Journal articles on the topic 'Critical nutrition studies'
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Dixon, Jane. "Critical nutrition studies within critical agrarian studies: a review and analysis." Journal of Peasant Studies 43, no. 5 (August 16, 2016): 1112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2016.1198513.
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Pazirandeh, Sassan, Justin A. Maykel, and Bruce R. Bistrian. "Hidden Nutrition Studies." Critical Care Medicine 31, no. 2 (February 2003): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000050457.60361.6e.
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O’Leary-Kelley, Colleen, and Karen Bawel-Brinkley. "Nutrition Support Protocols: Enhancing Delivery of Enteral Nutrition." Critical Care Nurse 37, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): e15-e23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2017650.
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In critical care, malnutrition has a significant, negative impact on a patient’s ability to respond to medical treatment. Enteral nutrition is known to counteract the metabolic changes associated with critical illness that increase the risk for serious complications and poor clinical outcomes. Inadequate delivery of nutrition support and underfeeding persist in intensive care units despite the availability of guidelines and current research for best practice. Recent studies have shown that nutrition support protocols are effective in promoting nutritional goals in a wide variety of intensive care patients. It is essential to find approaches that enhance early delivery of enteral nutrition that meets requirements and supports improved outcomes. Nurses are in a unique position to take an active role in promoting the best nutritional outcomes for their patients by using and evaluating nutrition support protocols.
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Ökrös, Ilona. "Nutrition in critical illness." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 51 (December 2014): 2048–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.29999.
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Critically ill patients are often unable to eat by themselves over a long period of time, sometimes for weeks. In the acute phase, serious protein-energy malnutrition may develop with progressive muscle weakness, which may result in assisted respiration of longer duration as well as longer stay in intensive care unit and hospital. In view of the metabolic processes, energy and protein intake targets should be defined and the performance of metabolism should be monitored. Enteral nutrition is primarily recommended. However, parenteral supplementation is often necessary because of the disrupted tolerance levels of the gastrointestinal system. Apparently, an early parenteral supplementation started within a week would be of no benefit. Some experts believe that muscle loss can be reduced by increased target levels of protein. Further studies are needed on the effect of immune system feeding, fatty acids and micronutrients. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(51), 2048–2053.
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Phillips, Steph. "Nutrition in critical care." Veterinary Nurse 11, no. 6 (July 2, 2020): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2020.11.6.256.
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Veterinary professionals in emergency and critical care see the sickest and most unstable patients, and it is understandable that nutrition is not at the forefront of their minds. This article demonstrates why nutrition is important in the most critical patients, and why studies show it is no longer advisable to delay assisted nutrition. Absence of nutrition in the critical patient leads to muscle catabolism, protein deficiencies and increased risk of sepsis. There are options for enteral or parenteral nutrition, and various feeding tubes that can be used depending on the status of the patient. Both underfeeding and overfeeding can be detrimental to the critical patient; requirements should be calculated for each patient on an individual basis, considering the dietary requirements and risks associated with each presentation and disease process. There are also changes that can be made in the hospital to encourage patients to eat voluntarily; it is important not to forget holistic care in the critical patient.
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Hickson, Mary. "Nutritional interventions in sarcopenia: a critical review." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 74, no. 4 (April 29, 2015): 378–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665115002049.
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The aim of the present paper is to critically review the details of the published nutrition intervention trials, with and without exercise, targeting sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass, strength and/or performance with age. Since amino acids and energy are required for muscle synthesis it is possible that nutritional intake influences sarcopenia. Nutritional studies are challenging to carry out because of the complexity of modulating dietary intake. It is very difficult to change one nutrient without influencing many others, which means that many of the published studies are problematic to interpret. The studies included evaluate whole protein, essential amino acids and β-hydroxyl β-methylbutyrate (HMB). Whole-protein supplementation failed to show a consistent effect on muscle mass, strength or function. This can be explained by the variations in study design, composition of the protein supplement and the failure to monitor voluntary food intake, adherence and baseline nutritional status. Essential amino-acid supplements showed an inconsistent effect but there are only two trials that have significant differences in methodology and the supplement used. The HMB studies are suggestive of a beneficial effect on older adults, but larger well-controlled studies are required that measure outcomes relevant to sarcopenia, ideally in sarcopenic populations. The issues of timing and distribution of protein intake, and increased splanchnic amino-acid sequestration are discussed, and recommendations for future trials are made.
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Fewtrell, M. S. "Session 6: Infant nutrition: future research developments in Europe EARNEST, the early nutrition programming project: EARly Nutrition programming – long-term Efficacy and Safety Trials and integrated epidemiological, genetic, animal, consumer and economic research." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 66, no. 3 (July 16, 2007): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665107005708.
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Increasing evidence from lifetime experimental studies in animals and observational and experimental studies in human subjects suggests that pre- and postnatal nutrition programme long-term health. However, key unanswered questions remain on the extent of early-life programming in contemporary European populations, relevant nutritional exposures, critical time periods, mechanisms and the effectiveness of interventions to prevent or reverse programming effects. The EARly Nutrition programming – long-term Efficacy and Safety Trials and integrated epidemiological, genetic, animal, consumer and economic research (EARNEST) consortium brings together a multi-disciplinary team of scientists from European research institutions in an integrated programme of work that includes experimental studies in human subjects, modern prospective observational studies and mechanistic animal work including physiological studies, cell-culture models and molecular techniques. Theme 1 tests early nutritional programming of disease in human subjects, measuring disease markers in childhood and early adulthood in nineteen randomised controlled trials of nutritional interventions in pregnancy and infancy. Theme 2 examines associations between early nutrition and later outcomes in large modern European population-based prospective studies, with detailed measures of diet in pregnancy and early life. Theme 3 uses animal, cellular and molecular techniques to study lifetime effects of early nutrition. Biomedical studies are complemented by studies of the social and economic importance of programming (themes 4 and 5), and themes encouraging integration, communication, training and wealth creation. The project aims to: help formulate policies on the composition and testing of infant foods; improve the nutritional value of infant formulas; identify interventions to prevent and reverse adverse early nutritional programming. In addition, it has the potential to develop new products through industrial partnerships, generate information on the social and economic cost of programming in Europe and help maintain Europe's lead in this critical area of research.
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Lew, Charles CH, Chengsi Ong, Amartya Mukhopadhyay, Andrea Marshall, and Yaseen M. Arabi. "How to Feed the Critically Ill—A Review." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 49, no. 8 (August 30, 2020): 573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.202064.
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Introduction: Number of recently published studies on nutritional support in the intensive care unit (ICU) have resulted in a paradigm shift of clinical practices. This review summarises the latest evidence in four main topics in the ICU, namely: (1) function of validated nutrition screening/assessment tools, (2) types and validity of body composition measurements, (3) optimal energy and protein goals, and (4) delivery methods. Methods: Recent studies that investigated the above aims were outlined and discussed. In addition, recent guidelines were also compared to highlight the similarities and differences in their approach to the nutrition support of critically ill patients. Results: Regardless of nutritional status and body composition, all patients with >48 hours of ICU stay are at nutrition risk and should receive individualised nutrition support. Although a recent trial did not demonstrate an advantage of indirect calorimetry over predictive equations, it was recommended that indirect calorimetry be used to set energy targets with better accuracy. Initiation of enteral nutrition (EN) within 24–48 hours was shown to be associated with improved clinical outcomes. The energy and protein goals should be achieved gradually over the first week of ICU stay. This practice should be protocolised and regularly audited as critically ill patients receive only part of their energy and protein goals. Conclusions: Metabolic demands of critically ill patients can be variable and nutrition support should be tailored to each patient. Given that many nutrition studies are on-going, we anticipate improvements in the individualisation of nutrition support in the near future. Key words: Critical care, Critical illness, Intensive care, Nutrition, Nutritional intake, Nutrition support
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Li, Na, Wei Wang, Guoyao Wu, and Junjun Wang. "Nutritional support for low birth weight infants: insights from animal studies." British Journal of Nutrition 117, no. 10 (May 28, 2017): 1390–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451700126x.
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AbstractInfants born with low birth weights (<2500 g, LBW), accounting for about 15 % of newborns, have a high risk for postnatal growth failure and developing the metabolic syndromes such as type 2 diabetes, CVD and obesity later in life. Improper nutrition provision during critical stages, such as undernutrition during the fetal period or overnutrition during the neonatal period, has been an important mediator of these metabolic diseases. Considering the specific physiological status of LBW infants, nutritional intervention and optimisation during early life merit further attention. In this review, the physiological and metabolic defects of LBW infants were summarised from a nutritional perspective. Available strategies for nutritional interventions and optimisation of LBW infants, including patterns of nutrition supply, macronutrient proportion, supplementation of amino acids and their derivatives, fatty acids, nucleotides, vitamins, minerals as well as hormone and microbiota manipulators, were reviewed with an aim to provide new insights into the advancements of formulas and human-milk fortifiers.
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Bear, Danielle E., Liesl Wandrag, Judith L. Merriweather, Bronwen Connolly, Nicholas Hart, and Michael P. W. Grocott. "The role of nutritional support in the physical and functional recovery of critically ill patients: a narrative review." Clinical nutrition and metabolism 2, no. 3 (April 18, 2021): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/clinutr96169.
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Randomized controlled trials addressing the role of nutrition during long-term recovery from critical illness, including other outcomes, have not shown clear benefits, leading to significant controversy on the topic. Although methodological caveats with failure to adequately appreciate biological mechanisms may explain these disappointing results, it must be acknowledged that nutritional support during early critical illness, when considered alone, may have limited long-term functional impact.
This narrative review focuses on recent clinical trials, evaluating the impact of nutrition on long-term physical and functional recovery from critical illness, with specific emphasis on the details of trial design and methodological limitations. Such limitations include delivery of caloric and protein targets, patient heterogeneity, short duration of intervention, inappropriate clinical outcomes, and disregard for baseline nutritional status and intake in the post-ICU period. With survival at the forefront of critical care research, it is imperative that nutrition studies carefully consider biological mechanisms and trial design, which strongly influence long-term physical and functional outcomes among others. Failure to do so may lead to inconclusive clinical trials and consequent rejection of the potential benefits of nutrition interventions during critical illness.
This article is the legal Russian-language translation from the original publication of Bear D.E. et al. The role of nutritional support in the physical and functional recovery of critically ill patients: a narrative review in Critical Care [2017;21(1):226. doi: 10.1186/s13054-017-1810-2] with the permission of the copyright holders.
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Devaki, C. S., D. D. Wadikar, and P. E. Patki. "Vegetable gourds – guards of human health: a critical appraisal." Nutrition & Food Science 45, no. 1 (February 9, 2015): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-12-2013-0146.
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Purpose – The purpose of the paper was to assess the functional properties vegetable gourds & the validated health claims so as to help the future researchers to locate the gaps. However, emphasizing on the scientifically available reports was required to make information available in a nutshell to the health-conscious consumers, as well as the researcher from the area of functional foods and nutrition. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is a mini-review of scientific findings in different studies on gourd vegetables. The approach to information collection was finding the research gaps and potential areas for future work with a nutritional perspective. Findings – Ash gourd, bitter gourd and bottle gourd have been extensively studied, and several health benefits and functional components have been reported, while ridge gourd, snake gourd and pointed gourd have been sparsely studied for their therapeutic benefits and the validation thereof; hence, there lies a scope for researchers. Research limitations/implications – The scarcity of scientific reports compared to the traditional usage and folkloric beliefs was a limitation. Originality/value – Understanding the nutritional potential of gourd vegetables from scientific reports may influence both the work areas and consumers in the appropriate direction.
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Miller, Brent W., Rainer Himmele, Dixie-Ann Sawin, Jeeseon Kim, and Robert J. Kossmann. "Choosing Home Hemodialysis: A Critical Review of Patient Outcomes." Blood Purification 45, no. 1-3 (2018): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000485159.
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Background/Aim: Home hemodialysis (HHD) has been associated with improved clinical outcomes vs. in-center HD (ICHD). The prevalence of HHD in the United States is still very low at 1.8%. This critical review compares HHD and ICHD outcomes for survival, hospitalization, cardiovascular (CV), nutrition, and quality of life (QoL). Methods: Of 545 publications identified, 44 were not selected after applying exclusion criteria. A systematic review of the identified publications was conducted to compare HHD to ICHD outcomes for survival, hospitalization, CV outcomes, nutrition, and QoL. Results: Regarding mortality, 10 of 13 trials reported 13–52% reduction; three trials found no differences. According to 6 studies, blood pressure and left ventricular size measurements were generally lower in HHD patients compared to similar measurements in ICHD patients. Regarding nutritional status, conflicting results were reported (8 studies); some found improved muscle mass, total protein, and body mass index in HHD vs. ICHD patients, while others found no significant differences. There were no significant differences in the rate of hospitalization between HHD and ICHD in the 6 articles reviewed. Seven studies on QoL demonstrated positive trends in HHD vs. ICHD populations. Conclusions: Despite limitations in the current data, 66% of the publications reviewed (29/44) demonstrated improved clinical outcomes in patients who chose HHD. These include improved survival, CV, nutritional, and QoL parameters. Even though HHD may not be preferred in all patients, a review of the literature suggests that HHD should be provided as a modality choice for substantially more than the current 1.8% of HHD patients in the United States.
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Sørmoen, Åse Østbø, Simen Alexander Steindal, and Kristin Hofsø. "En systematisk litteraturstudie om betydningen av ulike ernæringsintervensjoner på utvikling av intensive care unit acquired weakness." Inspira 17, no. 2 (December 5, 2022): 26–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/inspira.v17.3690.
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Bakgrunn: Stadig flere intensivpasienter overlever kompliserte intensivforløp. I ettertid sliter mange intensivoverlevere med muskelsvakhet, polynevropati og redusert fysisk funksjon som følge av intensive care unit acquired weakness (ICUAW). Ernæring er avgjørende for opprettholdelse av muskler, og flere studier har undersøkt ernæringsintervensjoners effekt på utvikling av ICUAW. Hensikt: Hensikten med denne systematiske litteraturstudien var å undersøke betydningen av ernæring på utvikling av ICUAW. Metode: Denne systematiske litteraturstudien ble gjennomført etter det metodiske rammeverket beskrevet av Booth, Sutton og Papaioannou. Et systematisk litteratursøk ble gjennomført i databasene Cinahl, Medline og Embase. Studier ble inkludert dersom de var randomiserte kontrollerte studier som undersøkte effekten av en ernæringsintervensjon som ble gitt mens pasienten var innlagt på intensivavdeling. Utfallsmålet i de inkluderte studiene måtte være ICUAW eller utfallsmål som favnes av ICUAW-begrepet, som muskelsvakhet, muskelatrofi eller redusert fysisk funksjon. Resultater: Tyve artikler oppfylte inklusjonskriteriene. Ulike ernæringsintervensjoner og ulike målemetoder på muskelsvakhet, muskelmasse og fysisk funksjon ble benyttet i primærstudiene. Studier som målte korttidseffekter av ernæringsintervensjoner, viste sprikende resultater. Ingen av studiene som målte ICUAW etter utskrivelse fra sykehus fant effekt av ernæringsintervensjonen mot ernæringen som kontrollgruppen fikk. Flere av de inkluderte studiene hadde for små utvalg til å finne forskjeller i endepunkt som betegnes som ICUAW ettersom flere av studiene var pilotstudier og andre hadde ICUAW som sekundærutfall. Konklusjon: Denne litteraturstudien kan ikke fastslå hvilken betydning ernæring har for utvikling av ICUAW. På grunn av at intensivpopulasjonen er en heterogen pasientgruppe, har pasientene derfor ofte ulike behov for ernæring. Fremtidige studier bør designes ut fra intensivpasientenes individuelle ernæringsbehov. Videre er det et behov for standardisering av hvordan ICUAW måles,slik at resultater fra fremtidige studier kan sammenlignes. ENGLISH ABSTRACT The significance of different nutritional interventions in the development of intensive care unit acquired weakness – a systematic reviewBackground: Enhancements in critical care have resulted in reduced mortality in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). However, the survivors of critical care experience reduced physical function termed intensive care unit acquired weakness (ICUAW). Nutrition is essential in the preserving of muscles and several studies have examined the effect of nutrition interventions on ICUAW. Aim: The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the significance of nutrition on the development of ICUAW. Methods: This systematic review used the methodological framework described by Booth, Sutton and Papaioannou. A systematic search was conducted in the databases Cinahl, Medline, and Embase. Studies were included if they were randomized controlled trials and investigated the effect of a nutrition intervention administered while the patient was admitted to the ICU. Outcome measures was covered by ICUAW, such as muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, or reduced physical function. Results: Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. The included studies used different nutrition interventions and different outcome measures to determine muscle weakness, muscle mass, and physical function. The results of short-term outcomes were differing among the included studies. The nutritional interventions did not have effect on ICUAW when measured after hospital discharge. Few of the included studies were powered to find effect on ICUAW as several of the studies were pilot studies or had ICUAW as a secondary outcome. Conclusion: This systematic review found that the evidence is insufficient to determine the effect of nutrition in the development of ICUAW. Future research should consider that the critical care population is heterogeneous, and the patients may have different nutritional needs. There is a need to develop standardized outcome measures for ICUAW so that the results of future studies can be compared.
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Hill, Neil, Joanne Fallowfield, Susan Price, and Duncan Wilson. "Military nutrition: maintaining health and rebuilding injured tissue." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1562 (January 27, 2011): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0213.
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Food and nutrition are fundamental to military capability. Historical examples demonstrate that a failure to supply adequate nutrition to armies inevitably leads to disaster; however, innovative measures to overcome difficulties in feeding reap benefits, and save lives. In barracks, UK Armed Forces are currently fed according to the relatively new Pay As You Dine policy, which has attracted criticism from some quarters. The recently introduced Multi-Climate Ration has been developed specifically to deal with issues arising from Iraq and the current conflict in Afghanistan. Severely wounded military personnel are likely to lose a significant amount of their muscle mass, in spite of the best medical care. Nutritional support is unable to prevent this, but can ameliorate the effects of the catabolic process. Measuring and quantifying nutritional status during critical illness is difficult. A consensus is beginning to emerge from studies investigating the effects of nutritional interventions on how, what and when to feed patients with critical illness. The Ministry of Defence is currently undertaking research to address specific concerns related to nutrition as well as seeking to promote healthy eating in military personnel.
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Addison-Akotoye, Evelyn, and Edem K. Amenumey. "Menu planners’ adherence to nutritional guidelines in menu planning in Osu, Ghana." Oguaa Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 74–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.47963/joss.v8i1.310.
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Nutrition is a critical element in menu planning. Despite its important role, few empirical studies have attempted to link nutrition to menu planning. This paper explores the extent to which nutritional issues are considered in menu planning and menu planners’ adherence to nutritional guidelines. The study adopted an exploratory approach, using in-depth interviews to explore and collect qualitative data for the study. Four main themes were identified from the analysis: nutrition principles in menu planning, customers’ nutritional needs, the pyramid and the 3 food steps, and the adherence to requirements in nutritional guidelines. The menu planners’ knowledge on nutrition was mostly based on past experiences and learning on-the-job rather than the recommendation given in nutrition books or by expert. The study revealed that adherence to nutritional guidelines is almost overlooked when planning restaurant menus. This is as a result of the deficiency in nutrition awareness. This study, therefore, suggests that restaurant operators should create avenues for their kitchen staff to upgrade their knowledge in food and nutrition. There is also the need for dietitians to work closely together with foodservice operators to create and modify recipes that meet dietary guidelines.
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Brown, Ann-Marie, Erik C. Madsen, Charlene P. Leonard, Sharon L. Leslie, Christine Allen, Vijay Srinivasan, and Sharon Y. Irving. "Continuous Versus Bolus Gastric Feeding in Children Receiving Mechanical Ventilation: A Systematic Review." American Journal of Critical Care 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2020850.
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Background Nutrition guidelines recommend enteral nutrition in the form of gastric feedings for critically ill children and acknowledge a lack of evidence describing an optimal method for providing these feedings. Objective To determine the state of the science regarding the efficacy of bolus (intermittent) or continuous gastric feedings to improve nutrition delivery in critically ill children receiving mechanical ventilation. Methods Five hundred seventy-nine abstracts met the inclusion criteria and were screened by 2 reviewers according to prespecified criteria. Full-text reviews were performed on 28 articles; 11 studies were selected for detailed analysis. Because of the small number of eligible studies, broader searches were conducted. Results Only 5 studies with a collective enrollment of fewer than 200 children closely addressed the specific research question. These 5 studies did not report any similarity in feeding regimens, nor did they report nutritional outcomes. Two of the articles described findings from the same study population. Although 4 of the 5 studies randomized children to bolus versus continuous feedings, only 3 studies described attainment of nutrient delivery goals in both the intervention and the control groups; the remaining study did not report this outcome. The heterogeneity in methodology and outcomes among the 5 studies did not allow for a meta-analysis. Conclusions The dearth of evidence regarding best practices and outcomes related to bolus versus continuous gastric feedings in critically ill children receiving mechanical ventilation requires additional rigorous investigation.
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Colombo, John, Kathleen M. Gustafson, and Susan E. Carlson. "Critical and Sensitive Periods in Development and Nutrition." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 75, no. 1 (2019): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000508053.
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Critical or sensitive periods in the life of an organism during which certain experiences or conditions may exert disproportionate influence (either for harm or benefit) on long-term developmental outcomes have been the subject of investigation for over a century. This chapter reviews research in the context of the development of social preferences and sensory systems, with a summary of the criteria for defining such a period and the evidence necessary to establish its existence. The notion of nutritional programming, central to the Barker/Developmental Origins hypotheses of health and disease, represents a variant of the critical/sensitive period concept. It is implicit in these hypotheses that the fetal period is a time during which metabolic and physiological systems are malleable and thus susceptible to either insult or enhancement by nutrient intake. Evidence for critical/sensitive periods or nutritional programming requires a systematic manipulation of the age at which nutritional conditions or supplements are implemented. While common in research using animal models, the approach is difficult to establish in epidemiological studies and virtually nonexistent in human clinical trials. Future work seeking to establish definitive evidence for critical/sensitive periods or programming may be advanced by harmonized outcome measures in experimental trials across which the timing, duration, and dose of nutrients is varied.
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Ray, Sumantra, Minha Rajput-Ray, Lauren Ball, Jennifer Crowley, Celia Laur, Suchismita Roy, Shweta Agarwal, and Sabyasachi Ray. "Confidence and Attitudes of Doctors and Dietitians towards Nutrition Care and Nutrition Advocacy for Hospital Patients in Kolkata, India." Journal of Biomedical Education 2015 (May 4, 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/416021.
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Malnutrition results in increased duration of patient stay and increases hospital costs. However, few studies address this issue in the Indian context. A recent UK study showed that intensive nutrition training was effective in increasing awareness of health professionals. In order to inform such educational interventions in India, a needs assessment was conducted in Kolkata by measuring doctors’ and dietitians’ attitudes and confidence regarding nutrition care, advocacy, and leadership. A total of 123 doctors (including general medicine, endocrinology, and critical care) and 56 dietitians completed a questionnaire. Doctors displayed moderate confidence in providing nutrition care but were less confident in their skills relating to advocacy and leadership. Dietitians displayed greater confidence than doctors in providing nutrition care but similarly lacked confidence in skills relating to advocacy and leadership. Overall, doctors and dietitians displayed equally positive attitudes towards nutrition in patient care. The greater confidence of dietitians compared to doctors in providing nutrition care may be the result of specialised training. Despite the limitations of this study, this paper provides a first glance at the gaps in nutritional practice within the doctors and dietitians community of Kolkata such that targeted future studies can now be planned.
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Marshall, Aniqa Islam, Gideon Lasco, Mathudara Phaiyarom, Nattanicha Pangkariya, Phetdavanh Leuangvilay, Pigunkaew Sinam, Rapeepong Suphanchaimat, Sataporn Julchoo, Watinee Kunpeuk, and Yunting Zhang. "Evidence on Child Nutrition Recommendations and Challenges in Crisis Settings: A Scoping Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 20, 2021): 6637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126637.
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Adequate child nutrition is critical to child development, yet child malnutrition is prevalent in crisis settings. However, the intersection of malnutrition and disasters is sparse. This study reviews existing evidence on nutrition responses and outcomes for infants and young children during times of crisis. The scoping review was conducted via two approaches: a systematic search and a purposive search. For the systematic search, two key online databases, PubMed and Science Direct, were utilized. In total, data from 32 studies were extracted and included in the data extraction form. Additionally, seven guidelines and policy documents were included, based on relevance to this study. Overall, the existing evidence demonstrates the negative impacts of crises on nutritional status, diet intake, anthropometric failure, and long-term child development. On the other hand, crisis-related interventions positively affected nutrition-related knowledge and practices. Further studies should be carried out to explore the sustainability of the interventions and the success of existing guidelines. Since this study focuses only on nutrition among children under three, further studies should likewise consider an extended age range from three to five years.
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Das, Subal, and Kaushik Bose. "Adult tribal malnutrition in India: an anthropometric and socio-demographic review." Anthropological Review 78, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anre-2015-0004.
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Abstract The nutritional status and socio-demographic profile of tribal people is an important issue in India due to their marginalization from main stream population with respect to varied facilities. However, data on their nutritional status and socio-demographic profile are limited. This review aims to give an overview of the prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) using Body mass index (BMI) and various demographic profile of Indian tribes based on studies published hitherto. In total 76 studies were reviewed for mean BMI based on the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of the public health problem of low BMI, based on adult populations worldwide. The overall sex specific prevalence of CED showed that both the tribal females (52.0%) and males (49.3%) were passing through the critical situation with respect to nutritional status with females being more underprivileged. In conclusion, although there is a gradual increase in knowledge about the nutritional and socio-demographic status of tribes since last decades; there is still paucity of data and information on more than approximately 600 tribes regarding their bio-social profile. However previous studies clearly indicate the need to enhance the health and nutrition status of the tribes by providing job opportunity and food security. Since the prevalence of CED was higher (critical to serious situation) in tribal populations, concerted efforts should also be made to improve the health status and nutrition uptake among them.
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Jenkins, Erin. "Feeding Protocols for Neonates With Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome." AACN Advanced Critical Care 26, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/nci.0000000000000096.
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Optimizing nutrition in neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome is essential, given the high rate of growth failure in this population. Infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome are predisposed to nutritional deficiency as a result of their increased metabolic demand; however, early enteral feeding also increases the risk of serious gastrointestinal morbidity and mortality caused by poor intestinal perfusion. Consequently, providers have difficulty deciding when and how to safely feed these patients. A review of the literature found that implementation of a structured enteral feeding protocol may decrease the risk of gastrointestinal complications while also minimizing dependence on parenteral nutrition and decreasing length of hospital stay. As these studies were limited, further research is warranted to establish a best practice feeding protocol to decrease risk and optimize nutrition in this fragile population.
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Teasdale, S., P. Ward, K. Samaras, S. Rosenbaum, J. Curtis, O. Lederman, A. Watkins, and B. Stubbs. "Nutrition interventions in people with severe mental illness: Novel strategies for addressing physical health co-morbidity in a high-risk population." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2320.
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IntroductionNutrition interventions are critical for weight management and cardiometabolic risk reduction in people experiencing severe mental illness (SMI). As mental health teams evolve to incorporate nutrition interventions, evidence needs to guide clinical practice.AimsA systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess whether nutrition interventions improve:– anthropometric and biochemical measures,– nutritional intake of people experiencing SMI.To evaluate the effectiveness of a dietician-led nutrition intervention, as part of a broader lifestyle intervention, in the early stages of antipsychotic prescription.MethodAn electronic database search was conducted to identify all trials with nutritional components. Included trials were pooled for meta-analysis. Meta-regression analyses were run on potential anthropometric moderators. Weekly individualised dietetic consultations plus group cooking classes were then offered to clients attending a Community Early Psychosis Programme, who had recently commenced antipsychotics for a 12-week period.ResultsFrom pooled trials, nutrition interventions resulted in significant weight loss (19 studies, g = –0.39, P < 0.001), reduced BMI (17 studies, g = –0.40, P < 0.001), decreased waist circumference (10 studies, g = –0.27, P < 0.001) and lower blood glucose levels (5 studies, g = –0.37, P = 0.02). Dietician-led interventions (g = –0.90) and trials focussing on preventing weight gain (g = –0.61) were the most effective. The 12-week nutrition intervention resulted in a 47% reduction in discretionary (junk) food intake (P < 0.001) and reductions in daily energy (–24%, P < 0.001) and sodium intakes (–26%, P < 0.001), while improving diet quality (P < 0.05).ConclusionEvidence supports the inclusion of nutrition interventions as part of standard care for preventing weight gain and metabolic deterioration among people with SMI.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Dauncey, M. J. "New insights into nutrition and cognitive neuroscience." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 68, no. 4 (August 24, 2009): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665109990188.
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Nutrition can affect the brain throughout the life cycle, with profound implications for mental health and degenerative disease. Many aspects of nutrition, from entire diets to specific nutrients, affect brain structure and function. The present short review focuses on recent insights into the role of nutrition in cognition and mental health and is divided into four main sections. First, the importance of nutritional balance and nutrient interactions to brain health are considered by reference to the Mediterranean diet, energy balance, fatty acids and trace elements. Many factors modulate the effects of nutrition on brain health and inconsistencies between studies can be explained in part by differences in early environment and genetic variability. Thus, these two factors are considered in the second and third parts of the present review. Finally, recent findings on mechanisms underlying the actions of nutrition on the brain are considered. These mechanisms involve changes in neurotrophic factors, neural pathways and brain plasticity. Advances in understanding the critical role of nutrition in brain health will help to fulfil the potential of nutrition to optimise brain function, prevent dysfunction and treat disease.
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Popkin, Barry M. "Using research on the obesity pandemic as a guide to a unified vision of nutrition." Public Health Nutrition 8, no. 6a (September 2005): 724–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005776.
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AbstractObjectiveTo focus on factors that play a major role in our rapid, global nutritional changes.DesignA range of studies are summarised: these show how an understanding of social, economic and technological change at the global, national and community levels affects diet, activity, and body composition patterns and trends. These studies are used to demonstrate the value of the key global, national, community, household and individual factors that should define the field of nutrition.SettingThe focus is global.ResultLarge shifts have occurred in diet and in physical activity patterns – particularly in the last one or two decades of the twentieth century. These changes are reflected in nutritional outcomes such as changes in average stature, body composition and morbidity. Understanding the rapidity of these changes and the underlying factors at the global, national and community levels is critical for creating a science of nutrition that can prevent disease and sustain the health and integrity of humans.ConclusionThe vision of the nutrition field is one where scholars who work on many levels will intersect; equal weight in the nutrition profession will be provided to all dimensions as they are welcomed into the field of nutrition – particularly those that will directly or indirectly affect dietary patterns, physical activity patterns, and energetics. This vision of the nutrition field is one where scholars from a range of disciplines and perspectives meet to work together with the goal being a focus on improving nutritional status and the human condition.
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Bozzetti, F. "Lessons learned from studies on immune-nutrition inpostoperative patients." Clinical Nutrition 18, no. 4 (August 1999): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5614(99)80069-7.
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Sauerwein, H. P., and R. J. M. Strack van Schijndel. "Perspective: How to evaluate studies on peri-operative nutrition?" Clinical Nutrition 26, no. 1 (February 2007): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2006.08.001.
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Geraghty, Aisling A., Karen L. Lindsay, Goiuri Alberdi, Fionnuala M. McAuliffe, and Eileen R. Gibney. "Nutrition during Pregnancy Impacts Offspring's Epigenetic Status—Evidence from Human and Animal Studies." Nutrition and Metabolic Insights 8s1 (January 2015): NMI.S29527. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/nmi.s29527.
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Pregnancy is a vital time of growth and development during which maternal nutrition significantly influences the future health of both mother and baby. During pregnancy, the fetus experiences a critical period of plasticity. Epigenetics, specifically DNA methylation, plays an important role here. As nutrition is influential for DNA methylation, this review aims to determine if maternal nutrition during pregnancy can modify the offspring's epigenome at birth. Research focuses on micronutrients and methyl donors such as folate and B vitamins. Evidence suggests that maternal nutrition does not largely influence global methylation patterns, particularly in nutrient-replete populations; however, an important impact on gene-specific methylation is observed. A link is shown between maternal nutrition and the methylome of the offspring; however, there remains a paucity of research. With the potential to use DNA methylation patterns at birth to predict health of the child in later life, it is vital that further research be carried out.
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Mkhize, Mbalenhle, and Melusi Sibanda. "A Review of Selected Studies on the Factors Associated with the Nutrition Status of Children Under the Age of Five Years in South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 7973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217973.
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Malnutrition is a considerable contributor to child mortality and morbidity. Child malnutrition further affects the country’s economic development. Child malnutrition in South Africa is persistent, continuing to be an alarming burden. The nutritional status of kids under the age of five years is a critical indicator of the country’s economic condition and health status. An understanding of the influencers of the nutritional status of children can act as a catalyst in combatting all forms of malnutrition. The purpose of this paper was to review selected studies concerning the factors that affect the nutritional status of children in South Africa. Studies were selected from electronic databases, which were PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Sabinet African Journals, and the University of Zululand library catalog. The keywords that were used to search studies and articles from the selected database were: risk factors, child nutritional status, children under the age of five years, South Africa, malnutrition, underweight, stunted, wasting, and over-nutrition. Studies and surveys published from 2010–2019 that reported on the factors influencing the nutritional status of children under the age of five years were included in this review. Twenty-seven articles met the inclusion criteria of the study. The 27 articles were made up of 21 cross-sectional articles and six longitudinal articles. The finding from this review highlights that there is a lack of studies conducted in urban areas. The results show that the nutritional status of children is affected by several factors. These include household food insecurity, low household income, illiterate caregivers, unemployment, inadequate dietary intake, low birth weight, consumption of monotonous diets, poor caregiver’s nutritional knowledge, poor access to water and sanitation, poor weaning practices, age of the caregiver, and demographic characteristics of a child (age and gender). It is critical to have an understanding of the factors that affect the nutritional status of children. Such knowledge can significantly contribute to formulating policies that can enhance nutrition security and the country’s economy. Moreover, insights into strategic interventions to eradicate all forms of malnutrition can be made.
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Zheng, Jia, Xinhua Xiao, Qian Zhang, and Miao Yu. "DNA methylation: the pivotal interaction between early-life nutrition and glucose metabolism in later life." British Journal of Nutrition 112, no. 11 (October 20, 2014): 1850–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514002827.
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Traditionally, it has been widely acknowledged that genes together with adult lifestyle factors determine the risk of developing some metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes mellitus in later life. However, there is now substantial evidence that prenatal and early-postnatal nutrition play a critical role in determining susceptibility to these diseases in later life. Maternal nutrition has historically been a key determinant for offspring health, and gestation is the critical time window that can affect the growth and development of offspring. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis proposes that exposures during early life play a critical role in determining the risk of developing metabolic diseases in adulthood. Currently, there are substantial epidemiological studies and experimental animal models that have demonstrated that nutritional disturbances during the critical periods of early-life development can significantly have an impact on the predisposition to developing some metabolic diseases in later life. The hypothesis that epigenetic mechanisms may link imbalanced early-life nutrition with altered disease risk has been widely accepted in recent years. Epigenetics can be defined as the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence. Epigenetic processes play a significant role in regulating tissue-specific gene expression, and hence alterations in these processes may induce long-term changes in gene function and metabolism that persist throughout the life course. The present review focuses on how nutrition in early life can alter the epigenome, produce different phenotypes and alter disease susceptibilities, especially for impaired glucose metabolism.
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Stehle, Peter, and Katharina S. Kuhn. "Glutamine: An Obligatory Parenteral Nutrition Substrate in Critical Care Therapy." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/545467.
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Critical illness is characterized by glutamine depletion owing to increased metabolic demand. Glutamine is essential to maintain intestinal integrity and function, sustain immunologic response, and maintain antioxidative balance. Insufficient endogenous availability of glutamine may impair outcome in critically ill patients. Consequently, glutamine has been considered to be a conditionally essential amino acid and a necessary component to complete any parenteral nutrition regimen. Recently, this scientifically sound recommendation has been questioned, primarily based on controversial findings from a large multicentre study published in 2013 that evoked considerable uncertainty among clinicians. The present review was conceived to clarify the most important questions surrounding glutamine supplementation in critical care. This was achieved by addressing the role of glutamine in the pathophysiology of critical illness, summarizing recent clinical studies in patients receiving parenteral nutrition with intravenous glutamine, and describing practical concepts for providing parenteral glutamine in critical care.
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Prelack, Kathy, Yong Ming Yu, and Robert L. Sheridan. "Nutrition and metabolism in the rehabilitative phase of recovery in burn children: a review of clinical and research findings in a speciality pediatric burn hospital." Burns & Trauma 3 (May 28, 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41038-015-0004-x.
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Abstract During the rehabilitation phase of burn injury, patient care transitions from critical care medicine to restorative treatment strategies that encompass physical and occupational therapies, nutrition repletion, and psychosocial support for community reintegration. As pediatric burn patients undergo rehabilitation, nutrition assessment remains ongoing to define nutritional status and any alterations in metabolism that may take place. For some, a persistent hypermetabolic state appears evident, and weight loss may continue. The severity and duration however varies among patients. Many patients enter their rehabilitative phase with visible lean body mass depletion, and the focus of nutritional therapy for them shifts to replenishing nutritional status, while supporting rehabilitative efforts. Over the past decade, we have conducted studies on energy and protein metabolism, body composition, including bone mineralization, and general wellness in over 130 patients to better understand changes in metabolism and nutritional status during the rehabilitative phase of recovery. This abstract summarizes our findings.
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Li, Mengying, Ellen Francis, Stefanie N. Hinkle, Aparna S. Ajjarapu, and Cuilin Zhang. "Preconception and Prenatal Nutrition and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Nutrients 11, no. 7 (July 17, 2019): 1628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11071628.
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Preconception and prenatal nutrition is critical for fetal brain development. However, its associations with offspring neurodevelopmental disorders are not well understood. This study aims to systematically review the associations of preconception and prenatal nutrition with offspring risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. We searched the PubMed and Embase for articles published through March 2019. Nutritional exposures included nutrient intake or status, food intake, or dietary patterns. Neurodevelopmental outcomes included autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention deficit disorder-hyperactivity (ADHD) and intellectual disabilities. A total of 2169 articles were screened, and 20 articles on ASD and 17 on ADHD were eventually reviewed. We found an overall inverse association between maternal folic acid or multivitamin supplementation and children’s risk of ASD; a meta-analysis including six prospective cohort studies estimated an RR of ASD of 0.64 (95% CI: 0.46, 0.90). Data on associations of other dietary factors and ASD, ADHD and related outcomes were inconclusive and warrant future investigation. Future studies should integrate comprehensive and more objective methods to quantify the nutritional exposures and explore alternative study design such as Mendelian randomization to evaluate potential causal effects.
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Beaulieu-Gagnon, S., V. Bélanger, and V. Marcil. "Food habits during treatment of childhood cancer: a critical review." Nutrition Research Reviews 32, no. 2 (July 9, 2019): 265–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422419000131.
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AbstractSeveral factors can affect the nutritional status of children undergoing cancer therapy. The present review aims to describe children’s food intake during cancer treatments and to explore the contributing determinants. It also assesses the nutritional educational interventions developed for this clientele. Scientific literature from January 1995 to January 2018 was searched through PubMed and MEDLINE using keywords related to childhood cancer and nutritional intake. Quantitative and qualitative studies were reviewed: forty-seven articles were selected: thirty-eight related to food intake and parental practices and nine related to nutritional interventions. Patients’ intakes in energy, macronutrients and micronutrients were compared with those of healthy controls or with requirement standards. Generally, patients ate less energy and proteins than healthy children, but adhered similarly to national guidelines. There is a lack of consensus for standard nutrient requirement in this population and a need for more prospective evaluations. Qualitative studies provide an insight into the perceptions of children, parents and nurses on several determinants influencing eating behaviours, including the type of treatment and their side effects. Parental practices were found to be diverse. In general, savoury and salty foods were preferred to sweet foods. Finally, most interventional studies in childhood cancer have presented their protocol or assessed the feasibility of an intervention. Therefore, because of the variability of study designs and since only a few studies have presented results, their impact on the development of healthful eating habits remains unclear. A better understanding of children’s nutritional intakes and eating behaviours during cancer treatment could guide future nutritional interventions.
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Arigliani, Michele, Alessandro Spinelli, Ilaria Liguoro, and Paola Cogo. "Nutrition and Lung Growth." Nutrients 10, no. 7 (July 18, 2018): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10070919.
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Experimental evidence from animal models and epidemiology studies has demonstrated that nutrition affects lung development and may have a lifelong impact on respiratory health. Chronic restriction of nutrients and/or oxygen during pregnancy causes structural changes in the airways and parenchyma that may result in abnormal lung function, which is tracked throughout life. Inadequate nutritional management in very premature infants hampers lung growth and may be a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Recent evidence seems to indicate that infant and childhood malnutrition does not determine lung function impairment even in the presence of reduced lung size due to delayed body growth. This review will focus on the effects of malnutrition occurring at critical time periods such as pregnancy, early life, and childhood, on lung growth and long-term lung function.
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Gao, Yaxin, Lizhen Hou, Jie Gao, Danfeng Li, Zhiliang Tian, Bei Fan, Fengzhong Wang, and Shuying Li. "Metabolomics Approaches for the Comprehensive Evaluation of Fermented Foods: A Review." Foods 10, no. 10 (September 28, 2021): 2294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10102294.
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Fermentation is an important process that can provide new flavors and nutritional and functional foods, to deal with changing consumer preferences. Fermented foods have complex chemical components that can modulate unique qualitative properties. Consequently, monitoring the small molecular metabolites in fermented food is critical to clarify its qualitative properties and help deliver personalized nutrition. In recent years, the application of metabolomics to nutrition research of fermented foods has expanded. In this review, we examine the application of metabolomics technologies in food, with a primary focus on the different analytical approaches suitable for food metabolomics and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches. In addition, we summarize emerging studies applying metabolomics in the comprehensive analysis of the flavor, nutrition, function, and safety of fermented foods, as well as emphasize the applicability of metabolomics in characterizing the qualitative properties of fermented foods.
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Merkel, Patrick E., Emma K. Ditto, Kim Robien, and Allison C. Sylvetsky. "Perspective: Chaos in a Bottle—A Critical Evaluation of Beverage Categorization in Nutrition Research." Advances in Nutrition 11, no. 6 (June 17, 2020): 1414–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa068.
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ABSTRACT Beverage consumption is an important contributor to total daily calorie intake among children and adolescents. While associations between excess calories from beverages and development of obesity are well established, a standardized approach for beverage categorization does not exist. As a result, there is marked heterogeneity in assessment and categorization of beverage intake across studies. The purpose of this article is to critically review beverage categorization in recent (published since 2010) observational studies that evaluated beverage intake in relation to weight/adiposity in US youth, and to put forth an initial proposal for a standardized beverage classification system. Standardized beverage classification is critical to ensure transparency in nutrition science research and facilitate comparison of findings across studies. A systematic literature search identified 37 eligible studies, across which beverage categorization varied considerably. The most heterogeneity was observed for categorization of “sugar-sweetened beverages” and the greatest consistency was observed for categorization of 100% juices. This review provides an evidence-based starting point for urgently needed, collaborative work to determine priorities for beverage categorization and leverage existing standards of identity in order to create and disseminate a standardized beverage classification system. A standardized approach will inform meaningful assessment of beverage consumption in research studies and facilitate impactful translation of research findings into public health nutrition policy.
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Dang, Justin, Matthew E. Lin, Samantha Huang, Ian F. Hulsebos, Haig A. Yenikomshian, and Justin Gillenwater. "536 Use of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis for Assessment of Nutritional Status: A Systematic Review." Journal of Burn Care & Research 42, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2021): S116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irab032.186.
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Abstract Introduction Nutritional support is an essential component of caring for burn patients. Burns can induce a hypermetabolic state greater than twice the normal metabolic rate which can lead to higher rates of lean tissue mass breakdown. Despite its importance, there is no clear gold standard for monitoring nutritional status in the burn and critical care population. Many current methods of assessing body composition can be costly, labor-intensive, and inaccurate. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a promising new technology for assessing body composition that functions by sending a low-voltage current through the body and measuring the impedance to that current. Parameters derived from BIA have been demonstrated to reflect cellular health and correlate with nutritional status. The use of BIA to assess nutritional status in the critical care and burn population has not been well investigated. Thus, we have conducted a systematic review of the use of BIA to assess nutritional status in critically ill adults. Methods A search was conducted on Pubmed and Google Scholar in accordance with PRISMA guidelines between June 2020-August 2020 utilizing the keywords: bioelectrical impedance analysis, critical care, critical, nutrition, body composition, lean body mass, phase angle, water, fluid. Inclusion criteria were articles investigating the relationship between BIA and nutritional status in critically ill adults. Reviews, non-English articles, and studies involving pediatric patients were excluded. Results Our final study included 14 articles. BIA measured muscle mass was compared to a CT scan in two studies, with both reporting a statistically significant correlation. One article compared the ability of BIA and ultrasound to assess muscle mass, and this relationship was statistically significant. BIA derived phase angle was compared to NUTRIC and Subjective Global Assessment scores in four articles with all four reporting significant correlations. BIA was also compared to biochemical markers of nutrition such as albumin and two of three articles found significant correlations. One article compared BIA with gas exchange measured by indirect calorimetry and found that BIA could accurately assess body cell mass. No articles were found comparing BIA with other common nutritional markers such as prealbumin or nitrogen balance. Conclusions BIA shows promise as a method of assessing body composition and nutritional status in the critically ill patient population.
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Chadio, S., and B. Kotsampasi. "The role of early life nutrition in programming of reproductive function." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 5, no. 1 (August 16, 2013): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s204017441300038x.
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Accumulating evidence suggest that the concept of programming can also be applied to reproductive development and function, representing an ever expanding research area. Recently issues such as peri- or even preconceptional nutrition, transgenerational effects and underlying mechanisms have received considerable attention. The present chapter presents the existed evidence and reviews the available data from numerous animal and human studies on the effects of early life nutritional environment on adult reproductive function. Specific outcomes depend on the severity, duration and stage of development when nutritional perturbations are imposed, while sex-specific effects are also manifested. Apart from undernutrition, effects of relative overnutrition as well as the complex interactions between pre- and postnatal nutrition is of high importance, especially in the context of our days obesity epidemic. Mechanisms underlying reproductive programming are yet unclear, but may include a role for epigenetic modifications. Epigenetic modulation of critical genes involved in the control of reproductive function and potential intergenerational effects represent an exciting area of interdisciplinary research toward the development of new nutritional approaches during pre- and postnatal periods to ensure reproductive health in later life.
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Bustamante-Sanchez, Alvaro, Bella Esperanza Villegas-Mora, Ismael Martínez-Guardado, Jose Francisco Tornero-Aguilera, Luca Paolo Ardigò, Hadi Nobari, and Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez. "Physical Activity and Nutritional Pattern Related to Maturation and Development." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 17, 2022): 16958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416958.
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In order to better understand the implications of physical activity and nutrition in child development, we conducted the present narrative with the aim to analyze the physical activity and nutritional patterns related to maturation and development. To reach our study objective, a consensus and critical review were conducted by analyzing primary sources such as academic research and secondary sources such as databases, web pages, and bibliographic indexes following procedures of previous critical narrative reviews. We employed the MedLine (Pubmed), Cochrane (Wiley), PsychINFO, Embase, and CinAhl databases to search the MeSH-compliant keywords of exercise, physical activity, nutrition, maturation, development, child, neonatal, infantry, and cognitive development. We used manuscripts published from 1 January 2012 to 1 September 2022, although previous studies were included to explain some information in several points of the review. We found that physical activity and nutrition are basic pillars for the correct development and maturation of the child. Factors associated with development as a species such as breastfeeding, the correct intake of micro and macronutrients, and the performance of both passive and active physical activity will modulate the correct motor and cognitive development in preschool age, childhood, and adolescence.
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Tzelatis and Mougios. "Nutritional Knowledge of Water Polo Players." Proceedings 25, no. 1 (September 20, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019025039.
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AIM: The critical role of nutrition in athletes’ performance is widely accepted, and water polo players are no exception. However, there are no studies about their adequate knowledge of proper nutrition. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the nutritional knowledge of water polo players. MATERIAL & METHOD: We examined 30 male and 11 female water polo players of the A1 Greek national league, aged 16-37. Participants answered the “General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire” (Kliemann et al., Eur J Clin Nutr 70: 1174–1180, 2016) consisting of 86 questions on general nutrition knowledge. Results were analyzed with descriptive statistics and with the χ2 test to examine gender differences. RESULTS: Participants answered correctly 59% and incorrectly 41% of the questions. The majority of false answers were about the role of fruits and vegetables, body composition, fats, nutritional supplements, salt, the energy content of food, micronutrients, sugar-containing foods, alcohol, the glycemic index, and whole-grain foods. Males performed significantly better in 2 questions compared to females (which combination of vegetables had more vitamins and which of chip choices is lower in fat). CONCLUSIONS: Water polo players had satisfactory knowledge on general nutrition, with males performing slightly better than females. However, they should receive further education on nutrition by experts in order to clarify misconceptions that still exist.
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Pandey, Aviral. "Linkages Between Agriculture and Nutrition in Bihar." Social Change 51, no. 2 (June 2021): 180–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00490857211012083.
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Despite high growth, nutritional deficiencies remain a critical problem, affecting infants, children, men and women in Bihar. Although, there is an improvement in the situation of malnutrition in the state, the agenda remains incomplete. Studies show that agriculture plays an important role in the improvement of nutritional levels. Though the state government has initiated schemes related to agricultural development in the region, the prevalence of malnutrition among children, a high infant mortality rate and a high percentage of men and women with low body mass index (BMI) continue to raise serious questions about the connection between agriculture and nutrition in Bihar. Against this background, the present study seeks to identify linkages between agriculture and nutritional status in the state. The findings of this study is based on a correlation analysis and factor analysis, using cross-section data collected from secondary sources. The analysis indicates that diversification in agriculture, an improvement in women’s literacy levels and women’s access to household resources has had a significant impact on the nutritional situation in Bihar.
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Ogenrwoth, B., G. Akumu, J. Mugisha, and JH Muyonga. "Nutritional status research in Uganda: A critical review and trend analysis." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 22, no. 113 (October 18, 2022): 21243–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.113.22340.
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Uganda is ranked 77th out of 95 countries in terms of under-nutrition prevalence. Under-nutrition is closely linked to 40% of all mortalities among children below 5 years of age. It is projected that by 2050 malnutrition in all its dimensions combined will cost the country US $ 7.7 billion (19 trillion Uganda Shillings) in lost productivity, yet timely investing in nutrition would translate into an economic gain of US$ 1.7 billion (4.3 trillion Uganda shillings) through enhanced productivity. A critical review and trend analysis, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) approach was carried out. This was aimed at critically assessing the status of nutrition and identifying existing research gaps and intervention options. In addition, the study was focused on generating evidence for nutrition policy discourse. The review mainly focused on peer reviewed publications, covering the period from 2011 to 2022. A total of 215 materials were downloaded, 28 articles were used for literature review and 14 were used for further synthesis and trend analysis. It was found that stunting among children under 5 years was higher in the rural areas (37%) than in the urban areas (34%). Wasting and underweight among the same age group were most rampant in northern region, with prevalence rates of 7.5% and 14.6%, respectively, while stunting was most prevalent in western region (33.2%). Available data showed increasing prevalence of obesity and overweight. The proportion of women 15-49 years who were overweight or obese increased from 17% in 2006 to 19% in 2011 and 24% in 2016. On the other hand, prevalence of thinness among women aged 15-49 years declined from 12% in 2006 and 2011 to 9% in 2016. The review unearthed dearth of literature on nutrition for the elderly, adolescents and young adults. It would be prudent to invest in research to bridge the identified gaps. The outcome of such studies would be instrumental in informing nutrition policy in Uganda. Key words: Stunting, Obesity, Underweight, Overweight, Micronutrient deficiency
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Swietlik, Dariusz. "Zinc Nutrition of Fruit Crops." HortTechnology 12, no. 1 (January 2002): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.1.45.
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Zinc (Zn) deficiency is widespread throughout the world causing economic losses on a number of crops. Despite the fact that much information was generated during the last 20 years on Zn soil chemistry and its inorganic phase equilibrium, the mechanism controlling the amount of free Zn+2 present in the soil solution is not yet completely understood. This information is critical for the development of effective techniques of supplying Zn through the soil. As Zn moves very slowly through the soil, however, and a large portion of fruit tree root system occupies deep soil layers, foliar sprays with Zn are generally more effective than soil treatments in alleviating Zn deficiency symptoms. That is why many extension specialists recommend this approach. In view of the poor mobility of foliar-absorbed Zn in plants, however, we may need to reexamine this approach. Zinc foliar sprays may be effective in controlling Zn deficiency in leaves, but not in alleviating Zn deficiency in roots or subsequent flushes of growth. Also, the conditions under which fruit trees are most likely to respond to corrective Zn treatments are not well understood and the critical periods for Zn supply to assure optimal fruit set, fruit growth, and high fruit external and internal quality are not well defined. Field studies on fruit trees suggest that Zn deficiency must be quite severe to make the application of this element economically justifiable. In well-controlled greenhouse studies, however, growth responses were realized on plants only mildly affected by Zn deficiency. If considerable field variability may explain this discrepancy in the data, then future field research must use improved methodologies to properly quantify the impact of various levels of Zn deficiency on tree growth, fruit yield, and fruit quality.
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Chapple, Lee-anne S., Emma J. Ridley, and Marianne J. Chapman. "Trial Design in Critical Care Nutrition: The Past, Present and Future." Nutrients 12, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 3694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123694.
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The specialty of nutrition in critical care is relatively modern, and accordingly, trial design has progressed over recent decades. In the past, small observational and physiological studies evolved to become small single-centre comparative trials, but these had significant limitations by today’s standards. Power calculations were often not undertaken, outcomes were not specified a priori, and blinding and randomisation were not always rigorous. These trials have been superseded by larger, more carefully designed and conducted multi-centre trials. Progress in trial conduct has been facilitated by a greater understanding of statistical concepts and methodological design. In addition, larger numbers of potential study participants and increased access to funding support trials able to detect smaller differences in outcomes. This narrative review outlines why critical care nutrition research is unique and includes a historical critique of trial design to provide readers with an understanding of how and why things have changed. This review focuses on study methodology, population group, intervention, and outcomes, with a discussion as to how these factors have evolved, and concludes with an insight into what we believe trial design may look like in the future. This will provide perspective on the translation of the critical care nutrition literature into clinical practice.
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Zonies, David, Panna Codner, Pauline Park, Niels D. Martin, Matthew Lissauer, Susan Evans, Christine Cocanour, and Karen Brasel. "AAST Critical Care Committee clinical consensus: ECMO, nutritionExtracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)Nutrition." Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open 4, no. 1 (March 2019): e000304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tsaco-2019-000304.
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The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Critical Care Committee has developed clinical consensus guides to help with practical answers based on the best evidence available. These are focused in areas in which the levels of evidence may not be that strong and are based on a combination of expert consensus and research. Overall, quality of the research is mixed, with many studies suffering from small numbers and issues with bias. The first two of these focus on the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in trauma patients and nutrition for the critically ill surgical/trauma patient.
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White, Marina, and Kristin L. Connor. "In Utero HIV Exposure and the Early Nutritional Environment Influence Infant Neurodevelopment: Findings from an Evidenced Review and Meta-Analysis." Nutrients 12, no. 11 (November 2, 2020): 3375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12113375.
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The developing brain is especially vulnerable to infection and suboptimal nutrition during the pre- and early postnatal periods. Exposure to maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and antiretroviral therapies (ART) in utero and during breastfeeding can adversely influence infant (neuro) developmental trajectories. How early life nutrition may be optimised to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for infants who are HIV-exposed has not been well characterised. We conducted an up-to-date evidence review and meta-analysis on the influence of HIV exposure in utero and during breastfeeding, and early life nutrition, on infant neurodevelopmental outcomes before age three. We report that exposure to maternal HIV infection may adversely influence expressive language development, in particular, and these effects may be detectable within the first three years of life. Further, while male infants may be especially vulnerable to HIV exposure, few studies overall reported sex-comparisons, and whether there are sex-dependent effects of HIV exposure on neurodevelopment remains a critical knowledge gap to fill. Lastly, early life nutrition interventions, including daily maternal multivitamin supplementation during the perinatal period, may improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for infants who are HIV-exposed. Our findings suggest that the early nutritional environment may be leveraged to improve early neurodevelopmental trajectories in infants who have been exposed to HIV in utero. A clear understanding of how this environment should be optimised is key for developing targeted nutrition interventions during critical developmental periods in order to mitigate adverse outcomes later in life and should be a priority of future research.
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Fukuwatari, Tsutomu, and Katsumi Shibata. "Nutritional Aspect of Tryptophan Metabolism." International Journal of Tryptophan Research 6s1 (January 2013): IJTR.S11588. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ijtr.s11588.
Full textAbstract:
Mammals, including humans, can synthesize the vitamin nicotinamide from tryptophan in the liver. The resultant nicotinamide is distributed to non-hepatic tissues. We have studied the effects of changes in tryptophan–nicotinamide metabolism on niacin nutritional status. The liver plays a critical role in nicotinamide supply. Animal studies showed that the tryptophan–nicotinamide pathway is affected by physiological conditions, the presence of disease, nutrients, hormones, and chemicals. Human studies have shown that 1 mg of nicotinamide is produced from 67 mg of tryptophan intake, and that the conversion ratio of tryptophan to nicotinamide is enhanced from mid to late pregnancy. These findings have contributed to the determination of dietary reference intakes for niacin recommended in the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2010. Our findings suggest that the conversion of nicotinamide from tryptophan is important in maintaining niacin nutrition.
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Thoene, Melissa, and Ann Anderson-Berry. "Early Enteral Feeding in Preterm Infants: A Narrative Review of the Nutritional, Metabolic, and Developmental Benefits." Nutrients 13, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 2289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13072289.
Full textAbstract:
Enteral feeding is the preferred method of nutrient provision for preterm infants. Though parenteral nutrition remains an alternative to provide critical nutrition after preterm delivery, the literature suggests that enteral feeding still confers significant nutritional and non-nutritional benefits. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is to summarize health and clinical benefits of early enteral feeding within the first month of life in preterm infants. Likewise, this review also proposes methods to improve enteral delivery in clinical care, including a proposal for decision-making of initiation and advancement of enteral feeding. An extensive literature review assessed enteral studies in preterm infants with subsequent outcomes. The findings support the early initiation and advancement of enteral feeding impact preterm infant health by enhancing micronutrient delivery, promoting intestinal development and maturation, stimulating microbiome development, reducing inflammation, and enhancing brain growth and neurodevelopment. Clinicians must consider these short- and long-term implications when caring for preterm infants.
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Pilz, Stefan, Christian Trummer, Verena Theiler-Schwetz, Martin R. Grübler, Nicolas D. Verheyen, Balazs Odler, Spyridon N. Karras, Armin Zittermann, and Winfried März. "Critical Appraisal of Large Vitamin D Randomized Controlled Trials." Nutrients 14, no. 2 (January 12, 2022): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14020303.
Full textAbstract:
As a consequence of epidemiological studies showing significant associations of vitamin D deficiency with a variety of adverse extra-skeletal clinical outcomes including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and mortality, large vitamin D randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been designed and conducted over the last few years. The vast majority of these trials did not restrict their study populations to individuals with vitamin D deficiency, and some even allowed moderate vitamin D supplementation in the placebo groups. In these RCTs, there were no significant effects on the primary outcomes, including cancer, cardiovascular events, and mortality, but explorative outcome analyses and meta-analyses revealed indications for potential benefits such as reductions in cancer mortality or acute respiratory infections. Importantly, data from RCTs with relatively high doses of vitamin D supplementation did, by the vast majority, not show significant safety issues, except for trials in critically or severely ill patients or in those using very high intermittent vitamin D doses. The recent large vitamin D RCTs did not challenge the beneficial effects of vitamin D regarding rickets and osteomalacia, that therefore continue to provide the scientific basis for nutritional vitamin D guidelines and recommendations. There remains a great need to evaluate the effects of vitamin D treatment in populations with vitamin D deficiency or certain characteristics suggesting a high sensitivity to treatment. Outcomes and limitations of recently published large vitamin D RCTs must inform the design of future vitamin D or nutrition trials that should use more personalized approaches.
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Desai, Dipika, Sujane Kandasamy, Jayneel Limbachia, Michael A. Zulyniak, Paul Ritvo, Diana Sherifali, Gita Wahi, Sonia S. Anand, and Russell J. de Souza. "Studies to Improve Perinatal Health through Diet and Lifestyle among South Asian Women Living in Canada: A Brief History and Future Research Directions." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (August 24, 2021): 2932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13092932.
Full textAbstract:
South Asians (i.e., people who originate from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bangladesh) have higher cardiovascular disease rates than other populations, and these differences persist in their offspring. Nutrition is a critical lifestyle-related factor that influences fetal development, and infant and child health in early life. In high-income countries such as Canada, nutrition-related health risks arise primarily from overnutrition, most strikingly for obesity and associated non-communicable diseases. Evidence for developmental programming during fetal life underscores the critical influence of maternal diet on fetal growth and development, backed by several birth cohort studies including the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study, the South Asian Birth Cohort Study, and the Born in Bradford Study. Gestational diabetes mellitus is a strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes, future atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in the mother and increases the risk of type 2 diabetes in her offspring. Non-pharmacological trials to prevent gestational diabetes are few, often not randomized, and are heterogeneous with respect to design, and outcomes have not converged upon a single optimal prevention strategy. The aim of this review is to provide an understanding of the current knowledge around perinatal nutrition and gestational diabetes among the high-risk South Asian population as well as summarize our research activities investigating the role of culturally-tailored nutrition advice to South Asian women living in high-income settings such as Canada. In this paper, we describe these qualitative and quantitative studies, both completed and underway. We conclude with a description of the design of a randomized trial of a culturally tailored personalized nutrition intervention to reduce gestational glycaemia in South Asian women living in Canada and its implications.