Journal articles: 'Critical proxis'

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Nathan, Walter I. "Health Care Proxies." Loss, Grief & Care 8, no. 3-4 (September 2000): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j132v08n03_19.

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Murray, J. W. "The niche of benthic foraminifera, critical thresholds and proxies." Marine Micropaleontology 41, no. 1-2 (February 2001): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8398(00)00057-8.

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Goddard, E. D., N. J. Turro, P. L. Kuo, and K. P. Ananthapadmanabhan. "Fluorescence probes for critical micelle concentration determination." Langmuir 1, no. 3 (May 1985): 352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la00063a015.

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Parker, David. "Critical Design Factors for Optical Imaging with Metal Coordination Complexes." Australian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 3 (2011): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch10365.

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Metal coordination complexes are emerging as an important class of optical imaging probes. They may function not only as stains for particular cell compartments, but also as responsive probes, able to report on changes in local ionic composition. The critical factors to consider in designing such probes are reviewed, including issues of cell uptake and compartmentalization, the degree of non-invasiveness and their functional performance. Prospects are considered for the development of lanthanide(iii) probes capable of reporting changes in local bicarbonate, citrate, and lactate.

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Yatham, Lakshmi N., and Meir Steiner. "Neuroendocrine probes of serotonergic function: A critical review." Life Sciences 53, no. 6 (January 1993): 447–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(93)90696-z.

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Wise, William. "Life insurance company efficiency: best method and proxies." Insurance Markets and Companies 9, no. 1 (May 10, 2018): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ins.09(1).2018.02.

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Life insurance is a very important segment of the economy of most countries as demonstrated by the investments, premium revenue and numbers employed. Hence, it is paramount to determine accurately how well life insurance companies (LICs) perform and how viable they are for the benefit of both other industries and national economies.Three papers that investigate LIC efficiency directly analyze how efficiency affects LIC profits. One critical feature is that they show that the inefficiency of LICs can greatly affect their (financial) outcome and ultimately their survivorship. Thus, said research clearly indicates that life insurer efficiency is a crucial area to investigate and assess and that it could greatly enhance the ability to properly monitor and inspect the life insurers.This article co-ordinates information regarding life insurance efficiency studies to help researchers learn which approaches, methods and output/input proxies to use. While some papers do so for some of the aspects that are important and necessary for life insurance efficiency studies, this is the first to deal with said aspects together. More specifically, this paper especially considers and evaluates the different methods and output proxies used in life insurance efficiency studies, as they seem to be the elements where the most disagreement exists between researchers. In addition, this article is unique in examining how input (proxy) prices are used in life insurance efficiency studies.

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Einav, Sharon, and Moshe Hersch. "The “PrOMIS” of things to come*." Critical Care Medicine 35, no. 4 (April 2007): 1193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000259486.28416.ec.

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Schiffbauer, J. D., N. Bykova, and A. D. Muscente. "Fossils, proxies, and models: Geobiology at critical transitions in the Proterozoic-Paleozoic." Geobiology 15, no. 4 (June 18, 2017): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12246.

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Pople, Jasmine M. M., and Justin M. Chalker. "A critical evaluation of probes for cysteine sulfenic acid." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 60 (February 2021): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.07.011.

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SHEN, T. C. "ROLE OF SCANNING PROBES IN NANOELECTRONICS: A CRITICAL REVIEW." Surface Review and Letters 07, no. 05n06 (October 2000): 683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x00000695.

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The continuous downsizing of electronic devices has promoted many ideas of lithography and fabrication techniques at the nanometer scale. Scanning probe lithography (SPL) has been intensively explored as a potential alternative. The conceptual development of the SPL endeavors and their basic mechanisms in the past decade are briefly reviewed. Scaling down the conventional field effect transistors below 30 nm may present enormous technical and economical challenges. Random polarization and fabrication of reproducible lateral tunneling junctions continue to be two major barriers for quantum devices. Instead of trying to compete with other projection type lithographic techniques at the nanometer scale, scanning probes are best suited to explore atom scale devices.

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Bailey, Vanessa L., Ben Bond‐Lamberty, Kristen DeAngelis, A. Stuart Grandy, Christine V. Hawkes, Kate Heckman, Kate Lajtha, et al. "Soil carbon cycling proxies: Understanding their critical role in predicting climate change feedbacks." Global Change Biology 24, no. 3 (November 13, 2017): 895–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13926.

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Schaller, Christoph Florian, Johannes Freitag, and Olaf Eisen. "Critical porosity of gas enclosure in polar firn independent of climate." Climate of the Past 13, no. 11 (November 24, 2017): 1685–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1685-2017.

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Abstract. In order to interpret the paleoclimatic record stored in the air enclosed in polar ice cores, it is crucial to understand the fundamental lock-in process. Within the porous firn, bubbles are sealed continuously until the respective horizontal layer reaches a critical porosity. Present-day firn air models use a postulated temperature dependence of this value as the only parameter to adjust to the surrounding conditions of individual sites. However, no direct measurements of the firn microstructure could confirm these assumptions. Here we show that the critical porosity is a climate-independent constant by providing an extensive data set of micrometer-resolution 3-D X-ray computer tomographic measurements for ice cores representing different extremes of the temperature and accumulation ranges. We demonstrate why indirect measurements suggest a climatic dependence and substantiate our observations by applying percolation theory as a theoretical framework for bubble trapping. The incorporation of our results significantly influences the dating of trace gas records, changing gas-age–ice-age differences by up to more than 1000 years. This may further help resolve inconsistencies, such as differences between East Antarctic δ15N records (as a proxy for firn height) and model results. We expect our findings to be the basis for improved firn air and densification models, leading to lower dating uncertainties. The reduced coupling of proxies and surrounding conditions may allow for more sophisticated reinterpretations of trace gas records in terms of paleoclimatic changes and will benefit the development of new proxies, such as the air content as a marker of local insolation.

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Kepe, Vladimir, Mateen C. Moghbel, Bengt Långström, Habib Zaidi, Harry V. Vinters, Sung-Cheng Huang, Nagichettiar Satyamurthy, et al. "Amyloid-β Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Probes: A Critical Review." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 36, no. 4 (August 5, 2013): 613–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-130485.

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NAKAGAKI, MASAYUKI, HIROAKI KOMATSU, and TETSUROU HANDA. "Estimation of critical micelle concentrations of lysolecithins with fluorescent probes." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 34, no. 11 (1986): 4479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.34.4479.

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Kłucińska, Katarzyna, Emilia Stelmach, Paulina Bartosińska, Anna Kisiel, Krzysztof Maksymiuk, and Agata Michalska. "Critical assessment of polymeric nanostructures used as colorimetric ions probes." Materials Science and Engineering: C 92 (November 2018): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.06.015.

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Tan, Mike Yongjun. "A critical overview of monitoring infrastructural health using corrosion probes." Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 55, no. 2 (December 4, 2019): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1478422x.2019.1695390.

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Zhang, Lili, and Sukwoo Kim. "Critical Thinking Cultivation in Chinese College English Classes." English Language Teaching 11, no. 8 (July 28, 2018): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v11n8p159.

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Through literature study of researches on critical thinking, this paper gives an analysis of the present situation and existing problems of critical thinking cultivation in Chinese college English classes, probes into the rationale for critical thinking cultivation and discusses how to cultivate students’ critical thinking in Chinese college English class context through constructing constructive learning environment, designing flexible instructional strategies, and adopting formative, seamless assessment.

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Koopman, Inez, Dagmar Verbaan, W. Peter Vandertop, Rieke van der Graaf, Erwin J. O. Kompanje, René Post, Bert A. Coert, et al. "Deferred Consent in an Acute Stroke Trial from a Patient, Proxy, and Physician Perspective: A Cross-Sectional Survey." Neurocritical Care 36, no. 2 (October 5, 2021): 621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12028-021-01357-3.

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Abstract Background In some acute care trials, immediate informed consent is not possible, but deferred consent is often considered problematic. We investigated the opinions of patients, proxies, and physicians about deferred consent in an acute stroke trial to gain insight into its acceptability and effects. Methods Paper-based surveys were sent to patients who were randomly assigned in the Ultra-early Tranexamic Acid After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (ULTRA) trial between 2015 and 2018 in two tertiary referral centers and to physicians of centers who agreed or declined to participate. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of respondents who agreed with deferral of consent in the ULTRA trial. Secondary outcomes included respondents’ preferred consent procedure for the ULTRA trial, the effect of deferred consent on trust in physicians and scientific research, and the willingness to participate in future research. Results Eighty-nine of 135 (66%) patients or proxies and 20 of 30 (67%) physicians completed the survey. Of these, 82 of 89 (92%) patients or proxies and 14 of 20 (70%) physicians agreed with deferral of consent in the ULTRA trial. When asked for their preferred consent procedure for the ULTRA trial, 31 of 89 (35%) patients or proxies indicated deferred consent, 15 of 89 (17%) preferred immediate informed consent, and 32 of 89 (36%) had no preference. None of the patients’ or proxies’ trust in physicians or scientific research had decreased because of the deferred consent procedure. Willingness to participate in future studies remained the same or increased in 84 of 89 (94%) patients or proxies. Conclusions A large majority of the surveyed patients and proxies and a somewhat smaller majority of the surveyed physicians agreed with deferred consent in the ULTRA trial. Deferred consent may enable acute care trials in an acceptable manner without decreasing trust in medicine. Future research should investigate factors facilitating the responsible use of deferred consent, such as in-depth interviews, to study the minority of participants who agreed with deferred consent but still preferred immediate informed consent.

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Lyons, Timothy W., and Silke Severmann. "A critical look at iron paleoredox proxies: New insights from modern euxinic marine basins." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, no. 23 (December 2006): 5698–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.08.021.

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Sondore, Antoņina, Sanita Ūdre, Jānis Nemme, Laimdota Grašiņa, Ieva Kruževņaka, Inta Matulēna, Vija Rozīte, et al. "General Anaesthesia for Renal Transplantation in Latvia: A Critical Analysis Based on Clinical Experience." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences 67, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2013-0006.

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Anaesthesia methods for surgical procedures, as well as for organ transplantation, have experienced remarkable changes over the past 40 years. Cadaveric renal transplant function may be impaired by haemodynamic instability induced by anaesthesia drugs. This study aimed to analyse the safety and effectiveness of the different anaesthesia methods used for renal transplantation in Latvia since 1973, with focus on its haemodynamic effects. In this retrospective study anaesthesia chart review was conducted for 607 patients (pts), aged 17-75 yrs, ASA III/IV, undergoing renal transplantation using general anaesthesia in the following periods: 1973-1990 (stage I - 282 pts); 1991-2000 (stage II - 145 pts); 2001-2011 (stage III - 180 pts). Haemodynamic data (systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressure and central venous pressure) were measured prior to premedication and induction of anaesthesia, immediately afterwards, during the surgery and up to its completion with the special attention regarding the time of graft reperfusion. The main perioperative problems of the anaesthesia methods used during stage I (barbiturates, viadril, neuroleptanalgesics, sodium oxybutyrate, halothane, nitrous oxide) was haemodynamic instability in 60% of cases and apnea due to central depression and long-time peripheral neuromuscular blockade. Two patients died due to underlying comorbid conditions, including hyperhidration and oedema pulmonum. Substantial haemodynamic changes during total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol and combined anaesthesia propofol-isoflurane (stage II) were not observed. At the time of graft reperfusion, the incidence of hypotension was slightly higher in patients anaesthetised with isoflurane than in those who received sevoflurane (stage III), but this difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Kidney functioned immediately in 75% of cases and delayed function was observed in 25% of cases in sevoflurane and isoflurane groups. The modern anaesthetic agents provide a great margin of safety during renal transplantation. Total intravenous anaesthesia with midasolam-fentanyl-propofol and general anaesthesia with propofol-isoflurane, propofol-sevoflurane can be safely used. During renal transplantation, anaesthesiologists must optimise volume status, perfusion pressure and promote survival of the renal graft.

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Dikareva, E. A., and S. I. Pimanov. "PROCESSING ULTRASONIC PROBES AT DIFFERENT RISKS OF INFECTION." Vestnik of Vitebsk State Medical University 21, no. 1 (February 21, 2022): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22263/2312-4156.2022.1.88.

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Everywhere in clinics of different countries, there is an insufficiently adequate processing of sensors and other elements of ultrasound (US) equipment, and this often happens due to lack of awareness of US diagnostics specialists. The purpose of the given work was to analyze the literature data on the principles of processing US probes. To prevent the transmission of microorganisms, the choice of the probe processing option is regulated by the general rules for disinfection of reusable medical devices in accordance with regulatory documents. US probes that come into contact with intact skin are non-critical devices. Such equipment should be cleaned and processed with the help of low to moderate disinfection. US probes that come into contact with damaged skin, blood, body fluids and mucous membranes are considered to be semi-critical and require high-level disinfection and the use of special disposable coatings. Critical devices include US probes that are used for invasive procedures. Sterilization, if possible, or high-level disinfection are used to clean these probes. Furthermore, the use of special disposable coatings is mandatory when examining patients from the risk group. The best option for choosing a disinfection mode, from the point of view of maintaining the operability of the probe, is the recommendation of the US equipment manufacturer.

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Stals, Patrick J. M., Chi-Yuan Cheng, Lotte van Beek, Annelies C. Wauters, Anja R. A. Palmans, Songi Han, and E. W. Meijer. "Surface water retardation around single-chain polymeric nanoparticles: critical for catalytic function?" Chemical Science 7, no. 3 (2016): 2011–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sc02319j.

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A library of water-soluble dynamic single-chain polymeric nanoparticles (SCPN) was prepared using a controlled radical polymerisation technique followed by the introduction of functional groups, including probes at targeted positions.

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Geramifard, Negar, Behnoush Dousti, Christopher Nguyen, Justin Abbott, Stuart F. Cogan, and Victor D. Varner. "Insertion mechanics of amorphous SiC ultra-micro scale neural probes." Journal of Neural Engineering 19, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 026033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ac5bf4.

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Abstract Objective. Trauma induced by the insertion of microelectrodes into cortical neural tissue is a significant problem. Further, micromotion and mechanical mismatch between microelectrode probes and neural tissue is implicated in an adverse foreign body response (FBR). Hence, intracortical ultra-microelectrode probes have been proposed as alternatives that minimize this FBR. However, significant challenges in implanting these flexible probes remain. We investigated the insertion mechanics of amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC) probes with a view to defining probe geometries that can be inserted into cortex without buckling. Approach. We determined the critical buckling force of a-SiC probes as a function of probe geometry and then characterized the buckling behavior of these probes by measuring force–displacement responses during insertion into agarose gel and rat cortex. Main results. Insertion forces for a range of probe geometries were determined and compared with critical buckling forces to establish geometries that should avoid buckling during implantation into brain. The studies show that slower insertion speeds reduce the maximum insertion force for single-shank probes but increase cortical dimpling during insertion of multi-shank probes. Significance. Our results provide a guide for selecting probe geometries and insertion speeds that allow unaided implantation of probes into rat cortex. The design approach is applicable to other animal models where insertion of intracortical probes to a depth of 2 mm is required.

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Sandweiss, Daniel H., C. Fred T. Andrus, Alice R. Kelley, Kirk A. Maasch, Elizabeth J. Reitz, and Paul B. Roscoe. "Archaeological climate proxies and the complexities of reconstructing Holocene El Niño in coastal Peru." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 15 (April 13, 2020): 8271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1912242117.

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Archaeological evidence plays a key role in longitudinal studies of humans and climate. Climate proxy data from Peruvian archaeological sites provide a case study through insight into the history of the “flavors” or varieties of El Niño (EN) events after ∼11 ka: eastern Pacific EN, La Niña, coastal EN (COA), and central Pacific or Modoki EN (CP). Archaeological proxies are important to the coastal Peruvian case because more commonly used paleoclimate proxies are unavailable or equivocal. Previously, multiproxy evidence from the Peruvian coast and elsewhere suggested that EN frequency varied over the Holocene: 1) present in the Early Holocene; 2) absent or very low frequency during the Middle Holocene (∼9 to 6 ka); 3) low after ∼6 ka; and 4) rapidly increasing frequency after 3 ka. Despite skepticism about the reliability of archaeological proxies, nonarchaeological proxies seemed to confirm this archaeological EN reconstruction. Although there is consensus that EN frequency varied over this period, some nonarchaeological and archaeological proxies call parts of this reconstruction into question. Here we review Holocene EN frequency reconstructions for the Peruvian coast, point to complexities introduced by apparent contradictions in a range of proxy records, consider the impact of CP and COA phenomena, and assess the merits of archaeological proxies in EN reconstructions. Reconciling Peruvian coastal paleoclimate data is critical for testing models of future EN behavior under climate variability.

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Shi, Yunlong, and Kate S. Carroll. "Comments on ‘A critical evaluation of probes for cysteine sulfenic acid’." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 60 (February 2021): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.01.004.

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Choi, Jinho, Byong Chon Park, Sang Jung Ahn, Dal-Hyun Kim, Joon Lyou, Ronald G. Dixson, Ndubuisi G. Orji, Joseph Fu, and Theodore V. Vorburger. "Evaluation of carbon nanotube probes in critical dimension atomic force microscopes." Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS 15, no. 3 (August 26, 2016): 034005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jmm.15.3.034005.

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Singh, C. D., Y. Shibata, and Masami Ogita. "Critical micelle concentration (CMC) measurements using U-shaped fiber optic probes." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 96, no. 1-2 (November 2003): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(03)00513-6.

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Bruskewitz, Reginald C., and Mads M. Christensen. "Critical evaluation of transurethral resection and incision of the prostate." Prostate 17, S3 (1990): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.2990170504.

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Howanitz, Peter J., Steven J. Steindel, and Nan V. Heard. "Laboratory Critical Values Policies and Procedures." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 126, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2002-126-0663-lcvpap.

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Abstract Context.—Critical values lists have been used for many years to decide when to notify physicians and other caregivers of potentially life-threatening situations; however, these lists have not been studied widely. Objectives.—To investigate critical values lists in institutions participating in the College of American Pathologists Q-Probes program and to provide suggestions for improvement. Setting.—A total of 623 institutions voluntarily participating in the Q-Probes program. Design.—A multipart study in which participants responded to information from preprinted lists, collected information about current practices, completed a questionnaire, monitored critical values calls, reviewed patients' medical records, and surveyed nursing supervisors and physicians about critical values. Main Outcome Measures.—Defining critical values systems, including lists, personnel, costs, processes, usefulness, and related medical outcomes. Results.—Critical values lists were determined for routine chemistry and hematology analytes and were found to vary widely among participants. In contrast, more than 95% of participants reported positive blood cultures, cerebrospinal fluid cultures, and toxic therapeutic drug levels as critical values. Based on more than 13 000 critical values, participants' data showed that most critical values reports (92.8%) were made by the person who performed the test, and that 65% of reports for inpatients were received by nurses. For outpatients, physicians' office staff received the largest percentage (40%) of reports. The majority of participants (71.4%) had no policy on how repeat critical calls should be handled. On average, completion of notification required about 6 minutes for inpatients and 14 minutes for outpatients. Slightly greater than 5% of critical value telephone calls were abandoned, with the largest percentage abandoned for outpatients. More than 45% of critical values were unexpected, and 65% resulted in a change in therapy. Although only 20.8% of 2301 nursing supervisors thought critical values lists were helpful, 94.9% of 514 physicians found critical values lists valuable. Conclusions.—Critical values systems were medically important, highly variable, but also costly practices for participants. We propose a number of recommendations for improvement, including that the critical values list should be approved by the medical staff, each laboratory should develop a written policy for handling initial and repeat critical values reports, a foolproof policy should be established to report results from calls abandoned, and efforts at automating the process should become widespread.

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Busse, Morgan, Kayleigh Stromgren, Lauren Thorngate, and Karen A. Thomas. "Parents’ Responses to Stress in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit." Critical Care Nurse 33, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2013715.

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Background Parents’ stress resulting from hospitalization of their infant in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) produces emotional and behavioral responses. The National Institutes of Health–sponsored Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) offers a valid and efficient means of assessing parents’ responses. Objective To examine the relationship of stress to anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep disruption among parents of infants hospitalized in the NICU. Methods Thirty parents completed the Parental Stressor Scale (PSS:NICU) containing subscales for NICU Sights and Sounds, Infant Behavior and Appearance, and Parental Role Alteration, and the PROMIS anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep disturbance short-form instruments. Results PSS total score was significantly correlated with anxiety (r = 0.61), depression (r = 0.36), and sleep disturbance (r = 0.60). Scores for NICU Sights and Sounds were not significantly correlated with parents’ outcomes; however, scores for Alteration in Parenting Role were correlated with all 4 outcomes, and scores for Infant Appearance were correlated with all except fatigue. Conclusion Stress experienced by parents of NICU infants is associated with a concerning constellation of physical and emotional outcomes comprising anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep disruption.

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Mooney, Paul, Kevin S. McCarter, Robert J. Russo, and Danielle L. Blackwood. "The structure of an online assessment of science and social studies content: testing optional formats of a general outcome measure." Social welfare : interdisciplinary approach 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/sw.2014.28243.

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Research questions addressed the structure of an online form of content-focused general outcome measurement known as critical content monitoring. The assessment tool is designed to serve as an accurate and efficient measure learning performance and progress in science and social studies classes. Scores from single administrations of critical content monitoring probes that varied in content and length were correlated with results from a statewide accountability content test for a sample of American fifth-grade students. The magnitude of correlation was moderate for probes that included a single content (i.e., social studies) or a mix of two subjects (i.e., social studies and science). Comparable correlations were reported for probes that featured reduced time or increased questions. Limitations and research implications are discussed.

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Liu, Shuo, Erica W. Carlson, and Karin A. Dahmen. "Connecting Complex Electronic Pattern Formation to Critical Exponents." Condensed Matter 6, no. 4 (November 4, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/condmat6040039.

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Scanning probes reveal complex, inhomogeneous patterns on the surface of many condensed matter systems. In some cases, the patterns form self-similar, fractal geometric clusters. In this paper, we advance the theory of criticality as it pertains to those geometric clusters (defined as connected sets of nearest-neighbor aligned spins) in the context of Ising models. We show how data from surface probes can be used to distinguish whether electronic patterns observed at the surface of a material are confined to the surface, or whether the patterns originate in the bulk. Whereas thermodynamic critical exponents are derived from the behavior of Fortuin–Kasteleyn (FK) clusters, critical exponents can be similarly defined for geometric clusters. We find that these geometric critical exponents are not only distinct numerically from the thermodynamic and uncorrelated percolation exponents, but that they separately satisfy scaling relations at the critical fixed points discussed in the text. We furthermore find that the two-dimensional (2D) cross-sections of geometric clusters in the three-dimensional (3D) Ising model display critical scaling behavior at the bulk phase transition temperature. In particular, we show that when considered on a 2D slice of a 3D system, the pair connectivity function familiar from percolation theory displays more robust critical behavior than the spin-spin correlation function, and we calculate the corresponding critical exponent. We discuss the implications of these two distinct length scales in Ising models. We also calculate the pair connectivity exponent in the clean 2D case. These results extend the theory of geometric criticality in the clean Ising universality classes, and facilitate the broad application of geometric cluster analysis techniques to maximize the information that can be extracted from scanning image probe data in condensed matter systems.

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Pham, Michel Tuan. "Emotion and Rationality: A Critical Review and Interpretation of Empirical Evidence." Review of General Psychology 11, no. 2 (June 2007): 155–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.11.2.155.

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The relation between emotion and rationality is assessed by reviewing empirical findings from multiple disciplines. Two types of emotional phenomena are examined—incidental emotional states and integral emotional responses—and three conceptions of rationality are considered—logical, material, and ecological. Emotional states influence reasoning processes, are often misattributed to focal objects, distort beliefs in an assimilative fashion, disrupt self-control when intensely negative, but do not necessarily increase risk-taking. Integral emotional responses are often used as proxies for values, and valuations based on these responses exhibit distinct properties: efficiency, consistency, polarization, myopia, scale- insensitivity, and reference-dependence. Emotions seem to promote social and moral behavior. Conjectures about the design features of the affective system that give rise to seeming sources of rationality or irrationality are proposed. It is concluded that any categorical statement about the overall rationality or irrationality of emotion would be misleading.

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Blackwell, Courtney K., Lauren Wakschlag, Sheila Krogh-Jespersen, Kristin A. Buss, Joan Luby, Katherine Bevans, Jin-Shei Lai, Christopher B. Forrest, and David Cella. "Pragmatic Health Assessment in Early Childhood: The PROMIS® of Developmentally Based Measurement for Pediatric Psychology." Journal of Pediatric Psychology 45, no. 3 (November 27, 2019): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsz094.

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Abstract Objective To illustrate the integration of developmental considerations into person-reported outcome (PRO) measurement development for application in early childhood pediatric psychology. Methods Combining the state-of-the-science Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) mixed-methods instrument development approach with considerations from developmental measurement science, we developed 12 PROMIS early childhood (PROMIS EC) parent report measures to evaluate common mental, social, and physical health outcomes for ages 1–5. Through this interdisciplinary effort, we identified key considerations for early childhood PROs that enable reliable and valid assessment within the real-world constraints of clinical care settings. Results Four key considerations are highlighted as key to this process: (a) Engage diverse content experts to identify meaningful and relevant constructs; (b) Balance salient features for early childhood with lifespan coherence of constructs; (c) Emphasize observable features across the typical/atypical spectrum; and (d) Ensure feasibility and relevancy for clinical and research application. Each consideration is discussed using exemplars from the PROMIS EC measurement development process. Conclusions PROMIS EC provides an illustration of how well-established PRO measures for youth can be adapted for younger children by incorporating developmental considerations. This process and resulting key considerations provide clinicians and researchers in the field of pediatric psychology with guidance for adapting PROs to early childhood, enabling critical continuity in domains of high salience to pediatric psychologists.

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Wagar, Elizabeth A., Richard C. Friedberg, Rhona Souers, and Ana K. Stankovic. "Critical Values Comparison: A College of American Pathologists Q-Probes Survey of 163 Clinical Laboratories." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 131, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 1769–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2007-131-1769-cvcaco.

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AbstractContext.—Critical laboratory values are values that may be indicative of life-threatening conditions requiring rapid clinical intervention. Designation of critical values by clinical laboratories is required by the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments and regulatory agencies. The development of critical values often involves consultation with clinical services. Also, questions are frequently asked about how critical values compare between institutions.Objective.—To examine and compare critical value ranges for selected common critical value analytes. Additional specific questions addressed the source of these values, the inclusion of specific items on a critical values list, and the procedures for establishing such lists.Design.—A total of 163 clinical laboratories provided critical values for potassium, calcium, magnesium, thyroid-stimulating hormone, hemoglobin, platelet count, and activated partial thromboplastin time. Collected data were subjected to analysis for statistical variation. A questionnaire regarding demographic characteristics, institutional practices, and critical values management was also completed by participants.Results.—There was slight variation in pediatric and adult critical values used by the central 80% of study laboratories. Three areas of interest were noted: (1) 27% of laboratories allowed nonpractitioners to accept inpatient critical value reports, (2) there was nonconsensus regarding the handling of outpatient critical values during weekday versus evening/weekend hours, and (3) only 56% of respondents had a written critical values policy or procedure.Conclusions.—Pediatric and adult critical values for the selected analytes were consistent in a comparison between the 163 clinical laboratories. Several weaknesses in current critical values management were identified. A consensus critical values list that may be of value to other institutions was assembled.

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Xu, Ke, and Yuzhe Liu. "Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 13 (November 3, 2022): 1256–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.13.104.

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As a tool that can test insulators' surface morphology and properties, the performance index of atomic force microscope (AFM) probes is the most critical factor in determining the resolution of microscopy, and the performance of probes varies in various modes and application requirements. This paper reviews the latest research results in metal, carbon nanotube, and colloidal probes and reviews their related methods and techniques, analyses the advantages and disadvantages of the improved probes compared with ordinary probes by comparing the differences in spatial resolution, sensitivity, imaging, and other performance aspects, and finally provides an outlook on the future development of AFM probes. This paper promotes the development of AFM probes in the direction of new probes and further promotes the broader and deeper application of scanning probe microscope (SPM).

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Schifman, Ron B., Peter J. Howanitz, and Rhona J. Souers. "Point-of-Care Glucose Critical Values: A Q-Probes Study Involving 50 Health Care Facilities and 2349 Critical Results." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 140, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2015-0058-cp.

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Context Accuracy of blood glucose measurements in the critical value range is important for properly treating patients with severe hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Objective To evaluate the performance and reliability of point-of-care glucose (POCG) results in the critical value range among multiple facilities. Design Q-Probes participants retrospectively collected data from up to 50 POCG results in their critical value range including patient location, type of testing operator, repeat glucose results, and caregiver notification. A repeat measurement at 10 minutes or less that was within 15 mg/dL of initial critical low or 20% of initial critical high value was considered a confirmed result. Results Fifty facilities submitted data. Of 2349 critical POCG measurements, 1386 (59.0%) were retested. The median institutional retest rate was 56%. The retest rate was significantly higher when initial results were in the critical low range, P < .001. Although 30 of 50 facilities (60%) had written procedures for retesting, this was not associated with higher retest rates (P = .34). Among 35 facilities that routinely retested critical POCG results, 23 (65.7%) had criteria defined for interpreting results. The median institutional confirmation rate for retested specimens was 81.7%. The median institutional rate for caregiver notification of critical POCG results was 85.7%. Five hundred eighty-six of 1488 critical POCG notifications (39.4%) were done on patients in whom specimens were not retested. Conclusions This study shows that POCG results in the critical range may be unreliable because of testing errors that are not recognized from lack of confirmatory testing. In addition, notification of critical POCG results is not consistently performed.

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Hashimoto-Tane, Akiko, Tadashi Yokosuka, Chitose Ishihara, Machie Sakuma, Wakana Kobayashi, and Takashi Saito. "T-Cell Receptor Microclusters Critical for T-Cell Activation Are Formed Independently of Lipid Raft Clustering." Molecular and Cellular Biology 30, no. 14 (May 24, 2010): 3421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00160-10.

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ABSTRACT We studied the function of lipid rafts in generation and signaling of T-cell receptor microclusters (TCR-MCs) and central supramolecular activation clusters (cSMACs) at immunological synapse (IS). It has been suggested that lipid raft accumulation creates a platform for recruitment of signaling molecules upon T-cell activation. However, several lipid raft probes did not accumulate at TCR-MCs or cSMACs even with costimulation and the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between TCR or LAT and lipid raft probes was not induced at TCR-MCs under the condition of positive induction of FRET between CD3ζ and ZAP-70. The analysis of LAT mutants revealed that raft association is essential for the membrane localization but dispensable for TCR-MC formation. Careful analysis of the accumulation of raft probes in the cell interface revealed that their accumulation occurred after cSMAC formation, probably due to membrane ruffling and/or endocytosis. These results suggest that lipid rafts control protein translocation to the membrane but are not involved in the clustering of raft-associated molecules and therefore that the lipid rafts do not serve as a platform for T-cell activation.

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Ren, Yi. "A Study on Cultivation Strategies of Critical Thinking in Junior Middle English Reading Class." Review of Educational Theory 3, no. 4 (November 4, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/ret.v3i4.2358.

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This paper analyzes the importance of critical thinking to junior middle school English reading ability. This paper probes into the cultivation of critical thinking in English reading ability from the perspective of teachers and students, and discusses the problems based on the questionnaire survey.

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Blom, Sami, Andrew Erickson, Arne Östman, Antti Rannikko, Tuomas Mirtti, Olli Kallioniemi, and Teijo Pellinen. "Fibroblast as a critical stromal cell type determining prognosis in prostate cancer." Prostate 79, no. 13 (July 3, 2019): 1505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.23867.

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Kyprianou, Natasha, and John T. Isaacs. "Quantal relationship between prostatic dihydrotestosterone and prostatic cell content: Critical threshold concept." Prostate 11, no. 1 (1987): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.2990110106.

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Schulman, Claude C. "Neoadjuvant androgen blockade prior to prostatectomy: A retrospective study and critical review." Prostate 25, S1 (1994): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.2990250705.

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Athamneh, Ahmad I. M., and Ryan S. Senger. "Peptide-Guided Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Probes for Localized Cell Composition Analysis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 21 (August 24, 2012): 7805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02000-12.

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ABSTRACTThe ability to control the localization of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoparticle probes in bacterial cells is critical to the development of analytical techniques that can nondestructively determine cell composition and phenotype. Here, selective localization of SERS probes was achieved at the outer bacterial membrane by using silver nanoparticles functionalized with synthetic hydrophobic peptides.

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Turnbull, Alison E., Margaret M. Hayes, Roy G. Brower, Elizabeth Colantuoni, Pragyashree Sharma Basyal, Douglas B. White, J. Randall Curtis, and Dale M. Needham. "Effect of Documenting Prognosis on the Information Provided to ICU Proxies." Critical Care Medicine 47, no. 6 (June 2019): 757–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0000000000003731.

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Lu, Weiwei, Yun Liu, Zhi-ying Zhang, Junping Xiao, and Chun-yan Liu. "Dual emissive amphiphilic carbon dots as ratiometric fluorescent probes for the determination of critical micelle concentration of surfactants." Analytical Methods 14, no. 6 (2022): 672–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ay02042k.

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Yuan, Wei, Guangdi Liu, Liming Xu, Xiaobing Niu, and Chaozheng Li. "Petrographic and geochemical characteristics of organic-rich shale and tuff of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, China: implications for lacustrine fertilization by volcanic ash." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, no. 1 (January 2019): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0123.

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The Upper Triassic Chang 7 Member lacustrine organic-rich shale of the Yanchang Formation of the Ordos Basin is a significant hydrocarbon source rock containing abundant of tuff intervals ranging from millimeters to tens of centimeters thick. The present study relies upon petrographic and geochemical data of Chang 7 tuff intervals and organic-rich shale to consider fertilization of the lake surface by volcanic debris as a triggering mechanism of black shale sedimentation. Paleoproductivity proxies, including P/Al, Ni/Al, and Cu/Al, display elevated values in association with tuff intervals, suggesting increased productivity induced by volcanic nutrient seeding of the lake surface. Moreover, vertical variations of TOC mimic trends of paleoproductivity proxies, indicating that primary productivity was critical to organic carbon enrichment of the Chang 7 Member. Previous studies have postulated that lake bottom redox conditions were predominantly oxic–suboxic during deposition of the Chang 7 and that these deposits accumulated slowly, neither of which would have favored the export and preservation of organic matter in the absence of enhanced productivity. Accumulation of the organic-rich Chang 7 shale demonstrates the critical role that intensified primary productivity triggered by volcanism can play in the accumulation of carbonaceous sediment.

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Driese, Steven G., Michael H. Young, and Eric C. Brevik. "Connecting Modern Soil and Paleosol Communities: Improving Climate Proxies and Our Understanding of Earth's Critical Zone." CSA News 59, no. 10 (October 2014): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/csa2014-59-10-10.

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McDermott, F., L. M. Baldini, and J. U. L. Baldini. "Forward modelling of speleothem δ18O: A critical assessment of their use as high-resolution climate proxies." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, no. 18 (August 2006): A408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.823.

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Hennigan, C. J., J. Izumi, A. P. Sullivan, R. J. Weber, and A. Nenes. "A critical evaluation of proxy methods used to estimate the acidity of atmospheric particles." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 20 (November 5, 2014): 27579–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-27579-2014.

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Abstract. Given significant challenges with available measurements of aerosol acidity, proxy methods are frequently used to estimate the acidity of atmospheric particles. In this study, four of the most common aerosol acidity proxies are evaluated and compared: (1) the ion balance method, (2) the molar ratio method, (3) thermodynamic equilibrium models, and (4) the phase partitioning of ammonia. All methods are evaluated against predictions of thermodynamic models and against direct observations of aerosol-gas equilibrium partitioning acquired in Mexico City during the MILAGRO study. The ion balance and molar ratio methods assume that any deficit in inorganic cations relative to anions is due to the presence of H+; and that a higher H+ loading and lower cation/anion ratio both correspond to increasingly acidic particles (i.e., lower pH). Based on the MILAGRO measurements, no correlation is observed between H+ levels inferred with the ion balance and aerosol pH predicted by the thermodynamic models and ammonia–ammonium (NH3–NH4+) partitioning. Similarly, no relationship is observed between the cation / anion molar ratio and predicted aerosol pH. Using only measured aerosol chemical composition as inputs without any constraint for the gas phase, the Extended Aerosol Inorganics Model (E-AIM) and ISORROPIA-II thermodynamic equilibrium models tend to predict aerosol pH levels that are inconsistent with the observed NH3–NH4+ partitioning. The modeled pH values from both models run with gas + aerosol inputs agreed well with the aerosol pH predicted by the phase partitioning of ammonia. It appears that (1) thermodynamic models constrained by gas + aerosol measurements, and (2) the phase partitioning of ammonia provide the best available predictions of aerosol pH. Furthermore, neither the ion balance nor the molar ratio can be used as surrogates for aerosol pH, and published studies to date with conclusions based on such acidity proxies may need to be reevaluated. Given the significance of acidity for chemical processes in the atmosphere, the implications of this study are important and far reaching.

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Hennigan, C. J., J. Izumi, A. P. Sullivan, R. J. Weber, and A. Nenes. "A critical evaluation of proxy methods used to estimate the acidity of atmospheric particles." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 5 (March 10, 2015): 2775–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2775-2015.

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Abstract. Given significant challenges with available measurements of aerosol acidity, proxy methods are frequently used to estimate the acidity of atmospheric particles. In this study, four of the most common aerosol acidity proxies are evaluated and compared: (1) the ion balance method, (2) the molar ratio method, (3) thermodynamic equilibrium models, and (4) the phase partitioning of ammonia. All methods are evaluated against predictions of thermodynamic models and against direct observations of aerosol–gas equilibrium partitioning acquired in Mexico City during the Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Objectives (MILAGRO) study. The ion balance and molar ratio methods assume that any deficit in inorganic cations relative to anions is due to the presence of H+ and that a higher H+ loading and lower cation / anion ratio both correspond to increasingly acidic particles (i.e., lower pH). Based on the MILAGRO measurements, no correlation is observed between H+ levels inferred with the ion balance and aerosol pH predicted by the thermodynamic models and NH3–NH4+ partitioning. Similarly, no relationship is observed between the cation / anion molar ratio and predicted aerosol pH. Using only measured aerosol chemical composition as inputs without any constraint for the gas phase, the E-AIM (Extended Aerosol Inorganics Model) and ISORROPIA-II thermodynamic equilibrium models tend to predict aerosol pH levels that are inconsistent with the observed NH3–NH4+ partitioning. The modeled pH values from both E-AIM and ISORROPIA-II run with gas &plus; aerosol inputs agreed well with the aerosol pH predicted by the phase partitioning of ammonia. It appears that (1) thermodynamic models constrained by gas &plus; aerosol measurements and (2) the phase partitioning of ammonia provide the best available predictions of aerosol pH. Furthermore, neither the ion balance nor the molar ratio can be used as surrogates for aerosol pH, and previously published studies with conclusions based on such acidity proxies may need to be reevaluated. Given the significance of acidity for chemical processes in the atmosphere, the implications of this study are important and far reaching.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Critical proxis'

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