Academic literature on the topic 'Critical nutrition studies'
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Journal articles on the topic "Critical nutrition studies"
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Dixon, Jane. "Critical nutrition studies within critical agrarian studies: a review and analysis." Journal of Peasant Studies 43, no. 5 (August 16, 2016): 1112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2016.1198513.
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Pazirandeh, Sassan, Justin A. Maykel, and Bruce R. Bistrian. "Hidden Nutrition Studies." Critical Care Medicine 31, no. 2 (February 2003): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000050457.60361.6e.
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O’Leary-Kelley, Colleen, and Karen Bawel-Brinkley. "Nutrition Support Protocols: Enhancing Delivery of Enteral Nutrition." Critical Care Nurse 37, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): e15-e23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2017650.
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In critical care, malnutrition has a significant, negative impact on a patient’s ability to respond to medical treatment. Enteral nutrition is known to counteract the metabolic changes associated with critical illness that increase the risk for serious complications and poor clinical outcomes. Inadequate delivery of nutrition support and underfeeding persist in intensive care units despite the availability of guidelines and current research for best practice. Recent studies have shown that nutrition support protocols are effective in promoting nutritional goals in a wide variety of intensive care patients. It is essential to find approaches that enhance early delivery of enteral nutrition that meets requirements and supports improved outcomes. Nurses are in a unique position to take an active role in promoting the best nutritional outcomes for their patients by using and evaluating nutrition support protocols.
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Ökrös, Ilona. "Nutrition in critical illness." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 51 (December 2014): 2048–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.29999.
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Critically ill patients are often unable to eat by themselves over a long period of time, sometimes for weeks. In the acute phase, serious protein-energy malnutrition may develop with progressive muscle weakness, which may result in assisted respiration of longer duration as well as longer stay in intensive care unit and hospital. In view of the metabolic processes, energy and protein intake targets should be defined and the performance of metabolism should be monitored. Enteral nutrition is primarily recommended. However, parenteral supplementation is often necessary because of the disrupted tolerance levels of the gastrointestinal system. Apparently, an early parenteral supplementation started within a week would be of no benefit. Some experts believe that muscle loss can be reduced by increased target levels of protein. Further studies are needed on the effect of immune system feeding, fatty acids and micronutrients. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(51), 2048–2053.
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Phillips, Steph. "Nutrition in critical care." Veterinary Nurse 11, no. 6 (July 2, 2020): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2020.11.6.256.
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Veterinary professionals in emergency and critical care see the sickest and most unstable patients, and it is understandable that nutrition is not at the forefront of their minds. This article demonstrates why nutrition is important in the most critical patients, and why studies show it is no longer advisable to delay assisted nutrition. Absence of nutrition in the critical patient leads to muscle catabolism, protein deficiencies and increased risk of sepsis. There are options for enteral or parenteral nutrition, and various feeding tubes that can be used depending on the status of the patient. Both underfeeding and overfeeding can be detrimental to the critical patient; requirements should be calculated for each patient on an individual basis, considering the dietary requirements and risks associated with each presentation and disease process. There are also changes that can be made in the hospital to encourage patients to eat voluntarily; it is important not to forget holistic care in the critical patient.
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Hickson, Mary. "Nutritional interventions in sarcopenia: a critical review." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 74, no. 4 (April 29, 2015): 378–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665115002049.
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The aim of the present paper is to critically review the details of the published nutrition intervention trials, with and without exercise, targeting sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass, strength and/or performance with age. Since amino acids and energy are required for muscle synthesis it is possible that nutritional intake influences sarcopenia. Nutritional studies are challenging to carry out because of the complexity of modulating dietary intake. It is very difficult to change one nutrient without influencing many others, which means that many of the published studies are problematic to interpret. The studies included evaluate whole protein, essential amino acids and β-hydroxyl β-methylbutyrate (HMB). Whole-protein supplementation failed to show a consistent effect on muscle mass, strength or function. This can be explained by the variations in study design, composition of the protein supplement and the failure to monitor voluntary food intake, adherence and baseline nutritional status. Essential amino-acid supplements showed an inconsistent effect but there are only two trials that have significant differences in methodology and the supplement used. The HMB studies are suggestive of a beneficial effect on older adults, but larger well-controlled studies are required that measure outcomes relevant to sarcopenia, ideally in sarcopenic populations. The issues of timing and distribution of protein intake, and increased splanchnic amino-acid sequestration are discussed, and recommendations for future trials are made.
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Fewtrell, M. S. "Session 6: Infant nutrition: future research developments in Europe EARNEST, the early nutrition programming project: EARly Nutrition programming – long-term Efficacy and Safety Trials and integrated epidemiological, genetic, animal, consumer and economic research." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 66, no. 3 (July 16, 2007): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665107005708.
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Increasing evidence from lifetime experimental studies in animals and observational and experimental studies in human subjects suggests that pre- and postnatal nutrition programme long-term health. However, key unanswered questions remain on the extent of early-life programming in contemporary European populations, relevant nutritional exposures, critical time periods, mechanisms and the effectiveness of interventions to prevent or reverse programming effects. The EARly Nutrition programming – long-term Efficacy and Safety Trials and integrated epidemiological, genetic, animal, consumer and economic research (EARNEST) consortium brings together a multi-disciplinary team of scientists from European research institutions in an integrated programme of work that includes experimental studies in human subjects, modern prospective observational studies and mechanistic animal work including physiological studies, cell-culture models and molecular techniques. Theme 1 tests early nutritional programming of disease in human subjects, measuring disease markers in childhood and early adulthood in nineteen randomised controlled trials of nutritional interventions in pregnancy and infancy. Theme 2 examines associations between early nutrition and later outcomes in large modern European population-based prospective studies, with detailed measures of diet in pregnancy and early life. Theme 3 uses animal, cellular and molecular techniques to study lifetime effects of early nutrition. Biomedical studies are complemented by studies of the social and economic importance of programming (themes 4 and 5), and themes encouraging integration, communication, training and wealth creation. The project aims to: help formulate policies on the composition and testing of infant foods; improve the nutritional value of infant formulas; identify interventions to prevent and reverse adverse early nutritional programming. In addition, it has the potential to develop new products through industrial partnerships, generate information on the social and economic cost of programming in Europe and help maintain Europe's lead in this critical area of research.
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Lew, Charles CH, Chengsi Ong, Amartya Mukhopadhyay, Andrea Marshall, and Yaseen M. Arabi. "How to Feed the Critically Ill—A Review." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 49, no. 8 (August 30, 2020): 573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.202064.
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Introduction: Number of recently published studies on nutritional support in the intensive care unit (ICU) have resulted in a paradigm shift of clinical practices. This review summarises the latest evidence in four main topics in the ICU, namely: (1) function of validated nutrition screening/assessment tools, (2) types and validity of body composition measurements, (3) optimal energy and protein goals, and (4) delivery methods. Methods: Recent studies that investigated the above aims were outlined and discussed. In addition, recent guidelines were also compared to highlight the similarities and differences in their approach to the nutrition support of critically ill patients. Results: Regardless of nutritional status and body composition, all patients with >48 hours of ICU stay are at nutrition risk and should receive individualised nutrition support. Although a recent trial did not demonstrate an advantage of indirect calorimetry over predictive equations, it was recommended that indirect calorimetry be used to set energy targets with better accuracy. Initiation of enteral nutrition (EN) within 24–48 hours was shown to be associated with improved clinical outcomes. The energy and protein goals should be achieved gradually over the first week of ICU stay. This practice should be protocolised and regularly audited as critically ill patients receive only part of their energy and protein goals. Conclusions: Metabolic demands of critically ill patients can be variable and nutrition support should be tailored to each patient. Given that many nutrition studies are on-going, we anticipate improvements in the individualisation of nutrition support in the near future. Key words: Critical care, Critical illness, Intensive care, Nutrition, Nutritional intake, Nutrition support
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Li, Na, Wei Wang, Guoyao Wu, and Junjun Wang. "Nutritional support for low birth weight infants: insights from animal studies." British Journal of Nutrition 117, no. 10 (May 28, 2017): 1390–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451700126x.
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AbstractInfants born with low birth weights (<2500 g, LBW), accounting for about 15 % of newborns, have a high risk for postnatal growth failure and developing the metabolic syndromes such as type 2 diabetes, CVD and obesity later in life. Improper nutrition provision during critical stages, such as undernutrition during the fetal period or overnutrition during the neonatal period, has been an important mediator of these metabolic diseases. Considering the specific physiological status of LBW infants, nutritional intervention and optimisation during early life merit further attention. In this review, the physiological and metabolic defects of LBW infants were summarised from a nutritional perspective. Available strategies for nutritional interventions and optimisation of LBW infants, including patterns of nutrition supply, macronutrient proportion, supplementation of amino acids and their derivatives, fatty acids, nucleotides, vitamins, minerals as well as hormone and microbiota manipulators, were reviewed with an aim to provide new insights into the advancements of formulas and human-milk fortifiers.
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Bear, Danielle E., Liesl Wandrag, Judith L. Merriweather, Bronwen Connolly, Nicholas Hart, and Michael P. W. Grocott. "The role of nutritional support in the physical and functional recovery of critically ill patients: a narrative review." Clinical nutrition and metabolism 2, no. 3 (April 18, 2021): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/clinutr96169.
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Randomized controlled trials addressing the role of nutrition during long-term recovery from critical illness, including other outcomes, have not shown clear benefits, leading to significant controversy on the topic. Although methodological caveats with failure to adequately appreciate biological mechanisms may explain these disappointing results, it must be acknowledged that nutritional support during early critical illness, when considered alone, may have limited long-term functional impact.
This narrative review focuses on recent clinical trials, evaluating the impact of nutrition on long-term physical and functional recovery from critical illness, with specific emphasis on the details of trial design and methodological limitations. Such limitations include delivery of caloric and protein targets, patient heterogeneity, short duration of intervention, inappropriate clinical outcomes, and disregard for baseline nutritional status and intake in the post-ICU period. With survival at the forefront of critical care research, it is imperative that nutrition studies carefully consider biological mechanisms and trial design, which strongly influence long-term physical and functional outcomes among others. Failure to do so may lead to inconclusive clinical trials and consequent rejection of the potential benefits of nutrition interventions during critical illness.
This article is the legal Russian-language translation from the original publication of Bear D.E. et al. The role of nutritional support in the physical and functional recovery of critically ill patients: a narrative review in Critical Care [2017;21(1):226. doi: 10.1186/s13054-017-1810-2] with the permission of the copyright holders.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Critical nutrition studies"
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Johnson, Melissa H. "Contextualizing Obesity among Latino Farmworkers: A Critical Analysis of Structural and Cultural Processes Affecting Farmworker Health and Nutrition in Central Florida." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3655.
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Migrant and seasonal farmworkers play a critical role in the U.S. economy,
producing food for the American public, while their suffering is often rendered invisible
by their existence on the margins of society. The low wages associated with farm labor
combined with the largely undocumented status of this population severely limits access
to food, housing, and health care, resulting in poor health outcomes. Through the use of a
critical anthropological approach, this research examines the social, cultural, political,
and economic context of obesity among Latino migrant and seasonal farmworkers in
Central Florida. Ethnographic research methods were used to explore perceptions about
the relationships between the body, food, and health among Latino farmworkers,
contextualizing these cultural beliefs within the broader, macro-level factors affecting
health, including immigration, agricultural, and economic policies. Furthermore, this
study compares the perceptions of farmworkers with those of healthcare workers that
serve this community, examining the implications that conceptions of culture and
“cultural competency” have for developing health interventions.
The findings of this research reveal that, in contrast to the beliefs of health
providers, farmworkers do understand the relationship between health and body size, and
do not show preferences for overweight or obese figures. Conceptions of food, on the
farmworker interviews indicate an interest for more nutritional information. This suggests
a need to develop nutritional information that is culturally relevant for Latino
farmworkers. Additionally, however, economic constraints significantly limit
farmworkers’ abilities to purchase sufficient and nutritious foods. The combination of
economic constraints and varying nutritional knowledge has significant health
implications for farmworkers, most notably in terms of the connection to diet-related
health problems such as obesity. The implications of these findings indicate that
nutritional interventions focused solely on education without addressing the economic
and political processes that constrain farmworkers’ agency will have little overall effect
on the health of this population. This research, therefore, emphasizes the importance of
using a holistic approach to understand the complexity of health and nutritional issues
among farmworkers.
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Ruiz, Carreras María. "Grupos de presión, discurso y orientaciones alimentarias: el caso de la industria láctea europea." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672682.
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El objetivo general de esta investigación es estudiar el discurso de los grupos de presión de la industria láctea europea (ILE) desde una perspectiva antiespecista. Para ello se examina a la ILE como actor económico y de influencia, con el fin de identificar a las principales empresas y grupos de presión, y se analiza el discurso que estos últimos construyen con respecto a los animales a los que la industria explota, las vacas, y a las recomendaciones nutricionales que acaban en las guías alimentarias. Mediante el análisis documental y el análisis crítico del discurso, se concluye que la industria láctea constituye un entramado económico y corporativo que dedica un enorme esfuerzo a ejercer influencia en las recomendaciones alimentarias. El análisis demuestra que los grupos de interés de la ILE han adaptado su narrativa a los valores actuales de preocupación por la ciencia, salud e incluso bienestar animal, al mismo tiempo que los contradicen. De entre las contradicciones destaca la negación de los intereses de los animales explotados por sus segregaciones maternas a través de una representación que les cosifica y obvia su capacidad de sintiencia, autonomía e individualidad.The general objective of this research is to study the discourse of the European Dairy Industry (EDI) lobbyists from an antispeciesist perspective. To achieve this, the EDI is examined as an economic and influential actor, in order to identify the main companies and pressure groups, and the discourse that the latter construct with respect to the animals that the industry exploits, the cows, and to the nutritional recommendations that end up in the dietary guidelines. Through documentary analysis and critical discourse analysis, it is concluded that the dairy industry constitutes an economic and corporate framework that dedicates a great effort to exert influence on food recommendations. The analysis shows that the EDI interest groups have adapted their narrative to the current values of concern for science, health and even animal welfare, while contradicting them. Outstanding among the contradictions is the denial of the interests of animals exploited by their maternal segregations through a representation that objectifies them and obviates their capacity for sentience, autonomy and individuality.
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Loyer, Jessica. "The social lives of superfoods." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/101777.
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Superfoods have emerged as an increasingly significant category of health food products and related popular discourse about food, health, and values. They are celebrated for their purported extraordinary nutritional and/or medicinal values, ‘natural’ qualities, associations with ‘exotic’ or ‘pristine’ places of origin, and histories of traditional or indigenous use. However, the term ‘superfood’ defies precise definition, and both products and discourse are poorly understood by the public and regulatory bodies. Existing scholarship has examined social, cultural, political, and economic aspects of related concepts and products, such as functional foods and low-carbohydrate diets, demonstrating ways in which new forms and ideas emerge through the convergence of nutritional science discourse, globalised food provisioning, and the commodification of food and health. These studies have largely focused on the nutritional anxieties felt by Western consumers. Other literature has paid greater attention to the impacts of the globalisation and industrialisation of food and agriculture on producers, often located in the developing world. Research bridging worlds of food production and consumption is called for, but only recently beginning to emerge in the scholarly literature. There is currently no existing scholarship examining superfoods in particular. Because superfoods can be understood both as a discourse about food and health and a group of agro-food products, they offer a distinctive lens through which to conceptually bring together geographically (and, often, socioculturally) distant worlds of production and consumption. In drawing together these diverse worlds, I have employed a ‘biography-of-things’ approach inspired by the work of Appadurai and Kopytoff. Drawing upon assemblage theory, actor network theory, and circuits of culture theory, and employing a case study design encompassing diverse social science methodologies, this study examines the emergence of superfoods as a sociocultural form. The research demonstrates how a range of seemingly disparate existing elements, including developments in nutritional science, neoliberal trade agendas, traditional indigenous knowledge, food processing and transportation technologies, changing ideas about food, health, and ethics, and the proliferation of digital media, are drawn together in the creation of a new form with broad social and environmental impacts. It has implications for future research into the cultural power of in-between (food) objects and the ways in which they enable us to examine the tensions that pull at contemporary food culture.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2016.
Books on the topic "Critical nutrition studies"
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Coveney, John, and Sue Booth, eds. Critical Dietetics and Critical Nutrition Studies. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03113-8.
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L, Caplan Arthur, McCartney James J, and Sisti Dominic A, eds. The case of Terri Schiavo: Ethics at the end of life. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2006.
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Elizabeth, Higginbotham, and Andersen Margaret L, eds. Race and ethnicity in society: The changing landscape. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2006.
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Biltekoff, Charlotte. Critical Nutrition Studies. Edited by Jeffrey M. Pilcher. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199729937.013.0010.
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Public discourse about food generally consists of nutritional guides, ethical philosophies, labeling schemes, and food industry trends, all of which try to offer often competing solutions to consumers seeking to know more about what is good to eat. As this anxiety about eating right continues to grow, what consumers really need is a more informed, educated, and critical relationship to dietary health and dietary advice, rather than more information about the nutritional content of food or where it comes from. This article first provides a brief overview of the emerging critical nutrition studies before analyzing the history and historiography of nutrition and dietary health in the United States since the late nineteenth century. It argues that critical nutrition studies as a discipline provide the foundation for a new "critical dietary literacy," and thus can help us rethink contemporary discourses of food and health.
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Coveney, John, and Sue Booth. Critical Dietetics and Critical Nutrition Studies. Springer, 2019.
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Baldwin, Matthew, and Hannah Wunsch. Mortality after Critical Illness. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0003.
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Many critically ill patients now survive what were previously fatal illnesses, but long-term mortality after critical illness remains high. While study populations vary by country, age, intervention, or specific diagnosis, investigations demonstrate that the majority of additional deaths occur in the first 6 to 12 months after hospital discharge. Patients with diagnoses of cancer, respiratory failure, and neurological disorders leading to the need for intensive care have the highest long-term mortality, while those with trauma and cardiovascular diseases have much lower long-term mortality. Use of mechanical ventilation, older age, and a need for care in a facility after the acute hospitalization are associated with particularly high 1-year mortality among survivors of critical illnesses. Due to challenges of follow-up, less is known about causes of delayed mortality following critical illness. Longitudinal studies of survivors of pneumonia, stroke, and patients who require prolonged mechanical ventilation suggest that most debilitated survivors die from recurrent infections and sepsis. Potential biologic mechanisms for increased risk of death after a critical illness include sepsis-induced immunoparalysis, intensive care unit-acquired weakness, neuroendocrine changes, poor nutrition, and genetic variance. Studies are needed to fully understand how the severity of the acute critical illness interacts with comorbid disease, pre-illness disability, and pre-existing and acquired frailty to affect long-term mortality. Such studies will be fundamental to improve targeting of rehabilitative, therapeutic, and palliative interventions to improve both survival and quality of life after critical illness.
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Bittner, Edward A., ed. 50 Studies Every Intensivist Should Know. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190467654.001.0001.
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There has been an explosion of clinical trials in critical care medicine since the inception of the specialty more than 50 years ago. This explosion has made it challenging as a trainee in critical care medicine to gain expertise in evidence based medicine. Determining how best to care for patients and understanding the basis for our practice is a never-ending process for all clinicians and it is particularly daunting for trainees. Even for the practicing intensivist, feeling confident in one’s knowledge base of foundational studies in the ever-growing field of critical care practice is no easy task.50 Studies Every Intensivist Should Know presents key studies that have shaped the practice of critical care medicine. Selected using a rigorous methodology, the studies cover topics including: sedation and analgesia, resuscitation, shock, ARDS, nutrition, renal failure, trauma, infection, diabetes, and physical therapy. For each study, a concise summary is presented with an emphasis on the results and limitations of the study, and its implications for practice. An illustrative clinical case concludes each review, followed by brief information on other relevant studies. Selection of studies that emphasize topics that come up frequently on ICU rounds was a priority. This book is a must-read for health care professionals and anyone who wants to learn more about the data behind clinical practice.
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Nates, Joseph L., and Sharla K. Tajchman. Indirect calorimetry in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0205.
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Critically-ill patients have unpredictable and dynamic metabolic demands that are difficult to predict and quantify. Combined with the high incidence of pre-existing or development of malnutrition in the ICU, these metabolic demands have deleterious effects on outcomes when patients are provided with inadequate or inappropriate nutrition support. Providing adequate nutritional support that meets these varying metabolic demands is a long-standing challenge in the intensive care unit (ICU). Indirect calorimetry (ICal) is a tool that allows ICU practitioners to accurately assess energy expenditure (EE) in critically-ill patients with unpredictable metabolic demands to optimize nutrition support. ICal provides clinicians with a patient’s measured EE (MEE), a quantification of cellular metabolism, and respiratory quotient (RQ), a reflection of which substrates are primarily being utilized for fuel. Study results help clinicians target optimal nutritional goals and prevent adverse effects associated with both under- and overfeeding patients. Recent studies have suggested avoiding caloric deficits and providing tight caloric control may improve morbidity and mortality outcomes in critically-ill patients, though more studies are needed to verify this potential benefit. Currently, there are no specific guideline recommendations to help clinicians utilize ICal in the ICU. Although ICal is considered to be the gold standard for determining EE in critically-ill patients, its use remains limited by availability, cost, and the need for trained personnel for correct use.
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Cohen, Jonathan, and Shaul Lev. Parenteral nutrition in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0207.
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Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a technique of artificial nutrition support, which consists of the intravenous administration of macronutrients, micronutrients, and water. PN has become integrated into intensive care unit (ICU) patient management with the aim of preventing energy deficits and preserving lean body mass. The addition of PN to enteral nutrition is known as supplemental PN. Parenteral feeding should be considered whenever enteral nutritional support is contraindicated, or when enteral nutrition alone is unable to meet energy and nutrient requirements. International guidelines differ considerably regarding the indications for PN. Thus, the ESPEN guidelines recommend initiating PN in critically-ill patients who do not meet caloric goals within 2–3 days of commencing EN, while the Canadian guidelines recommend PN only after extensive attempts to feed with EN have failed. The ASPEN guidelines advocate administering PN after 8 days of attempting EN unsuccessfully. Several studies have demonstrated that parenteral glutamine supplementation may improve outcome, and the ESPEN guidelines give a grade A recommendation to the use of glutamine in critically-ill patients who receive PN. Studies on IV omega-3 fatty acids have yielded promising results in animal models of acute respiratory distress syndrome and proved superior to solutions with omega -6 compositions. The discrepancy between animal models and clinical practice could be related to different time frames.
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Holroyd, Christopher R., Nicholas C. Harvey, Mark H. Edwards, and Cyrus Cooper. Environment. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0038.
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Musculoskeletal disease covers a broad spectrum of conditions whose aetiology comprises variable genetic and environmental contributions. More recently it has become clear that, particularly early in life, the interaction of gene and environment is critical to the development of later disease. Additionally, only a small proportion of the variation in adult traits such as bone mineral density has been explained by specific genes in genome-wide association studies, suggesting that gene-environment interaction may explain a much larger part of the inheritance of disease risk than previously thought. It is therefore critically important to evaluate the environmental factors which may predispose to diseases such as osteorthritis, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis both at the individual and at the population level. In this chapter we describe the environmental contributors, across the whole life course, to osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis, as exemplar conditions. We consider factors such as age, gender, nutrition (including the role of vitamin D), geography, occupation, and the clues that secular changes of disease pattern may yield. We describe the accumulating evidence that conditions such as osteoporosis may be partly determined by the early interplay of environment and genotype, through aetiological mechanisms such as DNA methylation and other epigenetic phenomena. Such studies, and those examining the role of environmental influences across other stages of the life course, suggest that these issues should be addressed at all ages, starting from before conception, in order to optimally reduce the burden of musculoskeletal disorders in future generations.
Book chapters on the topic "Critical nutrition studies"
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Segaran, Ella. "Critical care." In Dietetic and Nutrition Case Studies, 157–59. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119163411.ch41.
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Kohama, Keisuke, Joji Kotani, and Atsunori Nakao. "Effects of Nutrition on Neutrophil Function in Preclinical Studies." In Diet and Nutrition in Critical Care, 1–16. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8503-2_144-1.
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Kohama, Keisuke, Joji Kotani, and Atsunori Nakao. "Effects of Nutrition on Neutrophil Function in Preclinical Studies." In Diet and Nutrition in Critical Care, 1165–78. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7836-2_144.
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de Haan, Jacco J., Tim Lubbers, Misha D. Luyer, and Wim A. Buurman. "Nutritional Modulation of Immune Response via Vagus Nerve: Preclinical Studies and Future Perspectives." In Diet and Nutrition in Critical Care, 1713–27. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7836-2_103.
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Supinski, Gerald S., and Leigh A. Callahan. "Hydroxymethylbutyrate and Eicosapentaenoic Acid: Preclinical Studies to Improve Muscle Function in Critical Care Medicine." In Diet and Nutrition in Critical Care, 1–16. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8503-2_132-1.
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Supinski, Gerald S., and Leigh A. Callahan. "Hydroxymethylbutyrate and Eicosapentaenoic Acid: Preclinical Studies to Improve Muscle Function in Critical Care Medicine." In Diet and Nutrition in Critical Care, 1135–48. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7836-2_132.
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de Haan, Jacco J., Tim Lubbers, Misha D. Luyer, and Wim A. Buurman. "Nutritional Modulation of the Immune Response via the Vagus Nerve: Preclinical Studies and Future Perspectives." In Diet and Nutrition in Critical Care, 1–16. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8503-2_103-1.
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Nanda Kumar, T., Sandip Das, and Ashok Gulati. "Dairy Value Chain." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 195–226. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4268-2_6.
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AbstractLivestock sector is the backbone of Indian agriculture and plays a crucial role in the development of the rural economy. More than one-fifth (23%) of agricultural households with area less than 0.01 hectare reported livestock as their principal source of income (GoI Government of India (2014) Key indicators of situation of agricultural). Livestock is one of the fastest-growing sectors of Indian agriculture. While the share of overall agriculture and allied sectors in Gross Value Added (GVA) declined from 18.2% in 2014–15 to 17.8% in 2019–20, the share of livestock sector in GVA increased from 4.4% to 5.1% in the same period (GoI Government of India (2021) The economic survey (2020–21). Ministry of Finance. Government of India). Livestock sector accounts for 31% of the gross value of output in agriculture and allied sector (GVOA). Within livestock, milk is the biggest component with 20% share in GVOA. In fact, milk is the largest agriculture commodity in terms of value of output worth INR 772,705 crores in 2018–19 which was more than the value of cereals, pulses, oilseeds and sugarcane combined worth INR 623,462 crores (MoSPI. (2021). National Accounts Statistics 2020. Central Statistical Organization. Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation.). Around 70 million of rural households are engaged in milk production, most of them are landless, marginal, and small farmers (NCAER. (2020). Analyzing Socio-Economic Impact of National Dairy Plan—I. National Council for Applied Economic Research. February 2020.). As a source of livelihood for million of poor households, dairying also supplements their dietary sources of protein and nutrition thus playing a critical role in the country’s food security needs.
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Bellomo, Rinaldo. "Case Studies: Nutrition and Endocrinology." In Critical Care Nephrology, cs14—cs15. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4160-4252-5.50153-2.
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"Critical care." In Dietetic and Nutrition Case Studies, 302–6. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119163411.ch82.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Critical nutrition studies"
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Fuehne, Joseph P. "Laboratory Analysis of Force Required to Fill a Syringe." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2014.59.
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Nurses routinely withdraw fluid from the stomachs of intensive care patients who are being provided nutrition intravenously in order to determine if the patient is properly tolerating the liquid nutrition. This is a critical measurement in patient care. If too little liquid nutrition is being provided, the patient will not follow a path of optimal healing. If too much liquid is being provided, the patient may have issues with the esophagus or have fluid get into the lungs, leading to pneumonia. The purpose of this work is to conduct a laboratory study to investigate the process of drawing fluid through a syringe in an environmentally-controlled laboratory. A force measurement system is used that includes the ability to control the displacement and speed of the syringe pump. Additionally, laboratory data from the force measurement system are presented for different tube materials, different tube diameters, and different fluids with varying viscosity. Viscosity is also determined by using a falling-ball viscosimeter test in the lab. The force required to withdraw fluid for each of these variables is studied. The amount of fluid withdrawn for each combination of variables is recorded in light of attempting to provide guidance to nurses and other health care providers about the best way to obtain the required data and keep patients healthy.
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Syahriani, Melly Nirma. "Risk Factors of Stunting in Children Under Five Years of Age: A Systematic Review." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.64.
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ABSTRACT Background: Stunting, a chronic malnutrition, remains a serious global health concern. In 2019, UNICEF announced that 21.3% of children under five years of age were stunted. This study aimed to analyze the factors associated with stunting to complement the evidence for stunting ongoing efforts. Subjects and Method: A systematic review was conducted by searching from Science Direct, Wiley, EBSCO, and PubMed databases. The studies were synthesized by PEOS (Population, Exposure, Objective, and Study design), then appraised by Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools. The keywords were (((determinant) OR (causal factor) OR (risk factor)) AND (stunting)) AND ((toddler) OR (child)) OR (fives)) OR (Baby under five years old)). The inclusion criteria were English-language and primary studied full-text articles published in peer-reviewed journals between 2009 and 2019. The exclusion criteria were opinion papers and review articles. Results: The prevalence of stunted children under five was 21.9% globally. A total of selected eleven articles examined the causes of stunting in Low Middle-Income Countries (LMIC). Nine articles stated that gender and socio-economic factors associated with stunting. Six articles discussed the relationship between maternal age and stunting. Four articles revealed that maternal education level was one of the determinants of stunting. Two articles stated that nutritional status is strongly related to stunting. One article connected overweight as a contributing factor to stunting. Conclusion: Stunting in Low Middle-Income Countries (LMIC) is associated with age, gender, socio-economy, maternal education level, nutritional status, and overweight children. Keywords: stunting, children under five years, risk factor Correspondence: Melly Nirma Syahriani. Master Program of Midwifery, Universitas ‘Aisyiyah Yogyakarta. Jl. Siliwangi (Ringroad Barat) No. 63, Nogotirto, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55292. Email: mellynirmas4@gmail.com. Mobile: +62895392131591. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.64
Reports on the topic "Critical nutrition studies"
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Crowley, David E., Dror Minz, and Yitzhak Hadar. Shaping Plant Beneficial Rhizosphere Communities. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594387.bard.
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PGPR bacteria include taxonomically diverse bacterial species that function for improving plant mineral nutrition, stress tolerance, and disease suppression. A number of PGPR are being developed and commercialized as soil and seed inoculants, but to date, their interactions with resident bacterial populations are still poorly understood, and-almost nothing is known about the effects of soil management practices on their population size and activities. To this end, the original objectives of this research project were: 1) To examine microbial community interactions with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their plant hosts. 2) To explore the factors that affect PGPR population size and activity on plant root surfaces. In our original proposal, we initially prqposed the use oflow-resolution methods mainly involving the use of PCR-DGGE and PLFA profiles of community structure. However, early in the project we recognized that the methods for studying soil microbial communities were undergoing an exponential leap forward to much more high resolution methods using high-throughput sequencing. The application of these methods for studies on rhizosphere ecology thus became a central theme in these research project. Other related research by the US team focused on identifying PGPR bacterial strains and examining their effective population si~es that are required to enhance plant growth and on developing a simulation model that examines the process of root colonization. As summarized in the following report, we characterized the rhizosphere microbiome of four host plant species to determine the impact of the host (host signature effect) on resident versus active communities. Results of our studies showed a distinct plant host specific signature among wheat, maize, tomato and cucumber, based on the following three parameters: (I) each plant promoted the activity of a unique suite of soil bacterial populations; (2) significant variations were observed in the number and the degree of dominance of active populations; and (3)the level of contribution of active (rRNA-based) populations to the resident (DNA-based) community profiles. In the rhizoplane of all four plants a significant reduction of diversity was observed, relative to the bulk soil. Moreover, an increase in DNA-RNA correspondence indicated higher representation of active bacterial populations in the residing rhizoplane community. This research demonstrates that the host plant determines the bacterial community composition in its immediate vicinity, especially with respect to the active populations. Based on the studies from the US team, we suggest that the effective population size PGPR should be maintained at approximately 105 cells per gram of rhizosphere soil in the zone of elongation to obtain plant growth promotion effects, but emphasize that it is critical to also consider differences in the activity based on DNA-RNA correspondence. The results ofthis research provide fundamental new insight into the composition ofthe bacterial communities associated with plant roots, and the factors that affect their abundance and activity on root surfaces. Virtually all PGPR are multifunctional and may be expected to have diverse levels of activity with respect to production of plant growth hormones (regulation of root growth and architecture), suppression of stress ethylene (increased tolerance to drought and salinity), production of siderophores and antibiotics (disease suppression), and solubilization of phosphorus. The application of transcriptome methods pioneered in our research will ultimately lead to better understanding of how management practices such as use of compost and soil inoculants can be used to improve plant yields, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. As we look to the future, the use of metagenomic techniques combined with quantitative methods including microarrays, and quantitative peR methods that target specific genes should allow us to better classify, monitor, and manage the plant rhizosphere to improve crop yields in agricultural ecosystems. In addition, expression of several genes in rhizospheres of both cucumber and whet roots were identified, including mostly housekeeping genes. Denitrification, chemotaxis and motility genes were preferentially expressed in wheat while in cucumber roots bacterial genes involved in catalase, a large set of polysaccharide degradation and assimilatory sulfate reduction genes were preferentially expressed.
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Funkenstein, Bruria, and Shaojun (Jim) Du. Interactions Between the GH-IGF axis and Myostatin in Regulating Muscle Growth in Sparus aurata. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696530.bard.
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Growth rate of cultured fish from hatching to commercial size is a major factor in the success of aquaculture. The normal stimulus for muscle growth in growing fish is not well understood and understanding the regulation of muscle growth in fish is of particular importance for aquaculture. Fish meat constitutes mostly of skeletal muscles and provides high value proteins in most people's diet. Unlike mammals, fish continue to grow throughout their lives, although the size fish attain, as adults, is species specific. Evidence indicates that muscle growth is regulated positively and negatively by a variety of growth and transcription factors that control both muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. In particular, growth hormone (GH), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and transforming growth factor-13 (TGF-13) play critical roles in myogenesis during animal growth. An important advance in our understanding of muscle growth was provided by the recent discovery of the crucial functions of myostatin (MSTN) in controlling muscle growth. MSTN is a member of the TGF-13 superfamily and functions as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth in mammals. Studies in mammals also provided evidence for possible interactions between GH, IGFs, MSTN and the musclespecific transcription factor My oD with regards to muscle development and growth. The goal of our project was to try to clarify the role of MSTNs in Sparus aurata muscle growth and in particular determine the possible interaction between the GH-IGFaxis and MSTN in regulating muscle growth in fish. The steps to achieve this goal included: i) Determining possible relationship between changes in the expression of growth-related genes, MSTN and MyoD in muscle from slow and fast growing sea bream progeny of full-sib families and that of growth rate; ii) Testing the possible effect of over-expressing GH, IGF-I and IGF-Il on the expression of MSTN and MyoD in skeletal muscle both in vivo and in vitro; iii) Studying the regulation of the two S. aurata MSTN promoters and investigating the possible role of MyoD in this regulation. The major findings of our research can be summarized as follows: 1) Two MSTN promoters (saMSTN-1 and saMSTN-2) were isolated and characterized from S. aurata and were found to direct reporter gene activity in A204 cells. Studies were initiated to decipher the regulation of fish MSTN expression in vitro using the cloned promoters; 2) The gene coding for saMSTN-2 was cloned. Both the promoter and the first intron were found to be polymorphic. The first intron zygosity appears to be associated with growth rate; 3) Full length cDNA coding for S. aurata growth differentiation factor-l I (GDF-II), a closely related growth factor to MSTN, was cloned from S. aurata brain, and the mature peptide (C-terminal) was found to be highly conserved throughout evolution. GDF-II transcript was detected by RT -PCR analysis throughout development in S. aurata embryos and larvae, suggesting that this mRNA is the product of the embryonic genome. Transcripts for GDF-Il were detected by RT-PCR in brain, eye and spleen with highest level found in brain; 4) A novel member of the TGF-Bsuperfamily was partially cloned from S. aurata. It is highly homologous to an unidentified protein (TGF-B-like) from Tetraodon nigroviridisand is expressed in various tissues, including muscle; 5) Recombinant S. aurata GH was produced in bacteria, refolded and purified and was used in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Generally, the results of gene expression in response to GH administration in vivo depended on the nutritional state (starvation or feeding) and the time at which the fish were sacrificed after GH administration. In vitro, recombinantsaGH activated signal transduction in two fish cell lines: RTHI49 and SAFI; 6) A fibroblastic-like cell line from S. aurata (SAF-I) was characterized for its gene expression and was found to be a suitable experimental system for studies on GH-IGF and MSTN interactions; 7) The gene of the muscle-specific transcription factor Myogenin was cloned from S. aurata, its expression and promoter activity were characterized; 8) Three genes important to myofibrillogenesis were cloned from zebrafish: SmyDl, Hsp90al and skNAC. Our data suggests the existence of an interaction between the GH-IGFaxis and MSTN. This project yielded a great number of experimental tools, both DNA constructs and in vitro systems that will enable further studies on the regulation of MSTN expression and on the interactions between members of the GHIGFaxis and MSTN in regulating muscle growth in S. aurata.
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Prusky, Dov, Nancy P. Keller, and Amir Sherman. global regulation of mycotoxin accumulation during pathogenicity of Penicillium expansum in postharvest fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600012.bard.
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Background to the topic- Penicilliumas a postharvest pathogen and producer of the mycotoxin PAT. Penicilliumspp. are destructive phytopathogens, capable of causing decay in many deciduous fruits, during postharvest handling and storage; and the resulting losses can amount to 10% of the stored produce and the accumulation of large amounts of the mycotoxinpatulin. The overall goal of this proposal is to identify critical host and pathogen factors that modulate P. expansummycotoxin genes and pathways which are required for PAT production and virulence. Our preliminary results indicated that gluconic acid are strongly affecting patulin accumulation during colonization. P. expansumacidifies apple fruit tissue during colonization in part through secretion of gluconic acid (GLA). Several publications suggested that GLA accumulation is an essential factor in P. expansumpathogenicity. Furthermore, down regulation of GOX2 significantly reduced PAT accumulation and pathogenicity. PAT is a polyketide and its biosynthesis pathway includes a 15-gene cluster. LaeA is a global regulator of mycotoxin synthesis. It is now known that patulin synthesis might be subjected to LaeA and sometimes by environmental sensing global regulatory factors including the carbon catabolite repressor CreA as well as the pH regulator factor PacC and nitrogen regulator AreA. The mechanisms by which LaeA regulates patulin synthesis was not fully known and was part of our work. Furthermore, the regulatory system that controls gene expression in accordance with ambient pH was also included in our work. PacC protein is in an inactive conformation and is unable to bind to the promoter sites of the target genes; however, under alkaline growth conditions activated PacC acts as both an activator of alkaline-expressed genes and a repressor of acid-expressed genes. The aims of the project- This project aims to provide new insights on the roles of LaeA and PacC and their signaling pathways that lead to GLA and PAT biosynthesis and pathogenicity on the host. Specifically, our specific aims were: i) To elucidate the mechanism of pH-controlled regulation of GLA and PAT, and their contribution to pathogenesis of P. expansum. We are interested to understanding how pH and/or GLA impact/s under PacC regulation affect PAT production and pathogenesis. ii) To characterize the role of LaeA, the global regulator of mycotoxin production, and its effect on PAT and PacC activity. iii) To identify the signaling pathways leading to GLA and PAT synthesis. Using state- of-the-art RNAseq technologies, we will interrogate the transcriptomes of laeAand pacCmutants, to identify the common signaling pathways regulating synthesis of both GLA and PAT. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements- In our first Aim our results demonstrated that ammonia secreted at the leading edge of the fungal colony induced transcript activation of the global pH modulator PacC and PAT accumulation in the presence of GLA. We assessed these parameters by: (i) direct exogenous treatment of P. expansumgrowing on solid medium; (ii) direct exogenous treatment on colonized apple tissue; (iii) growth under self-ammonia production conditions with limited carbon; and (iv) analysis of the transcriptional response to ammonia of the PAT biosynthesis cluster. Ammonia induced PAT accumulation concurrently with the transcript activation of pacCand PAT biosynthesis cluster genes, indicating the regulatory effect of ammonia on pacCtranscript expression under acidic conditions. Transcriptomic analysis of pH regulated processes showed that important genes and BARD Report - Project 4773 Page 2 of 10 functionalities of P. expansumwere controlled by environmental pH. The differential expression patterns of genes belonging to the same gene family suggest that genes were selectively activated according to their optimal environmental conditions to enable the fungus to cope with varying conditions and to make optimal use of available enzymes. Concerning the second and third Aims, we demonstrated that LaeA regulates several secondary metabolite genes, including the PAT gene cluster and concomitant PAT synthesis invitro. Virulence studies of ΔlaeAmutants of two geographically distant P. expansumisolates (Pe-21 from Israel and Pe-T01 from China) showed differential reduction in disease severity in freshly harvested fruit ranging from no reduction for Ch-Pe-T01 strains in immature fruit to 15–25% reduction for both strains in mature fruit, with the ΔlaeAstrains of Is-Pe-21 always showing a greater loss in virulence. Results suggest the importance of LaeA regulation of PAT and other secondary metabolites on pathogenicity. Our work also characterized for the first time the role of sucrose, a key nutritional factor present in apple fruit, as a negative regulator of laeAexpression and consequent PAT production in vitro. This is the first report of sugar regulation of laeAexpression, suggesting that its expression may be subject to catabolite repression by CreA. Some, but not all of the 54 secondary metabolite backbone genes in the P. expansumgenome, including the PAT polyketide backbone gene, were found to be regulated by LaeA. Together, these findings enable for the first time a straight analysis of a host factor that potentially activates laeAand subsequent PAT synthesis.