Journal articles on the topic 'Criterion of reciprocity'
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Grenier-Boley, N. "Harrison's criterion, Witt equivalence and reciprocity equivalence." Bulletin of the Belgian Mathematical Society - Simon Stevin 16, no. 3 (August 2009): 509–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36045/bbms/1251832376.
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Perugini, Marco, Marcello Gallucci, Fabio Presaghi, and Anna Paola Ercolani. "The personal norm of reciprocity." European Journal of Personality 17, no. 4 (July 2003): 251–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.474.
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Reciprocity is here considered as an internalized social norm, and a questionnaire to measure individual differences in the internalized norm of reciprocity is presented. The questionnaire, Personal Norm of Reciprocity (PNR), measures three aspects of reciprocity: positive reciprocity, negative reciprocity, and beliefs in reciprocity. The PNR has been developed and tested in two cultures, British and Italian, for a total of 951 participants. A cross‐cultural study provides evidence of good psychometric properties and generalizability of the PNR. Data provide evidence for criterion validity and show that positive and negative reciprocators behave in different ways as a function of the valence (positive or negative) of the other's past behaviour, the type of feasible reaction (reward versus punishment), and the fairness of their reaction. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Hartley, Christie, and Lori Watson. "Is a Feminist Political Liberalism Possible?" Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 5, no. 1 (June 5, 2017): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26556/jesp.v5i1.48.
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Is a feminist political liberalism possible? Political liberalism’s regard for a wide range of comprehensive doctrines as reasonable makes some feminists skeptical of its ability to address sex inequality. Indeed, some feminists claim that political liberalism maintains its position as a political liberalism at the expense of securing substantive equality for women. We claim that political liberalism’s core commitments actually restrict all reasonable political conceptions of justice to those that secure genuine substantive equality for all, including women and other marginalized groups. In particular, we argue that political liberalism’s criterion of reciprocity limits reasonable political conceptions of justice to those that eliminate social conditions of domination and subordination relevant to reasonable democratic deliberation among equal citizens and that the criterion of reciprocity requires the social conditions necessary for recognition respect among persons as equal citizens. As a result, we maintain that the criterion of reciprocity limits reasonable political conceptions of justice to those that provide genuine equality for women along various dimensions of social life central to equal citizenship.
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Dolivo, Vassilissa, and Michael Taborsky. "Norway rats reciprocate help according to the quality of help they received." Biology Letters 11, no. 2 (February 2015): 20140959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0959.
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Direct reciprocity, according to the decision rule ‘help someone who has helped you before’, reflects cooperation based on the principle of postponed benefits. A predominant factor influencing Homo sapiens ' motivation to reciprocate is an individual's perceived benefit resulting from the value of received help. But hitherto it has been unclear whether other species also base their decision to cooperate on the quality of received help. Previous experiments have demonstrated that Norway rats, Rattus norvegicus , cooperate using direct reciprocity decision rules in a variant of the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma, where they preferentially help cooperators instead of defectors. But, as the quality of obtained benefits has not been varied, it is yet unclear whether rats use the value of received help as decision criterion to pay help back. Here, we tested whether rats distinguish between different cooperators depending purely on the quality of their help. Our data show that a rat's propensity to reciprocate help is, indeed, adjusted to the perceived quality of the partner's previous help. When cooperating with two conspecific partners expending the same effort, rats apparently rely on obtained benefit to adjust their level of returned help.
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Laenen, Tijs, Federica Rossetti, and Wim van Oorschot. "Why deservingness theory needs qualitative research: Comparing focus group discussions on social welfare in three welfare regimes." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 60, no. 3 (March 21, 2019): 190–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715219837745.
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This article argues that the ever-growing research field of welfare deservingness is in need of qualitative research. Using focus group data collected in Denmark, Germany, and the United Kingdom, we show that citizens discussing matters of social welfare make explicit reference not only to the deservingness criteria of control, reciprocity, and need but also to a number of context-related criteria extending beyond the deservingness framework (e.g. equality/universalism). Furthermore, our findings suggest the existence of an institutional logic to welfare preferences, as the focus group participants to a large extent echoed the normative criteria that are most strongly embedded in the institutional structure of their country’s welfare regime. Whereas financial need is the guiding criterion in the “liberal” United Kingdom, reciprocity is dominant in “corporatist-conservative” Germany. In “social-democratic” Denmark, it appears impossible to single out one dominant normative criterion. Instead, the Danish participants seem torn between the criteria of need, reciprocity, and equality/universalism.
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Hendry, John. "Universalizability and Reciprocity in International Business Ethics." Business Ethics Quarterly 9, no. 3 (July 1999): 405–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857509.
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Abstract:Most writers on international business ethics adopt a universalist perspective, but the traditional expression of problems in terms of a discrepancy between (superior) home country and (inferior) host country values makes it difficult to preserve the symmetry required by a universalizability criterion. In this paper a critique of Donaldson’s (1989) theory is used to illustrate some of the ways in which ethnocentric assumptions can enter into a supposedly universalist argument. A number of suggestions are then made for improving Donaldson’s approach by careful attention to the requirement of universalizability, expressed in a contractarian theory in the form of agent symmetry or reciprocity.
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Dufek, Pavel, and Sylvie Bláhová. "Equal Respect, Liberty, and Civic Friendship. Why Liberal Public Justification Needs a Dual Understanding of Reciprocity." Politologický časopis - Czech Journal of Political Science 28, no. 1 (2021): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/pc2021-1-3.
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This paper critically discusses the generally recognized dualism in the interpretation of the moral basis of public reason. We argue that in order to maintain the complementarity of both liberal and democratic values within the debate on public reason, the arguments from liberty and from civic friendship cannot be considered in isolation. With regard to the argument from liberty, we contend that because the idea of natural liberty is an indispensable starting point of liberal theory, no explanation of the justification of political power can do without it. In particular, we focus on the requirement of reasonableness and show that we should retain the epistemic aspect of the reasonableness of persons. Perhaps the main reason for this is to be found in the criterion of reciprocity which provides the deepest justification of the respect for people’s liberty – that is, the liberal aspect of liberal democracy. At the same time, however, we argue that reciprocity also provides the grounds for responding to the criticism that the essentially liberal approach fails to adequately take into consideration the role of political community. Because reciprocity may also be interpreted as being based on civic friendship, it provides the resources to respond to such criticism. It thus supplies the normative background also for the second, democratic pillar of public reason. We then critically examine the newly emerging approach built predominantly on the argument from civic friendship, arguing that by prioritising the civic friendship interpretation and, at times, tending to completely abandon the liberty-based one, it overlooks the indispensability of liberty-based considerations for the criterion of reciprocity. We conclude that in order to adequately capture the common liberal-democratic basis of public reason, both interpretations of reciprocity must be linked within a comprehensive account.
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Vincze, Gyula, and Andras Szasz. "New look at an old principle: an alternative formulation of the theorem of minimum entropy production." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 16, no. 1 (November 16, 2019): 508–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v16i1.8516.
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We formulate a direct generalization of the Prigogine’s principle of minimum entropy production, according to a new isoperimetric variation principle by classical non-equilibrium thermodynamics. We focus our attention on the possible mathematical forms of constitutive equations. Our results show that the Onsager’s reciprocity relations are consequences of the suggested variation principle. Furthermore, we show by the example of the thermo-diffusion such reciprocity relations for diffusion tensor, which are missing in Onsager’s theory. Our theorem applied to the non-linear constitutive equations indicates the existence of dissipation potential. We study the forms of general reciprocity with the dissipation potential. This consideration results in a weaker condition than Li-Gyarmati-Rysselberhe reciprocity has. Furthermore, in the case of electric conductivity in the magnetic field, our theorem shows the correct dependence of the Onsager’s kinetic coefficient by the axial vector of magnetic induction. We show in general that the evolution criterion of the global entropy production is a Lyapunov-function, and so the final stationer state is independent of the initial, time-independent boundary conditions.
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Ngai, Steven Sek-yum, Chau-Kiu Cheung, Jianhong Mo, Spencer Yu-hong Chau, Elly Nga-hin Yu, Lin Wang, and Hon-yin Tang. "Mediating Effects of Emotional Support Reception and Provision on the Relationship between Group Interaction and Psychological Well-Being: A Study of Young Patients." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22 (November 18, 2021): 12110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212110.
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While it is well-established that mutual aid groups are effective in the psychological rehabilitation of vulnerable individuals, few studies have thoroughly investigated the dynamic mechanism of how psychological well-being improves through mutual aid groups of young patients with chronic health conditions. In connection with several existing theories (i.e., the helper therapy principle, equity theory, the norm of reciprocity, and the concept of communal relationships), this study aims to: (1) evaluate whether emotional support exchanges (i.e., emotional support reception and provision) mediate the relationship between group interaction and psychological well-being; and (2) compare three potential underlying mechanisms—the mediating role of emotional support provision, equitable reciprocity (i.e., a balance of receiving and providing emotional support, where no party over-benefits or under-benefits), and sequential reciprocity (i.e., repaying the helper or a third party in the future after receiving help)—through a path analysis model. A stratified random sampling procedure with chronic health conditions as the stratifying criterion was used to recruit 391 individuals aged 12–45 years from mutual aid groups in Hong Kong, who completed both the baseline and follow-up surveys over a 12-month interval. The results of the path model revealed significant mediating roles of emotional support provision and sequential reciprocity, not equitable reciprocity. The present study offers theoretical and practical implications for promoting the psychological well-being of young patients with chronic health conditions.
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Kuntman, Mehmet Ali, Ertan Kuntman, and Oriol Arteaga. "Asymmetric Scattering and Reciprocity in a Plasmonic Dimer." Symmetry 12, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 1790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12111790.
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We study the scattering of polarized light by two equal corner stacked Au nanorods that exhibit strong electromagnetic coupling. In the far field, this plasmonic dimer manifests very prominent asymmetric scattering in the transverse direction. Calculations based on a system of two coupled oscillators, as well as simulations based on the boundary element method, show that, while in one configuration both vertical and horizontal polarization states are scattered to the detector, when we interchange the source and the detector, the scattered intensity of the horizontal polarization drops to zero. Following Perrin’s criterion, it can be shown that this system, as well as any other linear system not involving magneto-optical effects, obeys the optical reciprocity principle. We show that the optical response of the plasmonic dimer, while preserving electromagnetic reciprocity, can be used for the non-reciprocal transfer of signals at a subwavelength scale.
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Backer van Ommeren, Tineke, Hans M. Koot, Anke M. Scheeren, and Sander Begeer. "Sex differences in the reciprocal behaviour of children with autism." Autism 21, no. 6 (November 30, 2016): 795–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361316669622.
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Differences in the social limitations of girls compared to boys on the autism spectrum are still poorly understood. Impaired social-emotional reciprocity is a core diagnostic criterion for an autism spectrum disorder. This study compares sex differences in reciprocal behaviour in children with autism spectrum disorder (32 girls, 114 boys) and in typically developing children (24 girls, 55 boys). While children with autism spectrum disorder showed clear limitations in reciprocal behaviour compared to typically developing children, sex differences were found only in the autism spectrum disorder group: girls with autism spectrum disorder had higher reciprocity scores than boys with autism spectrum disorder. However, compared to typically developing girls, girls with autism spectrum disorder showed subtle differences in reciprocal behaviour. The sex-specific response patterns in autism spectrum disorder can inform and improve the diagnostic assessment of autism in females.
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MENCIK, J. M., Y. CHAMPOUX, and A. BERRY. "DEVELOPMENT OF A BLOCKED PRESSURE CRITERION FOR APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF ACOUSTIC RECIPROCITY." Journal of Sound and Vibration 245, no. 4 (August 2001): 669–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.2000.3606.
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Jaafar Belaid, Lamia, Amel Ben Abda, and Nawal Al Malki. "The Cauchy Problem for the Laplace Equation and Application to Image Inpainting." ISRN Mathematical Analysis 2011 (December 8, 2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/150979.
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The moment approach to solve the Cauchy problems is investigated. First, we consider the Cauchy problem for the Laplace equation, and we present a moment method for solving it in the case of a flat boundary. Second, we consider the reciprocity gap concept used to solve the problem of crack detection, as a stopping criterion and we study the case of noise data. Finally, we propose an application to the Cauchy problem for the Laplace equation, for the inpainting problem. Some numerical results showing the efficiency of the method proposed are also given.
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Michoń, Piotr. "Deservingness for "Family 500 +" Benefit in Poland: Qualitative Study of Internet Debates." Social Indicators Research 157, no. 1 (March 2, 2021): 203–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02655-1.
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AbstractThe need for qualitative research of deservingness perception is strongly emphasised in the literature. This article studies the perception of deservingness for a "Family 500 +"—cash benefit in Poland. For the first time, data from online forums was used in the studies of deservingness and welfare attitudes. It allowed to avoid numerous limitations associated with social surveys. The qualitative analysis showed how participants of Internet debates perceive the criteria of deservingness: control, attitude, reciprocity, identity, need, and what are the relations between the criteria. The impurity of all deservingness criteria was indicated and a new criterion “adequacy” was proposed. Moreover due to the fact that the study concerned a concrete, non-abstract family cash benefit addressed the relationship between the perceived deservingness of children and their parents was pointed out. The vast majority of posts on Internet forums referred to deservingness of parents, not children. This is particularly evident in relation to the criteria of control and reciprocity. Presenting the hypothesis of jealousy and scapegoat strategy, the article also shows the direction of future research on deservingness.
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Sztylka, Andrzej. "Przyjaźń i wspólnota, jako czynniki autentyzmu życia i działania ludzi. Kilka uwag na podstawie własnego doświadczenia." Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym 12, no. 2 (May 15, 2009): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.12.2.19.
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Friendship is the foremost form of human individual relation, a demanding community of ethical courage and reciprocation of the measure of life in the ethico-existential dimension. The said relation is of autotelic nature, being no substitute for other forms of human co-existence, however it contributes to solving issues insurmountable in other forms of human relations. It opens up the human’s existence to wider dimensions of co-existence and cofeeling. In the human community a man’s development – of an individual and that of a member of the society – is determined by their gradual realization of stable humanistic values, constituting the fundamental criterion of their attitude towards reality. The human closeness and reciprocating the measure of life are the basic features of friendship and community. That makes those qualities compatible both existentially and practically. The abovementioned forms of human existence have to be clearly distinguished from the passing conventional reciprocity, founded on the societally-accepted concept of “the idol of the market”. The relevance of the will to authenticity of the co-existing human beings, finding its expression in practicing equivalency in acts of reciprocity and shaping a mutually adequate measure of life, has to be strongly emphasized.
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Sun, Zhi-Hong. "Congruences for q[p/8] (mod p) under the condition 4n2p = x2 + qy2." International Journal of Number Theory 11, no. 04 (April 29, 2015): 1301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793042115500700.
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Let ℤ be the set of integers, and let p be a prime of the form 4k + 1 and so p = c2 + d2 with c, d ∈ ℤ. Let q be an integer of the form 4k + 3. Assume that 4n2p = x2 + qy2 with c, d, n, x, y ∈ ℤ and (q, n) = (x, y) = 1, where (a, b) is the greatest common divisor of integers a and b. In this paper, we establish congruences for (-q)[p/8] ( mod p) in terms of c, d, n, x and y, where [⋅] is the greatest integer function. In particular, we establish a reciprocity law and give an explicit criterion for (-11)[p/8] ( mod p).
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Sebern, Margaret D. "Psychometric Evaluation of the Shared Care Instrument in a Sample of Home Health Care Family Dyads." Journal of Nursing Measurement 13, no. 3 (December 2005): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jnum.13.3.175.
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Researchers have studied negative effects of caregiving on a family caregiver; however, less is known about positive aspects of exchanging assistance for both members of a family caregiving dyad. In a previous naturalistic inquiry the author indentified a basis for studying caregiving interactions was a construct called shared care. The three components of shared care identified in the naturalistic inquiry were communication, decision making, and reciprocity. The Shared Care Instrument (SCI) was developed to measure the construct. The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the SCI, and to assess its construct and criterion-related validity. A sample of home care family dyads (110 patients and 109 family members) returned usable survey questionnaires. Results indicated the Cronbach’s alphas for the patient group for the SCI subscales ranged from .78 to .84, and .77 to .79 for family members. Factor analysis supported the underlying theoretical basis and factor structure of the SCI. Criterion-related validity was also supported. Therefore, the results of this study provide initial evidence for the reliability and validity of the SCI for use with family caregiving dyads. The findings support the need for additional testing of the SCI.
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Li, Lielie, Xianhua Yao, Jialiang Wang, Yiying Zhang, and Longfei Zhang. "A Compound Damage Constitutive Model Considering Deformation of Nonpersistent Fractured Rock Masses." Crystals 12, no. 3 (March 4, 2022): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12030352.
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This paper describes a study on the interaction between joint fissures in a nonpersistent jointed rock mass by introducing a self-consistent methodology, amending the traditional method of self-consistency by increasing the number of joints one by one, and deducing a new compound mesoscale and macroscale constitutive damage model based on the Betti energy reciprocity theorem. By analyzing the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion and generalized von Mises yield criterion and their impact on the calculation result of macroscopic damage, the generalized von Mises criterion is proven to be more appropriate, and it is, thus, chosen for this compound damage constitutive model. Comparing the theoretical calculation and laboratory results of the compound damage model with the existing theoretical calculation results indicates the following: 1. The compound damage model in this paper provides a better fit of the stress–strain curves from the laboratory tests. 2. The theoretical calculative results for the compound damage model in this paper are consistent with the experimental results; that is, the peak load decreases as the connectivity rate increases. 3. For different joint angles and connectivity rates, the overall absolute deviations and relative deviations of the peak stress from the theoretical calculations and the laboratory tests are less than those from the theoretical calculations provided in the original literature. The theoretical calculations of the compound damage model in this paper are more aligned with the experimental results, verifying its correctness and rationality.
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Ko, YounJin, and TaeYong Yoo. "Development and validation of knowledge hiding motivation scale." Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 33, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 61–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24230/kjiop.v33i1.61-92.
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The purpose of this study was to develop and validate knowledge hiding motivation scale. First, in preliminary study, using the open-ended survey research method, 89 cases were collected from 200 employees who were working in a variety of organizations in Korea. After eliminating overlapped and unintended cases of knowledge hiding, 42 cases in five categories(rationalization, ownership, competition, avoidance, and relation) were obtained. Based on the previous theory, we removed one category(rationalization) and constructed 34 items from cases. Then, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis to find out factor structure of knowledge hiding motivation using the responses of 193 employees from a variety of organizations in Korea. After eliminating low factor loading item and double loaded items, 17 items were obtained in the structure of four factors(personal ownership, fear of loss, concern for negative evaluation, and negative relation). Then, we conducted an confirmatory factor analysis using the responses of 300 employees from a variety of organizations in Korea, and found the four factor structure of 17 items was valid. Also, we examined convergent, discriminant, and criterion-related validity of knowledge hiding motivation scale. In order to examine the convergent validity, we identified the relationship between each subfactor of knowledge hiding motivation and psychological ownership, interpersonal competitiveness, fear of negative evaluation, and negative reciprocity. As a result, personal ownership has a significant correlation with psychological ownership, fear of loss has a significant correlation with interpersonal competitiveness, concern for negative evaluation has a significant correlation with fear of negative evaluation, and negative relation has a significant correlation with negative reciprocity. We examined whether knowledge hiding motivation can be distinguished from other similar constructs such as knowledge sharing intention, knowledge transfer, knowledge sharing, and knowledge hoarding. As a result, we found that knowledge hiding motivation can be well discriminated with knowledge sharing intention, knowledge transfer, knowledge sharing, and knowledge hoarding. In order to testify the criterion-related validity, we examined the relationship between knowledge hiding motivation and knowledge hiding. As a result, we confirmed that knowledge hiding motivation has a significant relationship with knowledge hiding. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed, and the future research directions were suggested.
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Jiang, Jing, and Wei Lv. "A Large-Scale MIMO Precoding Algorithm Based on Iterative Interference Alignment." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 14, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cait-2014-0033.
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Abstract The performance of Large-scale MIMO system is degraded by Pilot Contamination. In order to reduce Pilot Contamination, a downlink precoding algorithm is put forward, based on Interference Alignment (IA). The main idea of this algorithm is aligning the pilot contamination and inter-cell interference to the same null space in order to acquire the maximal degrees of freedom. Then the downlink receiving precoding matrix is solved with respect to a maximal SINR (Signal Interference Noise Ratio) criterion. Exploiting the channel reciprocity and an iterative process, Base station and User Equipment switch transmitting and receiving roles in the uplink and downlink, the precoding matrices of the Base station and User Equipment is gradually updated until convergence. Finally, the simulation results have shown that the algorithm proposed can efficiently mitigate the impact of pilot contamination and outperform some popular precoding algorithms, e.g., MF precoding algorithm and MMSE precoding algorithm. When the number of antennas increases, the performance of the proposed algorithm will be greatly improved.
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Brettschneider, Corey. "Public Justification and the Right to Private Property: Welfare Rights as Compensation for Exclusion." Law & Ethics of Human Rights 6, no. 1 (December 6, 2012): 119–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1938-2545.1070.
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Abstract The right to private property is among the most fundamental in liberal theory. For many liberals the idea of the state is grounded in its role as a protector of private property. If the liberal state is justified by its ability to protect property, the modern welfare state is often justified by its ability to meet needs. According to a view commonly referred to as “welfarism,” the very fact that needs exist implies there is a moral obligation to meet them. In this Article I appeal to Rawlsian contractualist justification, including the “criterion of reciprocity,” in developing a third manner of thinking about the relationship between property and welfare. I argue that welfare rights are necessary conditions for justifying a role for the state in enforcing the “right to exclude,” a fundamental element of private ownership. My Article thus aims to use Rawls’ account of justification, outlined in his later works, to theorize the notion of property-owning democracy from Theory of Justice.
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Naranjo de la Cruz, Rafael. "Elecciones municipales y derecho al voto de los extranjeros no comunitarios: estado de la cuestión y propuestas de reforma. // Municipal elections and the right to vote of non-EU foreigners: status of the question and reform proposals." Revista de Derecho Político 1, no. 100 (December 20, 2017): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rdp.100.2017.20684.
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Resumen:Este trabajo estudia el estado de la cuestión relativa al derecho al voto de los extranjeros no comunitarios en las elecciones municipales y sugiere nuevos enfoques en relación con las distintas vertientes del tema. Asimismo, propone y analiza los cambios normativos que podrían concretarse a raíz de esa nueva concepción. La cláusula constitucional de reciprocidad no obliga a excluir del derecho a los extranjeros procedentes de países que no cumplen el requisito, sino solo a tomar en consideración su concurrencia a la hora de definir su régimen normativo.Esta interpretación de la cláusula de reciprocidad abre las puertas a una atribución general del derecho fundamental mediante ley, lo que hace necesario estudiar la posible inclusión en ella de cláusulas que limiten su alcance. Finalmente se defiende que no se puede atribuir al legislador un margen de actuación más amplio al regular las condiciones de ejercicio del derecho cuando este es ejercido por un extranjero, lo que sirve para cuestionar la constitucionalidad de la exigencia de inscripción en el censo electoral a instancia de parte.Summary:1. Introduction. 2. The constitutional reciprocity clause. 2.1 Reciprocity as a requirement. 2.2 Towards a new interpretation of the constitutional clause. 3. The problem of the source of law. 3.1 The overcoming of the international treaty as a norm of attribution of the right. 3.2 On the possibility of limiting the scope of legal recognition of the right. 3.2.1 Exclusions on grounds of nationality. 3.2.2 The criterion based on the percentage of resident foreign population. 3.2.3 Theparticular cases of Ceuta and Melilla. 4. Conditions for the exercise of the right to vote of foreigners in municipal elections. 4.1 Limits to legislative action. 4.2 Critical analysis of the requirement of registration in the electoral census by personal application. Abstract:This paper studies the state of the issue regarding the right to vote of non-EU foreigners in municipal elections and suggests new approaches in relation to the different aspects of the issue. It also proposes and analyzes the normative changes that could materialize as a result of this new conception. The constitutional clause of reciprocity does not oblige to exclude from the right foreigners from countries that do not fulfill the requirement, but only to take into account its concurrence when defining their regulatory regime. This interpretation of the reciprocity clause opens the door to a general attribution of the fundamental right by law, which obliges to study the possible inclusionin it of clauses that limit its scope. Finally, it is argued that the legislator cannot be given a broader scope of action when regulating the conditions of exercise of the right when it is exercised by a foreigner, which serves to challenge the constitutionality of the requirement of registration in the electoral census by personal application.
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Carriero, Renzo, and Marianna Filandri. "Support for conditional unemployment benefit in European countries: The role of income inequality." Journal of European Social Policy 29, no. 4 (December 23, 2018): 498–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928718815624.
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This article investigates attitudes towards the conditionality of benefits targeted to a specific needy group, the unemployed, and analyses their relationship with the structure of income inequality. The focus is on the deservingness of welfare recipients. The public seems to use five criteria to define deservingness and, consequently, the conditionality to which public support is subjected: need, attitude (i.e. gratefulness), control (over neediness), reciprocity (of giving and receiving) and identity, that is the similarity or proximity between the providers of public support (the taxpayers) and the people who should receive it. People’s willingness to help depends on how close they consider benefit recipients to be to themselves (i.e. the extent to which they belong to the same in-group). The identity criterion is the main object of our investigation. We argue that the operation of this criterion at the micro-level can be affected by macro-level variables. Specifically, we focus on different measures of the structure of income inequality which are indicators of the social distance between welfare recipients and taxpayers. Based on data from three waves of the European Values Study (1990–2008) collected in 30 countries, the study offers a comparative and longitudinal analysis. The picture emerging from the within-country analysis – which removed much of the between-country heterogeneity − shows that when the social distance grows, it is more difficult for the majority of citizens (upper and middle classes) to identify with the unemployed.
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Heuer, Jan-Ocko, and Katharina Zimmermann. "Unravelling deservingness: Which criteria do people use to judge the relative deservingness of welfare target groups? A vignette-based focus group study." Journal of European Social Policy 30, no. 4 (June 17, 2020): 389–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928720905285.
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Previous research suggests that European citizens share consistent attitudes towards the relative deservingness of different target groups of social policy, such as perceiving elderly people as most deserving, unemployed people as less deserving and immigrants as least deserving. Yet, it is unclear which criteria people apply when making these judgements. In this article, we explore the reasoning behind deservingness judgements. We analyse how four focus groups – from the middle class, the working class, young people and elderly people – discuss and rank various vignettes representing welfare target groups. Our focus groups’ rankings mirror the well-established rank order of welfare target groups, and we also introduce further target groups: median-income families, low-income earners, and well-off earners. Our analyses of reasoning patterns show that depending on the target group specific combinations of deservingness criteria suggested in the literature (e.g. need, reciprocity, identity, control) are applied, and we suggest adding a further criterion emphasizing future returns on invested resources (‘social investment’). Furthermore, by comparing focus groups, we find that different groups back up similar rankings by differing criteria, suggesting that below the surface of a ‘common deservingness culture’ linger class and other differences in perceiving welfare deservingness.
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Ayaydın Cebe, Günil Özlem. "To Translate or Not to Translate? 19th Century Ottoman Communities and Fiction." Die Welt des Islams 56, no. 2 (August 18, 2016): 187–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700607-00562p03.
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In the 19th century, Turcophone communities of the Ottoman Empire displayed a keen interest in European fiction. This study questions whether translating European works was simply linguistic substitution or rather had intrinsic dimensions such as cultural appropriation. It also investigates the reciprocity of literary production, and offers some observations on how translation influences and inspires “the making of literature”. The methods used are mainly based on statistical interpretation of bibliographic data and comparative sociological analysis. Turkish works printed in Arabic, Armenian and Greek alphabets are the objects of investigation. The findings demonstrate that translation in the Ottoman mind is actually an active literary appropriation primarily due to differences in the criterion of “modern fiction” from European standards where the differences are exaggerated by the Ottoman notion of translation, lending the translator liberating space and opportunity to interfere with the original text. Moreover, the intermingling between the oral and print cultures that obscures the definition of literary genres adds another level of complexity. It is also revealed that the millets of the Empire affected each other’s choice and taste resulting in a web of interactions that exhibit the literary market and literary “canon” of the period.
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VORONOVICH, A. "NON-PARABOLIC MARCHING ALGORITHM FOR SOUND FIELD CALCULATION IN THE OCEAN WAVEGUIDE." Journal of Computational Acoustics 04, no. 04 (December 1996): 399–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218396x96000155.
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An algorithm is presented for calculating sound field in the inhomogeneous ocean waveguide. It does not involve parabolic approximation and can be considered as principally exact (at least for 2D inhomogeneities of the sound speed field). On the other hand, it is “marching” and can be easily implemented as a computer code (note, that marching in this case proceeds in “backward” direction, i.e. towards the source). Those features of the code are similar to couple mode algorithm (COUPLE) developed originally by R. Evans. The principal difference is that suggested code does not assume piecewise constant approximation of the waveguide properties with respect to horizontal coordinates. As a result, the horizontal steps of marching can be increased significantly. The estimate of the efficiency of the approach as compared to stepwise couple modes method is given. The results of the code testing with the help of benchmark problem as well as calculation of sound propagation through a strong inhomogeneity formed by the sub-arctic front are presented. The present version of the code can be used to calculate entries of scattering matrix (S-matrix) for the ocean waveguide as well as travel times of different modes (derivatives of phases of corresponding entries with respect to frequency). A priori restrictions on S-matrix (reciprocity and energy conservation) are also given, and some objective quantitative criterion of the accuracy of the numerical algorithms formulated in terms of S-matrix is suggested.
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Boit, John Mugun. "Who Benefits from Secondary Education Bursary Fund in Kenya?" International Journal of Education 7, no. 2 (June 29, 2015): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ije.v7i2.7684.
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<p>This study examined the effectiveness of the Secondary Education Bursary Fund SEBF in<br />enhancing equity in access to secondary school educational opportunities. The discussion is<br />guided by Rawls’ theory of social justice as fairness (1971) upon which the concept of equity is<br />grounded. The study is specifically influenced by the Difference Principle and the Criterion of<br />Reciprocity on the basis of reasonable citizenship as espoused by Rawls. The Secondary<br />Education Bursary Fund (SEBF) was established in 1994 by a presidential decree to help the<br />socio-economically disadvantaged groups to access secondary education. The findings indicate<br />that the bursary beneficiaries transcend all socio-economic boundaries and that the allocation<br />mechanism did not, as was intended, effectively target bursary support to students from poor<br />and vulnerable socio-economic groups. As a result, the fund has had little impact on equity in<br />access to secondary education. There is therefore an urgent need to make necessary structural<br />and management adjustments to the bursary fund to make it more responsive and selective to<br />those in need of financial support. Of significance is adoption of management information<br />systems to enable effective and efficient administration of the fund. The findings will inform<br />management decisions geared towards revitalizing the fund as well as informing policy<br />formulation and review and aid scholarly debate on issues of educational financial subsidies.</p>
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Ruggieri, Davide. "Being grateful to Georg Simmel. Emotions, gratitude, and the relational concern of sociology in the globalized society." Digithum, no. 28 (May 20, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7238/d.v0i28.394181.
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This paper argues for a sociological and relational concern of “gratitude” in Simmel’s thought as a key feature of human interaction as well as a key “emotive disposition” (Stimmung) to engage with the challenges of modern society. Georg Simmel is undoubtedly one of the most crucial theorists and a pillar in the social sciences, and his theoretical contribution also stands as the foundation of relational sociology stricto sensu. He taught that interactions supporting social processes must be investigated as forms of relations. A relation is a precise mode of being connected to others; it is a tie emerging from reciprocal action and acquires its consistency by generating causal effects on involved actors. Among his main insights within the sociological tradition, Simmel’s excellent concepts and arguments engage emotions as a sociological matter, that is, under a relational aspect. Not only do emotions have sociological relevance (that is, they are a worthy subject for sociologists), but they also characterize the precise manner of interaction among individuals. Emotions are the relational effect of being associated in an increasingly differentiated society, which apparently only neutralizes individuals’ emotive sides, or else instrumentally drives or “colonizes” them. Simmel explored gratitude as a particular emotion that is a form of relation and interaction: it has an eccentric position among the other emotions that he investigated in his many essays. Gratitude represents a non-symmetrical or economic (exchangeable) “transactive” emotion: it puts the giver and receiver in a peculiar socio-emotional form of reciprocity. By considering relations, emotions, and gratitude through rigorous textual exploration, this paper tackles Simmel’s view and challenges a globalized world and hybridized digital society. Finally, gratitude could be regarded as a demarcation criterion for identifying and distinguishing social interaction forms from other kinds of non-social processes or transactions.
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Navarro-Adelantado, Vicente, and Miguel Pic. "Revisión crítica de las principales influencias sobre el juego motor de tríada (Critical review of the main influences on triad motor game)." Retos 45 (April 7, 2022): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v45i0.92555.
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Se aborda una revisión crítica sobre los principales enfoques de la tríada motriz y cómo estas influencias aglutinadoras han conformado un cuerpo teórico específico. Uno de los problemas más influyentes sobre el constructo triádico ha sido el uso del molde dual para entender la visión estratégica respecto a las situaciones ambivalentes. Además, el constructo triádico desvela una complejidad superior al juego dual, cuestión que se aprecia en el fenómeno del ‘agujero estructural’ de Burt o en la necesidad de una apertura de la regla a favor de asegurar la paradoja en las interacciones de los jugadores. La tríada forma parte del problema común de los diseños de juegos y sus modificaciones, lo que conduce a buscar pautas que desvelen una lógica que le dé sentido y mayor valor a la coalianza. Se debate una mirada vinculada con la comunicación basada en la interacción de los roles de juego y su reciprocidad y como criterio reductor de la complejidad triádica. Cobra relevancia la estructura tríadica al resolver la situacionalidad, especialmente su valor pedagógico sobre las relaciones y la ruptura de lo establecido, y cómo orientar el diseño y la modificación de juegos. Se sopesa el planteamiento de la visión trialéctica de Jorn y se debate acerca del sistema de puntuación y la coalición.
Abstract. A critical review was made on the main influences and studies that have addressed the motor triad and how these approaches have formed a specific theoretical framework. One of the problems that held back the triadic construct momentum was the use of the dual mold to understand the strategic vision according to the ambivalent situations. In addition, the triadic construct reveals a greater complexity than the dual game, this issue it can be seen in Burt's 'structural hole' phenomenon or in the need for an opening of the rule to make sure the paradox emergence through the interactions between players. The triad is part of the common problem of game designs and their modifications, which leads us to look for guidelines to reveal a logic that makes sense and greater value to the alliance. A view linked to communication based on the interaction of the game roles and their reciprocity and as a reducing criterion of triadic complexity was debated. The triadic structure becomes relevant when solving the situation, especially its pedagogical value on relationships and the breakdown of the established, and how to guide the design and modification of games. Jorn's triallectic vision was raised and the scoring system and coalition were discussed.
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Partridge, P. W. "Towards criteria for selecting approximation functions in the Dual Reciprocity Method." Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 24, no. 7-8 (September 2000): 519–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-7997(00)00032-1.
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Holland, K. R., and F. J. Fahy. "An investigation into spatial sampling criteria for use in vibroacoustic reciprocity." Noise Control Engineering Journal 45, no. 5 (1997): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/1.2828443.
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Smith, Susan, Kimiya Akhyani, Dan Axson, Andre Arnautu, and Ilina Stanimirova. "Learning together: A case study of a partnership to co-create assessment criteria." International Journal for Students as Partners 5, no. 2 (November 17, 2021): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15173/ijsap.v5i2.4647.
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This case study outlines a staff-student partnership to co-create generic assessment criteria to use in a UK business school. It highlights the potential for staff-student partnerships to create a temporary subfield, in which the established power differentials of academia are dissolved and partnership values can be established. We draw on a series of 10 semi-structured interviews with partnership participants. The values that underpin partnerships are linked to three major phases of the partnership process: establishing the partnership, partnership operation and atmosphere, and the partnership outcomes. The findings indicate that the values of authenticity, reciprocity, and inclusion are critical antecedents to establishing a successful partnership and that careful attention should be paid to establishing the partnership. The case extends our understanding of the partnership process by emphasising these antecedents. The study is multi-authored, which reflects an extension to the partnership process described in the case study.
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Gabriel, Justin Mgbechi Odinioha. "Supervisors’ Toxicity As Predictor Of Subordinates’ Counter-Productive Work Behavior In Nigerian Public Hospitals." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 32, no. 5 (September 1, 2016): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v32i5.9765.
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The purpose of this study is to empirically examine the association of Supervisors’ Toxicity and Subordinates’ Counter-productive Work-behaviour in the Nigerian Public Hospitals. Counter-productive Work -behaviour (criterion variable) is further operationalized using five measures – abuse, production deviation, sabotage, theft, and withdrawal. The cross-sectional survey design is adopted and data is generated using the structured questionnaire. 197 respondents comprising doctors, nursing staff, lab technicians and other administrative staff selected from an accessible population of 402 staff provided responses to the questions. A total of five hypotheses are proposed and tested using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. Results indicate significant relationships in all hypothetical instances, thereby implying an association between Supervisors’ Toxicity and Subordinates’ Counter-productive Work- behavior. The study therefore concludes that Subordinates are quick to reciprocate Supervisors’ Toxicity through Counter-productive Work- behavior of transferring aggression to either peers or other identifiable assets of the organization. The study further recommends a more emotionally oriented approach to the management of superior-subordinate relationships with emphasis on the training and retraining of supervisors regarding emotional intelligence as well as conflict and human relations issues.
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Acosta, Cristian, María Victoria Ortiz, Romina Graciela Revilla, and Cecilia Reyna. "Dilemas Sociales y Reciprocidad Indirecta: Una revisión sistemática." Escritos de Psicología - Psychological Writings 7, no. 2 (September 1, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/espsiescpsi.v7i2.13253.
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Una de las teorías evolutivas que versa sobre el altruismo y la cooperación en dilemas sociales es la de reciprocidad indirecta, la cual incorpora a la explicación de la cooperación la información sobre la reputación que tienen otras personas sobre si son cooperativos o no. En este trabajo se revisan de manera sistemática los estudios empíricos sobre reciprocidad indirecta en situaciones de dilema social desarrollados hasta la actualidad. Para ello se consultaron las siguientes bases de datos: ScienceDirect, EBSCO y OVID, y se utilizaron las palabras claves “indirect reciprocity” AND “dilema” OR “cooperation” OR “charity”. Se seleccionaron un total de 23 artículos que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión establecidos por los autores (artículos en inglés y con metodología basada en juegos experimentales). De los artículos seleccionados se analizan las teorías, los objetivos y las muestras de participantes mayormente utilizados, y los principales resultados reportados. Los resultados de la revisión muestran que los juegos más utilizados han sido el de reciprocidad indirecta y el juego de bienes públicos, los cuales pueden tener variaciones en función de los objetivos. Se evidencia que la reputación es una variable esencial que ayuda a fomentar la cooperación. A su vez, la información de la cooperación previa ayuda a construir la reputación e interviene en la decisión posterior de cooperar de los sujetos. Se destaca la necesidad de avanzar en estudios experimentales que permitan esclarecer las dinámicas de la reciprocidad indirecta incorporando otras variables explicativas, evaluándolas en nuevos contextos.
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Esien, Eddy Bruno. "Targeting Benefits Governance and Eligibility Criteria for Work Protection and Poverty Reduction Policy Process in COVID-19 era." Ilomata International Journal of Social Science 3, no. 3 (July 31, 2022): 277–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.52728/ijss.v3i3.519.
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This paper analyses eligibility criteria in der realms of public and social assistance programs under targeting benefits governance to enable third-country immigrants work protection and poverty reduction in Austria, Finland, and the Czech Republic's COVID-19 era. Existing research pointed to the COVID-19 pandemic social disorder that confronts policymakers under intense budgetary pressure and increasing out-of-work population to shift on assisting the unemployed from universal to selective targeting benefits that stress public resources distribution on a measure of financial need to the poor instead of unlimited transfer to the entire population as social rights. However, targeting governance is imperative to challenges in terms of equity and efficiency. Based on a qualitative cross-national case-oriented research approach, documents are collected and analyzed with documents and content analysis techniques to fill the gap. The findings indicate that conditional age segmentation, legislative behavioral requirement, and functional impairment regulative tools influence targeting welfare benefits eligibility governance with a lack of solidarity and transparency that may impair public and social assistance to manage third-country immigrants' work protection and poverty reduction in COVID-19 era settings. However, the comparative entities' determination of targeting benefits level differs in Austria (regional), Finland (national), and Czechia (national). The outcome indicates a new paternalism and reciprocity approach in times of austere redistributive politics. It is relevant because it reflects enabling state neo-liberal social protection system, which not only heightens means-tested selectivity and targets individual responsibilities but tactfully raises the eligibility threshold that may undermine minority group's belongings and social cohesion, participatory democracy, and equitable development in COVID-19 era.
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Vincent, Susan. "Pensions, Peasants, and the Informal Economy: Family and Livelihood in Contemporary Peru." Latin American Perspectives 45, no. 1 (August 30, 2017): 195–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x17726084.
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A Peruvian case study explores how urban informal workers negotiate their livelihoods as they age, highlighting reciprocity among urban informal workers, retired formal sector workers, and peasants in a pattern of rural-urban circular migration. Labor-intensive mining in the twentieth century created a proletarian workforce that included men from the peasant community of Allpachico. Their wages became an anchor for kin-linked clusters of households. Now, despite an economic boom, the lack of formal jobs forces younger Allpachiqueños to undertake precarious and informal work. Resource-sector-funded state social spending, such as through state-administered pensions for retired workers and the elderly poor, has replaced wages as a stable source of cash. This state mediation between the technology-intensive resource sector and citizens elicits suspicion and uncertainty. Dispossessed of the right to work and subjected to conditions of eligibility for social programs, urban informal workers continue to rely on kin and community. Un estudio de caso peruano explora cómo los trabajadores informales urbanos negocian sus formas de ganarse la vida conforma envejecen, y destaca la reciprocidad entre dichos trabajadores, los trabajadores jubilados del sector formal y los campesinos en un patrón de migración circular del campo a la ciudad. Durante el siglo XX, la minería intensiva dio lugar a una fuerza de trabajo proletaria que incluía a hombres de la comunidad campesina de Allpachico. Sus salarios se convirtieron en una forma de anclaje para grupos de hogares con vínculos consanguíneos. Ahora, a pesar del auge económico, la falta de empleos formales oblige a los jóvenes de Allpachico a trabajar de manera precaria e informal. El gasto social estatal financiado por los recursos del sector, como las pensiones estatales para trabajadores jubilados y los ancianos pobres, ha sustituido los salarios como fuente estable de efectivo. Dicha mediación estatal entre un sector de recursos con tecnología intensiva y la ciudadanía provoca sospechas e incertidumbre. Sin derecho a un trabajo y sometidos a los criterios impuestos de admisibilidad para recibir asistencia social, los trabajadores informales urbanos continúan dependiendo de sus familiares y comunidad.
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Moreno-Doña, Alberto, Sergio Toro Arévalo, and Fernando Gómez-Gonzalvo. "Formación inicial de maestros de educación física: conectando un quehacer pedagógico decolonial con la intervención social, política e insurgente del espacio público (Pre-service teacher education: connecting a decolonial pedagogical work with the social,." Retos, no. 37 (September 18, 2019): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v37i37.74183.
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No existe un único enfoque adecuado para establecer los criterios que han de definir la formación inicial de maestros(as). Ello debido a que cada orientación responde a unos intereses que se legitiman y a otros que se niegan. Existe una tendencia, cada vez mayor, a construir y normalizar un conocimiento técnico entre el alumnado universitario de los grados de magisterio. Siempre desde una lógica epistemológica eurocéntrica que se fundamenta en algunas evidencias científico-pedagógicas. Muchas regiones del planeta están adoptando este tipo de perspectivas como propias y, al mismo tiempo, negando otras formas de habitar la escuela y otros conocimientos que no poseen una base científica europea. De esta forma, se deslegitiman propuestas pedagógicas realizadas desde los márgenes, puesto que la lógica colonial europea deshumaniza a las personas que habitan estos espacios debido a las relaciones de poder existentes en el eje Norte-Sur. Por esto se reflexiona y analiza una lógica decolonial de la pedagogía de educación física que centre sus acciones en el buen vivir, en la exploración de la vida en sintonía con lo natural, en la reciprocidad con los otros seres vivos y en la transformación de los límites espaciotemporales de la formación de maestros(as) a través de la acción colectiva y desde un posicionamiento ético y político basado en la autogestión. Es por esto por lo que proponemos una práctica educativa transgresora de las normas educativas imperantes y que transita hacia un devenir educativo basado en los aprendizajes encarnados, situados y contextualizados para la formación de los futuros maestros(as) de educación física.Abstract. There is no single adequate approach for establishing the criteria that should define pre-service teacher education. This is due to the fact that each orientation answers to specific interests (legitimizing some of them while denying others). There is a currently growing tendency to construct and normalize technical knowledge among students who are becoming teachers, always from a Eurocentric epistemological logic based on scientific-pedagogical evidence. Many regions on the planet are adopting this approach as their own and, at the same time, they are denying other forms of experiencing School and knowledge without a European scientific basis. By doing so, they are discrediting pedagogical proposals presented from the margins, as the European colonial logic dehumanizes people living in these regions due to the existing power relations in the North-South axis. This is the reason why a decolonial pedagogical logic is reflected upon and analyzed in the field of physical education. This logic focuses on “living well”, on exploring life in harmony with natural elements, on the reciprocity with other living beings, and on the transformation of the time-space limits for teachers’ education via collective actions and from an ethical and political position based on self-management. That is why we propose an educational experience that transgresses the dominant educational rules and that travels towards an educational development based on incarnated learning, located and contextualized for the education of future PE teachers.
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Faucher, Florian, Maarten V. de Hoop, and Otmar Scherzer. "Reciprocity-gap misfit functional for Distributed Acoustic Sensing, combining data from passive and active sources." GEOPHYSICS, November 24, 2020, 1–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2020-0305.1.
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Quantitative imaging of sub-surface Earth’s properties in elastic media is performed from Distributed Acoustic Sensing data. A new misfit functional based upon the reciprocity-gap is designed, taking cross-correlations of displacement and strain, and these products further associate an observation with a simulation. In comparison with other misfit functionals, this one has the advantage to only require little a-priori information on the exciting sources. In particular, the misfit criterion enables the use of data from regional earthquakes (teleseismic events can be included as well), followed by exploration data to perform a multi-resolution reconstruction. The data from regional earthquakes contain the low-frequency content which is missing in the exploration ones, allowing for the recovery of the long spatial wavelength, even with very few sources. These data are used to build prior models for the subsequent reconstruction from the higher-frequency exploration data. This gives the elastic Full Reciprocity-gap Waveform Inversion method, and we demonstrate its performance with a pilot experiment for elastic isotropic reconstruction.
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Ahlert, Marlies, Gundolf Gubernatis, and Ronny Klein. "Common Sense in Organ Allocation." Analyse & Kritik 23, no. 2 (January 1, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auk-2001-0206.
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AbstractIn a questionnaire study on organ allocation 348 students of medicine (102) and economics (246) at the universities of Halle (114 students) and Hannover (234 students) responded to questions concerning their basic attitudes toward alternative criteria of organ allocation. Medical criteria were widely accepted by the respondents. Considerations concerning the patient's value to society were seen as being of minor importance. With respect to reciprocity, we could detect a high share of respondents who would favor former living donors and discriminate against murderers. Among considerations of fairness, the criterion of waiting time gained the highest support. Furthermore, majorities favored the view that health-compromising behavior and differences in age should play a role. Economic considerations were strongly rejected as criteria of organ allocation.
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Zhang, Yumin, Keming Wu, Chunqi Wang, and Lixi Huang. "Towards altering sound frequency at will by a linear meta-layer with time-varying and quantized properties." Communications Physics 4, no. 1 (September 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42005-021-00721-1.
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AbstractWave frequency is a critical parameter for applications ranging from human hearing, acoustic non-reciprocity, medical imaging to quantum of energy in matter. Frequency alteration holds the promise of breaking limits imposed by the physics laws such as Rayleigh’s criterion and Planck–Einstein relation. We introduce a linear mechanism to convert the wave frequency to any value at will by creating a digitally pre-defined, time-varying material property. The device is based on an electromagnetic diaphragm with a MOSFET-controlled shunt circuit. The measured ratio of acoustic impedance modulation is up to 45, much higher than nonlinearity-based techniques. A significant portion of the incoming source frequency is scattered to sidebands. We demonstrate the conversion of audible sounds to infrasound and ultrasound, respectively, and a monochromatic tone to white noise by a randomized MOSFET time sequence, raising the prospect of applications such as super-resolution imaging, deep sub-wavelength energy flow control, and encrypted underwater communication.
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Henderson, Troy. "Real Freedom for All Revisited – Normative Justifications of Basic Income." Basic Income Studies 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bis-2016-0022.
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AbstractThis paper contributes to debates regarding the normative justification of basic income (BI) via a critical reevaluation of Philippe Van Parijs’ ‘real-libertarian’ theory. Van Parijs’ work constitutes the most ambitious attempt within the literature to ground a justification of BI within a systematic normative framework. In this paper I argue that key elements of his framework should form part of any progressive justification of BI. Specifically, his linking of the principle of ‘real freedom for all’ with the policy mechanism of the ‘highest sustainable basic income.’ I take issue with Van Parijs’ treatment of compensation for unequal internal endowments based on the criterion of ‘undominated diversity’ and I reject the ‘external resources’ approach to justifying the funding of a substantial BI, including Van Parijs’ ‘jobs as assets’ argument. I introduce the concept of ‘total social productivity’ as a means of understanding the production and reproduction of society in a manner that anchors the justification of BI in a commitment to a ‘deep form of social reciprocity.’ Finally, I suggest that BI be framed as a ‘pragmatic-utopian reform.’
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Tsounis, Andreas, Despoina Xanthopoulou, Evangelia Demerouti, Konstantinos Kafetsios, and Ioannis Tsaousis. "Workplace Social Capital: Redefining and Measuring the Construct." Social Indicators Research, November 24, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-022-03028-y.
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AbstractAlthough workplace social capital (WSC) is a relevant construct that contributes positively to employee and organizational wellness, there is lack of consensus regarding its definition and measurement. The aim of this paper was to synthesize a valid definition of WSC and develop an instrument measuring the construct. Based on a literature review of existing definitions (Phase 1), we conceptualized WSC as a workplace resource that concerns employees’ perceptions regarding trust, reciprocity (cognitive WSC), and network interactions (structural WSC) that exist among peers (bonding WSC) and among individuals across hierarchical levels and organizations (bridging WSC). Next, we developed the WSC Inventory (WoSCi; Phase 2) and, we tested the psychometric properties of the new scale (Phase 3). The initial structure of the scale was explored in a sample of university employees (N = 376). Multilevel confirmatory factor analysis in a heterogeneous sample of 733 employees nested in 158 work groups supported the hypothesized factor structure of the WoSCi. Results also supported the internal consistency, as well as the convergent, criterion-related and incremental validity of the WoSCi in explaining work engagement, burnout, job performance over and above similar constructs, such as individual social capital and psychological capital. These results highlight the relevance of WSC as defined and measured with the WoSCi and underline its value for explaining work-related well-being and organizational behavior.
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Sommariva, Antonino M. "Reciprocity and Antireciprocity Criteria by Elementary Matrix Techniques." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, 2021, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2021.3100761.
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HERKE, BOGLÁRKA, and BÉLA JANKY. "The Role of the Deservingness Criteria in the case of Single Mothers’ Perceived Welfare Deservingness in Hungary." Journal of Social Policy, December 6, 2021, 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004727942100074x.
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Abstract A growing number of studies investigate the relative importance of the major deservingness criteria (control, attitude, reciprocity, identity, need) in explaining the perceived welfare deservingness of different social groups. This paper addresses the roles of those criteria in predicting the perceived deservingness of a rarely examined group, single mothers. We conducted a survey in Hungary and compare the responses to direct questions about deservingness to the results of a vignette-based survey experiment in which the deservingness criteria were translated to characteristics of hypothetical mothers. Our results show that in the absence of deservingness cues (direct questions), respondents relied on the attitude, reciprocity/control, identity (measured by traditional family values), and need criteria to the same extent. On the other hand, in the presence of specific deservingness cues (vignette experiment), people disregarded their family values and stereotypes, and the perceived need became the strongest predictor of single mothers’ deservingness. These results support the existence of the deservingness heuristic, however, compared to previous literature that emphasized the role of perceived control and reciprocity of recipients, in the case of single mothers, the deservingness heuristic seems to direct people’s attention to the perception of need.
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Møller, Marie Østergaard, and Lise Kirstine Gormsen. "The role of chronic pain and suffering in contemporary society." Tidsskrift for Forskning i Sygdom og Samfund 7, no. 13 (November 10, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/tfss.v7i13.4146.
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The structure and organization of health care is a salient political issue across nations and welfare states. It is important not only from an economic perspective, but also from a social and political perspective regarding the possibility of maintaininga proper qualitative level of health care as well as a system that is broadly accessible to the citizenry. Equal access to health care and social care is thus a key factor when the general quality of public life is discussed, not only in Denmark but also in many other welfare states. A common prerequisite for the existence of such a system is a strong general norm of reciprocity in social and political contexts. The norm states that everybody should contribute to our common welfare by working, paying taxes and participating in political institutions and in return be treated as equal members (citizens) of the state. However, not all citizens are capable of working, and far from everybody has equal access to health care and social care. In theory everybody should enjoy the same rights and access to common services, but in reality the boundary between being considered entitled to and deserving of public assistance and being perceived as responsible for one’s condition is more a political than an objective measure (Stone, 1984: 26; Møller, 2009b: 235). In practice, the principle of equal access is interpreted and implemented by doctors who treat patients, health care professionals promoting health strategies, caseworkers who manage clients and schoolteachers teaching children and at the end of the day it is professionals like them who decide who is given access to services, transactions, preventive interventions and treatments.In health care the diagnostic system works as a platform for deciding who should treat which citizens with what, but in social care such a system is more invisible. Instead the main criterion for access to services and transactions is a systemdesigned to detect and measure the workability of every assistance-seeking citizen. The method of evaluating assistance-seeking citizens’ workability seeks to differentiate between needs and claims because an absolute main reason why citizens cannot maintain a job and need to apply for public support is health problems such as chronic pain, for which they seek medical, psychological or therapeutic help. On an economic level this demand of public support is often seen as creating incentives to exploit the social sector to reduce labor costs; on a practical level it constitutes a difficult and paradoxical interplay between the role of the doctor, the social worker and the idea of the independent citizen, in theory, the equal member of the state. This volume focuses explicitly on the case of chronic pain in such different social and political contexts.
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THEISS, MARIA. "How Does the Content of Deservingness Criteria Differ for More and Less Deserving Target Groups? An Analysis of Polish Online Debates on Refugees and Families with Children." Journal of Social Policy, February 14, 2022, 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279422000058.
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Abstract The article analyses opinions on deservingness expressed by social media users in debates about social welfare granted to refugees and families with dependent children in Poland. The article’s focus is on the content of deservingness criteria. This term describes the variety of factual and specific expectations applied to beneficiaries within each of the deservingness criteria. Qualitative content analysis of Facebook comments led to the finding that when users evaluate beneficiaries’ deservingness, they take into account their control over their own neediness, attitude, reciprocity in relation to the general population, identity and the level of need. However, within each of these deservingness criteria there is a plenitude of diverse, specific, often contradictory concepts of what exactly the sign of (un)deservingness is. The study shows that in the case of refugees, a group deemed less deserving, those content categories are more demanding and exclusive. In particular, the content of the need category proved broad and biased toward favouring a generally ‘more deserving’ group. The understanding of families’ need was often based on collective relative deprivation and the assumption that those who are needy have been neglected in previous social welfare programs, whereas refugees’ ‘real need’ was often a logically empty category.
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Jordán, José Antonio, Pedro Ortega Ruiz, and Ramón Mínguez Vallejos. "Educación intercultural y sociedad plural." Teoría de la Educación. Revista Interuniversitaria 14 (November 13, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/2982.
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RESUMEN: Sin duda, una de las principales causas de nuestra mayor pluralidad social es la creciente inmigración. Este trabajo comienza con un análisis crítico de la visión negativa y estereotipada de los inmigrantes, así como del racismo cultural originado por el temor de muchos autóctonos a que los inmigrantes pongan en peligro su identidad cultural. Se hacen después una serie de reflexiones y propuestas pedagógicas sobre cómo la educación intercultural puede —y debe— lograr la integración social y escolar de los alumnos inmigrantes, así como una convivencia normalizada en la vida cotidiana; algo sólo posible si se aplican seriamente los criterios de igualdad y reciprocidad. Finalmente, se propone un nuevo modelo de pedagogía intercultural basado en la «teoría antropológica-ética de la alteridad», que prima a la persona sobre la comunidad cultural, y que supone valores fundamentales como la acogida incondicional del otro, la solicitud responsable, el genuino respeto, y la valoración y deferencia hacia toda persona por encima de su diferencia.ABSTRACT: There is no doubt that one cause of our greater social plurality is the increasing immigration. This paper starts with a critical analysis of the negative and stereotyped view of the immigrant people, as well as the cultural racism caused by the fear that many natives may feel about immigrants as a potential threat to their own cultural identity. Then, the authors present a few pedagogical reflections and proposals about how intercultural education can —and should— achieve the social and school integration of pupils from immigrant families, as well as the normalization of their presence in everyday life. This will only be possible if the principles of equity and reciprocity are rigorously applied in practice. Finally, this paper proposes a new model of intercultural pedagogy, based in the «anthropological and ethical theory of Otherness», which would prioritize the individual over the cultural commnunity, and which implies some essential values such as an unconditional acceptance of the Other, responsible concern, genuine respect, and deference to every person regardless of his/her difference.SOMMAIRE: Une des causes indiscutables de notre grande pluralité sociale est, sans doute, la croissante immigration. D'abord, ce travail présente, par une analyse critique, la vision négative et stéréotypée des immigrés, ainsi que du racisme culturel créé par la crainte de beaucoup d'authoctones qui croient mettre en danger leur propre identité culturelle. Par la suite, les auteurs font plusieurs réflexions et propositions pédagogiques sur comment l'éducation interculturelle peut, et doit, réussir l'intégration, en même temps qu'une coexistence normalisée clans la vie quotidienne sociale et scolaire des élèves immigrants; tout cela sera possible si on applique sérieusement les critères d'égalité et réciprocité. Enfin, ce travail propose un nouveau modèle de pédagogie interculturelle fondé sur la «théorie antropologique-éthique de l'altérité», qui prime la personne face à la communauté culturelle, et qui met en valeurs l'accueil inconditionnel de l'Autre, la sollicitude responsable, l'authentique respect, et la valoration et déférence vers toute personne par-dessus toute différence.