Journal articles on the topic 'Critical identity, ethnic and race studies'
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1
Quinney, Dominick N. "“Why Are All the White Students Sitting in the Back of Class?” A Critical Race Theory Approach to Race Dialogue in Ethnic Studies†." Ethnic Studies Review 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2019.421006.
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Ethnic Studies classrooms in many respects are spaces wherein healing, solidarity, and social change occur, particularly surrounding discussions about race. The discussion around race is a language in itself—complete with levels of engagement. Students from privileged groups may not have many opportunities to explore the language of race and marginalization, thus being an “outsider” to the language of these experiences. This often times leads to miscommunication and missing meaningful engagement toward collective social action and change in classroom spaces. As a result, students have powerful emotional responses to these topics, and if students’ affective and intellectual responses are not acknowledged and respected, teachers can be met with what is perceived as impermeable resistance. Drawing from the framework of Critical Race Theory, this qualitative work presents tenets of race as a language that allows for understanding identity formation and entry point into conversations of race and ethnicity. Furthermore, consistent dialogue as a way of gaining proficiency and a space for marginalized identities to share their lived experiences as a way to build upon their proficiency. This research assists in expanding the work in the pedagogy of Ethnic Studies as a space to radically connect, heal, and implement social change.
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Pulla, Venkat, Rituparna Bhattacharyya, and Rachel Lafain. "Race and Ethnicity in the Pandemic." Space and Culture, India 10, no. 3 (November 28, 2022): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v10i3.1264.
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This study begins with the historical understanding of race and its modern perspectives as a social construct amid social identity and critical race theories. Next, race and ethnicity are explored within the context of COVID-19, whereby those of non-white backgrounds are seeing different disastrous health outcomes and experiencing heightened levels of racism in the pandemic. Examples and analyses from around the world are then provided, which have resulted in health disparities and increased racism against non-white people, such as the high-rise apartment building disasters, rural Indigenous communities, and the Black Lives Matter movement. Adding fuel to the fire, there have been rumours internationally of certain ethnic groups carrying and spreading COVID-19.
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Nakase, Justine. "‘Racy of the soil’: Jason Sherlock, Gaelic games and the performance of Irishness as a racial identity." Scene 8, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2020): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/scene_00023_1.
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This article uses critical race and performance studies to analyse the Gaelic games as a racialized performance of Irish national identity. As a key project of the Irish Revival, the Gaelic games are not only one of the most popular sports in Ireland but have from their inception been used as a strategic performance of Irish identity. Historically, the Gaelic games allowed Irish athletes to embody an aspirational White masculinity; since then whiteness has become nearly synonymous with Irishness. Yet this conflation of race and nation has become increasingly problematic as the demographics of Ireland shift. While the Gaelic games are often lauded as a space for the integration of new migrant communities, the reception of minority ethnic Irish athletes reveals the limitations of this inclusion. Examining the career of Asian-Irish Gaelic footballer Jason Sherlock – arguably the first ‘superstar’ of the Gaelic games – this article argues that while Irish sport offers a performative space where exclusionary definitions of Irish identity can be challenged, these spaces are often conditional and constrained by larger attitudes around race and racism in the nation at large.
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Johnson Hodge, Caroline. "Apostle to the Gentiles: Constructions of Paul's Identity." Biblical Interpretation 13, no. 3 (2005): 270–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568515054388146.
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AbstractIn Galatians 2:7–9, Paul lays out the parameters for the spread of the gospel for himself and his Judiean colleagues: all agreed that ?We should go to the gentiles and they to the circumcised? (Gal 2:9). This division of labor is crucial for understanding Paul: his task involves an intentional crossing of ethnic boundaries. Ethnicity determined the organization of the mission and Paul was responsible for the ethnic and religious "other."Here I explore Paul's construction of his identity as a Judean teacher of gentiles. Drawing on recent work in anthropology and critical race theory, I propose an approach which understands identity as flexible and multiplicative. Two principles operate within this dynamic model: 1) people shift identities according to specific circumstances and 2) people prioritize their various identities, ranking some higher than others.This model helps us understand Paul, who describes himself in a variety of ways: Judean by birth, born of the tribe of Benjamin, seed of Abraham, apostle to the gentiles, in Christ. These multiple identities as Paul shifts among them and sometimes ranks one over others serve his argument in strategic ways. He is willing, for example, to forego certain practices of the law (an important part of his Judean identity) in order to interact with gentiles (and he rebukes his colleagues for refusing to do so [Gal 2:11–14]). Yet other aspects of his identity are more important and also less flexible: his "in-Christness" (which he shares with gentiles) and his birth as a Judean (which he does not share with gentiles). In closing, I consider the implications this reading has for the identities of the members of his audience, who are simultaneously gentiles, in Christ, and adopted sons of God.
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Wiggan, Greg, and Marcia J. Watson-Vandiver. "Urban School Success: Lessons From a High-Achieving Urban School, and Students’ Reactions to Ferguson, Missouri." Education and Urban Society 51, no. 8 (January 20, 2018): 1074–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013124517751721.
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Due to the recent racially motivated killings in Ferguson, Missouri (2014); Staten Island, New York (2014); Cleveland, Ohio (2014); Charleston, South Carolina (2015); Baton Rouge, Louisiana (2016); and Dallas, Texas (2016), racial and ethnic tensions have heightened across the United States. Whereas schools would seem like optimal spaces for racial inquiry and promoting understanding, most classroom lessons have been standardized to avoid critical race discussions. Thus, the transformative power of education is restricted when conversations about real issues in society are avoided. This qualitative case study examines Fannie Lou Hamer Academy (FLHA)—pseudonym, a high-performing urban school that utilizes critical antiracism education. The findings suggest that multicultural curriculum helps students develop “self-knowledge,” meaning a personal awareness of their race and identity. Participants describe how self-knowledge provides corrective history, a response to negative media portrayals of minorities, and helps students understand current events such as the racial unrest in Ferguson, Missouri. The implications of these findings reveal the central role of the curriculum in shaping positive student identities and helping to mediate social conflicts.
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BASU, SUBHO. "The Dialectics of Resistance: Colonial Geography, Bengali Literati and the Racial Mapping of Indian Identity." Modern Asian Studies 44, no. 1 (November 6, 2009): 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x09990060.
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AbstractThrough a study of hitherto unexplored geography textbooks written in Bengali between 1845 and 1880, this paper traces the evolution of a geographic information system related to ethnicity, race, and space. This geographic information system impacted the mentality of emerging educated elites in colonial India who studied in the newly established colonial schools and played a critical role in developing and articulating ideas of the territorial nation-state and the rights of citizenship in India. The Bengali Hindu literati believed that the higher location of India in such a constructed hierarchy of civilizations could strengthen their claims to rights of citizenship and self-government. These nineteenth century geography textbooks asserted clearly that high caste Hindus constituted the core ethnicity of colonial Indian society and all others were resident outsiders. This knowledge system, rooted in geography/ethnicity/race/space, and related to the hierarchy of civilizations, informed the Bengali intelligentsia's notion of core ethnicity in the future nation-state in India with Hindu elites at its ethnic core.
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Masa, Rainier, Sylvia Shangani, and Don Operario. "Socioeconomic Status and Psychosocial Resources Mediate Racial/Ethnic Differences in Psychological Health Among Gay and Bisexual Men: A Longitudinal Analysis Using Structural Equation Modeling." American Journal of Men's Health 15, no. 2 (March 2021): 155798832110011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15579883211001197.
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A large body of research demonstrates disparities in psychological health attributed to sexual minority identity, racial/ethnic minority identity, and socioeconomic status (SES). Fewer studies have explicated the role of these multiple attributes on psychological health and explored the role of SES and psychosocial resources in determining outcomes. We analyzed data from Project STRIDE, a longitudinal survey involving a diverse sample of gay and bisexual adult men ( n = 198). Using structural equation modeling, we tested hypothesized direct and indirect effects of race/ethnicity, SES, and three psychosocial mediational variables (collective self-efficacy, everyday discrimination, internalized homophobia) on two outcome variables—psychological and social well-being—assessed at 1-year follow-up. Our model indicated that: (1) race/ethnicity and SES were significantly associated with each other and with each psychosocial mediator; (2) higher SES was directly and indirectly associated with both measures of well-being; and (3) collective self-esteem and everyday discrimination mediated the association between SES and both measures of well-being. The model also indicated that racial/ethnic associations with psychological mediators and outcomes are evident in the context of SES, but these effects might be suppressed when the model does not consider SES. Findings highlight the critical role of SES and race/ethnicity in determining the psychological and social well-being of sexual minority men. Specification of mediating variables—collective self-efficacy, everyday discrimination, internalized homophobia—indicates potential intervention targets to improve psychological and social health in sexual minority men. Associations between race/ethnicity and SES support the need for intersectional frameworks in addressing the health of sexual minority men.
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Robinson-Sweet, Anna. "Ancestry.com’s Race Stories." International Journal of Information, Diversity, & Inclusion (IJIDI) 5, no. 1 (February 20, 2021): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/ijidi.v5i1.34644.
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The popularity of genealogical research is linked to the growth of online genealogy services such as Ancestry.com, which, as of 2020, has over three million paid subscribers. Another 18 million people have taken genetic ancestry tests through the company’s subsidiary, AncestryDNA. This article interrogates how Ancestry presents information on race and ethnicity to users, asking if it is possible for researchers to build a critical racial identity using Ancestry’s services. Applying an understanding of whiteness that comes from critical race studies, the article examines the way race, and whiteness in particular, is presented in the business’s marketing, web features, and products such as AncestryDNA. These examinations reveal a company selling customers family history narratives that comport with the mythology of American egalitarianism, while at the same time essentializing race and ethnicity. The implications of these findings are significant for information professionals because Ancestry relies on partnerships with libraries and archives to supply material for the website’s research database. These partnerships compel archivists and librarians to scrutinize Ancestry’s information ethics. The article calls for further discussion and research into how information professionals can be agents for change in how race and ethnicity are treated in online genealogy spaces.
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Pike, Judith E. "ROCHESTER'S BRONZE SCRAG AND PEARL NECKLACE: BRONZED MASCULINITY IN JANE EYRE, SHIRLEY, AND CHARLOTTE BRONTË’S JUVENILIA." Victorian Literature and Culture 41, no. 2 (February 15, 2013): 261–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150312000381.
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In the past twenty years, given the burgeoning field of postcolonial studies and its inquiry into the identity politics of race, ethnicity, and imperialism, significantly more critical attention has been paid to Charlotte Brontë's portrayal of Bertha Rochester in Jane Eyre (1847) than in the prior one hundred and forty years of Brontë scholarship. While in The Madwoman and the Attic (1979), Gilbert and Gubar present an earlier reading of Bertha as “Jane's truest and darkest double” (360), any reading of Bertha's darkest in terms of a cultural or racialized identity came about in later criticism. Gayatri Spivak was instrumental in positioning Bertha within a discourse of imperialism rather than reading her merely in psychological terms, which then precipitated more recent studies on Bertha's colonial heritage, her financial and cultural imperialist inheritance and her ambiguous ethnic status as a Creole women. Contemporary critics have also addressed how Rochester in a sense becomes Bertha's “truest and darkest double.” However, his darkness has proven to be far more quizzical, for unlike Bertha he is neither Creole nor raised in the West Indies; quite to the contrary, Rochester was desired by the Masons precisely because of his heritage, being “of a good race.” Still, as readers, we have had to grapple with Brontë's numerous descriptions of Rochester's dark visage.
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Junn, Jane. "FROM COOLIE TO MODEL MINORITY." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 4, no. 2 (2007): 355–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x07070208.
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I examine how and why the social construction of Asian Americans has changed from coolie to model minority over the last century. I examine the role of the U.S. government in creating policies that systematically select particular types of entrants to the United States. Federal immigration policy privileges high-skilled workers, and a disproportionately large number of Asian immigrants are granted the status of lawful permanent resident by the federal government on the basis of employment preferences. U.S. immigration policy thus creates a selection bias, favoring Asian immigrants with high levels of formal education and social standing. I also consider the consequences of this selection bias for the construction of racial tropes and Asian American identity, and argue that the normative content of the dominant tropes of racial identity is critical in establishing the incentives and costs of identifying with racial and ethnic groups. Immigration policy, and the selection biases it may engender, is an important factor in how those tropes are constructed and experienced. Racial identity should, and does, vary as a function of the unique histories of migration, labor market demands, and shared experiences for people classified by race.
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Pike, Judith E. "ROCHESTER'S BRONZE SCRAG AND PEARL NECKLACE: BRONZED MASCULINITY IN JANE EYRE, SHIRLEY, AND CHARLOTTE BRONTË’S JUVENILIA—ERRATUM." Victorian Literature and Culture 41, no. 2 (May 22, 2013): 409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150313000016.
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In this article, the 3rd sentence (on the first page) is not grammatically correct. We are reproducing the paragraph for completeness.IN THE PAST TWENTY YEARS, GIVEN THE burgeoning field of postcolonial studies and its inquiry into the identity politics of race, ethnicity, and imperialism, significantly more critical attention has been paid to Charlotte Brontë's portrayal of Bertha Rochester in Jane Eyre (1847) than in the prior one hundred and forty years of Brontë scholarship. While in The Madwoman and the Attic (1979), Gilbert and Gubar present an earlier reading of Bertha as “Jane's truest and darkest double” (360), any reading of Bertha's darkest in terms of a cultural or racialized identity came about in later criticism. Gayatri Spivak was instrumental in positioning Bertha within a discourse of imperialism rather than reading her merely in psychological terms, which then precipitated more recent studies on Bertha's colonial heritage, her financial and cultural imperialist inheritance and her ambiguous ethnic status as a Creole woman.1 Contemporary critics have also addressed how Rochester in a sense becomes Bertha's “truest and darkest double.” However, his darkness has proven to be far more quizzical, for unlike Bertha he is neither Creole nor raised in the West Indies; quite to the contrary, Rochester was desired by the Masons precisely because of his heritage, being “of a good race.”2 Still, as readers, we have had to grapple with Brontë's numerous descriptions of Rochester's dark visage.
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Habimana-Jordana, Teresa, and Dan Rodríguez-García. "Mixedness and Intersectionality: The Use of Relief Maps to Understand the Experiences of Multiracial Women of African Descent in Spain." Genealogy 7, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy7010006.
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This article analyzes the experiences of multiracial women of African descent in Catalonia, Spain—looking at their identity processes, social relations, experiences of racialization and discrimination, and strategies of resistance—using a novel qualitative research method called “Relief Maps,” a very useful tool for the study of social inequalities from an intersectional and multilocational perspective. Relief Maps are a data collection tool and a means of visualizing and analyzing data—providing a graphical representation of interviewee narratives that discuss processes of social inclusion and exclusion. The maps represent three dimensions of experience: (1) psychological (indicating the respondent’s level of discomfort or well-being); (2) geographical (including at least five physical or experiential locations: e.g., home, street, work, school); and (3) social (examining seven social variables or aspects of identity: i.e., gender, ethnicity/skin color, age, sexual orientation, social class, physical appearance, and religion). In this way, the maps show where greater or lesser well-being or discomfort is experienced by the respondent based on each aspect of identity, thus indicating personal places of oppression, places of controversial intersections, neutral places, and places of relief. We argue that this supplementary investigative technique is highly relevant to research in the social sciences, particularly in the field of mixed-race, critical race, and ethnic studies, as it provides an intersectional, reflective, nuanced, and contextual lens for understanding complex social phenomena, leading to information of greater analytical strength.
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Marks, Katrina. "“My Whole Life I’ve Been on the Run”: Fugitivity as a Postracial Trope in Red Dead Redemption 2." American Literature 94, no. 1 (January 27, 2022): 159–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-9697043.
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Abstract This article discusses the popular video game Red Dead Redemption 2 (2018) by Rockstar Games, which follows Arthur Morgan, a white outlaw, during the decline of the “Wild West” in 1898 and 1899. Taking up conversations of fugitivity in critical ethnic studies, this article maintains that fugitivity operates as a rhetorical trope that stands in for racial identity where the logic of postracialism denies investments in race. Analyzing the narrative, spatial, and kinesthetic elements of the game, this article argues that Morgan, and by extension the player, is aligned with historically and geographically racialized others through a fugitive relationship to space. While Rockstar, as a video game studio, may not see itself explicitly intervening in a racialized and racializing political imaginary in its fictional worldbuilding, the kinesthetic, narrative, and cartographic strategies the studio employs respond to a set of cultural assumptions rooted in the rhetoric of postracialism. As such, Red Dead Redemption 2 serves as a multifaceted text through which to interrogate the dynamics of that rhetoric as it is mobilized in representations of fugitivity and identity.
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Mohottige, Dinushika, L. Ebony Boulware, Chandra L. Ford, Camara Jones, and Keith C. Norris. "Use of Race in Kidney Research and Medicine." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 17, no. 2 (November 17, 2021): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/cjn.04890421.
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Black Americans and other racially and ethnically minoritized individuals are disproportionately burdened by higher morbidity and mortality from kidney disease when compared with their White peers. Yet, kidney researchers and clinicians have struggled to fully explain or rectify causes of these inequalities. Many studies have sought to identify hypothesized genetic and/or ancestral origins of biologic or behavioral deficits as singular explanations for racial and ethnic inequalities in kidney health. However, these approaches reinforce essentialist beliefs that racial groups are inherently biologically and behaviorally different. These approaches also often conflate the complex interactions of individual-level biologic differences with aggregated population-level disparities that are due to structural racism (i.e., sociopolitical policies and practices that created and perpetuate harmful health outcomes through inequities of opportunities and resources). We review foundational misconceptions about race, racism, genetics, and ancestry that shape research and clinical practice with a focus on kidney disease and related health outcomes. We also provide recommendations on how to embed key equity-enhancing concepts, terms, and principles into research, clinical practice, and medical publishing standards.
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Al Mujahid, Sharif. "Jinnah, Pakistan, and Islamic Identity." American Journal of Islam and Society 15, no. 3 (October 1, 1998): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v15i3.2165.
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Dr. Akbar S. Ahmed is probably the most published author in Pakistan. His published works, some of which have earned excellent reviews, make a fonnidable list. Asperhaps the best known contemporary Muslim anthropologist, his commitment to the discipline,despite his avocation of being an administrator, is the key to his success. Whatsets Ahmed apart from most Pakistani authors is that his writings are informed by theoreticalconsiderations and anchored in empirical data. He exudes easy familiarity withmethodology, is creative and imaginative in his approach, and can conceptualize.Moreover, he can intellectu.alize problems and issues. As with his earlier writings, his presentwork is marked by these characteristics.
The work is structured around one major theme (Jinnah), and the subthemes of thenature of nationhood, Islam, ethnic and religious identity, the problems of minorities, andthe pervasive and ubiquitous influence of media, race, empire, and other factors. Usingthe methodologies of cultural anthropology, semiotics, and media studies, Ahrnedexplores old ground with new insights and interpretations. What we have here is neitherbiography nor history per se; it is part biography, part history of partition, an explorationof Muslim nationhood and Pakistani statehood, and part the Muslim search for identity, aquest that not only inspired the Muslim struggle for Pakistan during the 1940% but whichis still relevant (e.g., northern Cyprus, Bosnia, Chechnia, Kashmir, Kosovo, Mindanao[the Philippines], Pattani [Thailand], and even for the Turkish minority in Bulgaria).All said and done, it was the critical problem of identity to which Jinnah addressedhimself in the Indian context of the 1930s and 1940s. Thus he represents not onlyPakistan, but also a manifestation of the very search for identity in the present largerMuslim world context. His solution to the problems of marginalization, alienation, andeven exclusion of Muslims from the corridors of power serves as a beacon to Muslimcommunities struggling for identity, self-expression, and self-realization. Hence the relevanceof Jinnah to the modem Muslim world ...
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Wade, Ryan M., and Gary W. Harper. "Young Black Gay/Bisexual and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Review and Content Analysis of Health-Focused Research Between 1988 and 2013." American Journal of Men's Health 11, no. 5 (September 23, 2015): 1388–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988315606962.
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Black young gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (YGBMSM) are at high risk for negative health outcomes, though this population is underrepresented in the health literature. An extensive literature review and content analysis of health-related peer-reviewed articles (1988-2013) was conducted that targeted Black YGBMSM, examining five content areas: sexual health, health care, substance use, psychosocial functioning, and sociostructural factors. A coding sheet was created to collect information on all content areas and related subtopics and computed descriptive statistics. Out of 54 articles, most were published after 2004 ( N = 49; 90.7%) and addressed some aspect of sexual health ( N = 50; 92.6%). Few articles included content on psychosocial functioning, including bullying/harassment, suicide, and racial/ethnic identity. Data on health care delivery/receipt and health insurance were underrepresented; tobacco use and substance abuse were seldom addressed. Important sociostructural factors, including sexual networks and race-based discrimination, were poorly represented. Last, there was a noteworthy deficit of qualitative studies and research exploring intersectional identity and health. This review concludes that studies on Black YGBMSM health places sex at the forefront to the neglect of other critical health domains. More research is needed on the diverse health issues of a vulnerable and underexamined population.
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Li, Yawen, Ling Xu, Jinyu Liu, and Fei Sun. "Adult Day Service Use among Ethnic Minority Older Adults: An Updated Integrative Review." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 958–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3458.
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Abstract Adult day services (ADS) are a preferred care option for racial and ethnic minorities compared to other types of long-term care services in the United States. However, there is limited knowledge on minority ADS users. Focusing on minority older adults, this study aims to (a) identify facilitator and barriers of ADS use, and (b) examine ADS’s effect on health and wellbeing. Using Whittemore and Knafl’s methodology of integrative reviews, we searched relevant studies published between 2010 to 2020 in Ageline, PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science and Google Scholar and included 8 articles in this review after extensive screening and critical appraisal. Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool (CCAT) was used to assess methodological rigor of the studies included in this review. This review showed that individual factors of ADS use among minority older adult included functional impairment, diabetes, race, gender, and degree of loneliness. Organizational characteristics, such as availability of transportation services, bilingual nurses, peer support, and cultural activities, and structural factors including for-profit status and source of payment were also related to ADS use among minority older adults. Positive outcomes associated with ADS use were improved quality of life and sense of fulfillment. Better understanding of minority older adults’ experience with ADS will help tailor the services to better fit their cultural preferences and needs. Future research should move beyond individual-level factors to identify and address organizational and structural factors such as institutional structure, organization culture and practice impact on disparities and discrimination in services access and quality.
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Waymer, Damion, and Kenon A. Brown. "Significance of race in the US undergraduate public relations educational landscape." Journal for Multicultural Education 12, no. 4 (November 12, 2018): 353–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jme-06-2017-0036.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to address a practical question and problem: what can explain the small number of underrepresented racial and ethnic practitioners in the public relations industry? By placing race at the center of this study via critical race theory, the authors sought to answer the previously mentioned practical question. The authors focused on the undergraduate environment as a pipeline to the profession. The goal was to determine whether issues of race in the undergraduate public relations environment played a role in students’ ability to succeed in their public relations coursework and in their ability to secure internships, network with professionals, etc. Design/methodology/approach The authors interviewed 22 practitioners with five or fewer years of industry experience. The authors used email interviews to gather data from young professionals. Although email interviews are impersonal in nature, because of a lack of the use of social cues and non-verbal communication (Hunt & McHale, 2007), email interviews are more cost-effective, expand the range of participants that one could interview, and this method allows participants to reflect longer on their answers, which could result in more detail – whereby participants might share information they would not normally share face-to-face. Findings The findings reveal that half of the Latina, African American and Asian American participants noted that being underrepresented was not necessarily a hindrance to their academic success; rather, being underrepresented was uncomfortable for them at times, as they believed they had to prove themselves more than whites. Additional findings reveal that in terms of developing social skills for the profession, participants did not experience negative or positive effects of race. Findings are used to gain insight into how to increase diversity in the profession and to gauge the extent to which racial identity plays a role in public relations students’ collegiate development. Originality/value This study asks racially and ethnically underrepresented applied communication students to reflect on their experiences as undergraduates as a means of refining the undergraduate educational experience to make that experience more attractive for and conducive to academic success for current and future underrepresented applied communication undergraduate students. It's a first of its kind in that regard.
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Rodriguez, Gladys M., Lisa G. Rosas, and Manali I. Patel. "Acute care utilization at the end of life: Does race/ethnicity matter?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 28_suppl (October 1, 2022): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.28_suppl.189.
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189 Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of US cancer deaths. Providing high quality care near end-of-life (EOL) is critical. Hispanic and Black patients with cancer receive less palliative and hospice care referrals and have less knowledge of advance directives compared to non-Hispanic Whites. While it is posited that such inequities can result in disparities in acute care use and goal-discordant care at the EOL among racial/ethnic minority populations, few studies have evaluated whether acute care utilization at the EOL for patients with lung cancer differs by race/ethnicity. Methods: Adult patients with a lung cancer diagnosis who died between 2005-2019 were identified in the California Cancer Registry database linked to a hospital discharge abstracts from the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development. ICD9/10 codes were used to identify aggressive EOL care defined as: hospital/ED visit, death, intubation, CPR, and dialysis within 14-days of death. Logistic regression models estimated the odds of such care by race and ethnicity. Models were adjusted in apriori considerations of age, income, socioeconomic status, insurance, geography, histology, stage, comorbidities, and care receipt at NCI-designated hospitals. Results: Among 207,429 patients included, mean age was 74 years, 51% were male, 83.6% lived in urban areas, 28% had income 200% below Federal Poverty Level, 48.8% had Medicare, 91.8% received care in a non-NCI designated cancer center and 48.3% had stage IV disease. Black, Hispanic and Asian/Pacific Islander patients compared to Non-Hispanic Whites had increased odds of aggressive EOL care (See Table). Conclusions: This study demonstrates disparities in acute care use and aggressive care delivery among racial and ethnic minorities with lung cancer at the EOL. Solutions are urgently needed to reduce such disparities in care.[Table: see text]
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Millar, Roberto J. "NEIGHBORHOOD SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND PHYSICAL FUNCTION: EVIDENCE OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S279—S280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1034.
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Abstract Empirical and theoretical scholarship suggest that as individuals age and their physical, cognitive, and social needs change, their neighborhood environment becomes increasingly important to their health and well-being. Despite recent advances in this area of research, a number of critical gaps remain. Namely, few studies examine the associations between neighborhood social environments and performance-based physical function. Furthermore, racial and ethnic differences are widely understudied. The objectives of this study are (1) to examine the association between neighborhood social cohesion and physical disorder on physical function in older adults, and (2) to identify potential racial/ethnic differences in these associations. Data come from round five (collected in 2015) of the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS; N=5,619). A series of adjusted linear regression models were used to predict performance-based physical function based on characteristics of the neighborhood social environment (i.e., cohesion, disorder). Results showed that only neighborhood physical disorder was statistically significantly associated with poorer physical function (p < 0.05). Similarly, when stratified by race/ethnicity, only neighborhood physical disorder was associated with poorer physical function in Whites (p < 0.05). There was no significant association for either neighborhood social environment characteristic and physical function for Black or Hispanic older adults. Racial and ethnic differences warrant closer investigation in studies of neighborhood effects on health. Community-level interventions, policy makers, and researchers should consider the interactions between minority membership and neighborhood social environments when addressing issues of health and physical function.
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Montiel Ishino, Francisco Alejandro, Claire E. Rowan, Kevin Villalobos, Janani Rajbhandari-Thapa, and Faustine Williams. "A Time-Varying Effect Model (TVEM) of the Complex Association of Tobacco Use and Smoke Exposure on Mean Telomere Length: Differences between Racial and Ethnic Groups Assessed in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (September 4, 2022): 11069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711069.
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Telomere length is affected by lifestyle and environmental factors and varies between racial and ethnic groups; however, studies are limited, with mixed findings. This study examined the effects of tobacco use and smoke exposure on mean telomere length to identify critical age periods by race/ethnicity. We used time-varying effect modeling on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for continuous years 1999–2002 to observe the effects of active tobacco use and environmental tobacco smoke—measured through serum cotinine—and mean telomere length for adults 19 to 85 and older (N = 7826). Models were run for Mexican American, other Hispanic, non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and other/multi-race categories to allow for time-varying group differences, and controlled for biological sex, socioeconomic status, education, and ever-smoker status. Serum cotinine was found to have an increasing effect on telomere length from age 37 to approximately age 74 among Mexican Americans. Among other/multi-race individuals serum cotinine was found to have a decreasing effect at approximately age 42, and among Blacks, it had an overall decreasing effect from age 61 to 78. Findings reveal a further need to focus additional support and resources to intervene regarding disparate health effects from tobacco use and environmental smoke exposure for already vulnerable groups at particular ages.
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Gao, Jing. "Asian American high school students’ self-concepts and identities." Journal for Multicultural Education 11, no. 2 (June 12, 2017): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jme-12-2015-0045.
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Purpose This study aims to explore Asian American students’ identities and their perceptions about who they are within the Midwestern American high school setting. Design/methodology/approach A naturalistic inquiry (Lincoln and Guba, 1985) is employed in this qualitative study. Naturalistic inquiry assumes that reality is constructed by individuals, and there exist multiple realities as diverse people experience teaching and learning (Glesne, 1999). It is characterized by natural settings (the schools), natural language (language actually used by students and teachers), responsiveness to concerns and issues of stakeholders (what is important to students and teachers) and collaborative checks on trustworthiness. Findings The study finds that the participants all identify themselves as students, while they perceive differently on their racial/ethnic and cultural identity. They have employed a variety of strategies to negotiate with their dynamic, multiple and sometimes contradictory identities when confronted with challenges and opportunities within different social contexts. Research limitations/implications The limitations of my study lie first in a small number of participants. Eight Asian American students do not represent the heterogeneous Asian American groups in the USA. More students would provide different perspectives and experiences in the study. The time for conducting this study is another limitation. Longer period on the research sites would provide thicker descriptions. Practical implications There are implications for educational practice and future research to help understand the diversity among Asian American students and to find ways to integrate accurate and comprehensive information related to Asian Americans into the curricular with critical reflection upon the issues of race, ethnicity, culture and identity. Originality/value This study will enrich the current literature on Asian American education because there is currently limited research in this area. It will give voices to Asian American students and contribute to a better understanding of how both students and teachers are responding to the challenges faced in many schools as demographics change. It will also have implications for teacher education and encourage awareness in this field that might affect future educational practices and policies.
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Weinberger, Andrea H., Marc L. Steinberg, Sarah D. Mills, Sarah S. Dermody, Jaimee L. Heffner, Amanda Y. Kong, Raina D. Pang, and Rachel L. Rosen. "Assessing Sex, Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Mental Health Concerns in Tobacco Use Disorder Treatment Research: Measurement Challenges and Recommendations From a Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Pre-conference Workshop." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 24, no. 5 (October 8, 2021): 643–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab201.
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Abstract This paper reports on topics discussed at a Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco pre-conference workshop at the 2019 annual Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco meeting. The goal of the pre-conference workshop was to help develop a shared understanding of the importance of several tobacco-related priority groups in tobacco use disorder (TUD) treatment research and to highlight challenges in measurement related to these groups. The workshop focused on persons with minoritized sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation identities; persons with minoritized racial and ethnic backgrounds; persons with lower socioeconomic status (SES); and persons with mental health concerns. In addition to experiencing commercial tobacco-related health disparities, these groups are also underrepresented in tobacco research, including TUD treatment studies. Importantly, there is wide variation in how and whether researchers are identifying variation within these priority groups. Best practices for measuring and reporting sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, SES, and mental health concerns in TUD treatment research are needed. This paper provides information about measurement challenges when including these groups in TUD treatment research and specific recommendations about how to measure these groups and assess potential disparities in outcomes. The goal of this paper is to encourage TUD treatment researchers to use measurement best practices in these priority groups in an effort to conduct meaningful and equity-promoting research. Increasing the inclusion and visibility of these groups in TUD treatment research will help to move the field forward in decreasing tobacco-related health disparities. Implications: Tobacco-related disparities exist for a number of priority groups including, among others, women, individuals with minoritized sexual and gender identities, individuals with minoritized racial and ethnic backgrounds, individuals with lower SES, and individuals with mental health concerns. Research on TUD treatments for many of these subgroups is lacking. Accurate assessment and consideration of these subgroups will provide needed information about efficacious and effective TUD treatments, about potential mediators and moderators, and for accurately describing study samples, all critical elements for reducing tobacco-related disparities, and improving diversity, equity, and inclusion in TUD treatment research.
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Weinberger, Andrea H., Marc L. Steinberg, Sarah D. Mills, Sarah S. Dermody, Jaimee L. Heffner, Amanda Y. Kong, Raina D. Pang, and Rachel L. Rosen. "Assessing Sex, Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Mental Health Concerns in Tobacco Use Disorder Treatment Research: Measurement Challenges and Recommendations From a Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Pre-conference Workshop." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 24, no. 5 (October 8, 2021): 643–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab201.
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Abstract This paper reports on topics discussed at a Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco pre-conference workshop at the 2019 annual Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco meeting. The goal of the pre-conference workshop was to help develop a shared understanding of the importance of several tobacco-related priority groups in tobacco use disorder (TUD) treatment research and to highlight challenges in measurement related to these groups. The workshop focused on persons with minoritized sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation identities; persons with minoritized racial and ethnic backgrounds; persons with lower socioeconomic status (SES); and persons with mental health concerns. In addition to experiencing commercial tobacco-related health disparities, these groups are also underrepresented in tobacco research, including TUD treatment studies. Importantly, there is wide variation in how and whether researchers are identifying variation within these priority groups. Best practices for measuring and reporting sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, SES, and mental health concerns in TUD treatment research are needed. This paper provides information about measurement challenges when including these groups in TUD treatment research and specific recommendations about how to measure these groups and assess potential disparities in outcomes. The goal of this paper is to encourage TUD treatment researchers to use measurement best practices in these priority groups in an effort to conduct meaningful and equity-promoting research. Increasing the inclusion and visibility of these groups in TUD treatment research will help to move the field forward in decreasing tobacco-related health disparities. Implications: Tobacco-related disparities exist for a number of priority groups including, among others, women, individuals with minoritized sexual and gender identities, individuals with minoritized racial and ethnic backgrounds, individuals with lower SES, and individuals with mental health concerns. Research on TUD treatments for many of these subgroups is lacking. Accurate assessment and consideration of these subgroups will provide needed information about efficacious and effective TUD treatments, about potential mediators and moderators, and for accurately describing study samples, all critical elements for reducing tobacco-related disparities, and improving diversity, equity, and inclusion in TUD treatment research.
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Magsaysay, Raymond. "Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and the Prison Industrial Complex." Michigan Journal of Race & Law, no. 26.2 (2021): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.36643/mjrl.26.2.asian.
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Recent uprisings against racial injustice, sparked by the killings of George Floyd and others, have triggered urgent calls to overhaul the U.S. criminal “justice” system. Yet Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs), the fastest-growing racial group in the country, have largely been left out of these conversations. Identifying and addressing this issue, I intercalate AAPIs into powerful, contemporary critiques of the prison industrial complex, including emergent abolitionist legal scholarship. I argue that the model minority myth, an anti-Black racial project, leads to the exclusion of AAPIs in mainstream and critical studies of crime and carcerality. I begin the intervention by critiquing the lacuna that exists within Asian American Jurisprudence, specifically the erasure of criminalized AAPIs’ voices and experiences. I then demonstrate that AAPIs are caught in the carceral web of mass incarceration by highlighting the lived experiences of AAPI youth within the school-to-prison pipeline, in addition to excavating the minimal publicly available data on AAPI prison populations. Adopting multidisciplinary and multimodal methods, I identify and analyze distinct forms of racial profiling and racialized bullying that drive AAPI students out of schools and into prisons. I pay specific attention to the criminalization of various AAPI youth subgroups as whiz kids, gang members, or terrorists. In uncovering previously unexamined dimensions of the criminal system, I stress how the exclusion of AAPIs in critical discourse obscures the actual scale of the carceral state, erases complex intra- and interracial dynamics of power, marginalizes criminalized AAPIs, and concurrently reinforces anti-Blackness and other toxic ideologies. The Article reaffirms critical race, intersectional, and abolitionist analyses of race and criminalization. It also directly links Asian American Jurisprudence to on-going abolitionist critiques of the prison industrial complex. I conclude with a proffer of abolitionist-informed solutions to the school-to-prison pipeline such as the implementation of an Ethnic Studies curriculum. Lastly, I issue a call, particularly to AAPI communities, for fiercer and more meaningful coalition-building.
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Parker, Lauren, Katherine Marx, and Maria Aranda. "Cultural Adaptations to Recruitment Strategies and Community-Based Interventions for Dementia Caregivers." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1867.
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Abstract Nearly 30 years after the 1993 National Institute of Health Revitalization Act, minority groups’ low participation in research remains (which required the inclusion of women and racial/ethnic minority groups into government-funded clinical trials). This is particularly the case for participation in research on Alzheimer’s Disease and related dementias (ADRD). Deeply rooted historical race-based mistreatment in research and in the health care system at large persist as barriers to low-participation of minorities (i.e. Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino) and immigrants in research studies, who remain at disparate risk for adverse ADRD health outcomes and expedited mortality. The use of culturally adapted approaches in recruitment strategies and community-based interventions might be helpful to encourage the participation of underrepresented groups into research. As such, this presentation highlights three studies that seek to use cultural adaptation to inform recruitment strategies and community-based interventions. First, Dr. Parker will present how tenets from Critical Race Theory can be used to inform culturally-adapted recruitment strategies of Black/African American caregivers into community-based research by drawing upon two ongoing studies: a randomized trial providing caregiver support through Adult Day Services (ADS) and the evaluation of impact of ADS on stress levels of Black/African American using biomarker measures. Next, Ms. Johnson will present results on cultural adaptions to the ADS-Plus Program for Spanish-speaking populations. Finally, Dr. Nkimbeng will present on the process of culturally-tailoring dementia education for African immigrants in Minnesota. Findings from this presentation identify opportunities for researchers to use cultural adaptations to encourage participation of underrepresented populations into ADRD research.
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Naranch, Laurie E. "The Narratable Self: Adriana Cavarero with Sojourner Truth." Hypatia 34, no. 3 (2019): 424–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12484.
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This essay engages the work of Italian feminist philosopher Adriana Cavarero and her concept of the narratable self. Her relational humanism, rooted in our exposure to others, offers an ontology of uniqueness whose critique of abstraction, masculinism, and identity politics still resonates today where the meaning of a unique “you” is negotiated in embodied exchanges that may offer care or wounds. Cavarero develops an altruistic ethics that cultivates this humanism. I argue that her work should be extended to better capture the political purchase of the narratable self that interacts dynamically and often ambiguously with the “we” of collective politics. Putting her work into conversation with the nineteenth‐century abolitionist and women's rights advocate Sojourner Truth, I suggest that Cavarero's work illuminates Truth as a philosopher of the narratable self. Moreover, Truth's work extends Cavarero's concerns with exposure that may do violence or offer care by making explicit the challenges of narration in the context of inequality, especially in terms of race and class. Exposure as an ontological and phenomenological condition then needs to take account of a broader publicity of textual, individual, and collective exposure to others to develop the critical, ethical, and political purchase it offers.
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Gupta, Sumit, David T. Teachey, Meenakshi Devidas, Yunfeng Dai, Richard Aplenc, Lena Winestone, Kira O. Bona, et al. "Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Factors Result in Disparities in Outcome Among Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Not Fully Attenuated By Disease Prognosticators: A Children's Oncology Group (COG) Study." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2021): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-147386.
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Abstract Introduction: Health disparities are major issue for racial, ethnic, and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. Though outcomes in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have steadily improved, identifying persistent disparities is critical. Prior studies evaluating ALL outcomes by race or ethnicity have noted narrowing disparities or that residual disparities are secondary to differences in leukemia biology or socioeconomic status (SES). We aimed to identify persistent inequities by race/ethnicity and SES in childhood ALL in the largest cohort ever assembled for this purpose. Methods: We identified a cohort of newly-diagnosed patients with ALL, age 0-30.99 years who were enrolled on COG trials between 2004-2019. Race/ethnicity was categorized as non-Hispanic white vs. Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic Black vs. non-Hispanic Asian vs. Non-Hispanic other. SES was proxied by insurance status: United States (US) Medicaid (public health insurance for low-income individuals) vs. US other (predominantly private insurance) vs. non-US patients (mainly jurisdictions with universal health insurance). Event-free and overall survival (EFS, OS) were compared across race/ethnicity and SES. The relative contribution of disease prognosticators (age, sex, white blood cell count, lineage, central nervous system status, cytogenetics, end Induction minimal residual disease) was examined with Cox proportional hazard multivariable models of different combinations of the three constructs of interest (race/ethnicity, SES, disease prognosticators) and examining hazard ratio (HR) attenuation between models. Results: The study cohort included 24,979 children, adolescents, and young adults with ALL. Non-Hispanic White patients were 13,872 (65.6%) of the cohort, followed by 4,354 (20.6%) Hispanic patients and 1,517 (7.2%) non-Hispanic Black patients. Those insured with US Medicaid were 6,944 (27.8%). Five-year EFS (Table 1) was 87.4%±0.3% among non-Hispanic White patients vs. 82.8%±0.6% [HR 1.37, 95 th confidence interval (95CI) 1.26-1.49; p<0.0001] among Hispanic patients and 81.9%±1.2% (HR 1.45, 95CI 1.28-1.56; p<0.0001) among non-Hispanic Black patients. Outcomes for non-Hispanic Asian patients were similar to those of non-Hispanic White patients. US patients on Medicaid had inferior 5-year EFS as compared to other US patients (83.2%±0.5% vs. 86.3%±0.3%, HR 1.21, 95CI 1.12-1.30; p<0.0001) while non-US patients had the best outcomes (5-year EFS 89.0%±0.7%, HR 0.78, 95CI 0.71-0.88; p<0.0001). There was substantial imbalance in traditional disease prognosticators (e.g. T-cell lineage) across both race/ethnicity and SES, and of race/ethnicity by SES. For example, T-lineage ALL accounted for 17.6%, 9.4%, and 6.6% of Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic White, and Hispanic patients respectively (p<0.0001). Table 2 shows the multivariable models and illustrates different patterns of HR adjustment among specific racial/ethnic and SES groups. Inferior EFS among Hispanic patients was substantially attenuated by the addition of disease prognosticators (HR decreased from 1.37 to 1.17) and further (but not fully) attenuated by the subsequent addition of SES (HR 1.11). In contrast, the increased risk among non-Hispanic Black children was minimally attenuated by both the addition of disease prognosticators and subsequent addition of SES (HR 1.45 to 1.38 to 1.32). Similarly, while the superior EFS of non-US insured patients was substantially attenuated by the addition of race/ethnicity and disease prognosticators (HR 0.79 to 0.94), increased risk among US Medicaid patients was minimally attenuated by the addition of race/ethnicity or disease prognosticators (HR 1.21 to 1.16). OS disparities followed similar patterns but were consistently worse than in EFS, particularly among patients grouped as non-Hispanic other. Conclusions: Substantial disparities in survival outcomes persist by race/ethnicity and SES in the modern era. Our findings suggest that reasons for these disparities vary between specific disadvantaged groups. Additional work is required to identify specific drivers of survival disparities that may be mitigated by targeted interventions. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Gupta: Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Teachey: NeoImmune Tech: Research Funding; Sobi: Consultancy; BEAM Therapeutics: Consultancy, Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy. Zweidler-McKay: ImmunoGen: Current Employment. Loh: MediSix therapeutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.
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Windham, Samuel L., Melissa P. Wilson, Connor Fling, David W. Sheneman, Taylor Wand, Lyndsey Babcock, Samantha Delson, and Kristine M. Erlandson. "396. Relationship Between Patient Characteristics and Critical Illness in Patients Admitted for CoVID-19." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S266—S267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.591.
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Abstract Background While several studies have explored hospitalization risk factors with the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection, the risk of poor outcomes during hospitalization has primarily relied upon laboratory or hospital-acquired data. Our goal was to identify clinical characteristics associated with intubation or death within 7 days of admission. Methods The first 436 patients admitted to the University of Colorado Hospital (Denver metropolitan area) with confirmed CoVID-19 were included. Demographics, comorbidities, and select medications were collected by chart abstraction. Missing height for calculating body mass index (BMI) was imputed using the median height for patients’ sex and race/ethnicity. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression and a minimax concave penalty (MCP) regularized logistic regression explored prediction. Results Participants had a mean(SD) age 55(17), BMI 30.9(8.2), 55% were male and 80% were ethnic/racial minorities. Unadjusted comparisons by outcome are shown (Table 1). Male sex (aOR: 1.60, 95% CI (1.02, 2.54)), increasing age (aOR: 1.25(1.08, 1.47); per 10 years), higher BMI (aOR 1.03(1.00, 1.06) and poorly controlled diabetes (hemoglobin A1C ≥8) (aOR 2.33(1.27, 4.27) were significantly (p< 0.05) associated with greater odds of intubation or death. Minority status tended to be associated with higher odds (aOR:1.8(1.01,3.36); p=0.052). Surprisingly, need for hospital interpreter was associated with decreased odds (OR: 0.58(0.35, 0.95)) of intubation/death. Our final MCP model included indicators of A1C≥8, age >65, sex and minority status, but predicted intubation/death only slightly better than random chance (AUC= 0.61(0.56, 0.67)). Table 1. Patient Characteristics Stratified by Intubation and/or Death Within One Week of Admission (n=436) Conclusion In a hospitalized patient cohort with COVID-19, male sex, poorly controlled diabetes, increasing age and BMI were significantly associated with early intubation or death. These results complement larger cohort studies, and highlight risk differences across metropolitan areas with varying COVID-19 prevalence, demographics, and comorbid disease burden. Notably, our predictive model had limited success, which may suggest unmeasured factors also contribute to disease severity differences. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Windham, Samuel, Melissa P. Wilson, Connor Fling, David Sheneman, Taylor Wand, Lyndsey Babcock, Samantha MaWhinney, and Kristine M. Erlandson. "Elevated glycohemoglobin is linked to critical illness in CoVID-19: a retrospective analysis." Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease 8 (January 2021): 204993612110273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20499361211027390.
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Background: Several studies have explored hospitalization risk factors with the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Our goal was to identify clinical characteristics outside of laboratory or radiologic data associated with intubation or death within 7 days of admission. Methods: The first 436 patients admitted to the University of Colorado Hospital (Denver metropolitan area) with confirmed COVID-19 were included. Demographics, comorbidities, and select medications were collected by chart abstraction. Missing height for calculating body mass index (BMI) was imputed using the median height for patients’ sex and race/ethnicity. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression and a minimax concave penalty (MCP) regularized logistic regression explored prediction. Results: Participants had a mean [standard deviation (SD)] age 55 (17), BMI 30.9 (8.2), 55% were male and 80% were ethnic/racial minorities. Increasing age [aOR: 1.24 (1.07, 1.45) per 10 years], higher BMI (aOR 1.03 (1.00, 1.06), and poorly controlled diabetes [hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) ⩾ 8] (aOR 2.26 (1.24, 4.12) were significantly ( p < 0.05) associated with greater odds of intubation or death. Female sex [aOR: 0.63, 95% CI (0.40, 0.98); p value = 0.043] was associated with lesser odds of intubation or death. The odds of death and/or intubation increased 19% for every 1 unit increase in HbA1c value [OR: 1.19 (1.01, 1.43); p = 0.04]. Our final MCP model included indicators of A1C ⩾ 8, age > 65, sex, and minority status, but predicted intubation/death only slightly better than random chance [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) = 0.61 (0.56, 0.67)]. Conclusion: In a hospitalized patient cohort with COVID-19, worsening control of diabetes as evidenced by higher HbA1c was associated with increased risk of intubation or death within 7 days of admission. These results complement and help clarify previous associations found between diabetes and acute disease in COVID-19. Importantly, our analysis is missing some known predictors of severity in COVID-19. Our predictive model had limited success, suggesting unmeasured factors contribute to disease severity differences.
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Khan, Ambreen, Gammon Amanda, and Joanne M. Jeter. "Review of cohort diversity in the development and validation of cancer risk assessment models." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): e18570-e18570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e18570.
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e18570 Background: Multiple validated models have been proposed to quantify an individual's lifetime risk of breast and colon cancer. However, an evaluation of the race and ethnicity of the cohorts studied in the development and validation of each of these models has not been reviewed. Predicting cancer risks accurately in Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC) can be crucial in helping to reduce cancer mortality rates and improving access to preventative care for these individuals. Methods: A literature search was conducted to identify published development and validation studies for the following cancer risk assessment models: Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC) Risk Calculator, Tyrer-Cuzick, Gail, Claus, CanRisk/BOADICEA, BRCAPRO and MMRPRO. Articles included were identified through review of a number of electronic databases and websites for the cancer risk prediction models. Authors were contacted for data not readily available through literature search. Results: A total of 15 development studies and 19 validation studies of the cancer risk prediction models were reviewed for the seven models listed above. Out of the 19 validation studies, seven were internal and twelve were external validation studies. 80% (12/15) of development studies and 68% (13/19) of validation studies did not include information on racial and ethnic composition of the cohorts. After obtaining additional information from authors, 53% (8/15) of the development studies were conducted solely in non-Hispanic White (NHW) cohort. The development cohorts ranged from 50%-100% NHW, 0%-7% non-Hispanic Black (NHB), 0%-8% Hispanic/Latinx, 0%-3% Asian and 0%-1% Indigenous participants. 58% (7/12) of external validation studies included ethnically and racially diverse populations compared to 14% (1/7) of internal validation studies. The BCBS, Gail, BRCAPRO and MMRPRO models were the only models with external validation studies conducted in ethnically or racially diverse populations. Overall, the model that had the most diverse cohort for its development and internal validation studies was the BCBS with 70% NHW, 6.7% NHB, 7.5% Hispanic/Latinx, 2.7% Asian, 0.8% Indigenous and 11.5% mixed/other ethnicities. Conclusions: The majority of the models reviewed did not have ethnically or racially diverse populations in their development and validation cohorts. Awareness of the under-representation of ethnically and racially diverse populations in these models is an important precaution for extrapolating data when using these models in medical decision making for BIPOC individuals. Although several barriers exist for participation of BIPOC individuals in clinical studies, these findings highlight the critical, yet unmet need for the development and use of appropriate cancer risk models in racially and ethnically diverse populations as a means to reduce health-related disparities.
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Williams, Madison H., Ryan A. Williams, Jean Pierre Blaize, Snegha Ananth, David Gregorio, Gerardo Manuel Rosas, Michael M. Song, et al. "The Impact of Race and Ethnicity on Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) Outcomes within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA)." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-142118.
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Introduction Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), constituting 25% of NHL cases (Teras, 2016). Although survival rates have improved, with a 5-year relative survival of 63.8% in the United States (SEER Cancer Statistics, 2018), outcomes in DLBCL remain heterogeneous with inferior survival amongst some patient subgroups. Racial and ethnic disparities in access to care and outcomes are well-established and are critical issues across a number of malignancies, including NHL (Shenoy, 2011; Griffiths, 2010). The purpose of this study was to assess for racial and ethnic differences in patient and disease characteristics at diagnosis, and in outcomes for patients diagnosed with DLBCL within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), where access to care may be less susceptible to other socioeconomic factors. Methods Trained abstractors performed a retrospective chart review of 2036 randomly selected patients seen in the VHA nationwide who were diagnosed with lymphoma between 01/01/2011 and 12/31/2017. We included patients diagnosed with DLBCL and excluded patients based on the criteria in Figure 1. We evaluated baseline patient and disease characteristics, including Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status, stage at diagnosis, International Prognostic Index (IPI) score, pathology reports to identify high-grade lymphomas, and response to first-line treatment. Results A total of 971 patients met inclusion criteria for analysis. Patients were predominantly male, white, had a median age of 67, and presented primarily with advanced disease (Table 1). Patients in each subgroup presented with similar rates of stage III and IV disease, with no statistically significant difference in stage at presentation amongst each racial subgroup (white vs black, P=0.85; white vs Hispanic, P=0.30; white vs other, P=0.11). Most patients in each racial/ethnic group had a good performance status at diagnosis, with ECOG 0-2 in 75.4 - 82.5% of patients in each subgroup. The entire study population had an objective response rate (ORR) of 87.4% (complete response (CR) rate 66%) (Table 2). Response rates were similar across the 4 subgroups, with the majority of patients achieving a complete response (CR) after first-line therapy (66.7%, 68.9%, 65.3%, and 70% for black, Hispanic, white, and other/unknown patients, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences in ORR amongst subgroups (white vs black, P=0.28; white vs Hispanic, P=0.75; white vs other, P=0.75). Median overall survival (OS) from the time of diagnosis was 40.5 months for the entire study population (Table 2). OS rates were similar regardless of race with a median OS of 43 months for black patients, 49.2 months for Hispanic patients, 40.5 months for white patients, and 33.3 months for other/unknown patients (Figure 2). There was no statistically significant difference in median OS between subgroups (white vs black, P= 0.84; white vs Hispanic, P=0.39; white vs other, P=0.18). The 1-year survival rates were similar at 75.8%, 72.1%, 76.4%, and 71.7% for black, Hispanic, white, and other/unknown patient subgroups, respectively. Between 60 - 68.5% of patients in each subgroup remained alive at 2 years, with no significant differences in survival rates at 1 or 2 years. Conclusions In this retrospective study of patients diagnosed with DLBCL in the VHA nationwide, we found that there were no statistically significant differences in baseline patient characteristics at diagnosis or in response rates to first-line chemotherapy, 1- and 2-year OS rates, or median OS amongst each racial subgroup. Potential limitations of this study include that the population is predominantly male and therefore, may not be applicable to the female population, and that there was missing/incomplete data for pathologic assessment of high grade lymphoma in 68.5% of our population, which could provide important data about expected outcomes. Further studies with a longer follow-up period are needed to help characterize potential differences in outcomes and relapse rates. Our data suggest that when standard of care therapy is given equally to patients with DLBCL, similar outcomes occur for black, Hispanic, and white patients. The development of interventions to address healthcare disparities and to ensure access to appropriate and timely care for all patient populations is of paramount importance. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Harris, Bryn, Russell D. Ravert, and Amanda L. Sullivan. "Adolescent Racial Identity: Self-Identification of Multiple and “Other” Race/Ethnicities." Urban Education 52, no. 6 (March 18, 2015): 775–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085915574527.
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This mixed methods study focused on adolescents who rejected conventional singular racial/ethnic categorization by selecting multiple race/ethnicities or writing descriptions of “Other” racial/ethnic identities in response to a survey item asking them to identify their race/ethnicity. Written responses reflected eight distinct categories ranging from elaborative descriptions of conventional race categories to responses refusing the construct of race/ethnicity. Students’ endorsement of multiple or “Other” ethnicities, and the resultant categories, differed by gender, grade, school type, and school compositions. Findings support scholars’ concern that common conceptualizations of race may not capture the complexity of self-identified racial categories among youth.
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Campbell, Malik, Kelly De Leon, Martha D. Escobar, Dezzerie González, Guadalupe Granados, Carla Martínez, Diego Paniagua, Rocio Rivera-Murillo, and Tracy M. Sadek. "Ethnic Studies as Praxis." Ethnic Studies Review 42, no. 2 (2019): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2019.42.2.131.
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The authors provide a collective counter-narrative of the movement at California State University, Northridge (CSUN) to resist educational policies that have negative implications for students, particularly students of color, and threaten Ethnic Studies, Gender and Women’s Studies, and Queer Studies. The authors contextualize the movement that erupted in the fall of 2017 at CSUN within the struggles of the 1960s to transform higher education by establishing Ethnic Studies. Drawing from Paulo Freire’s critical pedagogy and Critical Race Theory in education, the authors maintain that, in its best iterations, Ethnic Studies is praxis that empowers communities to create transformative social change.
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Higashiyama, Nicole, Shaun Bulsara, Susan Hilsenbeck, Tiffaney Tran, Ria Brown, Mary Fang, Cathy Sullivan, et al. "Abstract P2-09-09: Genetic assessment of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in the Smith Clinic: A 10-year, single center experience." Cancer Research 82, no. 4_Supplement (February 15, 2022): P2–09–09—P2–09–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs21-p2-09-09.
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Abstract Background: Highly penetrant pathogenic variants causing hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome occur among patients of racial/ethnic minorities at least as frequently as they do among non-Ashkenazi Jewish, non-Hispanic White patients. However, studies suggest that disparities persist in genetic counseling and testing in these populations. It is critical that we reduce the testing gap to better understand genetic susceptibility in minority patients and identify individuals who may benefit from preventive and therapeutic interventions. We explore genetic counseling and testing outcomes in a safety net system with significant support from financial assistance programs that minimizes typical financial and insurance barriers. Methods: This is a retrospective study of adult patients evaluated by a genetic counselor for hereditary breast/ovarian cancer syndrome between October 1, 2009 and September 30, 2019 in Smith Clinic, which is part of a large, county hospital system serving predominantly racial/ethnic minority and uninsured or under-insured patients, and affiliated with the Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center. All patients between October 1, 2009 and February 28, 2013 underwent genetic testing, whereas all patients after March 1, 2013 were evaluated by a genetic counselor but may not have completed testing. Patient clinical data was summarized using descriptive statistics. Results: 1,682 patients (mean age at time of counseling/testing 48.2 years) were evaluated by a genetic counselor. Patient-reported race/ethnicity was 58.7% Hispanic, 25.2% non-Hispanic Black (NHB), 8.8% non-Hispanic White (NHW), 4.6% Asian, and 2.7% other with 2.6% having some Native American and 0.6% having any Ashkenazi Jewish genealogic ancestry. Among the 1,397 patients who completed genetic testing, 76.2% received financial assistance. The majority were tested with a multigene panel (70.4%) with the remaining primarily undergoing BRCA sequencing or BRCA large rearrangement test (multigene panels not available until April 2014). More than three-quarters of patients who did not complete testing (n=285, 20.6% of those evaluated after March 1, 2013) did not meet guideline-based criteria or had a relative who was a more appropriate candidate for testing. Only 10.2% declined testing with rates of decline highest among NHB patients. A pathogenic mutation was found in 15.4% of individuals tested: BRCA1 (n=108), BRCA2 (n=57), PALB2 (n=26), ATM (n=8), other (n=18). Rates of pathogenic mutations were higher among NHW and Hispanic patients (NHW 14.9%, Hispanic 17.4%, NHB 11.3%, Asian 9.0%, Other 17.1%). The relatively high percentages of identified pathogenic mutations was likely related to the fact that 84.1% of patients were referred for a personal history of breast and/or ovarian cancer with 6.1% of NHW and 5.7% of Hispanic patients referred for a relative with or personal history of a known pathogenic mutation. Among those with BRCA1/2 or PALB2 mutations, risk-reducing procedures were frequent among all races except those classified as other (mastectomies: NHW 50%, NHB 45.5%, Hispanic 51.9%, Asian 40%, other 16.7%; salpingo-oophorectomies or salpingectomies: NHW 35.7%, NHB 45.5%, Hispanic 56.4%, Asian 60%, other 16.7%). Conclusions: In a racially/ethnically diverse, low-income population, genetic testing uptake is high when supported by financial assistance programs and an on-site genetic counselor. Regardless, reasons for declining testing warrant further exploration, particularly among non-Hispanic Black patients, to further reduce disparities in testing. Prompt referral of patients who meet testing guidelines for genetic evaluation is also critical since pathogenic mutations were frequently identified in all racial/ethnic subgroups and nearly half underwent a risk-reducing procedure. Citation Format: Nicole Higashiyama, Shaun Bulsara, Susan Hilsenbeck, Tiffaney Tran, Ria Brown, Mary Fang, Cathy Sullivan, Georgiann Garza, Maryam Nemati Shafaee, C. Kent Osborne, Mothaffar Rimawi, Julie Nangia. Genetic assessment of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in the Smith Clinic: A 10-year, single center experience [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-09-09.
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Lopez, Acacia, Rachel Scott, Marin Olson, and Danielle Nadorff. "RACIAL TRAUMA IN EMERGING ADULTS RAISED BY GRANDPARENTS: PROTECTING AGAINST DISCRIMINATION." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1034.
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Abstract Experiences of racial trauma are linked with psychopathology, but a strong ethnic identity may serve as a protective factor. Grandparents primarily influence the development of ethnic identity, and BIPOC children are increasingly being raised by grandparents. Secure attachments influence stronger ethnic identities, yet custodial grandchildren are at higher risk of disrupted attachments. The current study investigated whether ethnic identity would mediate the relation between attachment and racial trauma symptoms in emerging adults previously raised by their grandparents and their peers (N = 370; 33% raised by grandparents; 25.6% non-white), with race as a moderator. Across all races, there were group differences in symptoms of racial trauma, with those not raised by grandparents experiencing a direct effect of race on ethnic identity. Attachment was a significant predictor of trauma symptoms of discrimination, moderated by race. Implications may provide support for clinical interventions addressing attachment and ethnic identity to decrease trauma symptoms.
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Gonzales, Gabrielle G. "Embodied Resistance: Multiracial Identity, Gender, and the Body." Social Sciences 8, no. 8 (July 24, 2019): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8080221.
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This article explores the importance of the physical body in the development of gendered racial and ethnic identities through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 11 multiracial/multiethnic women. From a critical mixed race and critical feminist perspective, I argue that the development of an embodied and gendered multiracial and multiethnic identity is a path to questioning and resisting the dominant monoracial order in the United States. Interviews reveal that respondents develop these embodied identities both through understandings of themselves as gendered and raced subjects and through relationships with monoracial individuals. The process by which these women understand their physical bodies as multiracial subjects illustrates a critical embodied component of the social construction of race and ethnicity in the United States.
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Howard, Tyrone C., and Oscar Navarro. "Critical Race Theory 20 Years Later." Urban Education 51, no. 3 (January 4, 2016): 253–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085915622541.
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As the nation’s schools become increasingly diverse along ethnic and racial lines, examining and understanding the racial complexities in the United States is more germane now than ever in the nation’s history. To that end, critical race theory (CRT) has been a transformative conceptual, methodological, and theoretical construct that has assisted researchers in problematizing race in education. As we reflect on 20 years of CRT, it is essential to examine in what ways, if any, CRT is influencing school practice and policy. Given the disparate educational outcomes for students of color, researchers have to inquire about the influence of CRT on the lived experiences of students in schools. In this article, the authors lay out the historical trajectory of CRT, discuss its influence on educational research, and then evaluate to what extent, if any CRT has had on school policy and practice. The article will conclude with research, practice, and policy implications that may influence CRT’s development over the next 20-year period.
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Chierici, Rose-Marie. "Caribbean Migration in the Age of Globalization: Transnationalism, Race, and Ethnic Identity." Reviews in Anthropology 33, no. 1 (January 2004): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713649339.
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Keith, Michael. "Emergent publics, critical ethnographic scholarship and race and ethnic relations." Ethnic and Racial Studies 36, no. 9 (September 2013): 1374–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2013.783930.
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Branch, André J. "Modeling Respect by Teaching About Race and Ethnic Identity in the Social Studies." Theory & Research in Social Education 32, no. 4 (September 2004): 523–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2004.10473268.
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Michaels, Walter Benn. "Race into Culture: A Critical Genealogy of Cultural Identity." Critical Inquiry 18, no. 4 (July 1992): 655–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/448651.
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Rojas, Maythee. "Editor's Notes." Ethnic Studies Review 32, no. 2 (January 1, 2009): i—iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2009.32.2.i.
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Since the passing of two high-profile state legislative bills aimed at Arizona's Latino residents this past April, the significance of ethnicity for American citizens has once again surfaced as a topic for national debate. Whether to legitimize, or just as frequently deny, what defines American identity, the question and meaning of one's ethnic roots continues to be a contested matter for many Americans. In particular, HB 2281, a bill targeting the restriction of ethnic studies curricula in Arizona's K-12 educational system, has prompted accusations that Ethnic Studies scholarship and teachings work against a unified sense of nationhood by encouraging separatism and anti-American sentiment. Yet, as most Ethnic Studies proponents would counter, it is instead the artificial notion of a monolithic American identity, predicated upon a hegemonic rendering of what it is to be an American, that promotes divisions and distrust within a nation. In either case, the ambivalence over how to read the ambiguities of race and ethnicity implicit in U.S. citizenry underscore the ongoing need to address them. As such, the six authors featured in this issue provide fresh and thoughtful examinations of how race and ethnicity complicate understandings of self. Although diverse in content, the articles collectively consider the effects of how the ambivalence of ethnic origins both expand and challenge the meaning of American identity.
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Abo, Muthana Al, Daniel J. George, Steven R. Patierno, and Jennifer A. Freedman. "Abstract C053: Differences in hallmark gene sets in the Molecular Signatures Database between tumors from African American and White patients." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 32, no. 1_Supplement (January 1, 2023): C053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp22-c053.
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Abstract To improve cancer outcomes, it is of critical importance to understand biological differences in tumors that ultimately accompany progression to a lethal phenotype. Compared to Whites (Ws), African Americans (AAs) suffer from higher mortality rates for some cancer types, such as prostate and breast cancer. The etiology for these cancer disparities includes an array of attributes related to societal, social, lifestyle, environmental, access and individual, ancestry-related differences. A combination of these etiologies can lead to differences in cancer biology and, therefore, differences in mortality. Differential regulation of various cancer-related pathways in tumor cells can contribute to differential mortality and morbidity outcomes, and influence cancer response to treatment. Therefore, we performed pathway analysis using publicly available gene expression datasets to compare the variation in established cancer-related pathways between tumors from AA and W patients. Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) is a widely used database to perform gene enrichment analysis in cancer biology. Using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets from 18 tumor types and the Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) method, we interrogated MSigDB hallmark gene sets between tumors from AAs and Ws. By comparing the gene set variations in tumors between AAs and Ws, we identified gene sets exhibiting significant (|∆ Z-score| > 2 and p < 0.05) variation by race. For example, our analysis revealed that the variation of 1) MYC targets increases in breast, colon, and uterine cancer from AAs compared to Ws, 2) G2M checkpoint and E2F targets increase in breast and uterine cancer from AAs compared to Ws, and 3) interferon gamma and alpha response and allograft rejection increase in renal clear cell carcinoma from AAs compared to Ws. We also performed survival analysis to identify the MSigDB hallmark gene sets whose variation scores exhibit differential association with overall survival among AA and W patients. Among the gene sets associated differentially by race with overall survival are MYC targets in breast cancer and PI3K AKT MTOR signaling in colon cancer; with variation exhibiting an association with higher overall survival among AA patients compared with W patients. Thus, our analysis reveals how the widely accepted MSigDB hallmark gene sets differ between tumors from AAs and Ws and differentially associate with survival among AA and W patients. The majority of published studies reporting pathways relevant to cancer biology have been based on data from W patients. Therefore, evaluation of hallmark gene sets in cancers from diverse patients has important implications for understanding cancer biology and developing precision medicine interventions. Citation Format: Muthana Al Abo, Daniel J. George, Steven R. Patierno, Jennifer A. Freedman. Differences in hallmark gene sets in the Molecular Signatures Database between tumors from African American and White patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr C053.
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Bunton, Zoe. "Co-Production of Disability and Race." Undergraduate Research Journal for the Humanities 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/1808.23872.
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Disability studies scholars have called for a critical refocusing of disability as not only an identity that intersects with race but also as an identity rooted in racialization. By reading the prison writings of Mumia Abu-Jamal across the grain as a disability text, the co-constitution of Blackness, disability, and criminalization is evident in not just disability studies scholarship, but also the lived experiences of Black, criminalized authors. By applying critical theoretical lenses of race and disability to works like Live from Death Row, one can better identify how the disenfranchisement of Black people is purported to be natural in American culture.
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Coates, Rodney D. "Introduction to Special Issue of Critical Sociology Critical Race and Ethnic Studies: Theory, Research and Process." Critical Sociology 28, no. 1 (April 1, 2002): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156916302320277574.
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Pulido, Laura. "Geographies of race and ethnicity III." Progress in Human Geography 42, no. 2 (January 5, 2017): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309132516686011.
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In this third progress report I consider the politics of settler colonialism in relation to nonnative people of color. Settler colonialism has become an increasingly important concept over the past decade, and while geographers typically think about it from a white/native perspective, I explore how ethnic studies, specifically, Chicana/o studies, has responded to it. For different reasons both disciplines have hesitated to fully interrogate the significance of the concept. In the case of geography, the whiteness of the discipline has caused it to overlook vibrant debates within ethnic studies. Chicana/o studies has not directly engaged with settler colonialism because, I argue, it has the potential to disrupt core elements of Chicana/o political subjectivity. Specifically, it unsettles Chicanas/os’ conception of themselves as colonized people by highlighting their role as colonizers. Acknowledging such a role is difficult not only because it challenges key dimensions of Chicana/o identity, as seen in Aztlán, Chicanas/os’ mythical homeland, but also because of the precarious nature of Chicana/o indigeneity. Examining Chicana/o studies’ muted response to settler colonialism illustrates the impoverished nature of geography’s study of race.
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Hipolito-Delgado, Carlos P., and Shelley Zion. "Igniting the Fire Within Marginalized Youth: The Role of Critical Civic Inquiry in Fostering Ethnic Identity and Civic Self-Efficacy." Urban Education 52, no. 6 (March 15, 2015): 699–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085915574524.
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Critical Civic Inquiry (CCI) is a transformative student voice initiative that engages students in critical conversations about educational equity and inquiry-based learning to increase student voice and promote civic action. A quasi-experimental study was conducted to assess if participation in CCI increased the psychological empowerment (as measured through ethnic identity and civic self-efficacy) of high school students. Students who participated in CCI pedagogy reported increases in ethnic identity and civic self-efficacy. These findings indicate the importance of supportive adult relationships, inquiry-based learning, and critical conversations about social and educational inequities in promoting the psychological empowerment of marginalized students.
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Austin, Sarah, and Frances Lee. "A mixed-methods exploration of ethnic identity and self-esteem among mixed-race adolescent girls." Educational and Child Psychology 38, no. 4 (December 2021): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsecp.2021.38.4.76.
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Background:The self-esteem and school experiences of mixed-race adolescents in the United Kingdom is overlooked in research, despite studies showing mixed-race adolescents may have poorer mental health outcomes than their monoracial peers (e.g. Wong et al., 2012).Aims:This study explored if and how the school experiences and self-esteem of mixed-race girls differed from monoracial peers, and potential mechanisms accounting for differences in self-esteem.Sample:Quantitative questionnaires (Phase 1) sampled 109 girls (Mage=13.9 years). Interviews (Phase 2) sampled 12 mixed-race girls (Mage=14.3 years).Methods:This study used a mixed-methods design. Phase 1 examined self-esteem scores, prevalence of peer-based discrimination, and related support factors (ethnic identity exploration and affirmation, peer support and friendship diversity). Phase 2 involved semi-structured interviews.Results:Mixed-race girls reported lower self-esteem than monoracial peers from Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) backgrounds. Friendship support predicted mixed-race girls’ self-esteem. Interview data showed that microaggressions (i.e. everyday comments communicating hostile racial messages), family racial socialisation practices (i.e. how youth learn about their own ethnicity and navigating racism) and school diversity were important in understanding the self-esteem of mixed-race girls.Conclusions:This study provides insight into adolescent mixed-race girls’ school experiences and self-esteem, with implications for practitioners and families. We discuss areas for further research.
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Apple, Michael W. "Culture, Identity, and Power." Educational Policy 34, no. 3 (June 27, 2019): 548–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0895904819857828.
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In an earlier essay in the Reviewing Policy section of this journal, I documented the importance of the work of Stuart Hall in the development of critical theories in education, in our understanding of “race,” and in the development of much more nuanced analyses of cultural politics. I focused on two books: Familiar Stranger, Hall’s personal memoir of political and cultural commitment; and Cultural Studies 1983, his lectures that provided the conceptual and political basis for a good deal of critical and nonreductive social and cultural analyses of the relationship between economic dynamics and structures and the rest of society. The two new books I discuss in the current essay provide us with a selection of many of the core reasons why he has been so influential in an entire range of critically oriented work in sociology, cultural studies, theories of race, “multiculturalism,” and identity, and increasingly in education.