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1
Pandey, Sushil. "Factors affecting crop diversity in farmers' fields in Nepal." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30, no. 2 (November 27, 2013): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170513000367.
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AbstractA study was conducted on the spatial dimension of crop diversity in Jutpani Village Development Committee (VDC) in central Nepal. Many crop diversity studies focus only on home gardens, but this study aimed to investigate the crop diversity among different production systems, and the factors affecting variations in the crop diversity on a household level. A survey of inter-household variation in cultivated crop diversity in different land-use types among 134 households indicates that 96 different types of annual crops, perennial crops and fruit trees are cultivated. Individual farms cultivated an average of 26 different crops, with this number ranging from 11 to 45. Crops were used as food by the households and, based on their adaptive characters, they were grown either in home gardens or in upland, Tandikhet and lowland. Research showed that home gardens have the highest crop diversity (a total of 78 different crops grown) compared to upland, Tandikhet and lowland. Statistical analysis to understand the factors affecting the variation in crop diversity in the household level showed that the total number of crops grown (crop diversity) on a farm is significantly higher (P<0.001) in the Indo-Aryan ethnic group compared to the Tibeto-Burman group. Farmers with three different production domains maintained higher (P<0.001) crop diversity compared to having only one or two production domains. Poor farmers with small land holdings were associated with higher crop diversity (P<0.001) compared to rich farmers with large land holdings. Therefore, planning for agrobiodiversity management should focus on the production systems, and social and economic settings within the farming community.
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Funderburk, J. E., D. C. Herzog, and R. E. Lynch. "SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF LESSER CORNSTALK BORER (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) ADULTS IN SOYBEAN, PEANUT, CORN, SORGHUM, AND WHEAT IN NORTHERN FLORIDA." Journal of Entomological Science 22, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-22.2.159.
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Adult abundance of lesser cornstalk borer (LCB), Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller), in agronomic crops in northern Florida was determined by pheromone trapping. Trap captures revealed that the temporal pattern of adult abundance differed for each crop. Multiple generations occurred in peanut and grain sorghum fields, with adults in abundance during both vegetative and reproductive crop-growth stages. Adults were abundant in the soybean fields only during vegetative and early reproductive crop-growth stages, with captures comprising individuals of two generations. Adults were abundant in wheat fields only during early seedling stages, while few adults were collected at any time in corn fields. Trap captures further indicated that there was rarely any considerable overlap between adult populations of different generations. The temporal patterns and magnitudes of adult captures were similar in fields of the same crop planted on about the same date, but dissimilar in fields of different crops or fields of the same crop planted on different dates.
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Tillman, P. G., and T. E. Cottrell. "Case Study: Trap Crop with Pheromone Traps for SuppressingEuschistus servus(Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Cotton." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/401703.
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The brown stink bug,Euschistus servus(Say), can disperse from source habitats, including corn,Zea maysL., and peanut,Arachis hypogaeaL., into cotton,Gossypium hirsutumL. Therefore, a 2-year on-farm experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a sorghum (Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench spp.bicolor) trap crop, with or withoutEuschistusspp. pheromone traps, to suppress dispersal of this pest to cotton. In 2004, density ofE. servuswas lower in cotton fields with sorghum trap crops (with or without pheromone traps) compared to control cotton fields. Similarly, in 2006, density ofE. servuswas lower in cotton fields with sorghum trap crops and pheromone traps compared to control cotton fields. Thus, the combination of the sorghum trap crop and pheromone traps effectively suppressed dispersal ofE. servusinto cotton. Inclusion of pheromone traps with trap crops potentially offers additional benefits, including: (1) reducing the density ofE. servusadults in a trap crop, especially females, to possibly decrease the local population over time and reduce the overwintering population, (2) reducing dispersal ofE. servusadults from the trap crop into cotton, and (3) potentially attracting more dispersingE. servusadults into a trap crop during a period of time when preferred food is not prevalent in the landscape.
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Rubi, Jaya, Shivani V, A. Josephin Arockia Dhivya, and A. Vijayalakshmi. "A Review of Crop Protection Methods in Agricultural Fields." IRO Journal on Sustainable Wireless Systems 6, no. 1 (March 2024): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2024.1.006.
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This study offers a brief overview of existing methods for crop protection using existing systems. It discusses several approaches that are available to prevent wild animals from damaging crops on farms. Various technologies capable of providing continuous protection for farms are explored. The discussed methods and tools underscore the importance of safeguarding valuable crops. The utilization of technologies such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi microcontrollers, sensors, GSM modules, solar panels, and others in farm security systems is studied. However, it's essential to note that these systems operate differently and can be costly for farmers. Additionally, the paper suggests the integration of modern technology in agriculture, such as the application of Deep CNN using Python, to offer an enhanced crop protection methods and an affordable cost.
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Kozlova, Zoya V., and Vlada V. Kolocheva. "Influence of forage crop rotations on crop yields and phytosanitary conditions of soils in the Baikal region." E3S Web of Conferences 296 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129601004.
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The article considers the practical aspects of ensuring the preservation of natural ecosystems based on the use of organic farming technologies. It presents the results of research in the forest-steppe zone of the Baikal region for 2011-2018. On the basis of the phytosanitary state of crops studying analysis, it was found that the correct alternation of crops in crop rotation suppresses the level of weeds, thereby not affecting the productivity of agricultural crops. The paper reveals the characteristics of agrophysical and water properties of gray forest soil, the influence of forage crop rotations with meadow clover on the yield of cultivated crops. According to the research results, the authors found that overseeding of legumes in the fields of forage crop rotations increases the average productivity by 16.6% in comparison with the control option. The influence of the aftereffect of perennial legumes in crop rotations increases the yield of grain fodder and silage crops by 20-31.8%. The crop rotation with two fields of meadow clover (crop rotation No. 3) was determined to be the best for all indicators.
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Luo, Yong, Dianpeng Chen, and Xiaoguo Wang. "Assessment of Crop Residues and Corresponding Nutrients Return to Fields via Root, Stubble, and Straw in Southwest China." Sustainability 15, no. 20 (October 22, 2023): 15138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152015138.
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China stands as one of the world’s largest agricultural powerhouses, boasting abundant crop resources. Nonetheless, there remains a lack of clarity regarding the extensive scale of crop residue return in the fields. Drawing from direct field measurements and comprehensive survey data, this paper pioneers the reporting of residues from the five primary crops, shedding light on the associated nutrient components, including carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) replenishment via crop roots, stubble, and straw in the Southwest China region for the year 2012. The results showed that the total amount of the main crop residue resources was 97.4 Mt, which was composed of 17.8 Mt, 12.6 Mt, and 67 Mt for crop root, stubble, and straw, respectively. After crops harvested, there were 7165.8 kilotonne nutrient C, 132.2 kilotonne nutrient N, and 9.8 kilotonne nutrient P of crop residues returned to the fields through crop root, respectively, accounting for 44.6%, 48.2%, and 43.4% of the total nutrient returned, which was the main part of crop nutrients return to fields. The amount of nutrient C, N, and P returned through stubbles were 5017.3 kilotonne, 75.9 kilotonne, and 6.8 kilotonne, respectively, accounting for 31.3%, 27.6%, and 30.6% of the total return of crops. From the composition proportion of residues nutrients return to field, the orders were all expressed as follows: root > stubble > straw. According to the optimum fertilization amount of the main crops in Southwest China, the returned of crop residues nutrient N in maize, rice, rapeseed, and wheat can replace approximately 5.6%, 18.4%, 11.2%, and 14.8% of nitrogen fertilizer, and 2.4%, 8.3%, 3%, and 9.2% of phosphate fertilizer, respectively. This conclusion is beneficial for regulating the practice of returning crop residues to the fields and the use of agricultural fertilizers, aiming to achieve sustainable development in agricultural production.
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Scholten, Harold. "20. Snow distribution on crop fields." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 22-23 (August 1988): 363–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(88)90032-1.
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Ponnambalam, Vignesh Raja, Marianne Bakken, Richard J. D. Moore, Jon Glenn Omholt Gjevestad, and Pål Johan From. "Autonomous Crop Row Guidance Using Adaptive Multi-ROI in Strawberry Fields." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 5249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185249.
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Automated robotic platforms are an important part of precision agriculture solutions for sustainable food production. Agri-robots require robust and accurate guidance systems in order to navigate between crops and to and from their base station. Onboard sensors such as machine vision cameras offer a flexible guidance alternative to more expensive solutions for structured environments such as scanning lidar or RTK-GNSS. The main challenges for visual crop row guidance are the dramatic differences in appearance of crops between farms and throughout the season and the variations in crop spacing and contours of the crop rows. Here we present a visual guidance pipeline for an agri-robot operating in strawberry fields in Norway that is based on semantic segmentation with a convolution neural network (CNN) to segment input RGB images into crop and not-crop (i.e., drivable terrain) regions. To handle the uneven contours of crop rows in Norway’s hilly agricultural regions, we develop a new adaptive multi-ROI method for fitting trajectories to the drivable regions. We test our approach in open-loop trials with a real agri-robot operating in the field and show that our approach compares favourably to other traditional guidance approaches.
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Schulthess, Urs, Francelino Rodrigues, Matthieu Taymans, Nicolas Bellemans, Sophie Bontemps, Ivan Ortiz-Monasterio, Bruno Gérard, and Pierre Defourny. "Optimal Sample Size and Composition for Crop Classification with Sen2-Agri’s Random Forest Classifier." Remote Sensing 15, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15030608.
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Sen2-Agri is a software system that was developed to facilitate the use of multi-temporal satellite data for crop classification with a random forest (RF) classifier in an operational setting. It automatically ingests and processes Sentinel-2 and LandSat 8 images. Our goal was to provide practitioners with recommendations for the best sample size and composition. The study area was located in the Yaqui Valley in Mexico. Using polygons of more than 6000 labeled crop fields, we prepared data sets for training, in which the nine crops had an equal or proportional representation, called Equal or Ratio, respectively. Increasing the size of the training set improved the overall accuracy (OA). Gains became marginal once the total number of fields approximated 500 or 40 to 45 fields per crop type. Equal achieved slightly higher OAs than Ratio for a given number of fields. However, recall and F-scores of the individual crops tended to be higher for Ratio than for Equal. The high number of wheat fields in the Ratio scenarios, ranging from 275 to 2128, produced a more accurate classification of wheat than the maximal 80 fields of Equal. This resulted in a higher recall for wheat in the Ratio than in the Equal scenarios, which in turn limited the errors of commission of the non-wheat crops. Thus, a proportional representation of the crops in the training data is preferable and yields better accuracies, even for the minority crops.
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Ominski, P. D., M. H. Entz, and N. Kenkel. "Weed suppression byMedicago sativain subsequent cereal crops: a comparative survey." Weed Science 47, no. 3 (June 1999): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500091785.
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The ability ofMedicago sativato suppress weed growth may provide a viable alternative to chemical weed control and allow crop producers to reduce herbicide inputs. Quantitative information regarding the suppressive effect ofM. sativaon weed populations in current cropping systems is lacking. A survey was conducted in Manitoba, Canada, in 1993 and 1994 to investigate weed populations in commercial cereal fields that had been preceded by eitherM. sativahay or cereal grain crops. A total of 117 fields were surveyed; approximately half from each field type. Principle component analysis indicated that the inclusion ofM. sativain crop rotations resulted in weed communities different from those of continuous cereal fields. Naturally occurring populations ofAvena fatua, Cirsium arvense, Brassica kaber, andGalium aparinewere lower in cereal fields that had previously containedM. sativathan in cereal fields that had been preceded by a cereal crop. Lower field uniformity values forC. arvenseandAvena fatuaindicated that these weeds were also more patchy in theM. sativarotations. Population differences between field types were nonsignificant forAmaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, andPolygonum convolvulus, and although populations ofTaraxacum officinaleandThlaspi arvensewere greater inM. sativa/cereal fields than in continuous cereal crops. No consistent effect of field type onSetaria viridispopulations was observed. These results show thatM. sativaeffectively suppressed some, but not all, of the weeds found in the study area. IncludingM. sativahay crops in crop rotations can be part of an integrated weed management strategy for weeds such asA. fatua, B. kaber, andC. arvense.
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Arias, María, Miguel Ángel Campo-Bescós, and Jesús Álvarez-Mozos. "Crop Classification Based on Temporal Signatures of Sentinel-1 Observations over Navarre Province, Spain." Remote Sensing 12, no. 2 (January 14, 2020): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12020278.
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Crop classification provides relevant information for crop management, food security assurance and agricultural policy design. The availability of Sentinel-1 image time series, with a very short revisit time and high spatial resolution, has great potential for crop classification in regions with pervasive cloud cover. Dense image time series enable the implementation of supervised crop classification schemes based on the comparison of the time series of the element to classify with the temporal signatures of the considered crops. The main objective of this study is to investigate the performance of a supervised crop classification approach based on crop temporal signatures obtained from Sentinel-1 time series in a challenging case study with a large number of crops and a high heterogeneity in terms of agro-climatic conditions and field sizes. The case study considered a large dataset on the Spanish province of Navarre in the framework of the verification of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) subsidies. Navarre presents a large agro-climatic diversity with persistent cloud cover areas, and therefore, the technique was implemented both at the provincial and regional scale. In total, 14 crop classes were considered, including different winter crops, summer crops, permanent crops and fallow. Classification results varied depending on the set of input features considered, obtaining Overall Accuracies higher than 70% when the three (VH, VV and VH/VV) channels were used as the input. Crops exhibiting singularities in their temporal signatures were more easily identified, with barley, rice, corn and wheat achieving F1-scores above 75%. The size of fields severely affected classification performance, with ~14% better classification performance for larger fields (>1 ha) in comparison to smaller fields (<0.5 ha). Results improved when agro-climatic diversity was taken into account through regional stratification. It was observed that regions with a higher diversity of crop types, management techniques and a larger proportion of fallow fields obtained lower accuracies. The approach is simple and can be easily implemented operationally to aid CAP inspection procedures or for other purposes.
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Shaytura, S. V., N. S. Shaytura, A. S. Prudkiy, Yu P. Kozhaev, and V. M. Feoktistova. "Remote sensing for monitoring of fields in precision farming." Zemleustrojstvo, kadastr i monitoring zemel' (Land management, cadastre and land monitoring), no. 8 (July 13, 2023): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-04-2308-06.
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The relevance of the study is determined by the need to move to precision farming due to the lack of land resources and the increasing population of the Earth. The article describes the sequence of work for the transition to precision farming based on geographic information systems, global positioning systems and field monitoring using remote sensing. The sequence of work is as follows: firstly, initial survey of the fields and the sections of the fields, drawing up a map of the fields, and assessing the features of the fields are carried out; the second step – the selection of crops and sowing with the help of smart agricultural machinery; the third – monitoring the fields using satellite images and images obtained from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). At this stage, seedlings are analyzed for possible secondary crops, together with the analysis of soil moisture and watering, and also application of fertilizers and pesticides. After that, the readiness of the crop for harvesting, and a preliminary forecast of the yield is analyzed as well. After harvesting, the crop is estimated by fields and yield maps are compiled, and the following crops are planned taking into account the crop rotation. The article concludes that it is expedient to use airborne multispectral and hyperspectral images for monitoring agricultural fields, as well as for assessing and mapping yield variability within a field for precision farming.
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Ojuu, David, Samuel Kyamanywa, and Thomas Odong Lapaka. "Effect of Distance from Wetland Borders on Hymenopteran Wasps and Spider Abundance in Maize-soybean Cropping System." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 10 (April 24, 2023): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i102928.
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The non-crop habitats within agroecosystems are important resources for ecological and biological insect pest management. Diversified cropping systems are known to influence pests populations, however, how neighboring habitats to the agricultural fields affect insect pest natural enemies population dynamics is not clear. This study focused on understanding the influence of wetland borders on Hymenoptera wasps and predatory spider prevalence in a maize-soybean intercrop system. The Hymenoptera wasps and spiders population estimates were carried out in twelve farmers’ fields stratified within 0-300 and 500-1100 meters from the wetland borders. Data were collected once a week starting one week from the emergence of maize and soybean plants until post-flower growth of the two crops. Results showed crop fields within 0-300 meters from the wetland borders had significantly higher numbers of wasps and spiders, while crop fields set up at 500-1100 meters from the wetland borders, the population of Hymenoptera wasps and spiders was significantly reduced. The findings of this study indicate that stable habitats such as wetland borders harbour higher numbers of natural enemies of crop pests and crop fields at close proximity benefit from quick migration of natural enemies from the pool in stable habitats. These findings can be used to design field architectures such as field margins or borders that can support insect pest natural enemies survival and migration into crop fields.
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ALDOSHIN, NIKOLAI V. "Soil tillage and crop sowing in slope fields." Agricultural Engineering, no. 3 (2023): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2023-3-30-34.
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Soil degradation due to water erosion accompanied by the loss of fertility results in reduced grain crop yields. To prevent water erosion on sloping fields during soil tillage and the sowing of grain crops, the authors offer an appropriate technology and a combined tool. The combine tool implements tillage and strip sowing by forming mini-terraces. Their width is determined by the installation of furrow formers at a distance from each other, which corresponds to the sowing width of six seed rows. Combined coulters sow cereals in two rows on the soil surface, in three rows – to a depth of 6 to 8 cm, in the last row – to a depth of 14 to 15 cm. Furrow shapers form anti-erosion furrows to a depth of 9 cm over the rows with seeds, sown to a depth of 14 to 15 cm and form ridges over the seeds sown on the surface. Ridges and furrows prevent water erosion on the slope crop fields. The ridge former is installed at an angle of 30 to 33° to the travel direction of the machine. The distance between ripper tines of the first and second rows shall be not less than 45 cm, and between cultivator teeth and the ridge former is not less than 90 cm. The proposed technology and the developed combined tool can reduce the direct energy consumption for tillage and the sowing of grain crops by 32%.
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Ziemińska-Smyk, Marta, Teresa Grażyna Wyłupek, and Barbara Skwaryło-Bednarz. "Flora in abandoned fields and adjacent crop fields on rendzina soils in the Zamość region." Acta Agrobotanica 68, no. 3 (2015): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2015.022.
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A floristic inventory of segetal flora was carried out in abandoned fields and adjacent crop fields on rendzina soils in the Zamość region in the year 2010. This study found a total of 130 weed species belonging to 30 botanical families. The following families were represented most frequently: Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, and Brassicaceae. In the segetal flora, apophytes are dominant (55% of the total flora), with the highest number of meadow and xerothermic grassland species among them. Archeophytes (38%) predominate in the group of anthropophytes. The species characterized by the highest constancy classes and reaching the highest cover indices posed the greatest threat to crops in the study area. The following weeds are most frequently found in fallow fields: <em>Consolida regalis</em>, <em>Cichorium intybus</em>, and <em>Sinapis arvensis</em>, while <em>Papaver rhoeas</em> is the greatest threat to cereal crops grown on rendzina soils.
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Liu, Wenke. "Enzyme Activity Variability and Comparison in Soils under Medicinal versus Crop Plants of Anguo City, China." Agricultural Science 2, no. 1 (April 16, 2020): p109. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n1p109.
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Long-term continuous cultivation of different plant species in a similar agroecosystem intensively may result in divergent variability in soil fertility, particularly soil biochemical properties. In this study, an investigation was conducted to clarify the variability of five soil enzyme activities (urease, protease, catalase, polyphenol oxidase and alkaline phosphatase) of croplands under medicinal plants (herbal fields) and food crops (crop fields) in Anguo city, a traditional cultivation base for Chinese medicinal plants in China. The results showed that five soil enzyme activities were similar between herbal and crop fields. However, soil urease and alkaline phosphatase activities of herbal and crop fields decreased significantly with soil depth (0-60 cm), while protease, catalase, polyphenol oxidase activities were similar in all soil layers for two kinds of fields. There were largely variation scenes at linear correlation analysis between soil physicochemical traits and enzymatic activities under medicinal plant versus crop fileds although extensively significant correlations were presented. In conclusion, soil enzyme activities were similar in two type of farmlands, and soil urease and alkaline phosphatase activities decreased with soil depth for both fields. Inconsistent linear correlations between soil physicochemical traits and enzymatic activities under medicinal plant versus crop fields were presented, so soil enzymatic activity variation was subjected to soil physicochemical traits dominated by agronomic managements designed for specific plant species.
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Yadav, Vandana, and Sunita Arya. "EFFECT OF GUARD CROPS ON POPULATION DENSITY OF PEA APHID (ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM HARRIS) AGAINST PEA (PISUM SATIVUM L.)." International Journal of Biological Innovations 04, no. 01 (2022): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.46505/ijbi.2022.4124.
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A field trial was conducted during two rabi cropping seasons 2017-18 and 2018-19 to evaluate the role of some field crops as guard plants in pea crop. Sorghum, bajra and maize were cultivated at the boundaries of target crop (pea crop) to explore their ability to attract pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) away from pea crop. The outcome of the study revealed that sowing of maize at the boundaries of pea fields was not much effective in reducing the aphid infestation. On the other hand, fields surrounded by sorghum showed most effective protection from pea aphids attack on pea crop followed by bajra and polyculture (sorghum, bajra and maize with pea crop).
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GANESHAMURTHY, A. N. "Soil changes following long-term cultivation of pulses." Journal of Agricultural Science 147, no. 6 (June 23, 2009): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859609990104.
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SUMMARYStudies were conducted on Entisols to understand the effects of continuous pulse cultivation on soil chemical, physical and biological properties by comparing with continuous non-pulse crops and uncultivated soils. Soils of a Typic Ustochrept, developed from the same parent material, from 16-year-old pulse cultivation fields, non-pulse crop fields and uncultivated fallow fields in a location with uniform topography were analysed using a polyphasic approach combining traditional soil physical and chemical analysis, culture-dependent and independent microbiological analysis and enzymatic analysis. Among the soil physical properties, only soil aggregate stability and soil compaction showed significant improvement in soils under pulses than non-pulse crops. Compared to uncultivated fallows, the soil pH after pulse cultivation was about 1 unit lower while non-pulse crop cultivation reduced it by 0·36. The chemical and biological variables that contribute most to the discrimination of the pulses effect and non-pulse crops effect on soil quality are organic carbon (C), microbial biomass C, nitrogen (N) and biomass ninhydrin-N, and secondary variables related to N cycle:nitrate (NO3–N), organic and total soluble N. The enzyme activities were significantly higher in soils after pulse cultivation than after non-pulse crops or uncultivated fallow. The soil quality of pulse cultivation fields seems to be markedly different to that of non-pulse crop fields and uncultivated fallows in terms of all the variables studied.
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Sisodiya, R. R., J. B. Vasave, and Jaimin R. Naik. "Crop Residues Management: A Viable Tool for Sustainable Agriculture." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 19 (September 8, 2023): 1750–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i193724.
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The crop residue, traditionally considered as agricultural waste, is increasingly being viewed as a valuable resource. If the current trend continues, crop residue will be a “co-product” of grain production where both the grain and the residue have significant value. Potentially gross quantities of over 500 Mt crop residues are available in India on an annual basis and generated by various crops. Due to the scarcity of alternative organic amendments, the retention of crop residue in fields can be considered key in promoting physical, chemical, and biological attributes of soil in the agricultural systems of developing countries. The stems, leaves, chaffs, husks, etc., that remain in the fields after crops are harvested, play a critical role in soil quality and environmental issues since they are primary inputs of elemental carbon (C) into the soil system. About 25% N, 25% P, 75% K and 50% S uptake by cereal crops are retained in residues, making them valuable sources of nutrients.
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Muhamediyeva, D. T., M. R. Rakhmonova, and D. M. Sotvoldiyev. "Linear-dynamic model of the problem of optimization of placement and alternation of crops in cropping rotation." BIO Web of Conferences 71 (2023): 01066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20237101066.
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The problem of determining the best positioning and rotation of crops within fields of crop rotation has been approached through two different methods, static and dynamic. In the static model, specific schemes are chosen based on the predetermined number and size of rotation fields that can accommodate a particular crop. The model takes into consideration various factors such as crop yields within the same field, cotton production volume, labor costs, production expenses, and conditional net income. The optimization criterion in this model is to minimize production costs and maximize conditional net income, which is the difference between the costs of gross output per hectare and production expenses per hectare. The initial data is computed using long-term farm data, and information is prepared for each crop rotation scheme to enable a comprehensive evaluation of all crop rotation schemes and fields while taking into account major indicators of farm production.
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Heinrich, Aaron, Richard Smith, and Michael Cahn. "Winter-killed Cereal Rye Cover Crop Influence on Nitrate Leaching in Intensive Vegetable Production Systems." HortTechnology 24, no. 5 (October 2014): 502–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.24.5.502.
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High levels of residual soil nitrate are typically present in cool-season vegetable fields in coastal regions of California in the fall, after the production of multiple crops over the course of the growing season. This nitrate is subject to leaching with winter rains when fields are left fallow. Although the benefits of growing nitrate scavenging cover crops on soil and water quality are well documented, the portion of vegetable production fields planted to winter cover crops in this region is low. Most growers leave their fields unplanted in bare-fallow beds because the risk of having too much cover crop residue to incorporate may delay late winter and early spring planting schedules. A possible strategy to derive benefits of a cover crop yet minimize the amount of residue is to kill the cover crop with an herbicide when biomass of the cover crop is still relatively low. To evaluate whether this strategy would be effective at reducing nitrate leaching, we conducted field studies in Winter 2010–11 (Year 1) and Winter 2011–12 (Year 2) with cereal rye (Secale cereale). Each trial consisted of three treatments: 1) Fallow (bare fallow), 2) Full-season (cover crop allowed to grow to full term), and 3) Partial-season (cover crop killed with herbicide 8 to 9 weeks after emergence). In Year 1, which received 35% more rainfall than the historical average during the trial, the Full-season cover crop reduced nitrate leaching by 64% relative to Fallow, but the Partial-season had no effect relative to Fallow. In Year 2, which received 47% less rainfall than the historical average during the trial, the Full- and Partial-season cover crops reduced nitrate leaching by 75% and 52%, respectively, relative to Fallow. The Full-season cover crop was able to reduce nitrate leaching regardless of yearly variations in the timing and amount of precipitation. Although the Partial-season cover crop was able to reduce leaching in Year 2, the value of this winter-kill strategy to reduce nitrate leaching is limited by the need to kill the crop when relatively young, resulting in the release of nitrogen (N) from decaying residues back into the soil where it is subject to leaching.
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Khan, Haseeb Rehman, Zeeshan Gillani, Muhammad Hasan Jamal, Atifa Athar, Muhammad Tayyab Chaudhry, Haoyu Chao, Yong He, and Ming Chen. "Early Identification of Crop Type for Smallholder Farming Systems Using Deep Learning on Time-Series Sentinel-2 Imagery." Sensors 23, no. 4 (February 5, 2023): 1779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23041779.
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Climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic have disrupted the food supply chain across the globe and adversely affected food security. Early estimation of staple crops can assist relevant government agencies to take timely actions for ensuring food security. Reliable crop type maps can play an essential role in monitoring crops, estimating yields, and maintaining smooth food supplies. However, these maps are not available for developing countries until crops have matured and are about to be harvested. The use of remote sensing for accurate crop-type mapping in the first few weeks of sowing remains challenging. Smallholder farming systems and diverse crop types further complicate the challenge. For this study, a ground-based survey is carried out to map fields by recording the coordinates and planted crops in respective fields. The time-series images of the mapped fields are acquired from the Sentinel-2 satellite. A deep learning-based long short-term memory network is used for the accurate mapping of crops at an early growth stage. Results show that staple crops, including rice, wheat, and sugarcane, are classified with 93.77% accuracy as early as the first four weeks of sowing. The proposed method can be applied on a large scale to effectively map crop types for smallholder farms at an early stage, allowing the authorities to plan a seamless availability of food.
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Dubrovin, Konstantin, Alexey Stepanov, Andrey Verkhoturov, and Tatiana Aseeva. "Crop Identification Using Radar Images." Informatics and Automation 21, no. 2 (February 17, 2022): 405–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15622/ia.21.2.7.
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One of the most important tasks in practical agricultural activity is the identification of agricultural crops, both those growing in individual fields at the moment and those that grew in these fields earlier. To reduce the complexity of the identification process in recent years, data from remote sensing of the Earth (remote sensing), including the values of vegetation indices calculated during the growing season, have been used. At the same time, processing optical satellite images and obtaining reliable index values is often difficult, which is due to cloud cover during the shooting. To solve this problem, the article suggests using the seasonal course curve of the radar vegetation index with double polarization (DpRVI) as the main indicator characterizing agricultural crops. In the period 2017-2020, 48 radar images of the Khabarovsk Municipal District of the Khabarovsk Territory from the Sentinel-1 satellite were received and processed to identify crops in the experimental fields of the Far Eastern Research Institute of Agriculture (FEARI) (resolution 22 m, shooting interval - 12 days). Soybeans and oats were the main identified crops. Pixels of fields not occupied by these crops (forage grasses, abandoned fields) were also added. The series of values of DpRVI were obtained both for individual pixels and fields, and approximated series for three classes. The approximation was carried out using the Gaussian function, the double logistic function, the square and cubic polynomials. It is established that the optimal approximation algorithm is the use of a double logistic function (the average error was 4.6%). On average, the approximation error of the vegetation index for soybeans did not exceed 5%, for perennial grasses – 8.5%, and for oats - 11%. For experimental fields with a total area of 303 hectares with a known crop rotation, the classification was carried out by the weighted method of k nearest neighbors (the training sample was formed according to the data of 2017-2019, the test sample -2020). As a result, 90% of the fields were correctly identified, and the overall pixel classification accuracy was 73%, which made it possible to identify the discrepancy between the actual boundaries of the fields declared to identify abandoned and swampy areas. Thus, it is established that the DpRVI index can be used to identify agricultural crops in the south of the Far East and serve as the basis for the automatic classification of arable land.
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Umar, Humaira, Faiza Ambreen, Tamsela Mumtaz, Hamna Umer, Safina Kouser, and Komal Umair. "Assessing the Diversity and Relative Abundance of the Order Odonata, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera in Rice, Maize, and Wheat Fields." Journal of Zoo Biology 5, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/zoobiol.005.01.4513.
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The objective of the current study was to assess the diversity of Odonata, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera in the fields of rice, maize, and wheat under relevant factors. The area of these crops in the District Faisalabad was where specimens related to these orders were gathered. Faisalabad employees choose several ways of collecting, like hand picking, using a hand net, and forceps. From October 2013 to April 2014, the entire sampling was random. With the aid of taxonomic information, collected insects were identified based on their morphological traits and faunal diversity belonging to selected orders as the trustworthiness of these crops for these orders was documented. The highest variety (H′) was found in maize fields (7.3204), followed by rice (2.2707), and wheat fields (2.1758). In contrast, the highest diversity (H max) was almost equally distributed among the three crops. However, the highest levels of evenness (J) were found in the maize crop as compared to others. Wheat crop fields (0.1757), rice fields (0.0779), and maize fields (0.0779) showed the highest levels of dominance (D) (-2.0049). All crops had equal documented levels of wealth (R). The overall results between these crops were statistically significant (P = 0.05053; F = 3.0522) and t-Test analysis was also significant, but the P-value ratio was different.
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Aguilar-Rivera, Noé, Marcos Algara-Siller, Luis Alberto Olvera-Vargas, and Christian Michel-Cuello. "Land management in Mexican sugarcane crop fields." Land Use Policy 78 (November 2018): 763–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.07.034.
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Johnstone, Emily. "Strawberry Fields." ITNOW 66, no. 1 (February 15, 2024): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/itnow/bwae032.
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Abstract Food production isn't the first sector that comes to mind when we think of technology. To remedy that, third year PhD student at the University of Reading, Emily Johnstone, explains how tuneable LED lighting is advancing research into fruit crop growth.
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Hume, Larry. "Crop Losses in Wheat (Triticum aestivum) as Determined Using Weeded and Nonweeded Quadrats." Weed Science 33, no. 5 (September 1985): 734–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004317450008320x.
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The importance of including crop density in studies of weed-wheat competition and in making estimates of crop losses due to weeds was demonstrated. Wheat density in adjacent quadrats of 1 m2varied by an average of 25 plants in the farm fields and research plots examined. Differences between adjacent quadrats were in the same range for fields sown with different implements. Yield per plant, dry weight per plant, and tillering per plant decreased with increasing wheat density. For weed-crop competition studies in small-grain crops, the yields of weed-free and weedy quadrats are normally compared to estimate crop loss caused by competition. It was demonstrated that such estimates can be highly distorted if crop density is not taken into account. Current procedures used widely in agronomic competition studies are inadequate to properly define the relationship between crops and weeds. A more accurate method for performing such investigations is described in which both weed and crop abundance are determined. These variables are related to crop loss using multiple regression.
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Dipankar De. "Surplus Crop Residues for Energy Generation in Selected Districts of Madhya Pradesh - An Assessment." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 45, no. 4 (December 31, 2008): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2008454.1351.
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Crop residues are one of the promising resources in rural India for energy generation. Crop residues in combine harvested fields are burnt in situ in many parts of the country. Alternate uses of such residues for energy generation can mitigate the loss of material and environment pollution caused by field burning. The study undertaken in six districts of Madhya Pradesh for assessment of crop residue production and uses indicated that among the food grains crops cultivated, the crop residues from manually harvested fields were mainly used as animal feeds. Residues from crops like cotton, pigeon pea, mustard were used for domestic purposes. Soybean and wheat crop residues in combine harvested fields were prone to disposal through field burning, the extents depending upon the productivity, cropping intensity, labour and storage space availability. Among the six districts, Bari Block (Raisen district) had the highest (1361 kg/ha) crop residue so generated with 76% of it being burnt. In Budni and Nasrullaganj Blocks (Sehore district), 60-67% of 812 kg/ha and 753 kg/ha of crop residues were burnt. About 1.05 lakh tonnes of crop residues (wheat 74.3% soybean 25.7%) were burnt annually in the three blocks and have potential of generation of 305.6 TJ of energy. For decentralised electricity generation through gasification route, a cluster of 7 villages can support feedstock requirement of a 90 kWe gasifier system to operate for 300days in a year operating at 12h/ day.
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Khayitov, Abdulla Nurmatovich, Alisher Yuldoshevich Atakhanov, Islom Saidovich Atakhanov, Bakhodir Sharifbaevich Radjapov, and Sarvar Ibragimovich Rakhimov. "Increasing Agricultural Productivity Of Potatoes By Influencing Crop Elements." American Journal of Applied sciences 03, no. 06 (June 12, 2021): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume03issue06-03.
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The main and pre-planting types of soil for planting potatoes are focused on fertilizing potatoes. The main tillage in irrigated agriculture of Uzbekistan includes the following. Crops planted before the fields are used to collect plant residues as well as basic tillage and operational leveling of the fields.
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Eyre, M. D., and C. Leifert. "Crop and field boundary influences on the activity of a wide range of beneficial invertebrate groups on a split conventional/organic farm in northern England." Bulletin of Entomological Research 101, no. 2 (November 1, 2010): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485310000398.
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AbstractActivity of 12 beneficial invertebrate groups was assessed in 2005 and 2006 on a farm in northern England split into conventional and organic management halves, using pitfall and pan traps set in both crops and field boundaries. Management, crop and boundary structure influences on invertebrate activity were assessed, as was the relationship between crop and boundary type. Classification of crop and boundary assemblages produced three and two groups, respectively, in both years. Organic arable crops had well-defined assemblages in both years; and, while grass and grass/clover fields were separated from conventional arable fields in 2005, there was mixing in 2006. One boundary group, in both years, was dominated by conventional arable fields with tall herbaceous boundary vegetation. The other group had more organic arable and grassy fields with shorter boundary vegetation. Redundancy analyses showed that a number of groups (Cantharidae, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Proctotrupoidea, Lycosidae) were more active in organic arable fields with more Staphylinidae in conventional arable crops and no obvious trend with Carabidae, Hemiptera, Neuroptera and Linyphiidae. Activity of some groups, especially Coccinellidae, Syrphidae and parasitic wasps, was strongly related to weed cover. Staphylinidae were most active in tall herbaceous boundaries by conventional arable crops with more of a number of groups (Cantharidae, Coccinellidae, parasitic wasps) in short herbaceous boundaries by organic arable crops. Organic management produced most differences in aerially-dispersed invertebrates, and management had a profound effect on activity in field boundaries. Possible management prescriptions to increase invertebrate activity include changing sowing times, weed cover manipulation and field boundary and margin management.
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Regnier, Emilie E., S. Kent Harrison, Mark M. Loux, Christopher Holloman, Ramarao Venkatesh, Florian Diekmann, Robin Taylor, et al. "Certified Crop Advisors’ Perceptions of Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) Distribution, Herbicide Resistance, and Management in the Corn Belt." Weed Science 64, no. 2 (June 2016): 361–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-15-00116.1.
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Giant ragweed has been increasing as a major weed of row crops in the last 30 yr, but quantitative data regarding its pattern and mechanisms of spread in crop fields are lacking. To address this gap, we conducted a Web-based survey of certified crop advisors in the U.S. Corn Belt and Ontario, Canada. Participants were asked questions regarding giant ragweed and crop production practices for the county of their choice. Responses were mapped and correlation analyses were conducted among the responses to determine factors associated with giant ragweed populations. Respondents rated giant ragweed as the most or one of the most difficult weeds to manage in 45% of 421 U.S. counties responding, and 57% of responding counties reported giant ragweed populations with herbicide resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors, glyphosate, or both herbicides. Results suggest that giant ragweed is increasing in crop fields outward from the east-central U.S. Corn Belt in most directions. Crop production practices associated with giant ragweed populations included minimum tillage, continuous soybean, and multiple-application herbicide programs; ecological factors included giant ragweed presence in noncrop edge habitats, early and prolonged emergence, and presence of the seed-burying common earthworm in crop fields. Managing giant ragweed in noncrop areas could reduce giant ragweed migration from noncrop habitats into crop fields and slow its spread. Where giant ragweed is already established in crop fields, including a more diverse combination of crop species, tillage practices, and herbicide sites of action will be critical to reduce populations, disrupt emergence patterns, and select against herbicide-resistant giant ragweed genotypes. Incorporation of a cereal grain into the crop rotation may help suppress early giant ragweed emergence and provide chemical or mechanical control options for late-emerging giant ragweed.
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Tyler, Heather L. "Single- versus Double-Species Cover Crop Effects on Soil Health and Yield in Mississippi Soybean Fields." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (November 18, 2021): 2334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112334.
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Conservation management practices can improve soil health while minimizing deleterious effects of agriculture on the environment. However, adoption of these practices, particularly cover crops, is not widespread, as they often reduce crop yields compared to traditional management practices. The purpose of the current study was to determine if a two-species cover crop treatment of rye (Secale cereale L.) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) could increase soil health parameters and maximize soybean (Glycine max L.) yield greater than rye only in tilled and no-till Mississippi field soils. Enhanced microbial biomass and organic matter input from cover crops increased the activities of β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, N-acetylglucosaminidase, and phosphatase in surface soils. Rye plus clover tended to elicit higher activities than rye only in no-till plots. Both cover crop treatments inhibited soybean yield in tilled plots by 11–25%. These results indicate that tillage exacerbates yield inhibition by cover crops in soybean and that double-species cover crop treatments were more consistent in increasing activities linked to nutrient cycling. Further study examining different combinations of cover crops in no-till systems is necessary to gain a better understanding of how they can be implemented to enhance soil health while maximizing crop yield.
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Kozlova, Zoya, Lyubov' Matais, and Ol'ga Glushkova. "INFLUENCE OF FODDER CROP ROTATIONS ON CROP CONFERENCE AND PRODUCTIVITY OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS IN BAIKAL REGION." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 15, no. 2 (September 8, 2020): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2020-20-24.
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The research was carried out in Irkutsk region in 2011–2014. The purpose of this work is to study the influence of forage crop rotations on the degree of weediness of fields and the yield of forage crops. The objects of research are three forage crop rotations: one control without perennial legumes (meadow clover) and two with meadow clover in the structure of sown areas of 20 and 40%. The soil of the experimental site is gray forest heavy loamy, with the following characteristics: salt extract pH 4.7 ... 4.9, humus content 4.5 ... 4.8%, mobile phosphorus - 160 mg/kg, potassium - 130 mg/kg. The least amount of weeds in the experiment was in variants with perennial leguminous grasses (7 ... 9 pcs/m2), which ensured an increase in yield by crop rotation on average for 4 years of research by 14 ... 19%. The most contaminated was the control crop rotation. The greatest number of weeds in this crop rotation was noted in the crops of corn and pea-oat mixture - 5 ... 12 pcs/m2. Of the juvenile weeds, mainly gray mice (Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.), wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum), of perennial weeds, yellow sow-thistle (Sonchus arvensis L.) and field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) prevailed. Weediness of crops did not have a significant effect on the yield of forage crops in the links of crop rotations. Among the five-field crop rotations, the highest productivity was observed in the variant with two fields of meadow clover (2.5 thousand fodder units/ha) with the content of digestible protein in 1 fodder unit 99.1 g
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Tillman, P. Glynn. "Tobacco as a Trap Crop for Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Cotton." Journal of Entomological Science 41, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-41.4.305.
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A 3-yr study evaluated tobacco as a trap crop for the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), in cotton. Small plot experiments were conducted on an experimental farm at Mississippi State University in Starkville, MS, in 1996 and on a commercial farm in Aliceville, AL, in 1997 to determine the ability of small strips of tobacco to trap H. virescens in cotton field plots. In the 1996 experiment, tobacco budworms eggs were significantly higher on tobacco than on cotton from 7 June through 19 June and from 10 July through 22 July. In 1997, H. virescens eggs were significantly higher on tobacco than on cotton for every sampling date throughout the growing season. The conclusion derived from these small plot experiments was that H. virescens females preferred tobacco over cotton as an ovipositional site. Therefore, in 1998, a large-scale field experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of tobacco as a trap crop for H. virescens in commercial cotton fields in Funston, GA. In this experiment, the number of H. virescens eggs was significantly lower in cotton fields with tobacco trap crops compared to control cotton fields without tobacco trap crops on 2 and 9 July. Also, economic threshold for H. virescens was not reached in these cotton fields with tobacco trap crops. In contrast, the economic threshold for this pest was met in cotton fields without tobacco trap crops on two dates during the growing season. For each year of the study, percentage total real mortality (rx) for eggs and larvae of H. virescens on tobacco was very high, ranging from 91.4–99.9%. Larval mortality was attributed in part to parasitization by Toxoneuron nigriceps (formerly Cardiochiles nigriceps) Viereck and Campoletis sonorensis Cameron and an infection by an ascovirus of H. virescens. Thus, tobacco served as a trap crop and sink for H. virescens in cotton in this study.
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Sharanamma M. Hugar, Mohammed Abdul Waheed. "Assessing Impact of Nitrogen Deficiency on Paddy Field Yield Estimation: A Hierarchical Segmentation and SVM Approach." Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology 44, no. 5 (November 29, 2023): 644–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v44.i5.2524.
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In the agriculture sector, it's crucial to provide detailed explanations and methodically work towards predicting crop yields. This involves making informed decisions to enhance the quality of the analysis. Crop yield largely depends on the health of the crops, influenced significantly by key nutrients like nitrogen (N). A lack of nitrogen can lead to yellowish fields, potassium deficiency might result in leaf blotches, and phosphorus scarcity can turn fields brownish. Identifying these nutrient-deficient areas in paddy fields is a major challenge in estimating total yield. To address this, we use an efficient hierarchical model to segment these problem areas accurately. This approach has demonstrated impressive results in system accuracy.
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Pardo, Gabriel, Ana Isabel Marí, Joaquín Aibar, and Alicia Cirujeda. "Do Crop Rotations in Rice Reduce Weed and Echinochloa spp. Infestations? Recommendations for Integrated Weed Control." Agronomy 11, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030454.
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The species belonging to the genus Echinochloa represent the main weeds in rice fields worldwide. Heavy soils are especially appropriate for this crop that is often grown in monoculture. A drought period in 2012 impeded farmers from sowing rice in some parts of the region of Aragon (northeastern Spain) and, unusually, they seeded alternative crops such as winter cereal, fescue (Festuca arundinacea), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and lucerne (Medicago sativa). A total of 20 fields were selected, in which rice had been grown in monocrop until 2011 and several crop sequences were established afterwards; weed vegetation was recorded in spring, summer and autumn 2014-16 to find out if the crop rotations reduced weed infestations. Winter cereal and fescue were the crops with the highest soil cover; ryegrass and lucerne had difficulties in installation probably due to the heavy soil textures. Echinochloa spp. plants were found in the winter cereal stubble after having grown fescue for the previous two years and rice before that; in the forage fields, small plants of earing Echinochloa spp. adapted to mowing were detected. Recommendations for Integrated Weed Management that arise from the observations are ploughing the winter cereal stubble before seed shed of the emerged Echinochloa plants, assuring a high density of the forage crops, and efficient herbicide control in rice fields.
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Hosseini, Mehdi, Hannah R. Kerner, Ritvik Sahajpal, Estefania Puricelli, Yu-Hsiang Lu, Afolarin Fahd Lawal, Michael L. Humber, Mary Mitkish, Seth Meyer, and Inbal Becker-Reshef. "Evaluating the Impact of the 2020 Iowa Derecho on Corn and Soybean Fields Using Synthetic Aperture Radar." Remote Sensing 12, no. 23 (November 26, 2020): 3878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12233878.
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On 10 August 2020, a series of intense and fast-moving windstorms known as a derecho caused widespread damage across Iowa’s (the top US corn-producing state) agricultural regions. This severe weather event bent and flattened crops over approximately one-third of the state. Immediate evaluation of the disaster’s impact on agricultural lands, including maps of crop damage, was critical to enabling a rapid response by government agencies, insurance companies, and the agricultural supply chain. Given the very large area impacted by the disaster, satellite imagery stands out as the most efficient means of estimating the disaster impact. In this study, we used time-series of Sentinel-1 data to detect the impacted fields. We developed an in-season crop type map using Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 data to assess the impact on important commodity crops. We intersected a SAR-based damage map with an in-season crop type map to create damaged area maps for corn and soybean fields. In total, we identified 2.59 million acres as damaged by the derecho, consisting of 1.99 million acres of corn and 0.6 million acres of soybean fields. Also, we categorized the impacted fields to three classes of mild impacts, medium impacts and high impacts. In total, 1.087 million acres of corn and 0.206 million acres of soybean were categorized as high impacted fields.
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Romney, D., C. Utiger, R. Kaitho, P. Thorne, A. Wokabi, L. Njoroge, L. Chege, J. Kirui, D. Kamotho, and S. Staal. "Effect of intensification on feed management of dairy cows in the Central Highlands of Kenya." BSAP Occasional Publication 33 (2004): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146398150004173x.
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In sub-Saharan Africa mixed crop-livestock systems predominate in the semi-arid, sub-humid and cool highland zones. In these areas, systems intensify and crops and livestock become increasingly integrated as the human population increases and land becomes a more important constraint than labour (Boserup, 1965; McIntireet al., 1992). As intensification progresses, use of crop residues moves from open access to crop fields, following harvest, to labour intensive management of cereals as dual-purpose crops.
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Larsen, Ashley E., and Frederik Noack. "Identifying the landscape drivers of agricultural insecticide use leveraging evidence from 100,000 fields." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 21 (May 8, 2017): 5473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620674114.
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Agricultural landscape intensification has enabled food production to meet growing demand. However, there are concerns that more simplified cropland with lower crop diversity, less noncrop habitat, and larger fields results in increased use of pesticides due to a lack of natural pest control and more homogeneous crop resources. Here, we use data on crop production and insecticide use from over 100,000 field-level observations from Kern County, California, encompassing the years 2005–2013 to test if crop diversity, field size, and cropland extent affect insecticide use in practice. Overall, we find that higher crop diversity does reduce insecticide use, but the relationship is strongly influenced by the differences in crop types between diverse and less diverse landscapes. Further, we find insecticide use increases with increasing field size. The effect of cropland extent is distance-dependent, with nearby cropland decreasing insecticide use, whereas cropland further away increases insecticide use. This refined spatial perspective provides unique understanding of how different components of landscape simplification influence insecticide use over space and for different crops. Our results indicate that neither the traditionally conceived “simplified” nor “complex” agricultural landscape is most beneficial to reducing insecticide inputs; reality is far more complex.
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Azizov, Zakiulla Mtiullovich, Vladimir Viktorovich Arkhipov, and Ildar Garifullovich Imashev. "Ecologization of grain production technology in crop rotations of the droughty steppe of the Lower Volga region." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 10 (November 17, 2021): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i10pp4-8.
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The analysis of the influence of species and the fullness of crop rotations on the ecologization of grain production is given. The most ecologically clean crop rotation is a 2-field grain-fallow: a fallow of black winter wheat. Its productivity and efficiency are slightly inferior to crop rotations, where, in addition to winter wheat, there are spring early and late grain crops. The role of black fallow as a method of preserving moisture, accumulating nutrients, and cleaning the soil from weeds, pathogens, and pests is revealed. The role of black fallow as a method of preserving moisture, accumulating food elements, cleansing the soil from weeds, pathogens diseases and vermins is revealed. It has been established that the advantage of the fallow predecessor in increasing the productivity and technological properties of winter wheat grain in different types of crop rotations is due to the optimization of the elements of soil fertility and the phytosanitary state of agrophytocenosis. Reducing the length of rotation of grain-fallow crop rotations to two or three fields can significantly reduce weediness of crops and abandon the use of herbicides. An increase in the specific gravity weight of black fallow in crop rotations up to 25% makes it possible to increase its efficiency in clearing fields from weeds of the first two fields, reducing the volume of herbicide application by 75%. Thanks to 2, 3-field grain-fallow crop rotations, it is possible to obtain products without the use of mineral fertilizers, chemical plant protection agents, especially against weeds, thereby improving the ecological situation of the environment.
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Journal, IJSREM. "Crop Recommendation System." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 10 (October 1, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem26385.
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In India agriculture holds an incredibly predominant position in the expansion of our country’s financial system. It is one of the fields which generates most of the employment opportunity in our country. Farmers, due to lack of their knowledge about different soil contents and environment conditions, do not opt the exact crop for nurturing, which results into a major hinder in crop production. To eliminate this barrier, we have provided a system which offers a scientific approach to assist farmers in predicting the ample crops to be cultivated based on different parameters which affects the overall production. It also suggests them about several deficiencies of nutrients in the soil to produce a specific crop. It is in context of a website. We used the crop dataset which include parameters like temperature, rainfall, pH, and humidity for specific crops and applied different ML techniques to recommend crops with high accuracy and efficiency. Hence, it can be supportive for farmers to be furthermore extra versatile. .
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Berry, S. D., G. W. Leslie, V. W. Spaull, and P. Cadet. "Within-field damage and distribution patterns of the stalk borer, Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in sugarcane and a comparison with nematode damage." Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, no. 4 (October 28, 2009): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485309990319.
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AbstractThe occurrence of Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was monitored in grids represented by plots in 12 nematicide trials in South African sugarcane fields. The trials encompassed a total of eight plant cane crops and 22 ratoon crops and were situated within commercial cane fields. Several measurements were made to characterize the damage caused by E. saccharina. These included the number of internodes per stalk, the percentage of internodes damaged and the percentage of stalks damaged. The mapping of E. saccharina infestation in plant crops of sugarcane showed that the borders of the trials were as infested as the centre, indicating invasion from outside the field plus internal spread within the field. Ratoon crops were less infested than plant crops. This could be explained by a shorter ratoon crop cycle and by the fields having areas that were more suitable for the borer than elsewhere. The location of these preferred areas could be predicted from one ratoon crop to the next but was not related to the distribution of the borer in the plant crop. This situation was thought to explain the apparent stabilization of E. saccharina infestation in ratoon cane. Because the borer was found at harvest only in stalks with more than 14 to 16 internodes, it appeared that the oldest shoots, or the shoots with the greatest growth potential, attracted the insect, possibly due to their higher nitrogen content, which would stimulate growth. All the trials were on sandy soil, and crop loss from nematodes was greater than that caused by E. saccharina.
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Robert, Pierre C. "Site-specific Management for the Twenty-first Century." HortTechnology 10, no. 3 (January 2000): 444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.3.444.
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A better awareness of soil and crop condition variability within fields brought the notion, in the early 1980s that variable management within fields by zones rather than whole fields would increase profitability by doing the right thing at the right place in the right way. At the same time, the microcomputer became available and made possible the acquisition, processing, and use of spatial field data as well as the development of a new kind of farm machinery with computerized controllers and sensors. Precision agriculture (PA) has been considered for most common cropping systems and some specialty crops, worldwide. It is particularly well adapted to high value crops such as many horticultural crops. PA is still in infancy and its adoption varies greatly but precision agriculture is the agricultural system of the future. It offers a variety of potential benefits in profitability, productivity, sustainability, crop quality, food safety, environmental protection, on-farm quality of life, and rural economic development.
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Dwitikrishna Panigrahi, Milu Acharya, and P C. Senapati. "Planning for Minimal Soil Loss from Crop Fields in Kandhamal District of Orissa." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 45, no. 4 (December 31, 2008): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2008454.1355.
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The climatic data of Kandhamal district of Orissa for 17 years were analyzed and correlated with crop coefficient to find out suitable cropping periods and sequences. The soil losses per hectare of crop cultivation for the forty possible crop sequences were calculated. The food requirement of the district for nutritional sufficiency as per the recommended dietary allowance for a projected population during 201 1 was estimated. A mathematical model for optimal allocation of the cultivable areas to the crop sequences with the objective of minimization of soil loss from crop fields was formulated and solved using linear programming technique. The model suggested to take up food crops in an area of 1,30,777 ha with a cropping intensity of 161 per cent (100 per cent in kharif, 58 per cent in pre rabi and 3 per cent in rabi) and to take up perennial grass cover in 3,223 ha resulting in loss of soil of 9489.67 thousand tons per year against the present level of 12626.95 thousand tonnes per year.
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O’Donovan, J. T., R. E. Blackshaw, K. N. Harker, G. W. Clayton, and D. C. Maurice. "Field evaluation of regression equations to estimate crop yield losses due to weeds." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 955–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-041.
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Various regression equations based on weed density alone, or relative time of weed and crop emergence or crop density in addition to weed density have been developed in western Canada to estimate the effects of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and volunteer cereals on yield loss of field crops, and to advise farmers on the economics of weed control with herbicides. In 1997, 1998, and 1999, several of these equations were evaluated in 9 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), 9 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and 11 canola (Brassica napus L.) fields in Alberta. Wild oat was the dominant weed in the barley and wheat fields, and wild oat or volunteer cereals in the canola fields. In barley and wheat, more complex equations based on both weed density and either crop density or relative time of weed and crop emergence were more reliable in estimating yield losses due to wild oat than those based on weed density alone. In canola, an equation based on volunteer barley and canola density provided the most reliable estimates. Under the assumed crop prices and herbicide costs, these equations also resulted in the best estimates of whether or not a herbicide application resulted in a net profit or loss. Herbicide application was rarely economical in barley, but usually economical in wheat and canola reflecting the different market value of the crops. The implementation of the weed economic threshold concept is likely to be more feasible in low-value crops such as feed barley than in higher-value crops such as canola. Key words: Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), volunteer cereals, weed economic threshold, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), wild oat (Avena fatua L.)
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Peredo, J., C. Wayman, B. Whong, A. Thieme, L. R. Kline, S. Yadav, B. Eder, et al. "UTILIZING LANDSAT AND SENTINEL-2 TO REMOTELY MONITOR AND EVALUATE THE PERFORMANCE OF WINTER COVER CROPS THROUGHOUT MARYLAND." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W11 (February 14, 2020): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w11-125-2020.
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Abstract. Winter cover crops have been shown to limit erosion and nutrient runoff from agricultural land. To promote their usage, the Maryland Department of Agriculture (MDA) subsidizes farmers who plant cover crops. Conventional verification of cover crop planting and analysis of subsequent crop performance requires on-the-ground fieldwork, which is costly and labor intensive. In partnership with the MDA, NASA's DEVELOP program utilized imagery from Landsat 5, Landsat 8, and the European Space Agency’s Sentinel-2 to create a decision support tool for satellite-based monitoring of cover crop performance throughout Maryland. Our teams created CCROP, an interactive graphical user interface, in Google Earth Engine which analyzes satellite imagery to calculate the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of fields across the state. Linear regression models were applied to convert NDVI to estimates of crop biomass and percent green ground cover, with measure of fit (R2) values ranging from 0.4 to 0.7. These crop metrics were implemented into an interactive filtering tool within CCROP which allows users to examine cover crop performance based on a variety of growing parameters. CCROP also includes a time series analysis routine for examining the progression of NDVI throughout the spring to help determine farmer-induced termination dates of cover crops. With this decision support tool, the MDA can analyze the effectiveness of cover crops throughout the state with reduced need to manually spot-check enrolled production fields, and can identify variables influencing overall cover crop performance to optimize implementation of their winter cover crop program via adaptive management approaches.
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Karpuk, L., A. Pavlichenko, V. Karaulna, L. Bogatyr, and V. Polyakov. "Weed infestation structure of fodder beet fields under various tillage systems." Agrobìologìâ, no. 2(142) (December 22, 2018): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2018-142-2-71-78.
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Nowadays in domestic arable farming sown crop (weed) vegetation is among the leaders as to the harmfulness for agricultural crop yields. Weeds are an annually acting factor which reduces the yields of economically-valuable output in all the regions of Ukraine. It is to be mentioned that in arable farming of the country the yield losses of agricultural crops, caused by weeds, are growing constantly. A serious decrease of public target financing to protect cultivated crops from pests, diseases and weeds resulted in the violation of farm practices in agricultural crop cultivation all over the country. Namely, in all agro-climatic regions of Ukraine well-balanced scientifically-grounded crop rotations were reduced to 3–4 field rotations with 60–70 % share of grain crops. And, without a proper expertise of the farm machinery available at the farms, minimal or zero tillage is used. For example, reduced crop rotation with a dominating share of grain crops led to the increased load, caused by annul application of the same herbicides, and this, in turn, resulted in the appearance of resistant weed kinds in agro-phytocoenoses; the term violation of the weed control measures (first of all, chemical thinning) caused the decrease of their efficiency, particularly in controlling root-sprout weeds. Secondly, climate warming resulted in the increase of weed infestation of the agricultural crop fields due to the fact that most of the weeds survived during winter time and those typical for southern regions moved to the north (barnyard grass, amaranth, nightshade black, milkweed sharp, mallow runty and others). At the same the migration of northern kinds to the south was not recorded. One of the leading measures to regulate a weed component in agro-phytocoenoses is mechanical tillage. The updated tillage system has to be based on the principles of minimization which envisage the reduction of a mechanical effect on the soil aimed at the increasing of its erosion resistance and the optimization of soil fertility indicators. One of the ways to minimize mechanical tillage is to substitute moldboard tillage for mould boardless one, and also to decrease its depth and the number of cultivations. Purpose of the research is to estimate weed infestation of the fodder beet fields when various tillage systems are used. The experiments in five-field crop rotation were carried out in accordance with the theme of the research in a stationary field trial of SPC of Bila Tserkva NAU in 2009-2011. Four systems of tillage were studied. Three-fold replication and compact placing of replications are used; plots of the first order (tillage) are placed in one layer, gradually, systematically. Farm practices of fodder beet cultivation, used in the experiment, are typical to the ones applied in the research institutions and at the advanced farms of the zone. Machines, equipment and mechanisms, which are available at SPC BTsNAU and advanced farm enterprises are equipped with, are used when growing fodder beets. The methodology and organization of the technique of performing the trial facilitated this. Lowing at 30-32 cm depth was done with plow PLN –3–35, mouldboardless tillage – at 30–32 cm depth with subsurface cultivator KPG –250, shelling – at 10–12 cm depth with stubble plow PL – 5–25 and disc harrow BDV –3.0. The largest amount of weed raw mass was recorded under regular tillage with a subsurface cultivator. When differentiated and continuous shallow tillage was done, this indicator was the highest, as compared with the control, in the first year of the trial, and a reverse regularity was recorded in the last year of the trial. The raw mass of one sown crop was the highest under regular mouldboardless tillage, and under differentiated and continuous shallow tillage it was at the level of the control. Under continuous mouldboard, regular mouldboardless, differentiated and continuous shallow tillage this indicator was 3.67; 4.06; 3.71 and 3.73 g in 2009 and 3.37; 3.82; 3.34 and 3.34 g in 2011. A determinative factor, which weed infestation of agricultural crop fields depends on in the period of their vegetation, is light condition of the soil surface in the field. The latter is determined by the peculiarities of plant morphology, their development and sowing practice. In the structure of weed infestation the highest percentage – 20.7 % belongs to amaranth, 15.7 %– to Setaria pumila, 14.2 % – to barnyard grassand 11.1 %– to quinoa white. Under the effect of crop rotation weed grouping is changed (succession) in the period of germination of fodder beets which is connected with both the effect of a forecrop and a fertilization system of crop rotations and variants of tillage. Key words: fodder beet (mangold), tillage system, structure of weed infestation, raw mass of weeds, succession.
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Pant, Madhuri, G. C. S. Negi, and Pramod Kumar. "Soil macrofauna diversity and population dynamics in Indian Himalayan agroecosystems." Soil Research 58, no. 7 (2020): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr18104.
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Soil macrofauna diversity in Himalayan mountain agroecosystems has received negligible attention despite people’s dependence on soil fertility that determines crop yield for their sustenance. This study was carried out with the objective to determine differences in soil macrofauna taxonomic groups and abundance with soil depth (0–30 cm) in irrigated and non-irrigated wheat and rice crops of two dominant Himalayan mountain agroecosystems. At both the sites, a total of 11 macrofauna groups and 23 families were recorded. Macrofauna population across both crop seasons for non-irrigated fields was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than in irrigated fields. Macrofauna population significantly differed (P < 0.001) with soil depth and significantly declined with increasing soil depth (P < 0.001). The top soil (0–10 cm depth) contributed over 80% of the total macrofauna population. Macrofauna diversity in non-irrigated fields (H′ = 2.10) was greater than in irrigated fields (H′ = 1.86), but β diversity was greater in irrigated fields (1.67 vs 1.76). The two agroecosystem types significantly differed (P < 0.05) with soil depth and crop season. On the basis of presence or absence, the macrofauna groups were categorised as (i) present in soil year-round but exhibiting high density during warm and wet rainy season and (ii) present in soil only during the warm and wet rainy season. The non-irrigated fields had greater abundance of Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Hemiptera and Isoptera than the irrigated fields. This study highlights that the Himalayan mountain crop fields host a rather diverse and abundant macro-invertebrate community that should be efficiently used to promote soil fertility.
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Pryor, B. M., J. O. Strandberg, R. M. Davis, J. J. Nunez, and R. L. Gilbertson. "Survival and Persistence of Alternaria dauci in Carrot Cropping Systems." Plant Disease 86, no. 10 (October 2002): 1115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.10.1115.
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Alternaria dauci was recovered in California from carrot crop residue and from volunteer carrot plants in fallow carrot fields. The fungus was not recovered from common weeds surrounding fallow fields. To evaluate further the survival of A. dauci on carrot crop residue, infected carrot leaf tissue was placed in fields or in soil in greenhouse pots, and recovered over time. In California, A. dauci was recovered from infected leaf tissue in both fallow and irrigated fields for as long as 1 year. In Florida, A. dauci was recovered from infected leaf tissue in fallow fields for up to 30 weeks. In greenhouse experiments, A. dauci was recovered from infected leaf tissue for as long as 1 year in dry soil, but only up to 30 weeks in soil that was watered weekly. To determine the infectivity of A. dauci borne on carrot crop residue, infected carrot crops were incorporated into organic and mineral field soils, and soil samples were collected over time. Carrot seed were planted in collected soil, and seedling infection by A. dauci was recorded. Seedling infection was detected up to 13 and 14 weeks after crop incorporation in organic and mineral soil, respectively. Seedling infection was detected for up to 5 weeks in soil that remained dry compared with 3 weeks in flooded soil.
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Badwaik, Vaishali J., and Sonali R. Yadav. "Ants (Formicidae) and their predatory conduct in relation to biological control in District Wardha, Maharashtra, India." Science Archives 05, no. 01 (2024): 08–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47587/sa.2024.5102.
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Ants are scavengers and predators in several agricultural crop fields. There is a growing interest in ant predatory behaviour in agricultural fields, although the practical applications are limited. The Vidarbha region includes District Wardha, which has amazing agricultural land. In the present study, the predatory behaviour of ants on pest of crop field in district Wardha has been studied. Soybean, cotton, maize, gram, wheat and pigeon pea are principal crops of the region. There are number of insect pest (Lepidoptera) which infest to crop. The ants positively impact on agricultural system as biological control agents. The predatory ants Tapinoma, Pheidole, Crematogaster and Componotus control the pest population in crop field. The method of controlling pests by employing naturally occurring ant species to reject inputof chemical pesticide must be continued to save environment.