Journal articles: 'Critical weight range'

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Murphy, Brett P., and Hugh F. Davies. "There is a critical weight range for Australia's declining tropical mammals." Global Ecology and Biogeography 23, no. 9 (April 20, 2014): 1058–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12173.

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CHISHOLM, RYAN, and ROBERT TAYLOR. "Null-Hypothesis Significance Testing and the Critical Weight Range for Australian Mammals." Conservation Biology 21, no. 6 (December 18, 2007): 1641–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00815.x.

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JOHNSON, CHRISTOPHER N., and JOANNE L. ISAAC. "Body mass and extinction risk in Australian marsupials: The ‘Critical Weight Range’ revisited." Austral Ecology 34, no. 1 (February 2009): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01878.x.

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Berg, Robert A., Ronald Hilwig, Karl Kern, Marc Berg, and Gordon Ewy. "PIGLET BIPHASIC DEFIBRILLATION WITH THE SAME DOSAGE OVER A WIDE WEIGHT RANGE IS AS SAFE AS MONOPHASIC WEIGHT-BASED DOSING." Critical Care Medicine 30, Supplement (December 2002): A3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200212001-00010.

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Russell, Benjamin, and Peter Banks. "Responses of four Critical Weight Range (CWR) marsupials to the odours of native and introduced predators." Australian Zoologist 33, no. 2 (December 2005): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2005.018.

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Ottewell, Kym, Georgina Pitt, Blair Pellegrino, Ricky Van Dongen, Janine Kinloch, Nicole Willers, and Margaret Byrne. "Remnant vegetation provides genetic connectivity for a critical weight range mammal in a rapidly urbanising landscape." Landscape and Urban Planning 190 (October 2019): 103587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103587.

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Ha, Seung-Yeal, Dongnam Ko, and Yinglong Zhang. "Critical coupling strength of the Cucker–Smale model for flocking." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 27, no. 06 (April 11, 2017): 1051–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202517400097.

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We present a non-trivial positive lower bound for the critical coupling strength of the Cucker–Smale model with a short-range communication weight from the viewpoint of mono-cluster (global) flocking. For a long-range communication weight, it is well known [F. Cucker and S. Smale, Emergent behavior in flocks, IEEE Trans. Automat. Control 52 (2007) 852–862; S.-Y. Ha and J.-G. Liu, A proof of Cucker–Smale flocking dynamics and mean field limit, Commun. Math. Sci. 7 (2009) 297–325] that as long as the coupling strength is positive, mono-cluster flocking occurs asymptotically for any initial configuration. Hence, the critical coupling strength is simply zero. However, for a short-range communication weight, numerical simulations indicate that for a given initial configuration, mono-cluster flocking is possible only in a large-coupling-strength regime depending on the initial configuration. This suggests the positivity of the critical coupling strength in the sense that if the coupling strength is above the critical value, mono-cluster flocking emerges, whereas if it is below the critical value, mono-cluster flocking does not occur. Thus, it is interesting to determine the exact critical value for the coupling strength depending on the initial configuration or at least to estimate the possible range of the coupling strength. In this paper, we show that the critical coupling strength exists and is positive by providing a positive lower bound. We also present the results of several numerical simulations for the upper and lower bounds of the critical coupling strength depending on the initial configurations, and we compare them with analytical results.

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Ruhl, Oliver, Gerhard Luft, Patrick Brant, and John Richard Shutt. "Phase Behaviour of the System Propene/Polypropene at High Pressure." Journal of Thermodynamics 2011 (November 2, 2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/282354.

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The phase behaviour of mixtures of supercritical propene and a number of polypropenes, which have a similar density but significantly different molecular weights and tacticities, was investigated in a broad range of polymer weight fractions and temperatures at high pressures. The cloud-point pressures were measured optically, using a view cell which was equipped with two windows made of synthetic sapphire and a metal bellows to accurately adjust the pressure. The cloud-point pressures were found in the range from 29 to 37 MPa decreasing with increasing polymer weight fraction and increasing with increasing temperature and polymer molecular weight. The critical weight fraction was found below 2 to 6 wt.-%. Whereas the cloud-point pressures of atactic and syndiotactic samples were high and very similar, the isotactic species exhibit distinctly lower values. The results, extrapolated to lower temperatures, show good agreement with the literature data.

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Salib, Emad, and George Tadros. "Brain weight in suicide." British Journal of Psychiatry 177, no. 3 (September 2000): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.177.3.257.

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BackgroundThere is little available literature on the effect of suicide methods on brain weight.AimsTo explore variations in postmortem brain weight in different methods of fatal self-harm (FSH) and in deaths from natural causes.MethodA review of a sample of coroners' records of elderly persons (60 and above). Verdicts of suicide, misadventure and open verdicts were classified as FSH. Post-mortem brain weight for 142 FSH victims and 150 victims of unexpected, sudden or unexplained death due to natural causes, and from various methods of FSH, were compared.ResultsBrain weight of victims of FSH was significantly higher than of those who died of natural causes (P<0.01); brain weights in both groups were within the normal range for this age group. There was no significant difference in brain weight between different methods of FSH (P>0.05).ConclusionsThe findings require critical examination and further research, to include data from younger age groups. A regional or national suicide neuropathological database could be set up if all victims of FSH underwent routine neurohistochemical post-mortem examination.

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D. Penman, Trent, and Christopher P. Slade. "Is there value in reviewing distribution models? A case study using critical weight range mammals in southeastern Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 13, no. 4 (2007): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc070227.

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Models predicting species distributions have become a common tool for wildlife management. These models were used extensively in the development of regional forest agreements (RFAs) throughout Australia. Each RFA is reviewed after it has been active for five years and one component may be to review the distribution models. Over this time there has been an increase in the number of records for many species and improvements in statistical modelling techniques. Here we prepare updated distributional models for three critical weight range mammals in the Eden Management Region in southeastern New South Wales. These models are then used to examine the value of updating models for selected species during the RFA review process. All revised models predicted greater areas of habitat as suitable, largely due to the greater number of known localities. The relative value of many sites changed, thus highlighting areas which require further or more intensive survey work. This study suggests that there is value in preparing models for some species during the RFA review process. For many species updating models can also be valuable in the development of specific research objectives or species recovery planning.

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Radford, Ian J., Leigh-Ann Woolley, Chris R. Dickman, Ben Corey, Dane Trembath, and Richard Fairman. "Invasive anuran driven trophic cascade: An alternative hypothesis for recent critical weight range mammal collapses across northern Australia." Biological Invasions 22, no. 6 (February 23, 2020): 1967–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02226-4.

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Monaghan, Lee F. "Men, Physical Activity, and the Obesity Discourse: Critical Understandings from a Qualitative Study." Sociology of Sport Journal 25, no. 1 (March 2008): 97–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.25.1.97.

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This article explores men’s talk about physical activity, weight, health and slimming. Drawing from qualitative data from men whom medicine might label overweight or obese, it outlines various ideal typical ways of orienting to the idea that physical activity promotes “healthy” weight loss before exploring the most critical display of perspective: justifiable resistance and defiance. This gendered mode of accountability comprises numerous themes. These range from the inefficiency of physical activity in promoting weight loss to resisting imposed discipline. Theoretically and politically, these data are read as a situationally fitting and meaningful response to “symbolic violence” in a field of “masculine domination” (Bourdieu 2001)—that is, a society in which fatness is routinely discredited as feminine and feminizing filth by institutions that are publicly reinforcing and amplifying fatphobic norms or sizism.

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Różański, Jacek, Sylwia Różańska, Piotr Tomasz Mitkowski, Waldemar Szaferski, Patrycja Wagner, and Adrianna Frankiewicz. "Drag Reduction in the Flow of Aqueous Solutions of a Mixture of Cocamidopropyl Betaine and Cocamide DEA." Energies 14, no. 9 (May 7, 2021): 2683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092683.

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The study presents results of rheological tests and measurements of pressure drops occurring during the flow of aqueous solutions of a mixture of drag reducing surfactants: cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB, zwitterionic surfactant) and cocamide DEA (nonionic surfactant) through straight pipes. Tests were carried out at different CAPB/DEA weight ratios and different total concentrations of surfactants in the solution. Rheological measurements demonstrate the formation of a shear-induced structure (SIS) in the temperature range below 10 °C, which provides evidence for the presence of wormlike micelles in CAPB/DEA solutions. Drag reduction was observed during the flow of CAPB/DEA solutions in the temperature range from 3 to 45 °C, however, above 25 °C the degree of drag reduction was markedly decreased. The lower temperature limit at which drag reduction occurs depends on the CAPB and DEA weight ratio in the solution. In the range of higher temperatures, during the flow of CAPB/DEA solutions (similarly to flexible-chain polymer solutions) the onset of drag reduction is noted above a certain critical value of the Rec,0 number, whose value depends on the temperature of the solution, diameter of the pipe and the weight ratio of surfactants. At the same time, the critical value of wall shear stress τw,c0 corresponding to the critical value of Rec,0 is approximately independent of pipe diameter. The critical value of the Rec,0 number has been linked to the clouding of CAPB/DEA solutions.

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Thielen, Kathleen. "Exploring the Group Prenatal Care Model: A Critical Review of the Literature." Journal of Perinatal Education 21, no. 4 (2012): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1058-1243.21.4.209.

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Few studies have compared perinatal outcomes between individual prenatal care and group prenatal care. A critical review of research articles that were published between 1998 and 2009 and involved participants of individual and group prenatal care was conducted. Two middle range theories, Pender’s health promotion model and Swanson’s theory of caring, were blended to enhance conceptualization of the relationship between pregnant women and the group prenatal care model. Among the 17 research studies that met inclusion criteria for this critical review, five examined gestational age and birth weight with researchers reporting longer gestations and higher birth weights in infants born to mothers participating in group prenatal care, especially in the preterm birth population. Current evidence demonstrates that nurse educators and leaders should promote group prenatal care as a potential method of improving perinatal outcomes within the pregnant population.

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TANG, MING, ZONGHUA LIU, XIAOYAN ZHU, and XIAOYAN WU. "CONDENSATION ON WEIGHTED NETWORKS WITH SYMMETRIC WEIGHTS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 19, no. 06 (June 2008): 927–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183108012601.

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It is recently shown that the weight-directed network may seriously influence the particle condensation on it, where the weights on an edge are asymmetric. However, most of the realistic networks are weight-undirected networks where the weights on an edge are symmetric. For understanding how the structure of these networks influences the particle evolution, we study the condensation phenomenon on a model of weighted networks with symmetric weights by both theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. In theory, we have proposed a mean field approach to discuss the condensation for the zero range process on weight-undirected networks. We have shown that there is a critical [Formula: see text] and the condensation will occur on the weighted-undirected network for [Formula: see text]. We have also found that the stationary state of particles is determined by the strength distribution, in contrary to the case of asymmetric weights on the edge where the stationary state is determined by the degree distribution. Theoretical predictions are confirmed by two typical weight-undirected networks, where the relationships between the strength and the degree of a node are linear and power law, respectively.

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Panwar, Pawan, Paul Michael, Mark Devlin, and Ashlie Martini. "Critical Shear Rate of Polymer-Enhanced Hydraulic Fluids." Lubricants 8, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants8120102.

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Many application-relevant fluids exhibit shear thinning, where viscosity decreases with shear rate above some critical shear rate. For hydraulic fluids formulated with polymeric additives, the critical shear rate is a function of the molecular weight and concentration of the polymers. Here we present a model for predicting the critical shear rate and Newtonian viscosity of fluids, with the goal of identifying a fluid that shear thins in a specific range relevant to hydraulic pumps. The model is applied to predict the properties of fluids comprising polyisobutene polymer and polyalphaolefin base oil. The theoretical predictions are validated by comparison to viscosities obtained from experimental measurements and molecular dynamics simulations across many decades of shear rates. Results demonstrate that the molecular weight of the polymer plays a key role in determining the critical shear rate, whereas the concentration of polymer primarily affects the Newtonian viscosity. The simulations are further used to show the molecular origins of shear thinning and critical shear rate. The atomistic simulations and simple model developed in this work can ultimately be used to formulate polymer-enhanced fluids with ideal shear thinning profiles that maximize the efficiency of hydraulic systems.

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Liao, Shu Qiong, Xiao Yu Peng, Xue Wang Zhang, Ke Lin Huang, Ben Wang, Ji Wen Gan, Qing Ruo Xie, Wei Jian Nong, and Ke Xian Li. "Research on Kinetics of Hydrolysis Preparation of Micro-Molecular Dextran." Advanced Materials Research 748 (August 2013): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.748.295.

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Micro-molecular dextran was prepared in sub-critical water and sub-critical Water/CO2by hydrolysis of dextran20. The obtained products were mainly characterized by GPC. The kinetics of hydrolysis of dextran20 has been studied in the temperature range of 423.15K-463.15K. It was found that the level of dextran20 hydrolysis in sub-critical water and sub-critical water/CO2was first level kinetics equation. The activation energy was also calculated. The results demonstrated that the molecular weight of micro-molecular dextran could be controlled.

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Thomas, Edwin L., and Karen I. Winey. "A variety of morphologies in diblock copolymer/homopolymer blends." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 346–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100153701.

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A wide range of morphologies and thereby physical properties can be achieved in block copolymer/homopolymer blends by varying the copolymer composition, copolymer concentration and molecular weights. Recently we investigated micelle shape transitions in diblock copolymer with homopolymer blends at low copolymer concentration. In this paper we study the microstructure over a wider concentration range for a polystyrene-polybutadiene (PS/PB) diblock copolymer of molecular weight 20.5 × 103/20.5 × 103 blended with 17.2 × 103 molecular weight homopolystyrene (hPS).Figure 1 shows schematically a possible spectrum of microdomain structures dependent on the copolymer concentration of a lamellar PS/PB and hPS. Below the critical micelle concentration (CMC) the block copolymer is molecularly dispersed in the homopolymer exhibiting a homogeneous phase. As diblock concentration increases the minority (i.e. PB) forms spherical and/or cylindrical micelles randomly dispersed in the hPS. Further increases in diblock concentration induces long range ordering of various microdomains. In addition three biphasic regions are proposed in which two phases coexist: isotropic cylinders with ordered cylinders, ordered cylinders with ordered bicontinuous double diamond (OBDD), and OBDD with swollen lamellae.

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Alva, AK, CJ Asher, and DG Edwards. "Effect of solution pH, external calcium concentration, and aluminium activity on nodulation and early growth of cowpea." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 2 (1990): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9900359.

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Effects of pH, calcium (Ca), and aluminium (Al) on the growth and nodulation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) were studied in large-volume, dilute nutrient solutions. Ca concentrations over the range 0.05 mM to 2.5 mM, and pH over the range 4.5 to 5.5, had no significant effect on the growth of the host plant. However, the combination of low pH and low Ca delayed nodulation and strongly depressed nodule number and nodule dry weight. At the highest Ca concentration, effects of pH on nodule number were small and not significant, and effects on nodule weight, although significant, were much smaller than at the lowest Ca concentration. It was concluded that nodulation was more sensitive to low Ca and low pH than was host plant growth. At pH 4.5 and 0.5 mM Ca, A1 delayed and depressed nodulation. An activity of 12.7 8M Al delayed nodulation by four days, and reduced nodule number and nodule dry weight drastically. At higher Al activities, nodulation was reduced to zero. The critical Al activities (10% reduction) were approx. 0.3 and 0.5 ,8M for nodule number and nodule dry weight. The dry weight of tops and roots showed a roughly linear decrease with increasing Al activity over the range 0 to 8 8M, both in inoculated plants supplied with 'starter nitrogen' and in plants supplied continuously with adequate mineral nitrogen. Critical A1 activities for growth were in the range of 4 to 8 PM. It was concluded that nodulation was much more sensitive to Al than was host plant growth. The results are discussed in relation to recent literature on the acid tolerance of cowpea.

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Webb, A. R., R. F. Moss, D. Tighe, M. G. Mythen, N. Al-Saady, A. E. Joseph, and E. D. Bennett. "A narrow range, medium molecular weight pentastarch reduces structural organ damage in a hyperdynamic porcine model of sepsis." Intensive Care Medicine 18, no. 6 (June 1992): 348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01694363.

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Ohlsen, Ruth I., Janet Treasure, and Lyn S. Pilowsky. "A dedicated nurse-led service for antipsychotic-induced weight gain." Psychiatric Bulletin 28, no. 5 (May 2004): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.28.5.164.

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Aims and MethodTo evaluate a psychosocial intervention for patients treated with antipsychotics with body mass index (BMI) > 25. A total of 44 patients (mean age (s.e.) 37.6 (1.2); 28 female, 16 male) received dietary and exercise advice with motivational interviewing. Weight and BMI were measured at baseline and monthly thereafter. Patients were offered weight monitoring for 1 year.ResultsOverall mean weight loss was 3.1 kg (mean 3.22%). Modal (range) weight change was 74.2 (719.2 kg to +8.7 kg).Clinical ImplicationsOverall weight loss was not significant after 355.7 (32.5) (mean, s.e.) days. Determinants of response remain unclear. Avoiding weight gain in the first instance is critical. Further research will explore determinants of antipsychotic-induced weight gain and prevention strategies.

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Liu, Huiting, Shi Chen, Huijuan Zhu, Hongbo Yang, Fengying Gong, Linjie Wang, Yu Jiang, et al. "Correlation between preconception maternal non-occupational exposure to interior decoration or oil paint odour and average birth weight of neonates: findings from a nationwide cohort study in China’s rural areas." BMJ Open 7, no. 8 (August 2017): e013700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013700.

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BackgroundBirth weight is a critical indicator of neonatal health and foretells people’s health in adolescence and even adulthood. Some researchers have warned against the adverse effects on babies’ birth weight of exposure to pollutants in interior decoration or oil paint by odour intake. This study evaluated the effects of maternal exposure to such factors before conception on the birth weights of neonates.MethodsData on 213 461 cases in this study were from the database of the free National Pre-pregnancy Checkups Project. Defined as ‘exposed’ were those women exposed to oil paint odour or interior decoration at home or in the workplace within 6 months before their pregnancy. The study focused on revealing the correlation between such exposure and the birth weight of the neonates of these women, especially the incidence of macrosomia and low birth weight (LBW). Statistical analysis was conducted using the Kruskal–Wallis H test, the Mann–Whitney U test and logistic regression.ResultsThe birth weight of babies from mothers non-occupationally exposed to such settings averaged 3465 g (range 3150–3650 g), whereas the birth weight of those from mothers free of such exposure averaged 3300 g (range 3000–3600g). Maternal exposure preconception to interior decoration or oil paint odour reduced the incidence of LBW in their babies (p=0.003, OR 0.749, 95% CI 0.617 to 0.909). Such exposure may also augment the probability of macrosomia (p<0.001, OR 1.297, 95% CI 1.133 to 1.484).ConclusionMaternal exposure to interior decoration or oil paint odour preconception may increase the average birth weight of neonates, as well as the incidence of macrosomia.

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Yoon, Young Mi, Seong Phil Bae, Yoon-Joo Kim, Jae Gun Kwak, Woong-Han Kim, Mi Kyoung Song, Seung Han Shin, Ee-Kyung Kim, and Han-Suk Kim. "New modified version of the Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery category and mortality in premature infants with critical congenital heart disease." Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics 63, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.01522.

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Background: Despite advances in neonatal intensive care and surgical procedures, perinatal mortality rates for premature infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) remain relatively high.Purpose: We aimed to describe the outcomes of premature infants with critical CHD and identify the risk factors including the new modified version of the Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (M-RACHS) category associated with in-hospital mortality in a Korean tertiary center.Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of premature infants with critical CHD admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit from January 2005 to December 2016.Results: A total of 78 premature infants were enrolled. The median gestational age (GA) at birth was 34.9 weeks (range, 26.7–36.9 weeks), and the median birth weight was 1.91 kg (range, 0.53–4.38 kg). Surgical or percutaneous intervention was performed in 68 patients with a median GA at birth of 34.7 weeks (range, 26.7–36.8 weeks) and a median birth weight of 1.92 kg (range, 0.53–4.38 kg). The in-hospital survival rate was 76.9% among all enrolled preterm infants and 86.8% among patients who received an intervention. Very low birth weight (VLBW), persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and M-RACHS category 5 or higher (more complex CHD) were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. For the 68 premature infants undergoing cardiac interventions, independent risk factors for mortality were VLBW, BPD, and CHD complexity. Late preterm infant and age at intervention were not associated with patient survival.Conclusion: For premature infants with critical CHD, VLBW, PPHN, BPD, and M-RACHS category ≥5 were risk factors for mortality. A careful approach to surgical intervention and prenatal care should be taken according to CHD type and neonatal condition.

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WEBB, ANDREW R., DEREK TIGHE, RAY F. MOSS, NAAB AL-SAADY, JOHN W. HYND, and E. DAVID BENNETT. "Advantages of a narrow-range, medium molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch for volume maintenance in a porcine model of fecal peritonitis." Critical Care Medicine 19, no. 3 (March 1991): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199103000-00022.

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Huang, Chen, Hongxiu Chen, Xiaoxia Zhang, Qin Zhang, Juan Liu, Huaqin Yu, Yinbo He, and Zhe Liu. "A Nomogram to Predict Critical Weight Loss in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma During (Chemo) Radiotherapy." Clinical Medicine Insights: Oncology 16 (January 2022): 117955492211037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11795549221103730.

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Background: Weight loss is an important side effect of long-term anticancer treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. The decline in body function will cause many adverse effects, such as local recurrence and distant metastasis, and reduce the patient’s quality of life. Therefore, this study developed a predictive model for the probability of critical weight loss to provide timely appropriate nutritional interventions and prevent serious side effects. Methods: A 20-week prospective follow-up study of 137 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients in West China Hospital of Sichuan University undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy from February 2018 to March 2020 was conducted to collect relevant clinical data. The clinical usefulness and calibration of the prediction model were assessed using the C-index, calibration plot, receiver operating curve, and decision curve analysis. Internal validation was assessed using bootstrapping validation. Results: The nomogram consisted of sex, smoking status, physical status, chemotherapy regimen, and body mass index. Good calibration was observed for the cohort, with an area under the curve of 0.924. Five independent prognostic factors were included in the nomogram, which showed a high C-index value of 0.815 in the interval validation. Decision curve analysis showed that the nomogram was clinically useful when the intervention was decided at the critical weight loss possibility threshold in the 0% to 97% range. Conclusions: We constructed and validated a nomogram for predicting the incidence of critical weight loss in nasopharyngeal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

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Farhatnia, Fatemeh, S. Ali Eftekhari, Alireza Pakzad, and Soheil Oveissi. "Optimizing the buckling characteristics and weight of functionally graded circular plates using the multi-objective Pareto archived simulated annealing algorithm (PASA)." International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization 10 (2019): A14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2019014.

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In this study for the first time, weight and critical buckling load in two kinds of functionally graded (FG) circular plates, namely, aluminum–alumina of (Al/Al2O3) and aluminum–zirconia (Al/ZnO2), are optimized using multi-objective Pareto archived simulated annealing algorithm (PASA). Material properties are assumed to vary with the power law in terms of the volume fractions of the constituent in two forms of symmetric and asymmetric with respect to the middle surface. The plate is subjected to uniform radial load and is considered for two boundary conditions, namely, simply supported and clamped edges. Aim at obtaining the Pareto archive is to achieve simultaneously the maximum buckling and the minimum weight concerning with proposed constraints. The parameters include the radius, thickness and volume fraction that the certain range is intended individually. The constraints are presented in form of the ratio of thickness to radius in category of the thin plates as well as the critical buckling stress being in the elastic range. Proposed simulated annealing algorithm is coded in MATLAB to obtain optimal non-dominated solution.

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Cummings, Brian M., Neil D. Fernandes, Lois F. Parker, Sarah A. Murphy, and Phoebe H. Yager. "Standardized Volume Dosing Protocol of 23.4% Hypertonic Saline for Pediatric Critical Care: Initial Experience." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 54, no. 9 (February 18, 2020): 866–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060028020907997.

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Background: Standardized volume dosing of 23.4% hypertonic saline (HTS) exists for adults, but the concentration, dosing and administration of HTS in pediatrics is variable. With emerging pediatric experience of 23.4% HTS, a standard volume dose approach may be helpful. Objective: To describe initial experience with a standardized 23.4% HTS weight-based volume dosing protocol of 10, 20, or 30 mL in the pediatric intensive care unit. Methods: Standard volume doses of 23.4% HTS were developed from weight dosing equivalents of 3% HTS. Pre and post sodium and intracranial pressure (ICP) measurements were compared with paired t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The site of administration and complications were noted. Results: A total of 16 pediatric patients received 37 doses of 23.4% HTS, with the smallest patient weighing 11 kg. For protocol compliance, 17 doses (46%) followed recommended dosing, 19 were less volume than recommended (51%), and 1 dose (3%) was more than recommended. Mean increase in sodium was 3.5 mEq/L (95% CI = 2-5 mEq/L); P < 0.0001. The median decrease in ICP was 10.5 mm Hg (interquartile range [IQR] 8.3-19.5) for a 37% (IQR 25%-64%) reduction. Most doses were administered through central venous access, although peripheral intravenous administrations occurred in 4 patients without complication. Conclusion and Relevance: Three standard-volume dose options of 23.4% HTS based on weight increases sodium and reduces ICP in pediatric patients. Standard-volume doses may simplify weight-based dosing, storage and administration for pediatric emergencies, although the optimum dose, and safety of 23.4% HTS in children remains unknown.

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Alten, Jeffrey A., Leslie A. Rhodes, Sarah Tabbutt, David S. Cooper, Eric M. Graham, Nancy Ghanayem, Bradley S. Marino, et al. "Perioperative feeding management of neonates with CHD: analysis of the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium (PC4) registry." Cardiology in the Young 25, no. 8 (December 2015): 1593–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951115002474.

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AbstractIntroductionThe optimal perioperative feeding strategies for neonates with CHD are unknown. In the present study, we describe the current feeding practices across a multi-institutional cohort.MethodsInclusion criteria for this study were as follows: all neonates undergoing cardiac surgery admitted to the cardiac ICU for ⩾24 hours preoperatively between October, 2013 and July, 2014 in the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium registry.ResultsThe cohort included 251 patients from eight centres. The most common diagnoses included the following: hypoplastic left heart syndrome (17%), coarctation/aortic arch hypoplasia (18%), and transposition of the great arteries (22%); 14% of the patients were <37weeks of gestational age. The median total hospital length of stay was 21 days (interquartile range (IQR) 14–35) and overall mortality was 8%. Preoperative feeding occurred in 133 (53%) patients. The overall preoperative feeding rates across centres ranged from 29 to 79%. Postoperative feeds started on median day 2 (IQR 1–4); for patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome postoperative feeds started on median day 4. Postoperative feeds were initiated in 89 (35%) patients before extubation (range across centres: 21–61%). The median cardiac ICU discharge feeding volume was 108 cc/kg/day, varying across centres. The mean discharge weight was 280 g above birth weight, ranging from +100 to 430 g across centres. A total of 110 (44%) patients had discharge feeding tubes, ranging from 6 to 80% across centres, and 40/110 patients had gastrostomy/enterostomy tubes placed. In addition, eight (3.2%) patients developed necrotising enterocolitis – three preoperatively and five postoperatively.ConclusionIn this cohort, neonatal feeding practices and outcomes appear to vary across diagnostic groups and institutions. Only half of the patients received preoperative enteral nutrition; almost half had discharge feeding tubes. Multi-institutional collaboration is necessary to determine feeding strategies associated with best clinical outcomes.

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Wong, Adrian, Aaron J. Pickering, and Brian A. Potoski. "Dosing Practices of Intravenous Acyclovir for Herpes Encephalitis in Obesity: Results of a Pharmacist Survey." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 30, no. 3 (April 10, 2016): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190016642689.

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Background: Dosing of intravenous acyclovir for herpes encephalitis in obese patients is recommended to be based on ideal body weight. However, limited data support this recommendation, and recent data suggest this may lead to underdosing. Objective: To determine national dosing practices of intravenous acyclovir across a range of patient weights. Methods: A survey was distributed to members of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy Critical Care and Infectious Diseases Practice & Research Networks listservs. Data collected included demographic information and dosing of acyclovir, given consistent patient cases with varying patient weight. Results: A total of 264 pharmacists participated in the survey, with 240 (90.9%) participants completing the survey. Participants were predominately clinical pharmacists. As patient weight increased, respondents were more apt to dose based on an adjusted body weight, with dosing in the obese and morbidly obese showing a clear lack of consistency. Conclusions: Intravenous dosing of acyclovir for herpes encephalitis is variable, especially in obese patients, and does not reflect recommendations. Limited data provide conflicting recommendations for dosing in obese patients, and future studies are necessary to optimize patient outcomes and prevent toxicity.

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Perrone, Michelle, Robin Orr, Wayne Hing, Nikki Milne, and Rodney Pope. "The Impact of Backpack Loads on School Children: A Critical Narrative Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (November 12, 2018): 2529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112529.

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Background: Backpack loads of school students during school days have been suggested to range from 10% to as high as 25% of their body weight and may have a negative impact on their body. The aim of this review was to identify and review studies that have examined impacts of contemporary backpack loads on school children. Methods: A systematic search was conducted of the literature using key search terms. After relevant studies published in recent years were selected using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, the studies were critically appraised and relevant data were extracted and tabulated prior to conducting a critical narrative synthesis of findings. Results: Twenty-one studies were included, ranging in methodological quality from poor to good (critical appraisal scores 22% to 77%). Students carried on average over 15% of their own body weight, which caused biomechanical and physiological adaptations that could increase musculoskeletal injury risk, fatigue, redness, swelling and discomfort. Conclusion: Considering the limited methodological quality and variations in foci across studies, further research is needed to elucidate: (1) the loads students carry around on a school day in their school backpacks and; (2) the biomechanical, physiological and physical effects of load carriage on students.

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Dealy, John M. "Rheology of Molten Polymers." MRS Bulletin 16, no. 8 (August 1991): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400056281.

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The term “polymeric liquids” is used to describe both solutions of polymers and molten polymers. All polymeric liquids exhibit non-Newtonian flow behavior, including a shear stress-dependent viscosity and elasticity. However, concentrated solutions and melts of polymers whose molecular weights exceed a certain critical value (the “critical molecular weight for entanglement,” Mc) exhibit quite remarkable deviations from classical fluid behavior, especially marked elasticity. Among the remarkable rheological phenomena exhibited by these materials are elastic recoil and flow-induced an-isotropy. Indeed, in certain situations, such materials can exhibit elastic effects that are almost indistinguishable from those exhibited by cross-linked rubbers. This behavior is important, because most commercial “thermoplastics,” such as polyethylene and polystyrene, have high molecular weights (M > Mc) and are processed in the molten state.A given generic polymer, polyethylene for example, can exhibit a wide range of properties depending on the molecular weight distribution. Another important aspect of molecular structure is branching. For many monomers (the molecular building blocks that make a polymer molecule), two types of polymer structure are possible, linear and branched. For example, ethylene can be polymerized in two ways to form either linear polyethylene or branched polyethylene. Branching enhances the non-Newtonian and elastic aspects of the melt flow behavior. Yet another possible aspect of polymer molecular structure is the presence of a comonomer.

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Kellar, Samuel, Ka-Ming Tam, and Juana Moreno. "Non-Fermi Liquid Behavior in the Three-Dimensional Hubbard Model." Crystals 13, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13010106.

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We present a numerical study on the non-Fermi liquid behavior of a three-dimensional strongly correlated system. The Hubbard model in a simple cubic lattice is simulated by the dynamical cluster approximation; in particular, the quasi-particle weight is calculated at finite dopings for a range of temperatures. By fitting the quasi-particle weight to the marginal Fermi liquid form at finite doping near the putative quantum critical point, we find evidence of a separatrix between Fermi liquid and non-Fermi liquid regions. Our results suggest that a marginal Fermi liquid and possibly a quantum critical point exist in the non-symmetry broken solution of the three-dimensional interacting electron systems. We also calculate the spectral function, close to the half-filling, and we obtain evidence of pseudogap.

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Narahari Prasad, S., and M. Narayana Rao. "Stainless Steel - A Versatile Engineering Material for Critical Applications." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.44.

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Stainless Steel is a family of versatile materials that has been put into a wide variety of application by mankind. Stainless steels are iron-based alloys containing minimum 12% chromium and upto 25% nickel with minor additions of carbon, nitrogen, molybdenum, tungsten, titanium, niobium, copper and selenium. It has a wide range of applications from small pins to the construction of automobiles, petrochemical, space, aeronautical, ship building industries, nuclear and thermal power stations. Certain grades of stainless steels, because of their biocompatibility are used for manufacture of biomedical implants. In fact steel touches every sphere of our daily life. By and large stainless steel family consists of hundreds of grades with varieties of compositions and a large spectrum of mechanical properties. The corrosion and oxidation resistance of stainless steels have been significantly improved through fine-tuned chemical compositions and microstructural constituents, leading to the evolution of super stainless steels. Stainless steel development from design to application is a long-term continuous effort. The recent advances in stainless steels are mainly due to new ways of manufacture, processing and usage of advanced equipments. In spite of inroads by a range of competing materials, stainless steels occupy an important place as structural materials, because of their outstanding strength to weight ratios, ductility, fracture toughness, repairability, corrosion, etc for a given cost. Over the years, MIDHANI has catered to the requirements of Indian Space, Nuclear, Thermal, aeronautical and Defence sector for many high performance materials. A wide range of special stainless steels many of them being tailor made to customers specific needs have been developed and supplied. This has been possible with the help of state of the art facility and excellent quality assurance system available in MIDHANI. The presentation will high light MIDHANI role in development and commercial production of different varieties of stainless steels for critical applications.

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Rikard-Bell, C. V., J. R. Pluske, R. J. van Barneveld, B. P. Mullan, A. C. Edwards, N. J. Gannon, D. J. Henman, and F. R. Dunshea. "Dietary ractopamine promotes growth, feed efficiency and carcass responses over a wide range of available lysine levels in finisher boars and gilts." Animal Production Science 53, no. 1 (2013): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11351.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the performance and carcass responses of finisher boars and gilts offered a range of dietary lysine levels and three levels of dietary ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC). The study involved three experiments of 90 pigs each, totalling 270 individually penned pigs in a 2 by 5 by 3 factorial design comprising two sexes (gilts, boars), five levels of dietary lysine [0.40, 0.48, 0.56, 0.64, and 0.72 g available lysine per MJ of digestible energy (DE), respectively] and three RAC dose regimes (0, 5 and 10 mg/kg) for 28 days. An outbreak of pneumonia (Actinobaccilus pleuropneumonia) at Day 26 in Experiment 1 compromised Day 28 data; however, Day 21 data was considered suitable across all three experiments. The results indicate that 0.56 g available lysine/MJ DE is sufficient to maximise average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and carcass weight in gilts. Control boars indicated that ADG and FCR were not limited by the lysine : energy ratios fed in this study. Increasing levels of dietary lysine linearly increased ADG (P < 0.001), improved FCR (P < 0.001) and increased carcass weight (P = 0.001). Likewise, increasing dietary RAC further improved ADG (P = 0.001), FCR (P = 0.002) and carcass weight (P = 0.075) linearly. The critical lysine levels calculated for ADG and FCR in gilts fed diets supplemented with RAC were less than required for controls. Boars had higher critical lysine levels than gilts when supplemented with dietary RAC, and increasing dietary RAC increased critical lysine levels for ADG and FCR in gilts and boars. An interaction (P = 0.016) between dietary lysine and RAC occurred for FCR, such that the response to 5 mg/kg dietary RAC diminished in diets containing 0.64 g and 0.72 g available lysine/MJ DE; however, these diets elicited a response when supplemented with 10 mg/kg RAC. Responses in ADG, FCR and carcass weight to dietary RAC were noted when dietary lysine was at or below the current recommendations for RAC diets, and it was suggested that this may have been due to reduced efficiency of lysine utilisation due to chronic disease challenge. A Sex × RAC interaction (P = 0.027) occurred for carcass P2, indicating the higher RAC dose reduced carcass P2 in boars but not in gilts. When formulating finisher pig diets between 60 and 90 kg liveweight, consideration of the lysine : energy requirements for boars and gilts is needed in order to maximise ADG, FCR and carcass characteristics. When supplementing pigs with dietary RAC, a wide range of lysine : energy levels maybe employed; however, this is dependent on RAC inclusion level and probably herd health.

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Kotoula, Garifalia. "Correlation of Magnetic Properties and Ductile-to-Brittle Transition Temperature in Pipelines." Key Engineering Materials 605 (April 2014): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.605.649.

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Drop-weight tear tests were conducted on high toughness pipeline steel, in order to analyze by fractography study the fracture appearance, occurring in the region impacted by a hammer. Measurements of hysteresis loops, in a range of very low temperatures (-20°C to-60°C), have been performed on samples in order to correlate its magnetic properties with the percentage reduction of the ductile area and the range of ductile to brittle transition temperature. According to the results, magnetic permeability depends on critical transition temperature.

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Park, Nari, Hyangyoun Chang, Yeoju Jang, Hyunman Lim, Jinhong Jung, and Weonjae Kim. "Critical conditions of struvite growth and recovery using MgO in pilot scale crystallization plant." Water Science and Technology 81, no. 12 (June 15, 2020): 2511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.306.

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Abstract The struvite crystallization process can recover struvite crystals as a valuable slow-release fertilizer from the side stream of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the crystal growth characteristics and determine the appropriate recovery criteria for a struvite crystallization pilot plant. A pilot plant (8.6 m3/d) was designed with a feeding system of MgO (magnesium oxide), a pH controller, and a hydrocyclone for recovering struvite; the plant was operated for 42 hours at a pH range of 8.25–8.5. The removal efficiencies for PO4-P and NH4-N were 82.5–90.7% and 13.4–22.9%, respectively. The struvite recovered from the hydrocyclone was sifted using standard sieves and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The dry weight fraction of the precipitate in the 300–600 μm range increased gradually from 7% to 74% in 18 hours. The XRD analysis revealed that the crystalline structure of the precipitate in the 150–600 μm range indicates struvite without any peaks of MgO, Mg(OH)2, and MgCO3. This indicates that the critical conditions for recovering struvite from the side-stream of WWTPs are an operation period of 18 hours and a crystal size greater than 300 μm.

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Craig, W. H. "Collapse of cohesive overburden following removal of support." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 27, no. 3 (June 1, 1990): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t90-046.

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Model tests have been performed in a large centrifuge to investigate the conditions for critical stability of a circular cavity formed by removal of underlying support strata beneath a soft to very soft cohesive overburden. Initial tests used a fixed geometry and were subjected to increasing self-weight by the "gravity turn-on" technique, while later tests utilized a dynamic material extraction process at constant acceleration levels. The mechanics of failure are described and a simple upper-bound analysis is found to predict the critical void size within acceptable limits for a range of the ratio of overburden depth to critical diameter from 0.5 to 1.5. Key words: cohesive overburden, stability, centrifuge, models, voids.

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Wang, Xiao-Wei, De-Guang Shang, Yu-Juan Sun, and Xiao-Dong Liu. "Algorithms for multiaxial cycle counting method and fatigue life prediction based on the weight function critical plane under random loading." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 28, no. 9 (February 18, 2019): 1367–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789519831051.

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Based on the critical plane determined by the weight function method, two algorithms for multiaxial cycle counting method are proposed by modifying the rainflow and range cycle counting methods. The proposed two algorithms can be applied to multiaxial random loading, and be suitable to any critical plane-based fatigue life prediction models, since the counted cycles or reversals are represented by the start time and end time. The proposed two algorithms are used to predict multiaxial fatigue life by the experimental data of 7075-T651 aluminum alloy, En15R steel and 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy conducted under multiaxial random loading in both high-cycle and low-cycle fatigue region. The life prediction results are in good agreement with the experimental data.

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Bayle, Dominique, Cécile Coudy-Gandilhon, Marine Gueugneau, Sara Castiglioni, Monica Zocchi, Magdalena Maj-Zurawska, Adriana Palinska-Saadi, André Mazur, Daniel Béchet, and Jeanette A. Maier. "Magnesium Deficiency Alters Expression of Genes Critical for Muscle Magnesium Homeostasis and Physiology in Mice." Nutrients 13, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 2169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13072169.

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Chronic Mg2+ deficiency is the underlying cause of a broad range of health dysfunctions. As 25% of body Mg2+ is located in the skeletal muscle, Mg2+ transport and homeostasis systems (MgTHs) in the muscle are critical for whole-body Mg2+ homeostasis. In the present study, we assessed whether Mg2+ deficiency alters muscle fiber characteristics and major pathways regulating muscle physiology. C57BL/6J mice received either a control, mildly, or severely Mg2+-deficient diet (0.1%; 0.01%; and 0.003% Mg2+ wt/wt, respectively) for 14 days. Mg2+ deficiency slightly decreased body weight gain and muscle Mg2+ concentrations but was not associated with detectable variations in gastrocnemius muscle weight, fiber morphometry, and capillarization. Nonetheless, muscles exhibited decreased expression of several MgTHs (MagT1, CNNM2, CNNM4, and TRPM6). Moreover, TaqMan low-density array (TLDA) analyses further revealed that, before the emergence of major muscle dysfunctions, even a mild Mg2+ deficiency was sufficient to alter the expression of genes critical for muscle physiology, including energy metabolism, muscle regeneration, proteostasis, mitochondrial dynamics, and excitation–contraction coupling.

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40

Phillips, Philip. "Mottness collapse and T -linear resistivity in cuprate superconductors." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1941 (April 28, 2011): 1574–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0004.

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Central to the normal state of cuprate high-temperature superconductors is the collapse of the pseudo-gap, briefly reviewed here, at a critical point and the subsequent onset of the strange metal characterized by a resistivity that scales linearly with temperature. A possible clue to the resolution of this problem is the inter-relation between two facts: (i) a robust theory of T -linear resistivity resulting from quantum criticality requires an additional length scale outside the standard one-parameter scaling scenario and (ii) breaking the Landau correspondence between the Fermi gas and an interacting system with short-range repulsions requires non-fermionic degrees. We show that a low-energy theory of the Hubbard model that correctly incorporates dynamical spectral weight transfer has the extra degrees of freedom needed to describe this physics. The degrees of freedom that mix into the lower band as a result of dynamical spectral weight transfer are shown to either decouple beyond a critical doping, thereby signalling Mottness collapse, or unbind above a critical temperature, yielding strange metal behaviour characterized by T -linear resistivity.

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Umamaheswaran S., Rajan John, Nagarajan S., Karthick Raghunath K. M., and Arvind K. S. "Predictive Assessment of Fetus Features Using Scanned Image Segmentation Techniques and Deep Learning Strategy." International Journal of e-Collaboration 18, no. 3 (May 1, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijec.307130.

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Fetus weight at various stages of pregnancy is a critical component in determining the health of the baby. Abnormalities arising early in the pregnancy may be prevented by preventive measures. A variety of techniques suggested to predict foetus weight. Computer vision is a capability that can estimate the weight of a baby based on ultra-sonograms taken at various stages of pregnancy. Using the scanned data, one may train an advanced convolutional neural network that helps in accurately forecasting the fetus's size, weight, and overall health. The research utilizes computer vision techniques with image clustering methods for preprocessing, to predict the foetus's health, training datasets defective foetus datasets and healthy foetus datasets. Developing an integrated computer vision and a deep neural network is the hour which decrease the cost of operations and manual processes This study estimate the fetus's weight with optimal accuracy range at varying gestation age.

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Feldpausch, Julie A., Jan Jourquin, Jon R. Bergstrom, Jason L. Bargen, Courtney D. Bokenkroger, Duane L. Davis, John M. Gonzalez, et al. "Birth weight threshold for identifying piglets at risk for preweaning mortality." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz076.

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Abstract Several studies have suggested there is a critical relationship between piglet birth weight and preweaning mortality. Thus, the objective of the current work was to identify a birth weight threshold value for preweaning mortality. Birth weight and survival data from two studies involving a combined total of 4,068 piglets from 394 litters on four commercial farms (three European, one U.S.) were compiled for a pooled, multistudy analysis. Overall preweaning mortality across the two studies was 12.2%. Key variables used in the analysis were piglet birth weight (measured within 24 h of birth) and corresponding survival outcome (dead or live) by weaning at 3–4 wk of age. A mixed effects logistic regression model was fit to estimate the relationship between preweaning mortality and birth weight. A random effect of study was included to account for overall differences in mortality between the two studies. A piecewise linear predictor was selected to best represent the drastic decrease in preweaning mortality found as birth weight increased in the range of 0.5–1.0 kg and the less extreme change in weight above 1.0 kg. The change point of the birth weight and preweaning mortality model was determined by comparing model fit based on maximizing the likelihood over the interval ranging from 0.5 to 2.3 kg birth weight. Results from the analysis showed a curvilinear relationship between birth weight and preweaning mortality where the birth weight change point value or threshold value was 1.11 kg. In the combined data set, 15.2% of pigs had birth weights ≤1.11 kg. This subpopulation of pigs had a 34.4% preweaning mortality rate and represented 43% of total preweaning mortalities. These findings imply interventions targeted at reducing the incidence of piglets with birth weights ≤1.11 kg have potential to improve piglet survivability. Additional research is needed to validate 1.11 kg as the birth weight threshold for increased risk of preweaning mortality.

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García-Peñas, Alberto, Chandra Sekhar Biswas, Weijun Liang, Yu Wang, Pianpian Yang, and Florian J. Stadler. "Effect of Hydrophobic Interactions on Lower Critical Solution Temperature for Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-dopamine Methacrylamide) Copolymers." Polymers 11, no. 6 (June 4, 2019): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11060991.

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For the preparation of thermoresponsive copolymers, for e.g., tissue engineering scaffolds or drug carriers, a precise control of the synthesis parameters to set the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) is required. However, the correlations between molecular parameters and LCST are partially unknown and, furthermore, LCST is defined as an exact temperature, which oversimplifies the real situation. Here, random N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM)/dopamine methacrylamide (DMA) copolymers were prepared under a systematical variation of molecular weight and comonomer amount and their LCST in water studied by calorimetry, turbidimetry, and rheology. Structural information was deduced from observed transitions clarifying the contributions of molecular weight, comonomer content, end-group effect or polymerization degree on LCST, which were then statistically modeled. This proved that the LCST can be predicted through molecular structure and conditions of the solutions. While the hydrophobic DMA lowers the LCST especially the onset, polymerization degree has an important but smaller influence over all the whole LCST range.

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Brand, J. D., C. Tang, and A. J. Rathjen. "Adaptation of Lupinus angustifolius L. and L. pilosus Murr. to calcareous soils." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 6 (1999): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar98177.

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Current varieties of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupin angustifolius L.) are poorly adapted to alkaline and calcareous soils found commonly throughout the south-estern Australian cropping zone. Apot experiment compared the growth of Lupinus angustifolius cv. Gungurru with L. pilosus P20954 in a range of soils collected throughout South Australia. The soils displayed a range of texture (clay, 3–82%), pH (1:5 soil:H2O, 7·0–9·6), and calcium carbonate content (CaCO3, 0–47%). Potting mix (pH 5·8) was used as the control. The plants were grown for 7 weeks with weekly measurements of chlorosis score and leaf number. At harvest, dry weights were recorded and the youngest fully expanded leaves were analysed for nutrient concentrations. The line P20954 grew much better in all the soils than Gungurru in terms of plant dry weight relative to the control soil, this being particularly evident in the calcareous soils. Chlorosis score correlated highly with shoot dry weight for Gungurru, but not for P20954. The main soil factor contributing to the chlorosis score of Gungurru was CaCO3 content, whereas none of the soil factors significantly affected P20954, although in Weeks 2 and 3 chlorosis score correlated with CaCO3 content. The dry weight of Gungurru was affected by a combination of factors including clay content, pH, and CaCO3 content, whereas the dry weight of P20954 was affected by most of the soil factors measured. The dry weight of P20954 was positively correlated with aluminium and magnesium concentrations. Concentrations of all nutrients were above critical levels for both genotypes grown in all soils. The results indicate that L. pilosus has the potential to be grown in areas where current varieties of L. angustifolius are poorly adapted.

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Rees, D. J. "Crop Growth, Development and Yield in Semi-arid Conditions in Botswana. I. The Effects of Population Density and Row Spacing on Sorghum Bicolor." Experimental Agriculture 22, no. 2 (April 1986): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447970001423x.

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SUMMARYA series of population density and row spacing trials were carried out with sorghum in conditions of increasingly severe water stress from 1980 to 1984. In conditions of reasonable water availability, increasing density resulted in increased leaf area indices, dry weight production and grain yields. In conditions of severely limiting water availability, increasing density resulted in developmental delays, density-dependent mortality and reduced plant dry weights, with little increase in dry weight production per hectare. In these conditions grain yields were reduced by increasing density. The proportion of dry weight allocated to grain declined with increasing density and decreasing plant size, a consequence of the requirement for a minimum plant size to support grain production. When plant size was reduced below a critical range, disproportionately large reductions in grain yield resulted.Optimum densities for grain production varied from below 10 000 plants ha−1 in dry conditions to over 120 000 plants ha−1 in moist conditions. Medium density treatments produced the largest grain yields on a long term basis, but the low density treatment showed a reduced risk of crop failure and greater yield stability.

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Welbourne, Dustin J., Christopher MacGregor, David Paull, and David B. Lindenmayer. "The effectiveness and cost of camera traps for surveying small reptiles and critical weight range mammals: a comparison with labour-intensive complementary methods." Wildlife Research 42, no. 5 (2015): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15054.

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Context Biodiversity studies often require wildlife researchers to survey multiple species across taxonomic classes. To detect terrestrial squamate and mammal species, often multiple labour-intensive survey techniques are required. Camera traps appear to be more effective and cost-efficient than labour-intensive methods for detecting some mammal species. Recent developments have seen camera traps used for detecting terrestrial squamates. However, the performance of camera traps to survey terrestrial squamate and mammal species simultaneously has not been evaluated. Aim We compared the effectiveness and financial cost of a camera trapping method capable of detecting small squamates and mammals with a set of labour-intensive complementary methods, which have been used in a long-term monitoring program. Methods We compared two survey protocols: one employed labour-intensive complementary methods consisting of cage traps, Elliott traps and artificial refuges; the second utilised camera traps. Comparisons were made of the total number of species detected, species detectability, and cost of executing each type of survey. Key results Camera traps detected significantly more target species per transect than the complementary methods used. Although camera traps detected more species of reptile per transect, the difference was not significant. For the initial survey, camera traps were more expensive than the complementary methods employed, but for realistic cost scenarios camera traps were less expensive in the long term. Conclusions Camera traps are more effective and less expensive than the complementary methods used for acquiring incidence data on terrestrial squamate and mammal species. Implications The camera trapping method presented does not require customised equipment; thus, wildlife managers can use existing camera trapping equipment to detect cryptic mammal and squamate species simultaneously.

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Zhu, Yeyi, Ladia M. Hernandez, Yongquan Dong, John H. Himes, Laura E. Caulfield, Jean M. Kerver, Lenore Arab, Paula Voss, Steven Hirschfeld, and Michele R. Forman. "Weight estimation among multi-racial/ethnic infants and children aged 0–5·9 years in the USA: simple tools for a critical measure." Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 1 (October 18, 2018): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018002549.

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AbstractObjectiveIn resource-constrained facilities or during resuscitation, immediate paediatric weight estimation remains a fundamental challenge. We aimed to develop and validate weight estimation models based on ulna length and forearm width and circumference measured by simple and portable tools; and to compare them against previous methods (advanced paediatric life support (APLS), Theron and Traub–Johnson formulas).DesignCross-sectional analysis of anthropometric measurements. Four ulna- and forearm-based weight estimation models were developed in the training set (n 1016). Assessment of bias, precision and accuracy was examined in the validation set (n 457).SettingNational Children’s Study-Formative Research in Anthropometry (2011–2012).SubjectsMulti-racial/ethnic infants and children aged <6 years (n 1473).ResultsDeveloped Models 1–4 had high predictive precision (R2=0·91–0·97). Mean percentage errors between predicted and measured weight were significantly smaller across the developed models (0·1–0·7 %) v. the APLS, Theron and Traub–Johnson formulas (−1·7, 9·2 and −4·9 %, respectively). Root-mean-squared percentage error was overall smaller among Models 1–4 v. the three existing methods (range=7·5–8·7 v. 9·8–13·3 %). Further, Models 1–4 were within 10 and 20 % of actual weight in 72–87 and 95–99 % of the weight estimations, respectively, which outperformed any of the three existing methods.ConclusionsUlna length, forearm width and forearm circumference by simple and portable tools could serve as valid and reliable surrogate measures of weight among infants and children aged <6 years with improved precision over the existing age- or length-based methods. Further validation of these models in physically impaired or non-ambulatory children is warranted.

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Sandberg, Fredrik B., Gerry C. Emmans, and Ilias Kyriazakis. "Partitioning of limiting protein and energy in the growing pig: description of the problem, possible rules and their qualitative evaluation." British Journal of Nutrition 93, no. 2 (February 2005): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041321.

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A core part of any animal growth model is how it predicts the partitioning of dietary protein and energy to protein and lipid retention for different genotypes at different degrees of maturity. Rules of partitioning need to be combined with protein and energy systems to make predictions. The animal needs describing in relation to its genotype, live weight and, possibly, body composition. Some existing partitioning rules will apply over rather narrow ranges of food composition, animal and environment. Ideally, a rule would apply over the whole of the possible experimental space (scope). The live weight range over which it will apply should at least extend beyond the ‘slaughter weight range’, and ideally would include the period from the start of feeding through to maturity. Solutions proposed in the literature to the partitioning problem are described in detail and criticised in relation to their scope, generality and economy of parameters. They all raise the issue, at least implicitly, of the factors that affect the net marginal efficiency of using absorbed dietary protein for protein retention. This is identified as the crucial problem to solve. A problem identified as important is whether the effects of animal and food composition variables are independent of each other or not. Of the rules in the literature, several could be rejected on qualitative grounds. Those rules that survived were taken forward for further critical and quantitative analysis in the companion paper. (Sandberget al.2005)

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Walters, T. J., K. L. Ryan, L. M. Tate, and P. A. Mason. "Exercise in the heat is limited by a critical internal temperature." Journal of Applied Physiology 89, no. 2 (August 1, 2000): 799–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.2.799.

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We examined whether fatigue during exertional heat stress occurred at a critical internal temperature independent of the initial temperature at the start of exercise. Microwaves (2.1 GHz; 100 mW/cm2) were used to rapidly (3–8 min) heat rats before treadmill exercise to exhaustion. In a repeated-measures design, food-restricted male Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 11) were preheated to three levels (low, medium, and high). In addition, two sham exposures, Sham 1 and Sham 2, were administered at the beginning and end of the study, respectively. At the initiation of exercise, hypothalamic (Thyp) and rectal (Trec) temperatures ranged from 39.0°C to 42.8°C (Thyp) and 42.1°C (Trec). The treadmill speed was 17 m/min (8° grade), and the ambient temperature during exercise was 35°C. Each treatment was separated by 3 wk. Run time to exhaustion was significantly reduced after preheating. There was a significant negative correlation between run time and initial Thyp and Trec ( r = 0.73 and 0.74, respectively). The temperatures at exhaustion were not significantly different across treatments, with a range of 41.9–42.2°C (Thyp) and 42.2–42.5°C (Trec). There were no significant differences in run time in the sham runs administered at the start and end of the investigation. No rats died as a result of exposure to any of the treatments, and body weight the day after each treatment was unaffected. These results support the concept that a critical temperature exists that limits exercise in the heat.

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Suprayogo, D., A. L. Hakim, B. R. Fadillah, I. K. Prajnaparamita, I. A. Kusumawati, C. Prayogo, R. L. Rowe, and N. P. McNamara. "Litter layer and earthworms as an indicator of coffee production in the coffee and pine based agroforestry system." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 950, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/950/1/012036.

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Abstract Critical support for successful coffee-based agroforestry production is the amount of litter input and the activity of macro-organisms. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between the amount of litter on the soil surface, the population of earthworms, and the growth and production of coffee. The research was conducted between June 2019 and March 2020 at the Universitas Brawijaya Forest, East Java, Indonesia. For the coffee plants, a proportional random sampling method was used to capture the range of plant sizes within the study location. The range of diameters at breast height (DBH) recorded were divided into ten decils and four replicates within each decil. For each plant, DBH was transformed into tree biomass and fresh coffee bean weight was also measured. Litter weight and depth were measured using a 50 x 50 cm quadrat frame. A sampling of earthworms used the TSBF monolith method. There was a positive relationship between litter thickness, litter weight, the number of earthworms, and earthworm biomass against the dry weight coffee bean, while the four variables have no significant relationship with coffee tree biomass. We concluded that litter layer and earthworm biomass can be used as a simple indicator of coffee production.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Critical weight range'

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