Relevant bibliographies by topics / Crop advice

Academic literature on the topic 'Crop advice'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Crop advice"

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Bruwer, P. W., and R. H. Khwidzhili. "The role of private agronomists towards the sustainability of commercial crop farmers in the eastern highveld of Mpumalanga, South Africa." South African Journal of Agricultural Extension (SAJAE) 50, no. 1 (November 2, 2022): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3221/2022/v50n1a11704.

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The face of extension and advisory services for agriculture in South Africa has changed significantly in recent years. The focus of government extension services has shifted to emerging farmers, impacting the quality of extension available to commercial farmers. This paper explores the effect of this shift on the sustainability of commercial crop farming in the Eastern Highveld. Three areas of advice and the impact on sustainability were researched, namely soil management, plant nutrition, and crop protection. Crop farmers regard all three as crucial for sustainability and prefer advisors to be knowledgeable in the following order of preference: plant nutrition, soil management, and crop protection. Most farmers are aware of their advisors’ qualifications and accreditations and discount advice by non-accredited and inexperienced advisors. Sustainable advice followed by responsible application is more effective in crop protection than soil management and plant nutrition. Over the past decade, the contribution of qualified advisors through improved decision-making increased yields by upwards of 40%. To maintain a high level of scientific and ethical advice, supply companies should employ qualified agronomists and promote the importance of qualified advice among stakeholders. Advisors should promote an ethical and professional relationship and regularly offer mentorship to qualified but inexperienced advisors.
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Heins, Royal D., and Paul Fisher. "COMPUTER DECISION SUPPORT TOOL FOR HEIGHT CONTROL OF POINSETTIAS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 692b—692. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.692b.

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Height control is a major challenge in the production of high quality poinsettia crops. Graphical tracking is a technique where growers make height control decisions by comparing actual measured plant height with a desired height. A computer decision support tool, the Poinsettia Care System, is being developed to combine graphical display of plant height with an expert system to provide height control advice. A simulation model is used to predict future growth of the crop based on greenhouse temperature, growth retardant applications, plant spacing, plant maturity, and light quality. Growth retardant and temperature recommendations are made based on a crop's deviation from the target height, expected future growth rate, and crop maturity. The program was beta tested by 8 Michigan growers over the 1991 poinsettia season. The test growers reacted positively to the program in a follow-up survey. Perceived benefits included improved height control, consistent crop recording, and a `second opinion' when making height control decisions. Improvements were suggested to combine the advice of different crops within the same greenhouse zone, to improve the predictive growth model, and to streamline data entry and output.
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Bohning, Mark A., and Allan K. Stoner. "CROP ADVISORY COMMITTEES: AN ADVISORY COMPONENT OF THE NATIONAL PLANT GERMPLASM SYSTEM." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 647a—647. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.647a.

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The United States' National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) is responsible for the acquisition, preservation, evaluation and distribution of plant genetic resources in the form of seed and clonal germplasm. In order to operate more effectively, the NPGS established a network of 40 Crop Advisory Committees (CACs) to provide analysis, data, and advice about germplasm within a crop or group of related crops of current or future economic importance. CACs are composed of Federal, State and industry scientists representing a variety of agricultural disciplines and geographic areas of importance to the crop. The committees are involved in a variety of activities including: 1) Developing crop descriptors for the collection of standardized characteristic and evaluation data, 2) Determining priorities for germplasm acquisition, evaluation and enhancement, 3) Advising curators on maintenance techniques, and 4) Developing special reports on the status of genetic resources for their crop(s). Twenty-four of the CACs are concerned with horticultural crops.
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COLBACH, N., B. CHAUVEL, H. DARMENCY, and Y. TRICAULT. "Sensitivity of weed emergence and dynamics to life-traits of annual spring-emerging weeds in contrasting cropping systems, using weed beet (Beta vulgarisssp.vulgaris) as an example." Journal of Agricultural Science 149, no. 6 (March 9, 2011): 679–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859611000220.

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SUMMARYCropping systems contain a diverse multi-species weed flora including several species that cross-breed with and/or descend from crops, including weed beet (Beta vulgarisssp.vulgaris). The effects of cropping systems on this weed flora are complex because of their large range of variation and their numerous interactions with climate and soil conditions. In order to study and quantify the long-term effects of cropping system components (crop succession and cultural techniques) on weed population dynamics, a biophysical process-based model called GENESYS-Beet has previously been developed for weed beet. In the present paper, the model was modified to remove the crop–weed connection and employed to identify and rank the weed life-traits as a function of their effect on weed emergence timing and density as well as on weed densities at plant, adult and seed bank stages, using a global sensitivity analysis to model parameters. A similar method has already been used with the complete GENESYS-Beet model (i.e. including the crop–weed connection) based on Monte Carlo simulations with simultaneous randomization of all life-trait parameters and run in three cropping systems differing in their risk of infestation by weed beet. Simulated weed emergence timing and density, as well as surviving plant, adult and seed bank densities, were then analysed with regression models as a function of model parameters to rank life-cycle processes and related life-traits and quantify their effects. The comparison of the present, crop-independent results to those of the previous, crop-dependent study showed that the crop-relative weed beet can be considered as a typical crop-independent spring weed as long as no traits conferring a selective advantage are inherited and in rotations where crops favouring weed emergence and reproduction are frequent. In such rotations, advice for controlling the crop-relative and the crop-independent weed is more or less identical. The rarer these favourable crops, the more important pre-emergence processes become for the crop-independent weed; management advice should thus focus more on seed bank survival and seedling emergence. For the crop-relative, post-emergence processes become dominant because of the increasing necessity for a new population founding event; management advice should mostly concern the avoidance of crop bolters. In both studies, the key parameters were more or less the same, i.e. those determining the timing and success of growth, development, seed maturation and the physiological end of seed production. Timing parameters were usually more important than success parameters, showing for instance that optimal timing of weed management operations is often more important than its exact efficacy. Comparison with previous sensitivity analyses carried out for autumn-emerging weed species showed that some of the present conclusions are probably specific to spring-emerging weed species only. For autumn-emerging species, pre-emergence traits would be more important. In the rotations with frequent favourable crops and insufficient weed control, interactions between traits were small, indicating that diverse populations and species with contrasting traits could prosper, potentially leading to a diverse multi-species weed flora. Conversely, when favourable crops were rare and weed control optimal, traits had little impact individually, indicating that a small number of optimal combinations of traits would be successful, thus limiting both intra- and inter-specific variability.
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Rosenberger, David A. "Factors Limiting IPM-Compatibility of New Disease Control Tactics for Apples in Eastern United States." Plant Health Progress 4, no. 1 (January 2003): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2003-0826-01-rv.

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Economic constraints in the production of apples and perhaps other horticultural crops limit the adoption of many new IPM-friendly technologies. Because of the diminishing profit margins and the complexities involved in evaluating new technologies, farmers will increasingly turn to crop consultants for advice on when and how to integrate new disease-control technologies into their production systems. Accepted for publication 26 June 2003. Published 26 August 2003.
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Omara, Reda Ibrahim, Yasser S. A. Mazrou, Abdelrahman Elsayed, Nevien Moawad, Yasser Nehela, and Atef A. Shahin. "MISSR: A Mentoring Interactive System for Stripe Rust." Agronomy 12, no. 10 (October 5, 2022): 2416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102416.

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Wheat is one of the most important crops in the world and was considered the major grain crop grown in Egypt. Nowadays, Egypt is the largest wheat importer in the world and consumes an extensive amount of it. To decrease the gap between production and consumption and increase the yield, we need to control wheat diseases, especially stripe rust, due to its major damage to wheat. Further, we need to advise farmers as early as we can to control and treat them. The paper proposed an interactive intelligent system to monitor, predict and give the correct advice at the right time to farmers. This system is called MISSR (Mentoring Interactive System for Stripe Rust). The system is considered an important means to effectively prevent risks in agricultural production. It also plays an important role in guiding farmers and decision-makers to plan and implement suitable practices to increase yield and mitigate stripe-rust disease. On the other hand, it can acquire relevant and timely information in the areas where this information or data is unavailable. To build this model for the wheat crop in Egypt, we used wheat experts’ knowledge and climate data API. MISSR is available as a mobile application to provide access for more farmers and increase its availability.
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De Wilde, T., B. De Meulenaer, F. Mestdagh, R. Verhé, Y. Govaert, S. Fraselle, J. M Degroodt, et al. "Acrylamide formation during frying of potatoes: thorough investigation on the influence of crop and process variables." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 22, SI - Chem. Reactions in Foods V (January 1, 2004): S15—S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10602-cjfs.

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Acrylamide, which is a suspected human carcinogen, is particularly formed in starch-rich foodstuffs, like potato. The inter- and intraspecies variability of the potato causes a dispersion in the amount of acrylamide. This intraspecies variability can be influenced through agricultural practices and storage conditions. By assessing these factors, advice to potato producers can be given in order to lower the formation of acrylamide during frying.
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Li, Guo Xin, Fei Lao, Long Cheng, and Bing Quan Huo. "Design of Remote Crops Image Capture and Expert System in the Yellow River Delta." Applied Mechanics and Materials 533 (February 2014): 466–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.533.466.

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The Yellow River Delta National Agricultural Science and Technology Park proposed the concept of "One Zone One Hundred Parks", namely the Yellow River Delta National Agricultural Science and Technology Park consists of a hundred geographically dispersed agricultural technology demonstration park. In order to effectively provide intellectual support for these geographically dispersed agricultural technology demonstration parks, this paper presents the design and the idea of remote crop image capture and expert systems. The core idea is to set up image collection terminals in a decentralized agricultural technology demonstration park. Crop samples are collected by the terminals, using GPRS network to transfer the captured image data to the Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioengineering. Agricultural experts make an analysis to image samples, and propose treatment advice. And then, the experts feedback the advice to the various agricultural technology demonstration parks. After a year of testing, the entire system is reliable, excellent performance in real-time transmission of images. This system has played a very important role in the prevention and control of crop pests and crop growth guidance.
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Stigliani, Lucia, Giuseppe Santospirito, Nicola Cardinale, and Cosimo Resina. "A Relational Database as Decision Support System in Chemical Weed Control." Weed Technology 10, no. 4 (December 1996): 781–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00040811.

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Decision making in weed control is complex and time-consuming. Moreover, the structure of the available information does not facilitate the comparison of different herbicides. Indeed, information format can be the limiting factor in the performance of sophisticated computer programs intended to supply appropriate advice on weed control treatments. A relational database for decision support on chemical weed control has been developed. It uses a detailed structure by subdividing the information where possible. The database includes programs for entering, updating, and printing data, as well as programs for retrieving information and giving treatment advice. The information access on herbicides is organized around searches based on a specific crop and multiple weed species at their respective growth stages. Optimization of the selected herbicides is carried out and supplies the lowest number of herbicides controlling all the chosen weeds. Information on critical parameters for herbicide application such as varietal restrictions, rotational crops, and compatibility with other products is also interactively available.
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Knight, Jonathan D., and John D. Mumford. "Decision Support Systems in Crop Protection." Outlook on Agriculture 23, no. 4 (December 1994): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709402300408.

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All farmers and growers have at some time faced the decision of whether to control a pest in their crop. In order to make the correct decision the farmer needs access to, and an understanding of, sufficient information relevant to such pest problems. Decision support systems are able to help farmers make these difficult decisions by providing information in an easily understandable and quickly accessed form. The increasing use of computers by farmers for record-keeping and business management is putting the hardware necessary for the implementation of these systems onto more and more farms. The scarcity of expert advice, increasingly complex decisions and reduced economic margins all increase the importance of making the right pest management decision at the right time. It is against this background that decision support systems have an important role to play in the fight against losses caused by pests and diseases.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crop advice"

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Martin, E. C., K. O. Adu-Tutu, W. B. McCloskey, S. H. Husman, P. Clay, and M. Ottman. "Conservation Tillage Effects on Infiltration and Irrigation Advance Times." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198158.

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Field experiments were initiated at sites in Marana, Coolidge and Goodyear, Arizona, in the Fall of 2001, in a cotton-based, conservation tillage project. In the 2002 cotton season, following cover and grain crops, soil and water management assessments were made to evaluate the impact of conservation tillage on surface irrigation performance. An additional site was added in the winter of 2002 at Maricopa, Arizona. Analyses included soil texture, infiltration rate and water advancement. At Coolidge, the Conservation plots had higher infiltration rates and longer advance times than the Conventional plots in 2002, 2003 and 2004. At Marana, infiltration rates were initially higher for the Conservation plots but the rates converged at the end of four hours in 2002. In 2003, the Conventional plots infiltrated about one inch more and the opposite occurred in 2004, where the Conservation plots infiltrated about 1 inch more than the Conventional. The advance times for Marana showed the water in the Conventional wheel rows to be the fastest. At Goodyear, the Conservation plots infiltrated more than the Conventional plots in 2002. This also resulted in a slower advance time for the Conservation plots. In 2003, due to tillage by the grower, treatment effects could not be compared and the site was abandoned in 2004. At Maricopa, the Conservation plots infiltrated almost 2.2 inches more water than the Conventional plots and the water reached the end of the field three hours ahead of the fastest Conservation plot in 2003. In 2004, the Conservation plot infiltrated just over 1½ inches more water than the Conventional plots with the Conventional plots having faster advance times. Seasonal irrigation water applications to each treatment were relatively equal for all the sites with the exception of Coolidge. Here, the long field combined with sandy soil made it difficult to adequately irrigate the Conservation plots. In 2002, an additional 21 inches of water was applied to the Conservation plots. In 2003, that amount was reduced to 12.5 inches. The 2004 irrigation data are not yet available. The yield data show a significant difference between years and different sites. In 2002, only the yields measured at Coolidge were significantly different with the Conservation yielding higher than the Conventional. This may have been due to the increase water application. In 2003, the opposite occurred and the Conventional plots yielded more than the Conservation plots. This may have been due to herbicide damage. At Maricopa the Conventional plot also yielded more than the Conservation plot in 2003 but there was no measured difference in 2004. The Marana site had equal yields for both treatments except for the final year, 2004, when the Conventional yielded higher than the Conservation treatment. Indications are that conservation tillage does impact irrigation performance and it may not be suitable for all locations depending on soil type and field layout.
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Martin, E. C., K. O. Adu-Tutu, W. B. McCloskey, S. H. Husman, P. Clay, and M. Ottman. "Conservation Tillage Effects on Infiltration and Irrigation Advance Times in Arizona Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198126.

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Field experiments were initiated in 2001 for a cotton-based conservation tillage project at sites in Marana, Coolidge, and Goodyear, Arizona. For the 2002 season, soil and water management assessments were made to evaluate surface irrigation performance under conservation tillage, following cover and grain crops. An additional site was added in the winter of 2002 at Maricopa, Arizona. Analyses included soil texture, infiltration rate, and water advancement. At Coolidge, conservation tillage plots had higher infiltration rates and longer advance times than the conventional plots in 2002 and 2003. At Marana, infiltration rates were initially higher for the Conservation plots but the rates converged at the end of four hours in 2002. In 2003, Conventional plots infiltrated about one inch more. Advance times for Marana showed water infiltration for Conventional wheel rows to be the fastest. At Goodyear, Conservation plots infiltrated more than Conventional plots during 2002. This also resulted in a slower advance time for the Conservation plots. In 2003, treatment effects were not comparable due to tillage by the grower. At Maricopa, Conservation plots infiltrated almost 2.2 inches more water than Conventional plots and water reached the end of the field three hours ahead of the fastest Conservation plot. Seasonal irrigation water applications to each treatment were relatively equal for all sites with the exception of Coolidge. Here, the long field combined with sandy soil made it difficult to adequately irrigate the Conservation plots. In 2002, an additional 21 inches of water was applied to the Conservation plots. In 2003, that amount was reduced to 12.5 inches. The yield data show a significant difference in 2002 only at Coolidge. There, Conservation plots yielded more than the Conventional ones. This may have been due to more water applied to the Conservation plots. In 2003, the opposite occurred with the Conventional plots yielding more than the Conservation plots. This could have been due to herbicide damage. At Maricopa, the Conventional plot also yielded more than the Conservation plot. Initial indications are that the conservation tillage does impact irrigation performance and may not be suitable for all locations depending on soil type and field layout.
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Shahar, Rotem. "Tools to advance row crop best management practice (BMP) implementation in Florida's Lower Suwannee River Basin." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0022895.

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Kaushal, Kati Jo. "Increasing Awareness about Advance Care Planning among Women in Crow Wing County, Minnesota." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28862.

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Advance care planning (ACP) includes making decisions about end-of-life care in the form of a health care directive which includes identifying a health agent to make decisions for people when they are unable to make decisions for themselves. A health care directive gives a person the opportunity to make end-of-life care wishes known to family members, providers, health care facilities, health agents, and others (National Institute on Aging, 2017). ACP can result in increased patient satisfaction of care, better provider understanding of the patient?s end of life wishes, as well as decreased family, provider or patient anxiety when having to make urgent health care decisions (Dube, McCarron and Nannini, 2015). Despite literature to support the importance of advance care planning, the completion rates of health care directives in the United States range from only 18% to 30%. A lack of awareness about advance care planning is one reason people do not complete an advance directive (Ashcraft & Owen, 2016). Raising awareness by providing health care directive completion education and information to women attending the Health is Your Best Accessory health event offered an opportunity to increase the number of women with completed heath care directives. Over 900 women attended the health event. Participants completed the survey after the presentation. Sixty-seven percent (N=49) of the participants surveyed (N=73) reported not having a health care directive (HCD) on file with their primary care provider. Sixty-two participants of the women?s health event indicated they were interested in additional information about advance care planning and were invited to a follow-up seminar to participate in a PowerPoint presentation and step-by-step tutorial in completing a health are directive. Two people attended the follow-up seminar. Survey data collected showed the attendees rated the presenter, presentation, and content as excellent, and both answered yes when asked if they felt they had enough information, after taking part in the presentation, to complete a health care directive.
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Ponnusamy, Thirumurugan. "Knowledge-based expert system for agricultural land use planning." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/96414.

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The research constitutes a knowledge-based approach to land evaluation for selecting suitable agricultural crops for a land unit. This thesis presents the design, and development of a prototype Knowledge-based Spatial Decision Support System (KBSDSS) -“Crop Advisor”- for evaluating land resources and choosing suitable agricultural crops for a farm unit. The prototype “Crop Advisor” expert system (ES) utilises multiple knowledge rules to determine suitable, optimal crops for a farm unit considering the farm unit’s resources. It considers the land evaluation process as a group-decision making process involving many experts from diverse scientific domains. The expert system is powered primarily by human knowledge collected from a land evaluator or a crop expert. The knowledge base consists of representative rules to reflect physical, economic, environmental and social factors that affect the choice of land use. The expert system makes use of Geographic Information System (GIS) tools to manage spatial information that are required for the evaluation process. These powerful tools (ES and GIS) help in choosing a crop, from a group of crop choices that gives more economic benefits without compromising environmental values. The expert system model is tested on the soil and physiographic data provided by Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation, South Australia (DWLBC) and Primary Industries and Resources, South Australia (PIRSA). This knowledge-based approach to land evaluation is built on the land evaluation framework designed by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). The DWLBC model of land evaluation suggests a strategic land use plan at regional level considering soil, climate and physiography which eliminates non-feasible land use or crop choices. The “Crop Advisor” expert system takes such regional data and suggests, in consultation with the farmer, a group of suitable crop choices that are best in terms of physical, economic, social and political factors associated with a farm unit.
Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Social Sciences, 2008
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Books on the topic "Crop advice"

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G, Hibberd B., and Great Britain Forestry Commission, eds. Forestry practice: A summary of methods of establishing, maintainingand harvesting forest crops with advice on planning and other management considerations for owners, agents and foresters. London: HMSO, 1986.

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Canada, Parliament House of Commons Legislative Committee on Bill C.-36 an act to amend the Advance Payments for Crops Act and the Prairie Grain Advance Payments Act. Minutes of proceedings and evidence of the Legislative Committee on Bill C-36, an act to amend the Advance Payments for Crops Act and the Prairie Grain Advance Payments Act. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, 1989.

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Canada. Parliament. House of Commons. Legislative Committee on Bill C-36. Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence of the Legislative Committee on Bill C-36: An Act to amend the Advance Payments for Crops Act and the Prairie Grain Advance Payments Act. S.l: s.n, 1989.

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Hearing to review rural development programs in advance of the 2012 farm bill: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Rural Development, Biotechnology, Specialty Crops, and Foreign Agriculture of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, second session, July 20, 2010. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2010.

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Crop pollination by bees, Volume 1: Evolution, ecology, conservation, and management. 2nd ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786393494.0000.

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Abstract This volume is intended as a practical guide to bees and how they pollinate essential crops, providing simple, succinct advice on how to increase bee abundance and pollination. It focuses on bees, their biology, coevolution with plants, foraging ecology and management, and gives practical ways to increase bee abundance and pollinating performance on the farm. This volume covers five groups of pollinating bees that are prominent in the crop pollination literature: honeybees (Chapter 7); bumble bees (Chapter 8); managed solitary bees including the alfalfa leafcutting, alkali and orchard mason bees (Chapter 9); wild bees (Chapter 2, Chapter 3 and Chapter 10); and the tropical stingless bees. This volume will be essential reading for farmers, horticulturists and gardeners, researchers and professionals working in insect ecology and conservation, and students of entomology and crop protection.
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The Little Book Of Crap Advice. Michael O'Mara Books Ltd., 2001.

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The Little Book of Crap Advice. Michael O, 2003.

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Hale-Dorrell, Aaron T. Corn Crusade. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190644673.001.0001.

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Almost everyone has long misinterpreted Nikita Khrushchev’s ten-year crusade to propagate the cultivation of corn, a crop important across the globe but previously rare across the vast, environmentally diverse Soviet Union. Launched in 1953, this campaign comprised a large part of the new leadership’s efforts to remedy agrarian crises inherited from Iosif Stalin. Khrushchev pressured collective and state farms to increase plantings of corn from an insignificant proportion of their crops to a peak of nearly 20 percent. Expected to feed livestock that were to yield meat and dairy products, corn promised to enrich citizens’ meager, monotonous diets and thereby make good on Khrushchev’s infamous pledges that the Soviet Union was soon to “catch up to and surpass America” in the Cold War “peaceful competition” between communism and capitalism. Echoing Khrushchev’s former comrades, who denounced corn as “harebrained scheming” when ousting him in 1964, scholars have ridiculed it as “an irrational obsession.” Newly available archival documents reveal a more complex and interesting story of how Khrushchev borrowed industrial-farming methods from the United States. Following experts’ advice, he believed that hybrid seeds, machines, agronomy, and other technologies constituting the global trends in farming technology promised even greater increases in productivity under conditions found in the Soviet Union. Yet Khrushchev’s programs achieved only partial success because they could not overcome the entrenched interests, bureaucratic inertia, and competing priorities that encouraged government officials, local authorities, and farmworkers to disregard methods required to grow even modest harvests, let alone the bumper crops that Khrushchev envisioned.
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Keating, Jess, and Pete Oswald. Eat Your Rocks, Croc!: Dr. Glider's Advice for Troubled Animals. Scholastic, Incorporated, 2020.

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Eat Your Rocks, Croc!: Dr. Glider's Advice for Troubled Animals. Scholastic, Incorporated, 2020.

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Book chapters on the topic "Crop advice"

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Elkana, Y., J. Palti, and R. Ausher. "Crop Protection Advice: Its Place in the General Scheme of Farming and of Farm Advice." In Advisory Work in Crop Pest and Disease Management, 7–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70992-0_2.

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Golan, J., and J. Palti. "Advice on Pest and Disease Control in Israel." In Advisory Work in Crop Pest and Disease Management, 208–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70992-0_13.

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Palti, J. "The Range of Crop Protection Advice Is Extremely Wide." In Advisory Work in Crop Pest and Disease Management, 23–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70992-0_5.

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Palti, J., and R. Ausher. "Advice on Pest and Disease Management: a Diversity of Objectives and Approaches." In Advisory Work in Crop Pest and Disease Management, 269–77. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70992-0_18.

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Beverley, Claire, and Manju Thakur. "Plantwise: A Knowledge and Intelligence Tool for Food Security through Crop Protection." In Plant Diseases and Food Security in the 21st Century, 231–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57899-2_11.

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AbstractFood security continues to be significantly impacted by a growing world population, changing climate, increasing food prices and environmental burden. One of the key challenges in reducing crop losses due to pests and diseases is timely delivery of appropriate, actionable extension advice to farmers. Information and communication technology (ICT) has the potential to improve services that connect smallholder farmers to new resources and information, helping to build their knowledge and ultimately improve their livelihoods. Such ICT-driven services have seen rapid growth over the past few years, and CABI has been harnessing this technology in several programmes. This chapter provides insight into digital interventions of the global, CABI-led programme, Plantwise, which aims to assist stakeholders in developing countries to improve their plant health systems by strengthening linkages among all actors involved, so that they can prevent and manage pest outbreaks more effectively. An overview of digital interventions piloted and tested under the umbrella of the Plantwise programme is illustrated with selected case studies. Interventions include pest diagnosis and management advice delivered via a website, plant health data collection, using a customized mobile application, and educational simulation games for ongoing support.
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Rogotis, Savvas, and Nikolaos Marianos. "Smart Farming for Sustainable Agricultural Production." In Big Data in Bioeconomy, 191–205. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71069-9_15.

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AbstractThe chapter describes DataBio’s pilot applications, led by NEUROPUBLIC S.A., for sustainable agricultural production in Greece. Initially, it introduces the main aspects that drive and motivate the execution of the pilot. The pilot set-up consisted of four (4) different locations, four (4) different crop types and three (3) different types of offered services. The technology pipeline was based on the exploitation of heterogeneous data and their transformation into facts and actionable advice fostering sustainable agricultural growth. The results of the pilot activities effectively showcased how smart farming methodologies can lead to a positive impact from an economical, environmental and societal perspective and achieve the ambitious goal to “produce more with less”. The chapter concludes with “how-to” guidelines and the pilot’s key findings.
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Habyarimana, Ephrem, and Nicole Bartelds. "Yield Prediction in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and Cultivated Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)." In Big Data in Bioeconomy, 219–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71069-9_17.

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AbstractSorghum and potato pilots were conducted in this work to provide a solution to current limitations (dependability, cost) in crop monitoring in Europe. These limations include yield forecasting based mainly on field surveys, sampling, censuses, and the use of coarser spatial resolution satellites. We used the indexes decribing the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation as well as the leaf areas derived from Sentinel-2 satellites to predict yields and provide farmers with actionable advice in sorghum biomass and, in combination with WOFOST crop growth model, in cultivated potatoes. Overall, the Bayesian additive regression trees method modelled best sorghum biomass yields. The best explanatory variables were days 150 and 165 of the year. In potato, the use of earth observation information allowed to improve the growth model, resulting in better yield prediction with a limited number of field trials. The online platform provided the potato farmers more insight through benchmarking among themselves across cropping seasons, and observing in-field variability Site-specific management became easier based on the field production potential and its performance relative to surrounding fields. The extensive pilots run in this work showed that farming is a business with several variables which not all can be controlled by the farmer. The technologies developed herein are expected to inform about the farming operations, giving rise to well-informed farmers with the advantage to be able to adapt to the circumstances, mitigating production risks, and ultimately staying longer in the business.
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Elkana, Y., J. Palti, R. Ausher, and J. Eshel. "The Crop Protection Adviser." In Advisory Work in Crop Pest and Disease Management, 161–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70992-0_10.

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Srivastava, Puja, and Navtej Singh Bains. "Accelerated Wheat Breeding: Doubled Haploids and Rapid Generation Advance." In Biotechnologies of Crop Improvement, Volume 1, 437–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78283-6_13.

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Yadav, Vanita, Murthy M. V. S. N. Lekkala, Challa Surekha, and Nageswara Rao Reddy Neelapu. "Global Scenario of Advance Fungal Research in Crop Protection." In Fungal Biology, 313–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48474-3_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Crop advice"

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Brown, Susan, Dan Frieberg, Joel DeJong, Paul Kassel, and Kevin Kuhn. "Integrated Crop Management Services Selling Advice for Profit." In Proceedings of the 10th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-653.

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Brueland, Brent A., and Richard I. Carter. "Continuing Education for Today's Ag Professionals - The Crop Adviser Institute." In Proceedings of the 13th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-769.

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Brueland, B. A., R. I. Carter, and K. J. Moore. "Delivering Continuing Education to AG Professionals - The Crop Adviser Institute (www.cai.iastate.edu)." In Proceedings of the 13th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-721.

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Shastry, Aditya, Sanjay H A, and Madhura Hegde. "A parameter based ANFIS model for crop yield prediction." In 2015 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iadcc.2015.7154708.

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Athani, Suhas S., and Ch Tejeshwar. "Support Vector Machine-Based Classification Scheme of Maize Crop." In 2017 IEEE 7th International Advance Computing Conference (IACC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iacc.2017.0032.

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Shashikala, R., Bhaskar Pratap Singh, Mohammed Azam, C. R. Magesh, Rajat, and Devesh Pratap Singh. "IoT Engineering Nanomaterial's Approach To Sustainable Advance Crop Production Management." In 2022 2nd International Conference on Advance Computing and Innovative Technologies in Engineering (ICACITE). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacite53722.2022.9823573.

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Liu, An-Xun, Jian-Qiang Zhu, and Tao Jin. "Advance of the Research on Crop Suffering from Waterlogged Stress." In 2013 Third International Conference on Intelligent System Design and Engineering Applications (ISDEA). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isdea.2012.59.

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AMIROV, Marat, Igor SERZHANOV, Farid SHAYKHUTDINOV, and Nicolay SEMUSHKIN. "MAIN DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SPRING WHEAT PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE ARABLE FARMING IN THE FOREST-STEPPE BELT OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.254.

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The article presents results of studies of influence of controlled and environmental factors on production process of different varieties of spring wheat carried out in different soil and climatic conditions of Middle Volga region. The forest-steppe area of the Volga region is one of regions of Russia favorable for spring wheat growing by its natural and climatic conditions. Unbalance of nutrition elements in soil, acid soil and predominantly heavy-textured soil hamper the yield growth. Out of all factors vital for plants (light, heat, moisture and nutrition elements) under consideration, providing plants with nutrition elements and moisture are those limiting high crop yields. he objective of our studies is increasing the crop yield with the simultaneous decrease of the produced goods cost makes it necessary to calculate in advance the possible yield level depending on the influence of different factors: environmental, crop variety and etc. The aim of our studies was to develop methods of growing high yield and high quality crops of different varieties of wheat adjusted for conditions of the forest-steppe black soil in the Volga region. Methods of research using field and laboratory tests, the method of state variety tests of agricultural cultures, phenoldisulfonic acid method, finite difference method, disperse analysis method. A set of observations, records and analysis was carried out during the experiments with implementation Russian methodological guidelines and National State Standards. Statistical processing of the yield data, economic and energy estimates was carried out by the methods recommended by Russia Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural Economy and Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Having carried out the analysis of natural resources and genetic potential of the wheat varieties, systems of plant nutrition optimization and influence of their predecessors, we have obtained new data about possibility of increasing the spring durum wheat arable area. We have shown the role of different forms of using nitrogenous fertilizers (on the background of phosphorus – potassium ones) in the increase of productivity and improvement of the spring wheat grain quality. An established optimal norm for Gramma variety spring spelt corn seeding has been established for the conditions of the grey forest soil in the Fore-Kama region of the Republic of Tatarstan and the influence of their nutrition on yield has been found.
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Khobragade, Anand, Priyanka Athawale, and Mukesh Raguwanshi. "Optimization of statistical learning algorithm for crop discrimination using remote sensing data." In 2015 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iadcc.2015.7154771.

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Paswan, Raju Prasad, and Shahin Ara Begum. "ANN for prediction of Area and Production of Maize crop for Upper Brahmaputra Valley Zone of Assam." In 2014 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iadcc.2014.6779513.

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Reports on the topic "Crop advice"

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Arbuckle, J. Gordan, Alison Robertson, Nick Kalaitzandonakes, and James Kauffman. Assessment of Certified Crop Adviser Experience with and Knowledge of Early and Mid-season Soybean Diseases Caused by Oomycetes. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University. Library, October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/soc_las_reports-2.

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Pawlowski, Wojtek P., and Avraham A. Levy. What shapes the crossover landscape in maize and wheat and how can we modify it. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600025.bard.

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Meiotic recombination is a process in which homologous chromosomes engage in the exchange of DNA segments, creating gametes with new genetic makeup and progeny with new traits. The genetic diversity generated in this way is the main engine of crop improvement in sexually reproducing plants. Understanding regulation of this process, particularly the regulation of the rate and location of recombination events, and devising ways of modifying them, was the major motivation of this project. The project was carried out in maize and wheat, two leading crops, in which any advance in the breeder’s toolbox can have a huge impact on food production. Preliminary work done in the USA and Israeli labs had established a strong basis to address these questions. The USA lab pioneered the ability to map sites where recombination is initiated via the induction of double-strand breaks in chromosomal DNA. It has a long experience in cytological analysis of meiosis. The Israeli lab has expertise in high resolution mapping of crossover sites and has done pioneering work on the importance of epigenetic modifications for crossover distribution. It has identified genes that limit the rates of recombination. Our working hypothesis was that an integrative analysis of double-strand breaks, crossovers, and epigenetic data will increase our understanding of how meiotic recombination is regulated and will enhance our ability to manipulate it. The specific objectives of the project were: To analyze the connection between double-strand breaks, crossover, and epigenetic marks in maize and wheat. Protocols developed for double-strand breaks mapping in maize were applied to wheat. A detailed analysis of existing and new data in maize was conducted to map crossovers at high resolution and search for DNA sequence motifs underlying crossover hotspots. Epigenetic modifications along maize chromosomes were analyzed as well. Finally, a computational analysis tested various hypotheses on the importance of chromatin structure and specific epigenetic modifications in determining the locations of double-strand breaks and crossovers along chromosomes. Transient knockdowns of meiotic genes that suppress homologous recombination were carried out in wheat using Virus-Induced Gene Silencing. The target genes were orthologs of FANCM, DDM1, MET1, RECQ4, and XRCC2.
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Chejanovsky, Nor, and Bruce D. Hammock. Enhancement of Baculoviruses' Insecticidal Potency by Expression of Synergistic Anti-Insect Scorpion Toxins. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7573070.bard.

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The extensive use or non-specific, hazardous, chemical insecticides demands the development of "healthier" alternative means for pest control. Insect-specific, baculoviruses expressing anti-insect toxin genes (from mites or scorpions) demonstrated in laboratory assays and field trials enhanced insecticidal activity and provided some protection from lepidopterous larvae to agricultural plantations. To utilize recombinant baculoviruses as commercial biopesticides in row crop agriculture, further increase in their speed of kill should be achieved and the reduction in crop damage should be comparable to the levels obtained with organic insecticides (the problem). In this project we developed strategies to improve further the efficacy of recombinant baculoviruses which included: I) Synergism among baculoviruses expressing different anti-insect toxins: a) Synergism among two complementary anti-insect scorpion neurotoxins each expressed by a separate recombinant baculovirus, both regulated by the same or a different viral promoter. b) Synergism among two complementary anti-insect scorpion neurotoxins expressed by the same recombinant virus, both regulated by the same or a different viral promoter respectively. The above included two classes of pharmacologically complementary toxins: i) toxins with strictly anti-insect selectivity (excitatory and depressant); ii) toxins with preferential anti-insect activity (anti-insect alpha toxins). c) Synergism among wild type viruses, recombinant baculoviruses and chemicals (insecticides and phytochemicals) II) Identification of more potent toxins against lepidopterous pests for their expression by baculoviruses. Our approach was based on the synergistic effect displayed by the combined application of pairs of anti-insect toxins to blowfly and lepidopterous larvae that resulted in 5 fold increase in their insecticidal activity without apparent increase in their anti-mammal toxicity (toxins LqhIT2 and LqhaIT, LqhIT2 and AaIT, and LqhaIT and AaIT (1). Thus, we developed new concepts and produced a "second generation" of recombinant baculoviruses with enhanced potencies and speeds of kill comparable to classical insecticides. These achievements contribute to make these biopesticides a viable alternative to minimize the use of hazardous chemicals in pest control. Also, our project contributed new tools and model systems to advance the study of insect sodium channels.
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Castellano, Mike J., Abraham G. Shaviv, Raphael Linker, and Matt Liebman. Improving nitrogen availability indicators by emphasizing correlations between gross nitrogen mineralization and the quality and quantity of labile soil organic matter fractions. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597926.bard.

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A major goal in Israeli and U.S. agroecosystems is to maximize nitrogen availability to crops while minimizing nitrogen losses to air and water resources. This goal has presented a significant challenge to global agronomists and scientists because crops require large inputs of nitrogen (N) fertilizer to maximize yield, but N fertilizers are easily lost to surrounding ecosystems where they contribute to water pollution and greenhouse gas concentrations. Determination of the optimum N fertilizer input is complex because the amount of N produced from soil organic matter varies with time, space and management. Indicators of soil N availability may help to guide requirements for N fertilizer inputs and are increasingly viewed as indicators of soil health To address these challenges and improve N availability indicators, project 4550 “Improving nitrogen availability indicators by emphasizing correlations between gross nitrogen mineralization and the quality and quantity of labile organic matter fractions” addressed the following objectives: Link the quantity and quality of labile soil organic matter fractions to indicators of soil fertility and environmental quality including: i) laboratory potential net N mineralization ii) in situ gross N mineralization iii) in situ N accumulation on ion exchange resins iv) crop uptake of N from mineralized soil organic matter sources (non-fertilizer N), and v) soil nitrate pool size. Evaluate and compare the potential for hot water extractable organic matter (HWEOM) and particulate organic matter quantity and quality to characterize soil N dynamics in biophysically variable Israeli and U.S. agroecosystems that are managed with different N fertility sources. Ultimately, we sought to determine if nitrogen availability indicators are the same for i) gross vs. potential net N mineralization processes, ii) diverse agroecosystems (Israel vs. US) and, iii) management strategies (organic vs. inorganic N fertility sources). Nitrogen availability indicators significantly differed for gross vs. potential N mineralization processes. These results highlight that different mechanisms control each process. Although most research on N availability indicators focuses on potential net N mineralization, new research highlights that gross N mineralization may better reflect plant N availability. Results from this project identify the use of ion exchange resin (IERs) beads as a potential technical advance to improve N mineralization assays and predictors of N availability. The IERs mimic the rhizosphere by protecting mineralized N from loss and immobilization. As a result, the IERs may save time and money by providing a measurement of N mineralization that is more similar to the costly and time consuming measurement of gross N mineralization. In further search of more accurate and cost-effective predictors of N dynamics, Excitation- Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy analysis of HWEOM solution has the potential to provide reliable indicators for changes in HWEOM over time. These results demonstrated that conventional methods of labile soil organic matter quantity (HWEOM) coupled with new analyses (EEM) may be used to obtain more detailed information about N dynamics. Across Israeli and US soils with organic and inorganic based N fertility sources, multiple linear regression models were developed to predict gross and potential N mineralization. The use of N availability indicators is increasing as they are incorporated into soil health assessments and agroecosystem models that guide N inputs. Results from this project suggest that some soil variables can universally predict these important ecosystem process across diverse soils, climate and agronomic management. BARD Report - Project4550 Page 2 of 249
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Abbo, Shahal, Hongbin Zhang, Clarice Coyne, Amir Sherman, Dan Shtienberg, and George J. Vandemark. Winter chickpea; towards a new winter pulse for the semiarid Pacific Northwest and wider adaptation in the Mediterranean basin. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7597909.bard.

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Original objectives: [a] Screen an array of chickpea and wild annual Cicer germplasm for winter survival. [b] Genetic analysis of winter hardiness in domesticated x wild chickpea crosses. [c] Genetic analysis of vernalization response in domesticated x wild chickpea crosses. [d] Digital expression analysis of a core selection of breeding and germplasm lines of chickpea that differ in winter hardiness and vernalization. [e] Identification of the genes involved in the chickpea winter hardiness and vernalization and construction of gene network controlling these traits. [f] Assessing the phenotypic and genetic correlations between winter hardiness, vernalization response and Ascochyta blight response in chickpea. The complexity of the vernalization response and the inefficiency of our selection experiments (below) required quitting the work on ascochyta response in the framework of this project. Background to the subject: Since its introduction to the Palouse region of WA and Idaho, and the northern Great Plains, chickpea has been a spring rotation legume due to lack of winter hardiness. The short growing season of spring chickpea limits its grain yield and leaves relatively little stubble residue for combating soil erosion. In Israel, chilling temperatures limit pod setting in early springs and narrow the effective reproductive time window of the crop. Winter hardiness and vernalization response of chickpea alleles were lost due to a series of evolutionary bottlenecks; however, such alleles are prevalent in its wild progenitor’s genepool. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: It appears that both vernalization response and winter hardiness are polygenic traits in the wild-domesticated chickpea genepool. The main conclusion from the fieldwork in Israel is that selection of domesticated winter hardy and vernalization responsive types should be conducted in late flowering and late maturity backgrounds to minimize interference by daylength and temperature response alleles (see our Plant Breeding paper on the subject). The main conclusion from the US winter-hardiness studies is that excellent lines have been identified for germplasm release and continued genetic study. Several of the lines have good seed size and growth habit that will be useful for introgressing winter-hardiness into current chickpea cultivars to develop releases for autumn sowing. We sequenced the transcriptomes and profiled the expression of genes in 87 samples. Differential expression analysis identified a total of 2,452 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between vernalized plants and control plants, of which 287 were shared between two or more Cicer species studied. We cloned 498 genes controlling vernalization, named CVRN genes. Each of the CVRN genes contributes to flowering date advance (FDA) by 3.85% - 10.71%, but 413 (83%) other genes had negative effects on FDA, while only 83 (17%) had positive effects on FDA, when the plant is exposed to cold temperature. The cloned CVRN genes provide new toolkits and knowledge to develop chickpea cultivars that are suitable for autumn-sowing. Scientific & agricultural implications: Unlike the winter cereals (barley, wheat) or pea, in which a single allelic change may induce a switch from winter to spring habit, we were unable to find any evidence for such major gene action in chickpea. In agricultural terms this means that an alternative strategy must be employed in order to isolate late flowering – ascochyta resistant (winter types) domesticated forms to enable autumn sowing of chickpea in the US Great Plains. An environment was identified in U.S. (eastern Washington) where autumn-sown chickpea production is possible using the levels of winter-hardiness discovered once backcrossed into advanced cultivated material with acceptable agronomic traits. The cloned CVRN genes and identified gene networks significantly advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying plant vernalization in general, and chickpea in particular, and provide a new toolkit for switching chickpea from a spring-sowing to autumn-sowing crop.
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Savaldi-Goldstein, Sigal, and Siobhan M. Brady. Mechanisms underlying root system architecture adaptation to low phosphate environment. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600024.bard.

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In order to advance our understanding towards potential biotechnology improvement of plant performance, we studied root responses to limited P in two different plants, Arabidopsis and tomato. Arabidopsis is among the most studied model plants that allows rapid application of molecular and developmental experiments while tomato is an important crop, with application in agriculture. Using Arabidopsis we found that steroid hormones modulate the extent of root elongation in response to limited P, by controlling the accumulation of iron in the root. We also found that the availability of P and iron control the activity of the steroid hormone in the root. Finally, we revealed the genes involved in this nutrient-hormone interaction. Hence, the ferroxidase LPR1 that promotes iron accumulation in response to low P is repressed by the transcription factor BES1/BZR1. Low P inhibits the steroid hormone pathway by enhancing the accumulation of BKI1. High levels of BKI1 inhibit the activity of the steroid hormone receptor at the cell surface and iron accumulation increases inside the root, resulting in a slow growth. Together, the extent of root elongation depends on interactions between an internal cue (steroid hormone) and cues derived from the availability of P and iron in the environment. Using tomato, we found that the response of two cultivated tomato varieties (M82 and New Yorker) to limited P is distinct from that of the wild species, Solanumpennellii. This is implicated at both the levels of root development and whole plant physiology. Specifically, while the root system architecture of cultivated tomato is modulated by limited P availability, that of the wild type species remained unaffected. The wild species appears to be always behaving as if it is always in phosphate deprived conditions, despite sufficient levels of phosphate. Hyper-accumulation of metals appears to mediate this response. Together, this knowledge will be used to isolate new genes controlling plant adaptation to limited P environment.
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Lers, Amnon, E. Lomaniec, S. Burd, A. Khalchitski, L. Canetti, and Pamela J. Green. Analysis of Senescence Inducible Ribonuclease in Tomato: Gene Regulation and Function. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570563.bard.

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Natural leaf senescence has a negative influence on yield. Postharvest induced senescence contributes to the losses of quality in flowers, foliage, and vegetables. Strategies designed to control the senescence process in crop plants could therefore have great applied significance. Senescence is regulated by differential gene expression yet, functional characterization of the genes specifically induced and study of their expression control, is still in its infancy. Study of senescence-specific genes is required to allow identification of regulatory elements participating in senescence-induced expression and thus provide insights into the genetic regulation of senescence. A main feature of senescence is the hydrolysis of macromolecules by hydrolases of various types such as RNases and proteases. This study was aimed a analysis of senescence-inducible RNases in tomato with the following objectives: Isolation of senescence-inducible RNase cDNA clones; Expression analyses of RNase genes during senescence; Identification of sequences required for senescence-induced gene expression; Functional analyses of senescence-inducible RNases. We narrowed our aims somewhat to focus on the first three objectives because the budget we were awarded was reduced from that requested. We have expanded our research for identification senescence-related RNase/nuclease activities as we thought it will direct us to new RNase/nuclease genes. We have also carried out research in Arabidopsis and parsley, which enabled us to draw mire general conclusions. We completed the first and second objectives and have made considerable progress on the remaining two. We have defined growth conditions suitable for this research and defined the physiological and biochemical parameters characteristic to the advance of leaf senescence. In tomato and arabidopsis we have focused on natural leaf senescence. Parsley was used mainly for study of postharvest senescence in detached leaves. We have identified a 41-kD a tomato nuclease, LeNUCI, specifically induced during senescence which can degrade both RNA and DNA. This activity could be induced by ethylene in young leaves and was subjected to detailed analysis, which enabled its classification as Nuclease I enzyme. LeNUCI may be involved in nucleic acid metabolism during tomato leaf senescence. In parsley senescing leaves we identified 2 main senescence-related nuclease activities of 41 and 39-kDa. These activities were induced in both naturally or artificially senescing leaves, could degrade both DNA and RNA and were very similar in their characteristics to the LeNUCI. Two senescence-induced RNase cDNAs were cloned from tomato. One RNase cDNA was identical to the tomato LX RNase while the second corresponded to the LE RNase. Both were demonstrated before to be induced following phosphate starvation of tomato cell culture but nothing was known about their expression or function in plants. LX gene expression was much more senescence specific and ethylene could activate it in detached young leaves. LE gene expression, which could be transiently induced by wounding, appeared to be activated by abscisic acid. We suggest that the LX RNase has a role in RNA catabolism in the final stage of senescence, and LE may be a defense-related protein. Transgenic plants were generated for altering LX gene expression. No major visible alterations in the phenotype were observed so far. Detailed analysis of senescence in these plants is performed currently. The LX promoter was cloned and its analysis is performed currently for identification of senescence-specific regulatory elements. In Arabidopsis we have identified and characterized a senescence-associated nuclease 1 gene, BFN1, which is highly expressed during leaf and stem senescence. BFN1, is the first example of a senescence- associated gene encoding a nuclease I enzyme as well as the first nuclease I cloned and characterized from Arabidopsis. Our progress should provide excellent tools for the continued analysis of regulation and function of senescence-inducible ribonucleases and nucleases in plants. The cloned genes can be used in reverse genetic approaches, already initiated, which can yield a more direct evidence for the function of these enzymes. Another contribution of this research will be in respect to the molecular mechanism, which controls senescence. We had already initiated in this project and will continue to identify and characterize regulatory elements involved in senescence-specific expression of the genes isolated in this work.
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