Academic literature on the topic 'Critical weight range'
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Journal articles on the topic "Critical weight range"
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Murphy, Brett P., and Hugh F. Davies. "There is a critical weight range for Australia's declining tropical mammals." Global Ecology and Biogeography 23, no. 9 (April 20, 2014): 1058–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12173.
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CHISHOLM, RYAN, and ROBERT TAYLOR. "Null-Hypothesis Significance Testing and the Critical Weight Range for Australian Mammals." Conservation Biology 21, no. 6 (December 18, 2007): 1641–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00815.x.
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JOHNSON, CHRISTOPHER N., and JOANNE L. ISAAC. "Body mass and extinction risk in Australian marsupials: The ‘Critical Weight Range’ revisited." Austral Ecology 34, no. 1 (February 2009): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01878.x.
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Berg, Robert A., Ronald Hilwig, Karl Kern, Marc Berg, and Gordon Ewy. "PIGLET BIPHASIC DEFIBRILLATION WITH THE SAME DOSAGE OVER A WIDE WEIGHT RANGE IS AS SAFE AS MONOPHASIC WEIGHT-BASED DOSING." Critical Care Medicine 30, Supplement (December 2002): A3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200212001-00010.
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Russell, Benjamin, and Peter Banks. "Responses of four Critical Weight Range (CWR) marsupials to the odours of native and introduced predators." Australian Zoologist 33, no. 2 (December 2005): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2005.018.
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Ottewell, Kym, Georgina Pitt, Blair Pellegrino, Ricky Van Dongen, Janine Kinloch, Nicole Willers, and Margaret Byrne. "Remnant vegetation provides genetic connectivity for a critical weight range mammal in a rapidly urbanising landscape." Landscape and Urban Planning 190 (October 2019): 103587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103587.
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Ha, Seung-Yeal, Dongnam Ko, and Yinglong Zhang. "Critical coupling strength of the Cucker–Smale model for flocking." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 27, no. 06 (April 11, 2017): 1051–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202517400097.
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We present a non-trivial positive lower bound for the critical coupling strength of the Cucker–Smale model with a short-range communication weight from the viewpoint of mono-cluster (global) flocking. For a long-range communication weight, it is well known [F. Cucker and S. Smale, Emergent behavior in flocks, IEEE Trans. Automat. Control 52 (2007) 852–862; S.-Y. Ha and J.-G. Liu, A proof of Cucker–Smale flocking dynamics and mean field limit, Commun. Math. Sci. 7 (2009) 297–325] that as long as the coupling strength is positive, mono-cluster flocking occurs asymptotically for any initial configuration. Hence, the critical coupling strength is simply zero. However, for a short-range communication weight, numerical simulations indicate that for a given initial configuration, mono-cluster flocking is possible only in a large-coupling-strength regime depending on the initial configuration. This suggests the positivity of the critical coupling strength in the sense that if the coupling strength is above the critical value, mono-cluster flocking emerges, whereas if it is below the critical value, mono-cluster flocking does not occur. Thus, it is interesting to determine the exact critical value for the coupling strength depending on the initial configuration or at least to estimate the possible range of the coupling strength. In this paper, we show that the critical coupling strength exists and is positive by providing a positive lower bound. We also present the results of several numerical simulations for the upper and lower bounds of the critical coupling strength depending on the initial configurations, and we compare them with analytical results.
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Ruhl, Oliver, Gerhard Luft, Patrick Brant, and John Richard Shutt. "Phase Behaviour of the System Propene/Polypropene at High Pressure." Journal of Thermodynamics 2011 (November 2, 2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/282354.
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The phase behaviour of mixtures of supercritical propene and a number of polypropenes, which have a similar density but significantly different molecular weights and tacticities, was investigated in a broad range of polymer weight fractions and temperatures at high pressures. The cloud-point pressures were measured optically, using a view cell which was equipped with two windows made of synthetic sapphire and a metal bellows to accurately adjust the pressure. The cloud-point pressures were found in the range from 29 to 37 MPa decreasing with increasing polymer weight fraction and increasing with increasing temperature and polymer molecular weight. The critical weight fraction was found below 2 to 6 wt.-%. Whereas the cloud-point pressures of atactic and syndiotactic samples were high and very similar, the isotactic species exhibit distinctly lower values. The results, extrapolated to lower temperatures, show good agreement with the literature data.
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Salib, Emad, and George Tadros. "Brain weight in suicide." British Journal of Psychiatry 177, no. 3 (September 2000): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.177.3.257.
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BackgroundThere is little available literature on the effect of suicide methods on brain weight.AimsTo explore variations in postmortem brain weight in different methods of fatal self-harm (FSH) and in deaths from natural causes.MethodA review of a sample of coroners' records of elderly persons (60 and above). Verdicts of suicide, misadventure and open verdicts were classified as FSH. Post-mortem brain weight for 142 FSH victims and 150 victims of unexpected, sudden or unexplained death due to natural causes, and from various methods of FSH, were compared.ResultsBrain weight of victims of FSH was significantly higher than of those who died of natural causes (P<0.01); brain weights in both groups were within the normal range for this age group. There was no significant difference in brain weight between different methods of FSH (P>0.05).ConclusionsThe findings require critical examination and further research, to include data from younger age groups. A regional or national suicide neuropathological database could be set up if all victims of FSH underwent routine neurohistochemical post-mortem examination.
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D. Penman, Trent, and Christopher P. Slade. "Is there value in reviewing distribution models? A case study using critical weight range mammals in southeastern Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 13, no. 4 (2007): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc070227.
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Models predicting species distributions have become a common tool for wildlife management. These models were used extensively in the development of regional forest agreements (RFAs) throughout Australia. Each RFA is reviewed after it has been active for five years and one component may be to review the distribution models. Over this time there has been an increase in the number of records for many species and improvements in statistical modelling techniques. Here we prepare updated distributional models for three critical weight range mammals in the Eden Management Region in southeastern New South Wales. These models are then used to examine the value of updating models for selected species during the RFA review process. All revised models predicted greater areas of habitat as suitable, largely due to the greater number of known localities. The relative value of many sites changed, thus highlighting areas which require further or more intensive survey work. This study suggests that there is value in preparing models for some species during the RFA review process. For many species updating models can also be valuable in the development of specific research objectives or species recovery planning.
Books on the topic "Critical weight range"
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Wilson, John W., and Lynn L. Estes. Vancomycin Adult Dosing and Monitoring. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199797783.003.0017.
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(Note: Several vancomycin dosing and monitoring protocols exist; this is the one used at Mayo Clinic.)•Loading dose: Consider 20–30 mg/kg, especially in critically ill patients with serious infections such as meningitis, health care–associated pneumonia, or endocarditis.•Maintenance dose: Give 15–20 mg/kg based on actual body weight for most patients (20 mg/kg is reasonable when aiming for a trough range of 15–20 mcg/mL). Adjust based on serum levels. See also the following sections on hemodialysis and continuous renal replacement therapy....
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Lazzarini, Isabella, ed. The Later Middle Ages. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198731641.001.0001.
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Of all the sub-periods in which European medieval history has been divided over time, the later middle ages is possibly the one on which the burden of past and current grand narratives weighs the most. Its chronological and geopolitical boundaries are in fact shaped by a heavy narrative of decline or transition, and consequently this period is often interpreted through the lenses of previous or following developments, becoming in turn the tail-end of the ‘feudal’, ‘communal’, ‘imperial versus papal’ era or the announcement of modernity. There is therefore an urgent need to revise and rewrite the story of the later Middle Ages, and in order to do so, to forge new critical and technical vocabularies not derived from the study of other periods. By adopting a conscious approach towards temporal and spatial variety, and by breaking the traditional and unitary narrative of decline and transition into one of many changes and continuities, this book charts the principal developments of late medieval Europe while opening up to different political cultures and societies, throwing new light on older concepts, and revealing analogies and differences with other geopolitical contexts. Including maps, illustrations, a detailed chronology and a rich range of reading suggestions, this book aims at providing a first introduction to a very complex, dynamic, and fascinating period for Europe and beyond.
Book chapters on the topic "Critical weight range"
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D’Errico, Fabrizio, Martin Tauber, and Michael Just. "Magnesium Alloys for Sustainable Weight-Saving Approach: A Brief Market Overview, New Trends, and Perspectives." In Current Trends in Magnesium (Mg) Research [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102777.
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In the transportation sector, weight-saving strategies emphasize greenhouse gas reductions by improving fuel efficiency. Furthermore, it is a fact that consumers appreciate less-consuming vehicles. Lighter battery electric vehicles (BEV) mean higher travel distance covered with the same battery charge. Still, the fuel range of BEV is today not a secondary issue for choosing an e-vehicle as a unique family vehicle. Weight-saving strategies are also a priority for hydrogen gas-fuelled vehicles. Until hydrogen fuel for the transport sector is not produced at affordable costs in fully renewable pathways, increased fuel efficiency is critical for the product appeal. Magnesium is an environmentally compatible and biodegradable material with a similar density to structural plastics. On the contrary, plastics are responsible for nonbiodegradable microplastics in deep-marine environments when not recycled or correctly treated at their end of life. Due to the costly usage of lightweight materials, priority is given to activities to reduce costs by developing new materials and increasing the affordability of manufacturing costs. In this chapter, magnesium is presented from much perspective point of view: we will base it on comprehension of the past, considering the present, but with some ambition to propel hearts over today’s obstacles.
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Becker, Richard C., and Frederick A. Spencer. "Thrombin-Directed Therapy." In Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195155648.003.0020.
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Anticoagulant therapy in general is designed to prevent either the generation or activity of thrombin; however, a cell-based model of coagulation provides a physiologic view of individual phases of the process, allowing more specific targets for attenuating the initiation, priming, or propagation of thrombus formation. Future categorization schemes will consider individual coagulation factors, individual sites on a given coagulation factor, and specific phases of coagulation to better identify an agent’s biochemical and physiologic activity. Unfractionated heparin (UFH) is a heterogeneous, negatively charged mucopolysaccharide consisting of approximately 18 to 50 saccharide units (molecular weight 5000–30,000 Da). Antithrombin (AT), required for the interaction (and subsequent neutralization) of UFH with thrombin and coagulation proteases including factors Xa, IXa, XIa, and XIIa, is bound by one third of administered drug (only molecules containing the critical pentasaccharide sequence can bind AT). Following IV administration, UFH binds to a variety of plasma proteins, endothelial cells, and macrophages, explaining, in part, the wide variability in anticoagulant effects for a given dose. It is cleared from the circulation through both a rapid saturable mechanism and a slower first-order mechanism. As a result, there is a dose-dependent half-life ranging from 60 minutes after a dose of 100 U/kg to 180 minutes for a dose of 400 U/kg (Beguin et al., 1988; Lam et al., 1976). Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and hemorrhage are the most feared complications of UFH administration (see Chapter 29). Other adverse effects include osteopenia (with long-term administration). Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is prepared by the depolymerization of porcine UFH. A variety of processes are used, giving distinctive products whose molecular weights range from 4,000 to 6,500 Da (Hirsh and Levine, 1992). Like UFH, approximately one third of LMWH polysaccharide chains contain the pentasaccharide binding site for antithrombin. The LMWH–antithrombin complex (consisting of a predominance of shorter chain polysaccharides) has relatively weak antithrombin activity but retains the ability to inactivate factor Xa. The ratio of anti-Xa activity to anti-IIa (antithrombin) activity varies from 2:1 to 4:1. Similar to UFH, LMWH is not able to inhibit thrombin bound to fibrin (Weitz, 1997).
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"Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations." In Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations, edited by David A. Beauchamp. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874110.ch5.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—Size-selective mortality is a dominant variable regulating the dynamics of salmon populations. Body size, growth rate, and energy state during one life stage influence survival during that and subsequent life stages. Therefore, simultaneously examining allometric processes, foraging, and thermal constraints on growth within and among life stages can provide a powerful analytical framework for identifying critical periods and sizes during the life cycle of salmon, and for understanding the processes that contribute to the specific ecological bottlenecks confronting different species or stocks of salmon. A bioenergetics model was used to simulate generalized growth responses to a factorial combination of body size, daily feeding rate, and prey energy density over a continuous range of temperatures (0–24oC). The results of these simulations indicated that: 1) smaller salmon benefit from higher potential scope for growth or activity than larger salmon, based on the different allometric relationships for maximum consumption, metabolism, and waste; 2) optimal temperatures for growth decline with increasing body size; 3) optimal temperatures for growth also decline as daily rations decline; 4) thermal tolerances (temperature thresholds beyond which weight loss will occur) also shift to cooler temperatures for larger salmon and when ration sizes decline; 5) increasing the composite energy density of the diet can increase both optimal growth temperature, and thermal tolerance, especially at larger body sizes; 6) after spawners enter freshwater, the amount of energy and days available to migrate, and successfully spawn at a given upstream location was very sensitive to ambient river temperature, and the swimming speed required to reach the spawning grounds. When placed in the context of climate variability, seasonal shifts in temperature, and food availability, these simulations suggest that growth will be more frequently limited by feeding rate (prey availability) and prey quality than by temperature, especially for smaller, younger life stages. Larger salmon should be more sensitive to temperature change, but reductions in optimal growth temperature and thermal tolerance would be magnified for all life stages, if either feeding rate or prey quality were to be reduced. Given intense size-selective mortality during one or more early life stages, this simulation framework could be adopted to identify the key factors limiting growth to critical sizes during critical periods in the life cycle of specific salmon stocks.
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Graf, William L. "Fluvial Sediment, Forms, and Processes." In Plutonium and the Rio Grande. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195089332.003.0009.
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Although there are numerous aspects of sediment that might be considered in conjunction with questions related to plutonium transport and storage in rivers, particle size is the critical characteristic. Information on the size distribution of particles in sedimentary deposits connects plutonium, sediment, and river processes. An explanation of the geography of plutonium in the regional river system requires knowledge of particle sizes, the distribution of those particle sizes, and their potential mobility in the regional canyons, rivers, and reservoirs. Some general data concerning the size characteristics of fluvial sediment in the Rio Grande system are available from published sources for a few locations, particularly Los Alamos Canyon. Recent, previously unpublished field and laboratory investigations provide additional detailed information for the changing sedimentary environments associated with the river system. This chapter reviews the characteristics of river sediments in the Northern Rio Grande and presents a regional sediment budget from historical and geographical perspectives. Almost 200 sediment samples from deposits of various ages near the channels of the Rio Grande and tributaries demonstrate the variability of the sediment particle sizes. The analysis had three parts: sample collection, sieving, and electronic particle analysis. In the sample-collection phase, collection sites represented identifiable sedimentary units or channel deposits. Each collection site yielded three samples to indicate local variability. Penetration of the surfaces to depths of 5 to 90 cm with a standard cylindrical soil probe provided masses of about 120 g each for laboratory analysis. Investigators kept only the split of the sample that included those particles with diameters of less than 2 mm (that is, sand size or smaller). Laboratory procedures included sieving and electronic counting. Sieving divided each sample into masses consisting of those particles larger than 63 microns in diameter (the sand fraction) and those smaller than 63 microns (the silt and clay fraction). The weight of each fraction provided a standarized means of comparing the samples for this study and the results reported by other researchers. Analysis of the silt and clay fraction using a Coulter electronic particle analysis system permitted a detailed investigation of the frequency distribution of the particles in this restricted range.
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Abel, Kathryn M. "Pregnancy prescribing of psychotropic drugs: Keeping pace in a contemporary landscape." In Perinatal Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199676859.003.0009.
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Pregnant women and their fetuses are more likely than ever to be exposed to antipsychotic medications; perhaps to the newer agents in particular. Drugs like clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine are increasingly used in women of reproductive age for a range of psychiatric and behavioural disorders other than schizophrenia (Buchanan et al. 2009). Reproductive safety data remain surprisingly incomplete and guideline recommendations lend limited support to clinical risk-benefit analyses (Howard 2005; McKenna et al. 2005; NICE 2007). This is a problem not least because the gold standard randomized controlled trial is considered unethical for assessing psychotropic medication use during pregnancy, while other available observational studies are generally underpowered, with biased samples and therefore remain unfit for purpose in a rapidly changing prescribing landscape (NICE 2007). In a UK population approaching 66 million, –3,000–4,000 births per year may be exposed to antipsychotics or other psychotropic medications. This chapter provides a critical summary of current knowledge about potential risks of fetal antipsychotic and antiepileptic drug exposure and proposes how future observational studies might fill crucial gaps in the evidence. Most incident cases of severe mental illness (schizophrenia, related disorders, and bipolar disorder) occur during the reproductive years and most are treated with continuous psychotropic pharmacotherapy (Buchanan et al. 2009). Better care, deinstitutionalization and the use of newer agents with fewer effects on fertility means that women with psychotic disorders maybe increasingly likely to become pregnant (Howard 2005; NICE 2007), while the use of newer ‘atypical’ antipsychotics for other mental disorders common among women of childbearing age is also expanding (McKenna et al. 2005). For these reasons, psychotropic medications is increasingly likely to be prescribed to mothers during pregnancy (Newport et al. 2007). It is surprising then that reproductive safety data for psychotropic agents remains so incomplete (Barnes 2008; Webb et al. 2004) and guideline recommendations lend limited support to women, their partners and their treating clinicians in difficult clinical risk-benefit analyses (NICE 2007). Recent reports conclude that prospective studies are needed which can access unbiased, reliable (large enough) samples of ill mothers exposed to psychotropic medication and take account of key maternal characteristics (e.g. psychiatric diagnosis, smoking, pregnancy weight) in the estimation of risk (Barnes 2008; NICE 2007).
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Ayton, Agnes. "Eating disorders." In Oxford Textbook of Inpatient Psychiatry, edited by Alvaro Barrera, Caroline Attard, and Rob Chaplin, 313–22. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198794257.003.0036.
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There is increasing demand for inpatient treatment of severe eating disorders, both in the UK and internationally. However, hospital treatment of severe eating disorders remains controversial, mainly because of poor long-term outcomes. This chapter provides a highly relevant and clinically focused review of the complex issues involved in inpatient care of people with severe eating disorders. The main guidelines and evidence base are critically reviewed from the point of view of a real-life clinical practice dealing with people with very low body mass indexes. Evidence, or lack of it, for a range of interventions is outlined, including artificial feeding and compulsory treatment. Practical issues regarding management of weight, physical morbidity, and psychological interventions are discussed.
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Hiruta, Kei. "Islands of Freedom." In Hannah Arendt and Isaiah Berlin, 161–98. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691182261.003.0006.
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This chapter explores Hannah Arendt's and Isaiah Berlin's middle and late works to tease out their competing visions of an ideal polity. It weighs their rival perspectives on a range of real-world politics and societies, including Britain's liberal present and its imperial past, the United States in the turbulent 1960s and Central and East European resistance to Soviet domination. The chapter first explicates Berlin's idealised representation of twentieth-century England/Britain as a model liberal society, followed by an analysis of his somewhat apologetic commentary on the country's imperialist past, compared to Arendt's highly critical commentary on it. It then turns to Arendt's idealised representation of the United States as a quintessentially modern, free republic, followed by an examination of her optimistic commentary on the country's turbulent late 1960s, compared to Berlin's highly pessimistic commentary on it. The chapter demonstrates an event of historic importance that could have created an ‘island of freedom’ in the midst of the totalitarian world: the Hungarian uprising against Soviet domination in 1956.
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Meglin, Joellen A. "America’s First Feminist Ballet." In Ruth Page, 179–204. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190205164.003.0008.
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With its implicit critique of women’s lack of meaningful options in society, An American Pattern (1937) was very likely the first feminist ballet to be created in the United States. Its introspective tone of a woman’s self-examination and ultimate complicity in the co-optation of her own freedom pointed to something new and original in the ballet. Moreover, its panorama of class society and critique of middle-class women’s submission to the status quo caught the tenor of the times. American Pattern was another highly collaborative project, with Nicolas Remisoff co-authoring the scenario and designing the costumes, Jerome Moross composing the music score, and Bentley Stone making significant contributions to the choreography. Indeed, the different class perspectives embedded within the ballet proceeded quite logically from Page’s collaborative, atelier practice of ballet making, and the consequence was a drama that resonated with verisimilitude. Chicago critics dubbed it a “sociological ballet” and praised its “scenes of class struggle.” The tangible sense of weight, expanded dynamic range, and stark spatial tensions communicated a definite sense of mobilized bodies and mass movements—“isms” on the march. While leftist, agitprop dance was common, at least in modern dance circles in New York throughout the 1930s, in few, if any, such works did a feminist perspective take precedence over a proletarian one, as it did in this ballet. Ultimately, for the collaborators, mechanistic middle-class conformity and demagoguery designed to inflame a working-class mob were two sides of the same coin; both led to unthinking anonymity, cardboard-cutout mentality.
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van den Dool, Huug. "Degrees of Freedom." In Empirical Methods in Short-Term Climate Prediction. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199202782.003.0013.
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How many degrees of freedom are evident in a physical process represented by f(s, t)? In some form questions about “degrees of freedom” (d.o.f.) are common in mathematics, physics, statistics, and geophysics. This would mean, for instance, in how many independent directions a weight suspended from the ceiling could move. Dofs are important for three reasons that will become apparent in the remaining chapters. First, dofs are critically important in understanding why natural analogues can (or cannot) be applied as a forecast method in a particular problem (Chapter 7). Secondly, understanding dofs leads to ideas about truncating data sets efficiently, which is very important for just about any empirical prediction method (Chapters 7 and 8). Lastly, the number of dofs retained is one aspect that has a bearing on how nonlinear prediction methods can be (Chapter 10). In view of Chapter 5 one might think that the total number of orthogonal directions required to reproduce a data set is the dof. However, this is impractical as the dimension would increase (to infinity) with ever denser and slightly imperfect observations. Rather we need a measure that takes into account the amount of variance represented by each orthogonal direction, because some directions are more important than others. This allows truncation in EOF space without lowering the “effective” dof very much. We here think schematically of the total atmospheric or oceanic variance about the mean state as being made up by N equal additive variance processes. N can be thought of as the dimension of a phase space in which the atmospheric state at one moment in time is a point. This point moves around over time in the N-dimensional phase space. The climatology is the origin of the phase space. The trajectory of a sequence of atmospheric states is thus a complicated Lissajous figure in N dimensions, where, importantly, the range of the excursions in each of the N dimensions is the same in the long run. The phase space is a hypersphere with an equal probability radius in all N directions.
Conference papers on the topic "Critical weight range"
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Baquet, Aldric, Joe Zhou, Lixin Xu, and Yong Chen. "Evaluation of Spar In-Field Performances for Topsides Payload Increase and Operational Changes." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41461.
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In the initial design stage of an offshore platform, some conservative assumptions might be used for the platform hull and Topsides weights, wind area and Metocean criteria of environments. After the platform is installed, actual results from weight surveys and real-time snapshots of the as-built operating platform typically provide more accurate information for the purpose of assessing real operational conditions and future changes of these conditions. For example, in field operations, it is particularly useful to quantify how much weight can be added to the as-built operating facility, while assuring that the platform still meets the overall design criteria and regulatory requirements. This paper presents an effective method for evaluation of an in-field operating Spar platform, to determine the maximum allowable envelops for topsides weight change verse the topsides VCG, based on the Spar global performances and riser operating limits. The case study is performed for a Spar in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), based on the Spar as-built data and actual in-field configurations of hull/mooring and risers, and using the updated Metocean criteria (after the Hurricane Katrina in the GOM). The analysis results of the allowable topsides weight change and topsides VCG limits, accounting for the Spar in operating, extreme and survival conditions, are based on three governing factors: (1) the Spar motions meet the original design criteria for global performances, and are within the safety range of riser operations; (2) the maximum loads at critical connections between the Spar hard tank and the topsides structures are within the design loads; and (3) the reserve variable ballast is sufficient to balance the Spar at an even keel position at the design draft for all required operating conditions.
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Xu, Meng, Georges Fadel, and Margaret M. Wiecek. "Dual Residual in Augmented Lagrangian Coordination for Decomposition-Based Optimization." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35103.
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As system design problems increase in complexity, researchers seek approaches to optimize such problems by coordinating the optimizations of decomposed sub-problems. Many methods for optimization by decomposition have been proposed in the literature among which, the Augmented Lagrangian Coordination (ALC) method has drawn much attention due to its efficiency and flexibility. The ALC method involves a quadratic penalty term, and the initial setting and update strategy of the penalty weight are critical to the performance of the ALC. The weight in the traditional weight update strategy always increases and previous research shows that an inappropriate initial value of the penalty weight may cause the method not to converge to optimal solutions. Inspired by the research on Augmented Lagrangian Relaxation in the convex optimization area, a new weight update strategy in which the weight can either increase or decrease is introduced into engineering optimization. The derivation of the primal and dual residuals for optimization by decomposition is conducted as a first step. It shows that the traditional weight update strategy only considers the primal residual, which may result in a duality gap and cause a relatively big solution error. A new weight update strategy considering both the primal and dual residuals is developed which drives the dual residual to zero in the optimization process, thus guaranteeing the solution accuracy of the decomposed problem. Finally, the developed strategy is applied to both mathematical and engineering test problems and the results show significant improvements in solution accuracy. Additionally, the proposed approach makes the ALC method more robust since it allows the coordination to converge with an initial weight selected from a much wider range of possible values while the selection of initial weight is a big concern in the traditional weight update strategy.
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Ji, Yupeng, Dalei Wang, Jiucai Liu, and Yue Pan. "A novel portable vision-based bridge weigh in motion method." In IABSE Congress, Nanjing 2022: Bridges and Structures: Connection, Integration and Harmonisation. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/nanjing.2022.1288.
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<p>Accurate vehicle load information is critical for bridge maintenance. On the one hand, traditional weigh-in-motion (WIM) and bridge weigh-in-motion (BWIM) have certain limitations due to their high cost and complicated installation. On the other hand, targetless contactless bridge weigh-in- motion(CBWIM) is easy to install, but due to the lack of marker points and low image quality, resulting in poor recognition accuracy, it cannot be widely promoted. In this paper, we propose a novel portable vision-based bridge weigh-in-motion method(PBWIM). First, a high-precision image encoding system and illumination-invariant infrared target device were developed, which were installed at the bottom of the beam. Then, the target tracking algorithm based on improved geometric matching automatically identifies the target point image and calculates the actual displacement to obtain the deflection time-history curve. Finally, the accurate vehicle weight is calculated by solving the Tikhonov regularized error equation. After field tests, the results show that the method proposed in this paper has a greater efficiency than the CBWIM algorithm, and can basically achieve the recognition accuracy of the traditional BWIM, and the cost is low, which has a wide range of application and promotion significance.</p>
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Kobir, Md Humaun, Xin Liu, Yiran Yang, and Fang Jiang. "Additive Manufacturing of Novel Beam Lattice Metamaterials With Hollow Cross-Sections Towards High Stiffness/Strength-to-Weight Ratio." In ASME 2022 17th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2022-85627.
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Abstract Metamaterials have emerged as a group of promising materials with potential applications in a wide range of industries such as aerospace and automobile, owing to their unconventional properties. The state-of-the-art suggests that lattice metamaterials offer lightweight structures while ensuring good mechanical properties, and hollow lattices can be leveraged to achieve ultra-lightweight metamaterials to further broaden the application horizons. In this research, hollow cross-sections are designed for lattice-based metamaterials in order to achieve a high stiffness/strength-to-weight ratio. The Mechanics of Structure Genome method is adopted to perform the beam cross-section analysis, leading to three cross-sections studied including solid, elliptical, and rectangular cross-sections. The designed metamaterials with hollow cross-sections have complex structures and therefore they are fabricated using the Selective Laser Sintering process. The compressive tests suggest that metamaterials with hollow cross-sections have a higher stiffness-to-weight ratio of 25% to 30% in comparison with solid cross-sections. In addition, hollow lattice metamaterials demonstrate better energy absorption capability compared to solid lattices of the same density, which is a critical characteristic to avoid catastrophic mechanical failure. It is observed from the compressive tests that the nodes in the unit cells tend to break first, indicating possible future research to further enhance the strength of hollow lattice metamaterials.
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Wang, Ya, and Daniel J. Inman. "Electronic Damping in Multifunctional Systems." In ASME 2013 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2013-3195.
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As the recent structures seek lighter weight, damping becomes a more critical issue. Decreasing weight increases flexibility causing vibrations to become more prevalent. Damping treatments to reduce unwanted vibrations are usually classified into three categories: passive, semi active and active depending on the degree to which external energy and complexity is needed to achieve the required reduction in vibration. Here we examine the use of a multifunctional structure’s philosophy to introduce and research the concept of “electronic damping” offering an alternative to traditional damping solutions and a capability of providing uniform energy dissipation across a wide range of ambient frequencies and temperatures. The proposed research addresses increasing the range of effectiveness of damping by addressing the temperature and frequency dependence of material damping by using a multifunctional composite system containing an active element. Our approach is to model the mechanics using Lagrange’s formulation for multi-physics systems and to experimentally validate our models using careful experiments. We propose to examine the strength models and properties of the system and to examine the performance by constructing and testing some prototype systems. The focus is on both the electrical integration and the structural integration of the different material systems required to design a completely stand alone multifunctional composite with superior damping properties useful for suppressing vibrations.
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Mayeed, Mohammed S., S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan, Thuyen Luong, and Erhan Ilksoy. "Design for Integration of a Compact Waste Energy Recovery System for Automobile Engine Exhaust Gas and Coolant." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37309.
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In this study, key components of combined cycles designed for waste energy recovery from automobile engines have been virtually designed for being light weight, small sized without compromising strengths, and based on integration with the existing components of an automobile. Originally a simulation was performed to examine the amount of waste energy that could be recovered and the consequential increase in the overall thermal efficiency through the use of Kalina, ethanol and steam cycles using Engineering Equation Solver software under typical engine operating conditions. It was found that steam cycle was better for recovering energy from the exhaust gas at the higher temperature range (689 C to 160 C) and Kalina cycle was better for recovering energy from the exhaust gas and the cooling water at the lower temperature range (122 C to 80 C) among the three cycles. It was found that using this combination of cycles about 5 kW of power could be extracted from the wasted energy. The next thing was to determine the amount of space, weight and design to incorporate a system of cycles like this with an automobile. The combined cycle generation, a process widely used in existing power plants, has become a viable option for automotive applications due to advances in materials science, nanotechnology, and MEMS (Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems) devices. Critical components of the best performing cycles have been designed using computer aided engineering for the minimization of weight and space, and integration with the typical components of an automobile.
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Lalko, Michael P., Leela Rakesh, and Stanley Hirschi. "Rheological Study of Steady Shear and Linear Viscoelastic Characteristics of Polyethylene and Polycarbonate Nanocomposites." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43489.
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The addition of nano-sized particles into a polymer matrix is an excellent way to manipulate polymer properties. Our current efforts try to understand how a material’s properties are influenced by parameters such as temperature, particle size, and particle concentrations of additives. This paper presents the rheological behavior of polycarbonate (PC) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) containing at least 2.5% and 5% weight fractions of functionalized and un-functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs). These materials were investigated using steady shear and oscillatory rheometry over a range of processing temperatures. The properties examined through rheological experimentation include: viscosity, critical strain, storage modulus (G′), and loss modulus (G ). The nanocomposites samples were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV light microscopy.
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Boonstra, H., A. C. Groot, and C. A. Prins. "On the Feasibility of Nuclear Versus Combustion Gas Turbine Propulsion for High-Speed Cargo Ships." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53777.
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This paper presents the outcome of a study on the feasibility of a nuclear powered High-Speed Pentamaran, initiated by Nigel Gee and Associates and the Delft University of Technology. It explores the competitiveness of a nuclear power plant for the critical characteristics of a marine propulsion plant. Three nuclear reactor types are selected: the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), the Pebble-bed and Prismatic-block HTGR. Their characteristics are estimated for a power range from 100 MWth to 1000 MWth in a parametric design, providing a level base for comparison with conventional gas turbine technology. The reactor scaling is based on reference reactors with an emphasis on marine application. This implies that preference is given to passive safety and simplicity, as they are key-factors for a marine power plant. A case study for a 60-knot Pentamaran shows the impact of a nuclear power plant on a ship designed with combustion gas turbine propulsion. The Prismatic-block HTGR is chosen as most suitable because of its low weight compared to the PWR, in spite of the proven technology of a PWR. The Pebble-bed HTGR is considered too voluminous for High-Speed craft. Conservative data and priority to simple systems and high safety leads to an unfavorable high weight of the nuclear plant in competition with the original gas turbine driven Pentamaran. The nuclear powered ship has some clear advantages at high sailing ranges.
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Leite, Pierre, Marc Thomas, Frank Simon, and Yves Bréchet. "Optimal Design of an Asymmetrical Sandwich Panel for Acoustical and Mechanical Properties." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82504.
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The aim of the present study is to develop specific tools to design optimal panels for multi-objective applications. The objectives considered are stiffness, strength and acoustic insulation at minimum weight. A genetic algorithm is used to design optimal sandwich structures with a good balance of mechanical and acoustical properties. The bending stiffness and mechanical strength of the panel are calculated using beam theory. This analysis is focused on a 3-point bending test, giving the stiffness as the ratio between the concentrated force and the deflection at the center of the sandwich panel. The strength is calculated as the critical force at the onset of plastic deformation. A vibro-acoustical model based on Lagrange’s equations is used to give access to the sound transmission loss of the sandwich panel with anisotropic elastic layers. The main interest is on the mean transmission loss for a diffused incident acoustic field over the frequency range 500–10000Hz. First of all, the optimal design for mechanical properties is assessed at a minimal weight. Quite expectedly, the best solutions are composite-skin with high specific stiffness and soft cores with high shear modulus for a minimum weight. The geometry depends on the required stiffness and strength. The design/properties relationship is discussed by monitoring the evolution of both the material properties and the geometry of the panel. Similarly, a parametric study is performed for acoustical design at minimal weight. In order to maximize the mean transmission loss, it is preferable to lower the critical frequency for which acoustic radiating is maximal. Then, the best solutions for the panel are those who maximize the square root of the density over Young’s modulus. The trade-off between mass and loss transmission is then explored. A comparison between all these solutions provides significant differences in the design with respect to the objectives. In the next step, a multi-objective genetic algorithm is used to find an optimized panel with a good compromise between acoustical and mechanical properties. The optimization is considered with several approaches depending on whether the mass is regarded as the cost function or as a constraint. This study thus provides a preview of the capabilities of multi-objective optimization in design of sandwich panel.
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Bouzid, Abdel-Hakim, and Shubhra Kanti Das. "High Temperature Aged Leakage Relaxation Screening Tests on Confined Flexible Graphite Gaskets." In ASME 2021 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2021-61730.
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Abstract Flexible graphite-based gaskets are used extensively in high-temperature applications as a replacement of asbestos based gaskets. The effect of aging and temperature exposure of flexible graphite sheet gaskets was the subject of a previous work [1,2], however, the effect when flexible graphite is in a confined gasket configuration is not known. This study outlines the performance evaluation of the elevated temperature behavior of flexible graphite-based gaskets under a confined configuration and exposed over a long period employing HALR (High temperature Aged Leakage Relaxation) fixture. This ARLA-like fixture can retain the mechanical feature of the ATRS/HATR while allowing the cold leakage rate and weight loss measurement. Four different confined gasket configurations, namely corrugated metal, spiral wound, kammprofile and double jacketed, are evaluated within a temperature range of (427 to 649 °C) 800 to 1200 °F and exposure time of 2500 hours. Graphite weight loss, gasket thickness change, leakage and tightness parameter, creep and relaxation measurements were taken at regular intervals for each gasket style. To better understand the aging process, these critical mechanical and leakage properties are scrutinized; the degradation process related to mainly graphite oxidation is further discussed, and a conclusion is drawn.
Reports on the topic "Critical weight range"
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Yahav, Shlomo, John Brake, and Orna Halevy. Pre-natal Epigenetic Adaptation to Improve Thermotolerance Acquisition and Performance of Fast-growing Meat-type Chickens. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7592120.bard.
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: The necessity to improve broiler thermotolerance and performance led to the following hypothesis: (a) thethermoregulatory-response threshold for heat production can be altered by thermal manipulation (TM) during incubation so as to improve the acquisition of thermotolerance in the post-hatch broiler;and (b) TM during embryogenesis will improve myoblast proliferation during the embryonic and post-hatch periods with subsequent enhanced muscle growth and meat production. The original objectives of this study were as follow: 1. to assess the timing, temperature, duration, and turning frequency required for optimal TM during embryogenesis; 2. to evaluate the effect of TM during embryogenesis on thermoregulation (heat production and heat dissipation) during four phases: (1) embryogenesis, (2) at hatch, (3) during growth, and (4) during heat challenge near marketing age; 3. to investigate the stimulatory effect of thermotolerance on hormones that regulate thermogenesis and stress (T₄, T₃, corticosterone, glucagon); 4. to determine the effect of TM on performance (BW gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, carcass yield, breast muscle yield) of broiler chickens; and 5. to study the effect of TM during embryogenesis on skeletal muscle growth, including myoblast proliferation and fiber development, in the embryo and post-hatch chicks.This study has achieved all the original objectives. Only the plasma glucagon concentration (objective 3) was not measured as a result of technical obstacles. Background to the topic: Rapid growth rate has presented broiler chickens with seriousdifficulties when called upon to efficiently thermoregulate in hot environmental conditions. Being homeotherms, birds are able to maintain their body temperature (Tb) within a narrow range. An increase in Tb above the regulated range, as a result of exposure to environmental conditions and/or excessive metabolic heat production that often characterize broiler chickens, may lead to a potentially lethal cascade of irreversible thermoregulatory events. Exposure to temperature fluctuations during the perinatal period has been shown to lead to epigenetic temperature adaptation. The mechanism for this adaptation was based on the assumption that environmental factors, especially ambient temperature, have a strong influence on the determination of the “set-point” for physiological control systems during “critical developmental phases.” In order to sustain or even improve broiler performance, TM during the period of embryogenesis when satellite cell population normally expand should increase absolute pectoralis muscle weight in broilers post-hatch. Major conclusions: Intermittent TM (39.5°C for 12 h/day) during embryogenesis when the thyroid and adrenal axis was developing and maturing (E7 to E16 inclusive) had a long lasting thermoregulatory effect that improved thermotolerance of broiler chickens exposed to acute thermal stress at market age by lowering their functional Tb set point, thus lowering metabolic rate at hatch, improving sensible heat loss, and significantly decreasing the level of stress. Increased machine ventilation rate was required during TM so as to supply the oxygen required for the periods of increased embryonic development. Enhancing embryonic development was found to be accomplished by a combination of pre-incubation heating of embryos for 12 h at 30°C, followed by increasing incubation temperature to 38°C during the first 3 days of incubation. It was further facilitated by increasing turning frequency of the eggs to 48 or 96 times daily. TM during critical phases of muscle development in the late-term chick embryo (E16 to E18) for 3 or 6 hours (39.5°C) had an immediate stimulatory effect on myoblast proliferation that lasted for up to two weeks post-hatch; this was followed by increased hypertrophy at later ages. The various incubation temperatures and TM durations focused on the fine-tuning of muscle development and growth processes during late-term embryogenesis as well as in post-hatch chickens.
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Nadal-Caraballo, Norberto C., Madison C. Yawn, Luke A. Aucoin, Meredith L. Carr, Jeffrey A. Melby, Efrain Ramos-Santiago, Victor M. Gonzalez, et al. Coastal Hazards System–Louisiana (CHS-LA). US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45286.
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The US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory (CHL) expanded the Coastal Hazards System (CHS) to quantify storm surge and wave hazards for coastal Louisiana. The CHS Louisiana (CHS-LA) coastal study was sponsored by the Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority (CPRA) and the New Orleans District (MVN), US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to support Louisiana’s critical coastal infrastructure and to ensure the effectiveness of coastal storm risk management projects. The CHS-LA applied the CHS Probabilistic Coastal Hazard Analysis (PCHA) framework to quantify tropical cyclone (TC) responses, leveraging new atmospheric and hydrodynamic numerical model simulations of synthetic TCs developed explicitly for the Louisiana region. This report focuses on documenting the PCHA conducted for the CHS-LA, including details related to the characterization of storm climate, storm sampling, storm recurrence rate estimation, marginal distributions, correlation and dependence structure of TC atmospheric-forcing parameters, development of augmented storm suites, and assignment of discrete storm weights to the synthetic TCs. As part of CHS-LA, coastal hazards were estimated within the study area for annual exceedance frequencies (AEFs) over the range of 10 yr-1 to 1×10-4 yr-1.
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Perkey, David, and Danielle Tarpley. Using geophysical and erosion properties to identify potential beneficial use applications for Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway sediments. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44825.
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In an effort to identify alternative and beneficial use placement strategies for dredged sediments from the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (AIWW), the US Army Corps of Engineers, Savannah District (SAS), and the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) performed a series of physical property tests of 34 core borings from the SAS AIWW. Physical property testing found that 14 of the borings were non-cohesive sandy materials that may be suitable for potential beach renourishment or berm construction. The remaining 20 borings had mud contents sufficient enough to result in cohesive behavior. A subset of six of these materials from across the geographic region were further evaluated to characterize their erosion behavior. Following a self-weight consolidation period of 30 days, erosion testing showed that the tested cohesive sediments had critical shear stress values that ranged from 1.7 Pa to 2.9 Pa, suggesting that these sediments would likely be resistant to erosion in most wetland environments after placement. Additionally, the cohesive sediments were found to produce gravel-sized mud clasts. These clasts could account for 20% or more of the eroded mass and significantly reduce the amount of silts and clays incorporated in suspended plumes during and immediately following placement.
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Perkey, David W., Danielle R. N. Tarpley, and Renée M. Styles. Using Geophysical and Erosion Properties to Identify Potential Beneficial Use Applications for Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway Sediments. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44906.
Full textAbstract:
In an effort to identify alternative and beneficial use placement strategies for dredged sediments from the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (AIWW), the US Army Corps of Engineers, Savannah District (SAS), and the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) performed a series of physical property tests of 34 core borings from the SAS AIWW. Physical property testing found that 14 of the borings were non-cohesive sandy materials that may be suitable for potential beach renourishment or berm construction. The remaining 20 borings had mud contents sufficient enough to result in cohesive behavior. A subset of six of these materials from across the geographic region were further evaluated to characterize their erosion behavior. Following a self-weight consolidation period of 30 days, erosion testing showed that the tested cohesive sediments had critical shear stress values that ranged from 1.7 Pa to 2.9 Pa, suggesting that these sediments would likely be resistant to erosion in most wetland environments after placement. Additionally, the cohesive sediments were found to produce gravel-sized mud clasts. These clasts could account for 20% or more of the eroded mass and significantly reduce the amount of silts and clays incorporated in suspended plumes during and immediately following placement.
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Allen, Kathy, Andy Nadeau, and Andy Robertston. Natural resource condition assessment: Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument. National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293613.
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The Natural Resource Condition Assessment (NRCA) Program aims to provide documentation about the current conditions of important park natural resources through a spatially explicit, multi-disciplinary synthesis of existing scientific data and knowledge. Findings from the NRCA will help Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument (SAPU) managers to develop near-term management priorities, engage in watershed or landscape scale partnership and education efforts, conduct park planning, and report program performance (e.g., Department of the Interior’s Strategic Plan “land health” goals, Government Performance and Results Act). The objectives of this assessment are to evaluate and report on current conditions of key park resources, to evaluate critical data and knowledge gaps, and to highlight selected existing stressors and emerging threats to resources or processes. For the purpose of this NRCA, staff from the National Park Service (NPS) and Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota – GeoSpatial Services (SMUMN GSS) identified key resources, referred to as “components” in the project. The selected components include natural resources and processes that are currently of the greatest concern to park management at SAPU. The final project framework contains nine resource components, each featuring discussions of measures, stressors, and reference conditions. This study involved reviewing existing literature and, where appropriate, analyzing data for each natural resource component in the framework to provide summaries of current condition and trends in selected resources. When possible, existing data for the established measures of each component were analyzed and compared to designated reference conditions. A weighted scoring system was applied to calculate the current condition of each component. Weighted Condition Scores, ranging from zero to one, were divided into three categories of condition: low concern, moderate concern, and significant concern. These scores help to determine the current overall condition of each resource. The discussions for each component, found in Chapter 4 of this report, represent a comprehensive summary of current available data and information for these resources, including unpublished park information and perspectives of park resource managers, and present a current condition designation when appropriate. Each component assessment was reviewed by SAPU resource managers, NPS Southern Colorado Plateau Network (SCPN) staff, or outside experts. Existing literature, short- and long-term datasets, and input from NPS and other outside agency scientists support condition designations for components in this assessment. However, in some cases, data were unavailable or insufficient for several of the measures of the featured components. In other instances, data establishing reference condition were limited or unavailable for components, making comparisons with current information inappropriate or invalid. In these cases, it was not possible to assign condition for the components. Current condition was not able to be determined for six of the ten components due to these data gaps. For those components with sufficient available data, the overall condition varied. Two components were determined to be in good condition: dark night skies and paleontological resources. However, both were at the edge of the good condition range, and any small decline in conditions could shift them into the moderate concern range. Of the components in good condition, a trend could not be assigned for paleontological resources and dark night skies is considered stable. Two components (wetland and riparian communities and viewshed) were of moderate concern, with no trend assigned for wetland and riparian communities and a stable trend for viewshed. Detailed discussion of these designations is presented in Chapters 4 and 5 of this report. Several park-wide threats and stressors influence the condition of priority resources in SAPU...