase. No significant treatment differences were seen in lettuce head weight or total biomass. Marketable yields of lettuce (near 45.4 Mg·ha−1) and broccoli (near 17.4 Mg·ha−1) were in-line with industry averages during both years and all treatments. During 2012, CM yield was below lettuce SP, and above broccoli SP, while in 2013 no treatment differences were detected for either crop. No significant differences were detected between SIMS and SP yields during any trial.
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Ibrahim, Mahmoud M., Ahmed A. El-Baroudy, and Ahmed M. Taha. "Irrigation and fertigation scheduling under drip irrigation for maize crop in sandy soil." International Agrophysics 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2015-0071.
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Abstract Field experiments was conducted to determine the best irrigation scheduling and the proper period for injecting fertilizers through drip irrigation water in a sandy soil to optimize maize yield and water productivity. Four irrigation levels (0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2) of the crop evapotranspiration and two fertigation periods (applying the recommended fertilizer dose in 60 and 80% of the irrigation time) were applied in a split-plot design, in addition to a control treatment which represented conventional irrigation and fertilization of maize in the studied area. The results showed that increasing the irrigation water amount and the fertilizer application period increased vegetative growth and yield. The highest grain yield and the lowest one were obtained under the treatment at 1.2 and of 0.6 crop evapotranspiration, respectively. The treatment at 0.8 crop evapotranspiration with fertilizer application in 80% of the irrigation time gave the highest water productivity (1.631 kg m−3) and saved 27% of the irrigation water compared to the control treatment. Therefore, this treatment is recommended to irrigate maize crops because of the water scarcity conditions of the studied area.
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Reginato, Robert J., and John Howe. "Irrigation Scheduling Using Crop Indicators." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 111, no. 2 (June 1985): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1985)111:2(125).
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Bala, B. K., M. A. Satter, M. A. Halim, and M. S. U. Talukdar. "Simulation of crop-irrigation systems." Agricultural Systems 27, no. 1 (January 1988): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-521x(88)90079-0.
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Massimi, Mohunnad. "Mathematical modelling of surface irrigation for field crops in Jordan based on soil hydrological-physical properties." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/1/8341.
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Jordan suffers from drought and depletion of water resources. In-field crop management, the issue of irrigation scheduling is important and influential. In this research note, a simple method was developed for scheduling surface irrigation of field crops based on inputs of crop ecology, effective root depth, soil texture, soil hydrology, and logical mathematics. It was concluded that the science of mathematics has succeeded to meet academic irrigation scheduling in terms of surface irrigation for field crops based on both soil hydrological and physical traits. Extension scholar has a decision to choose mathematical irrigation model depends on the traditional inputs or updating the model by searching for renewable inputs such as different varieties root depths, optimum row spacing of each crop, drip irrigation mathematical modelling, and digital sensing. In both cases, the input related to the effective root depth is a major and basic factor in mathematical irrigation scheduling. It is, therefore, recommendable that extension research-based systems should focus on basic mathematics to capacitate the complementary role of academics, research, and extension in irrigation modelling, and rural development.
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Helena, Maria Camilo de Moraes Nogueira, Xavier Peiter Marcia, Dias Robaina Adroaldo, Alberto Rodr iacute guez Padr Richard, Urbanetto Nogueira Cicero, and Vinicius Loregian Marcos. "Irrigation depths in sugarcane crop with drip irrigation system." African Journal of Agricultural Research 11, no. 27 (July 7, 2016): 2423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2016.11048.
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Ahmed, A., M. A. Oyebode, H. E. Igbadun, and Ezekiel Oiganji. "ESTIMATION OF CROP WATER REQUIREMENT AND CROP COEFFICIENT OF TOMATO CROP USING METEOROLOGICAL DATA IN PAMPAIDA MILLENNIUM VILLAGE, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 538–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0403-332.
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This report presents a study of crop water requirement and crop coefficient (Kc) for Tomato crop cultivated under irrigation in Pampaida Millennium Village Cluster, Ikara Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria, during the 2009/2010 dry season. A total of 7 tomato farmers were selected out of 45 farmers for the assessment exercise. Water applied per irrigation and soil moisture contents before and after irrigation was monitored throughout the seasons, while Tomato bulbs were harvested at the end of season and weighed. Average crop water use were estimated from the soil moisture content using the gypsum block, while daily reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) were computed from weather data using method Hargreaves equation. Crop coefficient values (Kc) were computed as the ratio of crop water use to ETo. The values of crop coefficients and seasonal crop water requirement per irrigation for different growth stages were determined, the computed *Kc values for different growth stage for the tomato crop grown in the study area was found to be between 0.77-1.15, the initial stage (*Kc =0.81; 20 mm/irrigation), crop development stage (*Kc = 1.09; 28 mm/irrigation), mid-season (*Kc = 1.15; 29 mm/ irrigation) and Late stage (*Kc = 0.77; 19 mm/irrigation), hence the mid-season gave the highest Kc value. However, the crop seasonal water requirement was found to be 386mm, which was within the recommended range. The crop coefficients and seasonal water requirement estimated in this study are reliable and could be used in irrigation design and scheduling for Tomato in the study area.
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Smith, E. G., J. M. Barbieri, J. R. Moyer, and D. E. Cole. "The effect of companion crops and herbicides on economic returns of alfalfa-bromegrass establishment." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-064.
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In moist regions and under irrigation in western Canada, there may be an economic advantage to using companion crops in forage establishment. Economic returns of establishing a mixture of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and bromegrass (Bromus spp.) were determined with and without a companion crop of barley grain and silage (Hordeum vulgare L.) and with and without post-emergence herbicides at Westlock, Alberta under dryland, and with and without a companion crop of soft white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and with and without post emergence herbicides at Lethbridge, Alberta under irrigation conditions. The yearly economic benefit of companion crops was greater on irrigation than on dryland ($15 to $27 ha−1), higher for companion crops harvested for silage than for grain ($55 to $75 ha−1), and was dependent on the price of forage and grain. On dryland with medium product price levels, economic returns were 100% higher for a barley silage companion crop, and were 14% lower for a barley grain companion crop than without a companion crop. At high hay prices, returns for the barley silage companion crop were 5% higher than without a companion crop. On irrigation, the yearly economic returns with a companion crop were higher ($23 to $139 ha−1) than without a companion crop. The use of post-emergence herbicides had no long-term economic benefit for forage establishment and reduced yearly net returns $13 ha−1 on dryland and $41 ha−1 on irrigation. Key words: Companion crop, forage establishment, economics, herbicide
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Alghawry, Adnan, Attila Yazar, Mustafa Unlu, Yeşim Bozkurt Çolak, Muhammad Aamir Iqbal, Celaleddin Barutcular, Enas M. El-Ballat, et al. "Irrigation Rationalization Boosts Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Yield and Reduces Rust Incidence under Arid Conditions." BioMed Research International 2021 (September 6, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5535399.
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Under changing climate, water scarcity and frequent incidence of diseases like stripe rust pose the biggest threat to sustainable crop production which jeopardizes nutritional security. A study was executed to rationalize crop water requirement and evaluate wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Bohoth 3) yield losses by stripe rust infection under irrigated conditions. Seven water treatments included three irrigations in three stages/season ( S 3 ), four irrigations ( S 4 ), and five irrigations ( S 5 ) at the different sensitive growth stages, full ( F ), and two deficit irrigation levels including D 1 = 80 % of field capacity (FC) and D 2 = 70 % (FC) along with farmers’ practice of irrigation as control ( C ). Results revealed that F and D 1 boosted grain yield by 31 and 14%. Overall, F irrigation regime resulted in the highest grain production (2.93 ton/ha) as well as biomass yield (13.2 ton/ha). However, D 2 had the highest value of grain protein (15.9%) and achieved the highest application efficiency (AE) at midseason (54.6%) and end season (59.6%), and the lowest AE was under S 3 . Also, halting irrigation at the milky stage ( S 5 ) led to a significant decrease in irrigation water use efficiency as compared to D 1 . However, cutting irrigation at the end of seedling, heading, and milky stages ( S 3 ) caused a significant reduction in E a , crop water use (ETa), and 1000 grain weight in comparison with all other treatments. Regarding yellow rust, S 3 irrigation regime resulted in the lowest incidence of yellow rust infection. The highest irrigation and water use efficiency values were recorded under D 1 (0.79 and 0.59 kg/m3), and the lowest values were obtained for control. Hence, the deficit irrigation treatment D 1 could be recommended as the best appropriate strategy to save more water and to improve the water productivity under Yemeni agroclimatic conditions.
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AZAIEZ, M. N. "AN INTEGRATED DP-MIP MODEL FOR OPTIMAL CROP MIX SELECTION WITH DEFICIT IRRIGATION." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 25, no. 05 (October 2008): 625–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595908001924.
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We consider a region suffering from irrigation water scarcity. Candidate crops differ widely in their growth cycles, economic values and water consumption. We develop an integrated dynamic programming-mixed integer programming model to solve for optimal land exploitation over a one year horizon for multiple crops. The model applies deficit irrigation in order to increase the irrigated area at the expense of reducing crop yield per unit area. The dynamic program (DP) guarantees that deficit irrigation is only considered when it is economically efficient. Moreover, it provides optimal combinations of irrigation levels for each growth stage of candidate crops, accounting for the varying impact of water stress over time and the seasonal supply of irrigation water. The output of the DP serves as input to the mixed integer program (MIP). The MIP selects the most profitable crops in the right sequence to benefit the most from the crop-yield dependence on crop predecessor and allocates water and land optimally to maximize total profit. The objective function accounts for the attitude of the decision-maker toward risk by incorporating in its expression a risk-aversion coefficient.
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Feng, Wenwen, Hui Qian, Panpan Xu, and Kai Hou. "Hydrochemical Characteristic of Groundwater and Its Impact on Crop Yields in the Baojixia Irrigation Area, China." Water 12, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 1443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051443.
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While irrigated crops produce much higher yields than rain-fed crops, the ionic components of irrigation water have important effects on crop yield. Groundwater is widely used for irrigation in the Baojixia irrigation area in China. The chemical characteristics and water quality of groundwater in the Baojixia irrigation area were analyzed and evaluated to study the impact of groundwater quality on crop yield. Results showed cations in the groundwater to mainly be Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, whereas the anions are mainly HCO3−, SO42−, and Cl−. Water-rock interaction and cation exchange were identified as the main factors affecting hydrogeochemical properties from west to east. The study found salinity and alkalinity of groundwater in the western region of the study area to be low, and therefore suitable for irrigation. Groundwater in the eastern part of the study area was found to have a medium to high salinity and alkalinity, and is therefore not recommended for long-term irrigation. The groundwater irrigated cultivation of wheat and corn in the research area over 2019, for example, would have resulted in a drop in the annual crop output and an economic loss of 0.489 tons and 0.741 × 104 yuan, respectively. Irrigation using groundwater was calculated to result in the cumulative loss of crop yields and an economic loss of 49.17 tons and 80.781 × 104 yuan, respectively, by 2119. Deterioration of groundwater quality will reduce crop yields. It is recommended that crop yields in the study area be increased by strengthening irrigation water management and improving groundwater quality.
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Al-Omran, Abdulrasoul, Ibrahim Louki, Arafat Alkhasha, Mohamed Hassan Abd El-Wahed, and Abdullah Obadi. "Water Saving and Yield of Potatoes under Partial Root-Zone Drying Drip Irrigation Technique: Field and Modelling Study Using SALTMED Model in Saudi Arabia." Agronomy 10, no. 12 (December 19, 2020): 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121997.
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This study aims to evaluate the Partial Root Zone Drying Irrigation System (PRD) as one of the modern technologies that provide irrigation water and increase the efficiency of its use on potato crop. The effect of applying the PRD conventional deficit irrigation (CDI) on the efficiency and water saving in potato crops using the drip surface (S) and subsurface (SS) irrigation methods were investigated. SALTMED model used to predict soil moisture and salinity distribution, soil nitrogen dynamics, and yield of potato crop using the different irrigation levels (150%, 100%, and 50% of Crop evapotranspiration (ETc)). The study showed that the water use efficiency (WUE) decreases with increasing levels of irrigation water, as it ranged between 2.96 and 8.38 kgm−3, 2.77 and 7.01 kgm−3 for surface irrigation PRD and CDI, respectively, when the amounts of irrigation water varied from 308 mm to 1174 mm, respectively. The study showed that the irrigation efficiencies were the highest when using PRD system in all treatments when irrigating the potato crop during the spring season, and it was more efficient in the case of using subsurface irrigation method. The results show that the soil moisture (SM) was high in 25–45 cm at 150% of ETc was 0.166 and 0.263 m3m−3 for the first and last stages of growth, respectively. 100% of ETc, (SM) was 0.296 m3m−3 at 0–25 cm, 0.195 m3m−3 at 25–45 cm, 0.179 m3m−3 at 45–62 cm, depths, respectively. whereas 50% of ETc, (SM) was 0.162 m3m−3 at 0–25 cm, 0.195 m3m−3 at 25–85 cm, depths. At 100% of ETc, soil salinity was 5.15, 4.37, 3.3, and 4.5 dSm−1, whereas at 50%, ETc, these values were 5.64, 9.6, 3.3, and 4.2 dSm−1. Statistical indicators showed that the model underestimated yield, for 150%, 100%, and 50% of ETc. Therefore, it can be concluded that yield and WUE using PRD systems were the highest in the potato crop compare to CDI surface and sub-surface, and SALTMED model can predict the moisture distribution, salinity, and yield of potatoes after accurate adjustment.
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Vafoev, Safo, Ilkhomjon Turdibekov, Rustam Vafoev, and Ozoda Vafoeva. "Initial results of watering plants via sub-irrigation technology." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 03056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126403056.
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In this developing world, saving water is the main problem for agricultural sciences. So, in this field, scientists are using many methods to save water-for instance, traditional irrigation, drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, sub-irrigation, and others. Solving irrigation and the problems in this article demonstrated the sub-irrigation method for agriculture plants in the Uzbekistan regions. According to watering theory in the field condition and compared to drip irrigation in the region, scientifically experiment was done. According to the results of the study, this method will automate the stability of soil moisture in the irrigation of agricultural crops: save 4 … 5 times water and prevent soil salinization; the cost of processing plants and fuels and lubricants with the help of technical means is sharply reduced; land use coefficient increases; hardening of crop rows and the number of their processing is sharply reduced; it is guaranteed to increase crop yields by mixing the juice with water; environmental pollution and soil salinity are sharply reduced. In the case of drip irrigation of agricultural crops, flexible plastic pipes with a diameter of 16… 20 mm are laid on the soil near the crop stalks, from which water holes or cracks are formed at certain intervals, from which water drips and irrigates crops. It is also possible to mix the juice of chemical and local fertilizers with water.
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Sarker, Khokan Kumer, SK Shamshul Alam Kamar, Md Anower Hossain, Mohammad Mainuddin, Richard W. Bell, Ed Graham Barrett-Lennard, Donald Gaydon, et al. "Effect of Straw Mulch and Irrigation on Sunflower and Maize Cultivation in No Tillage Systems of Coastal Heavy Soils." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (April 4, 2020): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036145.
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Three constraints affect the growth of crops in the Rabi (dry) season in southern Bangladesh: these are the clay nature of the soils which decreases the infiltration of water, the conserving of soil moisture with the increasingly dry conditions and the accumulation of salts on the soil surface through capillary from saline groundwater. Field experiments were conducted in the salt-affected areas of southern Bangladesh. The objectives of the study were to: (i) evaluate the effect of straw and irrigation frequency on crop growth and yield in maize and sunflower, and (ii) determine the combined effect of straw and irrigation frequency on the salinity, osmotic potential and moisture of soils. The experiment was carried out in farmers’ fields with eight treatments and was replicated three times during the dry (rabi) season of 2018–2019. There were two rice straw treatments (with or without straw), and 4 irrigation frequencies (at intervals of 5–7,10–12,15–17 or 20–25 days). Maize and sunflower seeds were sown by dibbling in no-tilled systems. The results showed that rice straw significantly affected the crop growth and yield, increasing the yield of maize and sunflower by 22% and 4.3% compared to treatments of without residue. The irrigation treatments also significantly affected crop yields. There was no interaction between straw levels and irrigation. The causes of these effects appeared to be improved water relations: rice straw and more frequent irrigations both reduced the salinity and osmotic potential of soils compared with treatments without straw while the soil moisture was greater in rice straw treatments and increased with the increased soil layers. We conclude that straw mulching and irrigation management practice could be used in coastal saline of heavy soils to reduce soil salinity, osmotic potentials thereby increasing crop yields in no-tilled systems.
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Zeyliger, Anatoly Mikhailovich, and Olga Sergeevna Ermolaeva. "Water Stress Regime of Irrigated Crops Based on Remote Sensing and Ground-Based Data." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (May 30, 2021): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061117.
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In the past few decades, combinations of remote sensing technologies with ground-based methods have become available for use at the level of irrigated fields. These approaches allow an evaluation of crop water stress dynamics and irrigation water use efficiency. In this study, remotely sensed and ground-based data were used to develop a method of crop water stress assessment and analysis. Input datasets of this method were based on the results of ground-based and satellite monitoring in 2012. Required datasets were collected for 19 irrigated alfalfa crops in the second year of growth at three study sites located in Saratovskoe Zavolzhie (Saratov Oblast, Russia). Collected datasets were applied to calculate the dynamics of daily crop water stress coefficients for all studied crops, thereby characterizing the efficiency of crop irrigation. Accordingly, data on the crop yield of three harvests were used. An analysis of the results revealed a linear relationship between the crop yield of three cuts and the average value of the water stress coefficient. Further application of this method may be directed toward analyzing the effectiveness of irrigation practices and the operational management of agricultural crop irrigation.
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Poudyal, Shital, and Bert M. Cregg. "Irrigating Nursery Crops with Recycled Run-off: A Review of the Potential Impact of Pesticides on Plant Growth and Physiology." HortTechnology 29, no. 6 (December 2019): 716–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04302-19.
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Interest in capturing and reusing runoff from irrigation and rainfall in container nurseries is increasing due to water scarcity and water use regulations. However, grower concerns related to contaminants in runoff water and other issues related to water safety are potential barriers to the adoption of water capture and reuse technologies. In this review, we discuss some of the key concerns associated with potential phytotoxicity from irrigating container nursery crops with recycled runoff. The concentration of pesticides in runoff water and retention ponds is orders of magnitude lower than that of typical crop application rates; therefore, the risk of pesticide phytotoxicity from irrigation with runoff water is relatively low. Nonetheless, some pesticides, particularly certain herbicides and insecticides, can potentially affect crops due to prolonged chronic exposure. Pesticides with high solubility, low organic adsorption coefficients, and long persistence have the greatest potential for crop impact because they are the most likely to be transported with runoff from container pads. The potential impact on plant growth or disruption of physiological processes differs among pesticides and sensitivity of individual crop plants. Growers can reduce risks associated with residual pesticides in recycled irrigation water by adopting best management practices (e.g., managing irrigation to reduce pesticide runoff, reducing pots spacing during pesticide application, use of vegetative filter strips) that reduce the contaminant load reaching containment basins as well as adopting remediation strategies that can reduce pesticide concentrations in recycled water.
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Hossain, MB, S. Yesmin, M. Maniruzzaman, and JC Biswas. "Irrigation Scheduling of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Using CROPWAT Model in the Western Region of Bangladesh." Agriculturists 15, no. 1 (August 4, 2017): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v15i1.33425.
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Understanding of crop water requirement is essential for irrigation scheduling and selection of cropping pattern in any particular area. A study was conducted to estimate irrigation requirement and made irrigation scheduling of T. Aman (wet season) and Boro (dry season irrigated) rice in the western region of Bangladesh using CROPWAT model. Historical climate data from three weather stations in the region along with soil and crop data were used as input to FAO Penman-Monteith method to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Effective rainfall was calculated using USDA soil conservation method. The model estimated1408 mm annual ETo in the study area, of which the highest amounts of 175 mm was in April and the lowest (70 mm) in December. The average annual rainfall was 1592 mm of which 986 mm was effective for plant growth and development. The model estimated ETc of BRRI dhan49, which was 473 to 458 mm, depending on its transplanting dates from 15 July to 15 August. Rice transplanted on 15 July required no irrigation, whereas three supplemental irrigations amounting 279 mm were required for transplanting on 15 August. The CROPWAT model estimated seasonal irrigation water requirement of 1212 mm (12 spilt applications) for BRRIdhan28 transplanted on 15 January. This model has also a potentiality to make irrigation scheduling of other crops. The Agriculturists 2017; 15(1) 19-27
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El Hamouri, Bouchaïb, Abderrahim Handouf, Mohamed Mekrane, Mohamed Touzani, Addi Khana, Khalid Khallayoune, and Taïeb Benchokroun. "Use of wastewater for crop production under arid and saline conditions: yield and hygienic quality of the crop and soil contaminations." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1996): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0690.
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Raw (RW) and Waste Stabilization Ponds treated wastewater (TW) were used in comparison with groundwater (Control) for crop production under arid and saline conditions without any chemical fertilization. Four irrigation methods namely, surface, drip (with 2 systems “Bas Rhône” and “Rain bird”) and sprinkler irrigation were compared on each water type. The results of the 3-year-experimentation period were: a) TW applications instead of groundwater attenuated the detrimental effect of water salinity on the crop; b) Drip irrigation, “Bas Rhône” system, showed the highest irrigation performances and crop yields; c) the morphology and the way the crop was conducted were found to play an important role in determining its final bacteriological quality; d) TW irrigated crops and soils did not show any helminth eggs contaminations and e) Faecal coliforms were not isolated from the TW irrigated soil beyond the limit of 0.25 m.
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Cáceres, Gabriela, Pablo Millán, Mario Pereira, and David Lozano. "Smart Farm Irrigation: Model Predictive Control for Economic Optimal Irrigation in Agriculture." Agronomy 11, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 1810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091810.
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The growth of the global population, together with climate change and water scarcity, has made the shift towards efficient and sustainable agriculture increasingly important. Undoubtedly, the recent development of low-cost IoT-based sensors and actuators offers great opportunities in this direction since these devices can be easily deployed to implement advanced monitoring and irrigation control techniques at a farm scale, saving energy and water and decreasing costs. This paper proposes an economic and periodic predictive controller taking advantage of the irrigation periodicity. The goal of the controller is to find an irrigation technique that optimizes water and energy consumption while ensuring adequate levels of soil moisture for crops, achieving the maximum crop yield. For this purpose, the developed predictive controller makes use of soil moisture data at different depths, and it formulates a constrained optimization problem that considers energy and water costs, crop transpiration, and an accurate dynamical nonlinear model of the water dynamics in the soil, reflecting the reality. This controller strategy is compared with a classical irrigation strategy adopted by a human expert in a specific case study, demonstrating that it is possible to obtain significant reductions in water and energy consumption without compromising crop yields.
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Siswoyo, Hari, Pitojo Tri Juwono, and Mohammad Taufiq. "Model Indeks Kualitas Air Tanah sebagai Dasar Penentuan Alternatif Jenis Tanaman Pertanian pada Lahan Irigasi Air Tanah di Kabupaten Mojokerto." Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jwl.8.1.1-14.
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The utilization of groundwater potential for irrigation has consequence for the high operational and maintenance costs of groundwater irrigation systems. One solution to these problems is the selection of high economic value crop types cultivated in groundwater irrigation lands. This study aims to determinate the alternative of types of agricultural crops that can be cultivated on groundwater irrigation land based on the quality of groundwater used as irrigation water based on the procedure: determination of groundwater quality index for irrigation, determination of types of agricultural crops based on criteria for tolerance to salt, adjustment of types of crop that have been determined with the criteria of high economic value crops, and adjustment to the types of crops that have been commonly cultivated by farmers in the local area. This procedure can be used as a solution to the absence of guidelines that can be used to determine alternative of types of agricultural plants on groundwater irrigation land. The results of this research showed the potential of ground water used as a source of irrigation water in the study site was dominated by groundwater with an index value of 70-85, where agricultural crops that could be recommended for planting were tolerant crops, moderately tolerant crops, and moderately sensitive crops to salt. The index value of groundwater quality for irrigation was mapped so obtained that zoning model of groundwater quality for irrigation and its suitability for the type of agricultural crops that can be cultivated.
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Popp, Michael, Lanier Nalley, and Gina Vickery. "Irrigation Restriction and Biomass Market Interactions: The Case of the Alluvial Aquifer." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 42, no. 1 (February 2010): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800003308.
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The U.S. Geological Survey has determined that irrigation in Arkansas' Delta is unsustainable. This study examines how irrigation restrictions would affect county net returns to crop production. It also considers the effect of planting less water-intensive bioenergy crops—switchgrass and forage sorghum—in the event biofuel markets become a reality. Results suggest that sustainable irrigation restrictions without bioenergy crops would decrease producer returns by 28% in the region. Introducing these alternative crops would both reduce groundwater use and may restore state producer returns, albeit with significant spatial income redistribution to crop production throughout the state.
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Kuschel-Otárola, Mathias, Diego Rivera, Eduardo Holzapfel, Niels Schütze, Patricio Neumann, and Alex Godoy-Faúndez. "Simulation of Water-Use Efficiency of Crops under Different Irrigation Strategies." Water 12, no. 10 (October 20, 2020): 2930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102930.
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Irrigation management is a key factor in attaining optimal yields, as different irrigation strategies lead to different yields even when using the same amount of water or under the same weather conditions. Our research aimed to simulate the water-use efficiency (WUE) of crops considering different irrigation strategies in the Central Valley of Chile. By means of AquaCrop-OS, we simulated expected yields for combinations of crops (maize, sugar beet, wheat), soil (clay loam, loam, silty clay loam, and silty loam), and bulk density. Thus, we tested four watering strategies: rainfed, soil moisture-based irrigation, irrigation with a fixed interval every 1, 3, 5, and 7 days, and an algorithm for optimal irrigation scheduling under water supply constraints (GET-OPTIS). The results showed that an efficient irrigation strategy must account for soil and crop characteristics. Among the tested strategies, GET-OPTIS led to the best performance for crop yield, water use, water-use efficiency, and profit, followed by the soil moisture-based strategy. Thus, soil type has an important influence on the yield and performance of different irrigation strategies, as it provides a significant storage and buffer for plants, making it possible to produce “more crop per drop”. This work can serve as a methodological guide for simulating the water-use efficiency of crops and can be used alongside evidence from the field.