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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

School Examinations and Assessment Council., ed. GCSE criteria for classical subjects. London: School Examinations and Assessment Council, 1993.

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2

School Examinations and Assessment Council. GCSE criteria for classical subjects. London: SEAC, 1993.

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3

Enzo, Casolino, ed. Criteri e protocolli di soggettazione ad uso delle biblioteche di ricerca: Con corredo di cd-rom : ricerca svolta nell'ambito del progetto finalizzato CNR "Beni culturali". Roma: Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Biblioteca centrale "G. Marconi,", 2001.

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4

Building electronic library collections: The essential guide to selection criteria and core subject collections. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2000.

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5

Lois, Carnes, and Zakrajsek Dorothy, eds. Individualizing physical education: Criterion materials. 2nd ed. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1986.

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6

L, Robinson Kara, ed. The Kovacs guide to electronic library collection development: Essential core subject collections, selection criteria, and guidelines. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2004.

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7

Kovacs, Diane K. The Kovacs guide to electronic library collection development: Essential core subject collections, selection criteria, and guidelines. 2nd ed. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2009.

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8

Kovacs, Diane K. The Kovacs guide to electronic library collection development: Essential core subject collections, selection criteria, and guidelines. 2nd ed. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2009.

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9

Kovacs, Diane K. The Kovacs guide to electronic library collection development: Essential core subject collections, selection criteria, and guidelines. 2nd ed. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2009.

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10

The Kovacs guide to electronic library collection development: Essential core subject collections, selection criteria, and guidelines. 2nd ed. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2009.

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11

Kovacs, Diane K. The Kovacs guide to electronic library collection development: Essential core subject collections, selection criteria, and guidelines. 2nd ed. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2009.

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12

Authority, School Curriculum and Assessment. Regulations for the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) and regulations forother syllabuses designed for pupils of compulsory school age and GCSE subject criteria. London: School Curriculum and Assessment Authority, 1995.

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13

Orehov, Andrey, Sergey Nizhnikov, and Yuriy Reznik. History, philosophy and methodology of social sciences and humanities. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1844339.

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The textbook deals with the main problems of history, philosophy and methodology of social sciences and humanities. Special emphasis is placed on such issues as the subject of social humanities, methods of social humanities, the picture of the world in social humanities, social pseudoscience, ideology and social humanities, ethics of a social scientist, social ontology, social epistemology, etc. The purpose of the textbook is to introduce students to the methods of research in the subject areas of social and humanitarian sciences and teach them the skills to conduct independent scientific research in accordance with the criteria and requirements set by the modern logic of the development of social and humanitarian knowledge. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for bachelors, undergraduates and postgraduates studying philosophy of science, as well as other disciplines related to philosophical and methodological problems of social and humanitarian knowledge.
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14

Ageshkina, Nataliya. Fundamentals of the functioning of the hotel industry. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1072197.

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In this textbook, the basic foundations of the functioning of the hotel industry are considered (the concept of the hotel industry, its subjects, objects and participants; trends in the development of the hotel industry and its relationship with the hospitality industry; the concept, forms of organization and conduct of hotel activities; the concept, signs and types of hotel services; the basics of legal regulation of hotel activities; classification, criteria of consumer the choice and organizational structure of accommodation facilities; the basis of the legal status of the subjects of the hotel industry and the specifics of their activities; aspects related to the staff of accommodation facilities and the requirements imposed on them). Special attention is paid to the study of the features of the provision of hotel services (contractual relations of accommodation facilities with tour operators; specifics of concluding and implementing a contract for the provision of hotel services; informing consumers of hotel services; nuances of the technological process of hotel services). Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation. It is intended for study by students receiving secondary vocational education in the specialties 43.02.14 "Hotel business" and 43.02.10 "Tourism". It can be recommended for training in other specialties, within the framework of which the study of certain aspects in the field of the hospitality industry is provided, as well as to subjects whose activities are directly related to the organization and conduct of the hotel and tourism business.
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15

Goldberg, Sanford C. Core Criteria II. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793670.003.0005.

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This chapter completes the account of the explicit criteria for epistemically proper belief. Given a belief formed through a process or processes on which the subject enjoyed a default permission to rely, the belief is epistemically proper just in case it satisfies a version of Process Reliabilism which the author calls Coherence-Infused Reliabilism (CIR). CIR requires that (i) beliefs be formed and sustained through processes that were reliable (or conditionally reliable), and (ii) the propositional content of the belief, as well as the hypothesis asserting the reliability of the processes as used on this occasion, cohere with the subject’s background beliefs. After arguing that such a view is well motivated, the author suggests that condition (ii) amounts to the exemplification of a minimal kind of epistemic responsibility, and goes on to generalize the account to cover all beliefs (not just basic ones).
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16

Dresser, Rebecca. How to Hear Subjects. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190459277.003.0009.

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This chapter makes the case for including experienced subjects in a variety of activities related to research ethics and policy. People with personal experience as research subjects should be involved in research review as well as in community-engaged and patient-centered research efforts. Experienced subjects should also be included in advisory groups considering ethical and policy topics like informed consent and comparative-effectiveness research. Achieving subject inclusion will require attention to matters such as selection criteria and training subjects for participation in ethics and policy activities. The inclusion challenges should not be exaggerated, however. Adding subjects to research ethics activities is a manageable step toward an improved research enterprise.
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17

Goldberg, Sanford C. Core Criteria I. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793670.003.0004.

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Chapter 3 deals with the first issue one faces in the task of articulating the explicit epistemic criteria for belief: the problem of the criterion. It is tempting to suppose that a belief can be normatively proper from the epistemic point of view only if the believer can certify for herself the reliability of every belief-forming process on which she relied. But insisting on this quickly leads to the threat of an infinite regress. This chapter defends a foundationalist response to this problem, according to which we enjoy a default (albeit defeasible) permission to rely on certain cognitive processes in belief-formation. These are processes that satisfy what the author calls the Reliabilist Rationale. Importantly, our permissions here are social: any one of us is permitted to rely on any token process that satisfies this rationale, whether the token process resides in one’s own mind/brain or that of another epistemic subject.
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18

Fiorillo, Vanda. States, as Ethico-Political Subjects of International Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198768586.003.0011.

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This chapter focuses on the dialectical relationship between the various principles upon which the theory of international law as developed by Samuel Pufendorf is founded and supported. This theory is substantiated as much by principles of natural law, arising from the complex edifice of the duties of peace, as by strictly political criteria among which there are also, and not least, international treaties. The dialectical relationship that Pufendorf establishes between international law as a moral politics, and the interests of states as an expression of pragmatic politics, constitutes the thin ‘red line’ that keeps the disparate elements—be they moral or political—united and in which he roots his concept of international law.
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19

Kovacs, Diane. Building Electronic Library Collections: The Essential Guide to Selection Criteria and Core Subject Collections. Neal-Schuman Publishers, 1999.

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20

Birnbaum, Michael H. Designing online experiments. Edited by Adam N. Joinson, Katelyn Y. A. McKenna, Tom Postmes, and Ulf-Dietrich Reips. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0025.

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This article focuses on the design of Internet-based experiments. It discusses the five criteria of a theory, between- versus within-subject designs, representative design, and systextual design. The results of psychological experiments can and do depend on the experimental designs used to establish causal effects. For example, the effect of a variable can be opposite in within- as opposed to between-subjects designs. It can also be reversed when the correlations among independent variables are manipulated via systextual design. These findings mean that the conclusions one draws need to be restricted to the type of experimental design used until one has established the effects of experimental designs themselves.
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21

Carnes, Lois A., and Dorothy Zakrajsek. Individualizing Physical Education: Criterion Materials. 2nd ed. Human Kinetics Publishers, 1985.

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22

Rushdy, Amal, and Sam Ghebrehewet. Quality assurance and audit. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745471.003.0025.

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This chapter describes the relationship between quality assurance, clinical governance, and clinical audit. These subjects are clearly defined and their application explored in the context of health protection practice. The chapter clearly outlines the differences between audit, research, evaluation, and surveillance, with health protection examples. Audit in health protection is described in detail, including areas of practice in which clinical audit is relevant, prioritization of audit topics, planning an audit, criteria and standards, data collection, analysis and interpretation, and implementation of change. Furthermore, quality assurance and improvement in health protection are described in detail. Relevant references and sources of audit tools are provided so that the discerning reader may explore the subject in more depth in relation to their specific practice and setting.
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23

Criteria for assessing the ethical acceptability of research involving human subjects: A comparison of the reports of Research Ethics Board members and the Medical Council of Canada's Guidelines on Research Involving Human Subjects. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1993.

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24

Hirschman, Lynette, and Inderjeet Mani. Evaluation. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0022.

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The commercial success of natural language (NL) technology has raised the technical criticality of evaluation. Choices of evaluation methods depend on software life cycles, typically charting four stages — research, advance prototype, operational prototype, and product. At the prototype stage, embedded evaluation can prove helpful. Analysis components can be loose grouped viz., segmentation, tagging, extracting information, and document threading. Output technologies such as text summarization can be evaluated in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic measures, the former checking for quality and informativeness and the latter, for efficiency and acceptability, in some tasks. ‘Post edit measures’ commonly used in machine translation, determine the amount of correction required to obtain a desirable output. Evaluation of interactive systems typically evaluates the system and the user as one team and deploys subject variability, which runs enough subjects to obtain statistical validity hence, incurring substantial costs. Evaluation being a social activity, creates a community for internal technical comparison, via shared evaluation criteria.
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25

Frascarelli, Mara. The interpretation of pro in consistent and partial null-subject languages. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815853.003.0009.

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This chapter deals with the acceptability and interpretation of referential null subjects (NSs) and compares consistent pro-drop in Italian with equivalent sentences in Finnish (a partial NS language), in different syntactic constructions (matrix, completive, factive, and adverbial clauses). This leads to the formulation of an original proposal that opens new perspectives for future research. Specifically, based on the interpretive judgements of 273 native speakers of Finnish, it is shown that a Topic chain analysis (Frascarelli 2007) can (and should) be assumed in partial NS languages as well, and that ‘partiality’ cannot be explained through narrow syntactic constraints. The Locality requirement is thus re-proposed as an Interface Visibility Condition (IVC), according to which in partial NS languages a pro is preferably interpreted as referring to the closest overt link in a Topic chain. The Topic Criterion is thus proposed as a Macroparameter of NS languages and the necessity of a ‘graded analysis’ ascribed to the IVC (as a Mesoparameter).
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26

Čevers, Aldis. Systemic Solution for Customs Process Management and Organisation Evaluation. RTU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934227059.

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The goal of the research “Systemic solution for customs process management and organization evaluation” is to develop a systemic solution for the evaluation of the work and process management and organization of customs based on the study of factors influencing customs activities, on the basis of a common evaluation of customs functions and tasks and using an appropriate system of evaluation criteria and indicators. The working hypothesis, which determined the subject and directions of the research: by accurately identifying the functions and tasks of customs authorities, indicators characterizing its work results and internal and external factors influencing it, it is possible to improve the customs process management system, and to choose the criteria for evaluating the performance results accordingly.
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27

Szmukler, George. A practice with a very long history. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198801047.003.0001.

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For over two centuries, the criteria for the detention and involuntary treatment of people with mental disorders in conventional mental health laws have remained fundamentally unchanged. They have been based on a combination of (1) a diagnosis of some form of ‘mental disorder’, generally loosely defined, if at all; and (2) the presence of risk of harm to the person or to others. The lack of change may be interpreted as evidence that such law works well. More likely, the reason for its persistence is the lack of a ‘voice’ of the largely socially excluded people who are subject to such laws. The broadly drawn nature of these criteria, it is suggested, contribute to the ‘shadow of coercion’ that continues to loom over the practice of psychiatry.
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28

Regulations for the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) and regulations for other syllabuses designed for pupils of compulsory school age & GCSE subject criteria. [London]: [SCAA], 1995.

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29

Origgi, Gloria. Reputation. Translated by Stephen Holmes and Noga Arikha. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691196329.001.0001.

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Reputation touches almost everything, guiding our behavior and choices in countless ways. But it is also shrouded in mystery. Why is it so powerful when the criteria by which people and things are defined as good or bad often appear to be arbitrary? Why do we care so much about how others see us that we may even do irrational and harmful things to try to influence their opinion? The author of this book draws on philosophy, social psychology, sociology, economics, literature, and history to offer an illuminating account of an important yet oddly neglected subject. Filled with surprising insights, the book pins down an elusive subject that affects us all.
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30

Phillips, Lawrence M., and Leslee J. Shaw. Gated SPECT Perfusion in Diagnosis and Risk Assessment in Stable Patients. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0012.

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The chapter reviews the current evidence with regards to the diagnosis and prognosis of stress myocardial perfusion SPECT. Where relevant, we will also include selected series of patients undergoing stress myocardial perfusion PET. Readers of this chapter are also encouraged to examine recently published reviews on this subject. Additionally, there have been several recent expert consensus statements, clinical practice guidelines, and appropriate use criteria publications from the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA).
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31

FitzGerald, Oliver, and Dafna Gladman, eds. Oxford Textbook of Psoriatic Arthritis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.001.0001.

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Owing to recent advances in the recognition of psoriatic arthritis, its outcomes, its pathogenesis, and the development of several novel therapeutic approaches, it is believed that a comprehensive textbook on psoriatic arthritis was necessary. This book will provide the most up-to-date information in the advances in the field of psoriatic arthritis, its classification criteria, and mechanisms of bone destruction and formation. This chapter provides an overview of the scope of the textbook, the rationale behind writing a volume on this subject, and advice to clinicians.
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32

Gladman, Dafna, and Oliver Fitzgerald. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0001.

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Owing to recent advances in the recognition of psoriatic arthritis, its outcomes, its pathogenesis, and the development of several novel therapeutic approaches, it is believed that a comprehensive textbook on psoriatic arthritis was necessary. This book will provide the most up-to-date information in the advances in the field of psoriatic arthritis, its classification criteria, and mechanisms of bone destruction and formation. This chapter provides an overview of the scope of the textbook, the rationale behind writing a volume on this subject, and advice to clinicians.
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33

Dignam, Alan, and John Lowry. 1. Introduction to company law. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198753285.003.0014.

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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter presents an overview of company law, first by considering the company’s place within the various forms of business organisation. To get some comparative perspective on the relative merits of each type of organisation, three criteria for judging them are discussed: whether the form of business organisation facilitates investment in the business, mitigates or minimises the risk involved in the business venture, and whether it provides a clear organisational structure. Using these criteria, three forms of business organisation are analysed: the sole trader, a partnership, or a registered company. The chapter also explains the importance of the memorandum as part of the company’s constitution, as well as the distinction between private companies and public companies. Finally, it outlines the benefits of forming a company as opposed to the sole trader or a partnership.
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34

Dignam, Alan, and John Lowry. 1. Introduction to company law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811831.003.0001.

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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter presents an overview of company law, first by considering the company’s place within the various forms of business organisation. To get some comparative perspective on the relative merits of each type of organisation, three criteria for judging them are discussed: whether the form of business organisation facilitates investment in the business, mitigates or minimises the risk involved in the business venture, and whether it provides a clear organisational structure. Using these criteria, three forms of business organisation are analysed: the sole trader, a partnership, or a registered company. The chapter also explains the importance of the memorandum as part of the company’s constitution, as well as the distinction between private companies and public companies. Finally, it outlines the benefits of forming a company as opposed to the sole trader or a partnership.
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35

Erdos, David. European Data Protection Regulation, Journalism, and Traditional Publishers. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841982.001.0001.

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This book explores the interface between European data protection and the freedom of expression activities of traditional journalism, professional artists, and both academic and non-academic writers from both an empirical and normative perspective. It draws on an exhaustive examination of both historical and contemporary public domain material and a comprehensive questionnaire of European Data Protection Authorities (DPAs). Empirically it is found that, notwithstanding an often confusing statutory landscape, DPAs have sought to develop an approach to regulating the journalistic media based on contextual rights balancing. However, they have struggled to secure a clear and specified criterion of strictness as regards standard-setting or a consistent and reliable approach to enforcement. DPAs have appeared even more confused as regards other traditional publishers, largely abstaining from regulating most professional artists and writers but attempting to subject all academic disciplines to onerous statutory restrictions established for medical, scientific, and related research. From these findings, it is argued that balancing contextual rights has value and should be both generalized across all traditional publishers and systematically and sensitively developed through structured and robust co-regulation. Such co-regulation should adopt the new code of conduct and monitoring provisions included in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as a broad guideline. DPAs should accord strong deference to any codes and monitoring bodies which verifiably meet the accredited criteria but must engage more proactively when these are absent. In any case, DPAs should also intervene directly as regards particularly serious or systematic issues and have an increasingly important role in ensuring a joined-up approach between traditional publishing and new media activity.
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36

Bass, Cristina, Barbara Bauce, and Gaetano Thiene. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: diagnosis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0360.

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Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is a heart muscle disease clinically characterized by life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and pathologically by an acquired and progressive dystrophy of the ventricular myocardium with fibrofatty replacement. The clinical manifestations of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy vary according to the ‘phenotypic’ stage of the underlying disease process. Since there is no ‘gold standard’ to reach the diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, multiple categories of diagnostic information have been combined. Different diagnostic categories include right ventricular morphofunctional abnormalities (by echocardiography and/or angiography and/or cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging), histopathological features on endomyocardial biopsy, electrocardiogram, arrhythmias, and family history, including genetics. The diagnostic criteria were revised in 2010 to improve diagnostic sensitivity, but with the important prerequisite of maintaining diagnostic specificity. Quantitative parameters have been put forward and abnormalities are defined based on the comparison with normal subject data. A definite diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is achieved when two major, or one major and two minor, or four minor criteria from different categories are met. The main differential diagnoses are idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia, myocarditis, sarcoidosis, dilated cardiomyopathy, right ventricular infarction, congenital heart diseases with right ventricular overload, and athlete’s heart. Among diagnostic tools, contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance is playing a major role in detecting subepicardial-midmural left ventricular free wall involvement, even preceding morphofunctional abnormalities. Moreover, electroanatomical mapping is an invasive tool able to detect early right ventricular free wall involvement in terms of low-voltage areas. Both techniques are increasingly used in the diagnostic work-up although are not yet part of diagnostic criteria.
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37

Tjakie, Naudé. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation V: Arts 2.1.19–2.1.22—Standard terms, Art.2.1.19. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0036.

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This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.19 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning contracting under standard terms. Art 2.1.19 stipulates that where one party or both parties use standard terms in concluding a contract, the general rules on formation apply, subject to Articles 2.1.20–2.1.22. It spells out three cumulative criteria for provisions to qualify as ‘standard terms’: the terms must be drafted in advance; they must be for general and repeated use by one party; and they must actually be used without negotiation with the other party. This commentary discusses express vs implied incorporation of standard terms as well as special requirements for incorporation of arbitration and jurisdiction clauses.
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38

de Shalit, Avner. Immigrants and Political Rights in the City. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833215.003.0003.

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If immigrants do settle in the city, what political rights should they have? The criteria for being a city-zen in a city are controversial. On the one hand it seems that immigrants have an interest and are subject to the city’s regulations and laws and therefore should have local voting rights; on the other hand, the law often holds that formal political participation is a right of citizens only. So does it make sense to offer city-zenship and local political rights before naturalization? Chapter 2 argues that this can be justified on both utilitarian and deontological moral grounds. Granting immigrants local voting rights would also enable them to sustain their functioning of having a sense of place.
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39

Kristjánsson, Kristján. Educating Emotions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809678.003.0009.

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Chapter 9 rehearses Aristotle’s somewhat unsystematic remarks about emotion education. Moreover, the chapter subjects to critical scrutiny six different discourses on emotion education in addition to Aristotle’s: care ethics; social and emotional learning; positive psychology; emotion-regulation discourse; academic-emotions discourse; and social intuitionism. Four differential criteria are used to analyse the content of the discourses: valence of emotions to be educated; value ontology; general aims of emotion education; and self-related goals. Possible criticisms of all the discourses are presented. Subsequently, seven strategies of emotion education (behavioural strategies; ethos modification and emotion contagion; cognitive reframing; service learning/habituation; direct teaching; role modelling; and the arts) are introduced to explore how the seven discourses avail themselves of each strategy. It is argued that there is considerably more convergence in the practical strategies than there is in the theoretical underpinnings of the seven discourses.
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40

O’Brien, John T., and Louise Grayson. Mild Cognitive Impairment and predementia syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0032.

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Mild cognitive impairment is a term used to describe a condition or conditions where subjects have recognisable degrees of objective cognitive impairment which fall short of current standardised definitions for either a dementia syndrome in general, or for particular disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies or frontotemporal dementia. This chapter summarises some of the key issues surrounding the historical development of pre-dementia syndromes, considers the conceptual issues related to the use of the term mild cognitive impairment as a diagnosis, summarises what is known regarding epidemiology, clinical features, pathophysiology, prognosis, therapeutics and outlines current clinical practice in the area. The chapter concludes with a review of recent research developments and looks at the new diagnostic criteria, in particular the potential use of biomarkers to allow diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) at an early, or mild cognitive impairment, stage.
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41

Auerbach, Charles, and Wendy Zeitlin. SSD for R. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197582756.001.0001.

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Single-subject research designs have been used to build evidence to the effective treatment of problems across various disciplines, including social work, psychology, psychiatry, medicine, allied health fields, juvenile justice, and special education. This book serves as a guide for those desiring to conduct single-subject data analysis. The aim of this text is to introduce readers to the various functions available in SSD for R, a new, free, and innovative software package written in R, the robust open-source statistical programming language written by the book’s authors. SSD for R has the most comprehensive functionality specifically designed for the analysis of single-subject research data currently available. SSD for R has numerous graphing and charting functions to conduct robust visual analysis. Besides the ability to create simple line graphs, features are available to add mean, median, and standard deviation lines across phases to help better visualize change over time. Graphs can be annotated with text. SSD for R contains a wide variety of functions to conduct statistical analyses traditionally conducted with single-subject data. These include numerous descriptive statistics and effect size functions and tests of statistical significance, such as t tests, chi-squares, and the conservative dual criteria. Finally, SSD for R has the capability of analyzing group-level data. Readers are led step by step through the analytical process based on the characteristics of their data. Numerous examples and illustrations are provided to help readers understand the wide range of functions available in SSD for R and their application to data analysis and interpretation.
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42

Fleischman, Alan R. Ethical Issues in Research Involving Children. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199354474.003.0010.

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This chapter examines the ethical distinctions between research and clinical practice and provides a brief history of the ethical concerns in research involving children beginning in the 18th century and continuing to the present day. It describes the role of the Nazi experiments during World War II in the creation of the Nuremberg Code, and the role of the Tuskegee and Willowbrook experiments in the creation of the National Commission for the Protection of the Subjects of Research. The recommendations of the Code and the Commission that resulted subsequently in federal regulations are discussed. The regulations that govern research are outlined with an emphasis on the subpart that refers specifically to children. The various levels of risk in research are discussed and the four permissible criteria for research involving children are examined. The need for parental permission and child assent are explored and special populations in research involving children are discussed.
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43

Couturier, Jean, ed. Elements of Nuclear Safety – Pressurized Water Reactors. EDP Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/978-2-7598-2722-0.

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Everything that is important to know about pressurized water reactor safety in nuclear power plants is compiled in this work of reference, from safety fundamentals and reactor design to provisions for managing a radiological or nuclear emergency. The book narrates the determined and continuous quest to enhance nuclear safety. Jean Couturier, coordinator and senior editor, covers the forty-year history of volution in the safety objectives, approaches, analysis methods and assessment criteria that have defined pressurized water reactor safety, mainly within the French nuclear power plant fleet, from the 1970s up to today’s Flamanville 3 EPR. Everyone, including current and future generations of engineers, researchers and, more broadly, any citizen interested in nuclear safety issues will find that the book reinforces their knowledge on this important subject, providing an understanding of the fundamentals, to the benefit of nuclear and radiological risk control.
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44

Marshall, Colin. The Truth that Pain is Bad. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809685.003.0013.

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This chapter articulates several core claims of Compassionate Moral Realism, and argues that the view thereby satisfies the semantic and metaphysical criteria for moral realism. The chapter focuses on the claim that pain is objectively bad, arguing that it is literally true and corresponds to a stance-independent moral fact. After clarifying the meaning of that claim, a partial analysis for “objectively bad” is defended, according to which something is objectively bad if any subject in touch with it would be averse to it. After showing how this partial analysis connects to other philosophers’ analyses of value-related notions and follows from several defensible full analyses, a potential objection based on Moore’s Open Question Argument is considered and answered. It is then shown that “pain is objectively bad” is therefore literally true on this analysis, and that the corresponding fact is stance-independent in the relevant ways.
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45

Mongin, Philippe, and Marcus Pivato. Social Evaluation under Risk and Uncertainty. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.23.

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This chapter examines the problem of evaluating policies with either risky or uncertain consequences. Under risk, the probabilities are known and agreed, whereas under uncertainty, probabilities are subjective and subject to disagreement. In the case of risk, Harsanyi’s Social Aggregation Theorem derives a representation of social utility as a weighted sum of individual utilities. But when there is uncertainty, two different and conflicting evaluation criteria, that is, ex ante and ex post, become available. The chapter explores this problem and sketches solutions. Similarly, when equality becomes the guiding question, there is a tension between ex ante and ex post evaluations, each leading to a conceptual loss, and the chapter explores solutions given to this further problem. It also covers Harsanyi’s Impartial Observer Theorem and its recent developments, and discusses the question raised by Sen of whether the weighted sum of individual utilities obtained by Harsanyi makes genuine utilitarian sense.
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46

Kjeldgaard-Pedersen, Astrid. International Legal Personality as a Theoretical Construct. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820376.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 identifies and explains the four theoretical conceptions of international legal personality, which will be tested against historical and existing norms of positive international law in Chapters 3–8. With particular focus on the role attributed to the individual as the ultimate subject of international law, the examination will concentrate on selected scholars’ conclusions on the criteria for, and the consequences of acquiring, international legal personality. Moreover, it will address the way in which proponents of the various conceptions perceive the relationship between the international legal order and national legal order(s) and the role of the concept of international legal personality in that regard. Given that a primary aim of the book is to ascertain the position of the individual as a matter of international lex lata, particular attention is given to the two main conceptions of international legal personality, which both claim to be positivist.
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Nida-Rümelin, Martine. Colours and Shapes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199666416.003.0004.

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The property which perceptual experiences of a given phenomenal kind enable the subject to track is not always identical with the property objects appear to have (in a phenomenally manifest manner) in the kind of experience at issue. Tracked properties and apparent properties come apart in colour perception but they are identical in the perception of three-dimensional shape. In order to defend these claims, this chapter proposes a criterion for the identity of tracked property and apparent property in a given experience. The view developed leads to an account of the traditional distinction between primary and secondary qualities. In order to capture what it is to instantiate a given secondary quality, one must specify the phenomenal kind of perceptual experience an instantiation of the property would render veridical.
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48

Stoddard Jr, Frederick J., David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0003.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects people of all ages and backgrounds and causes persistent suffering and impaired function, but its diagnosis offers the opportunity for early intervention. It is the subject of intensive developmental, epidemiological, genetic/genomic, translational, neurobiological, neuropsychological, and psychological research, and emerging computational methods with “big data,” statistical modeling, and machine learning are likely to accelerate this research. The findings from research on PTSD are changing education and the ways clinicians practice, offering the hope for improved care of those experiencing traumatic stress. Those at particular risk for PTSD include children and adolescents, women, soldiers, refugees and survivors of genocide, sexual orientation minorities, racial and ethnic minorities, patients with burns, injuries and medical trauma, and victims of rape, violence, accidents, and disasters. This chapter provides an overview of PTSD, covering Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition) diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, neurochemistry and neurobiology, biological and psychological models, assessment, and treatment.
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49

Pavel, Carmen E. Boundaries, Subjection to Laws, and Affected Interests. Edited by David Schmidtz and Carmen E. Pavel. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199989423.013.11.

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Political decisions in one country can have negative effects in other countries. The defenders of the “all affected interests principle” (AAIP) propose that political decisions should be made by those whose interests are likely to be affected by them. AAIP purports to offer normative criteria for drawing boundaries around political communities in less arbitrary and more morally legitimate ways, by ultimately endorsing a global democracy as the only legitimate form of political rule. This chapter offers an alternative explanation for (1) why certain people should be included in the political decision-making of a group and others should not, that better captures the reasons for extending the democratic franchise, and (2) how to take the idea of affected interests into account. This alternative, called the “all subjected” principle, shares the concern about the shortcomings of existing modes of political organization, but has different implications for political practice.
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Dignam, Alan, and John Lowry. 12. The constitution of the company: dealing with outsiders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198753285.003.1173.

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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter explores the legal aspects of transactions made with those outside the company (called outsiders or third parties), with emphasis on how they are determined to be legitimate and binding on the company. It also discusses the ultra vires doctrine and the three particular issues that make it a very tricky problem for the courts; the inclusion of the benefit of the company criterion to the ultra vires issue; the reform of ultra vires; and the application of the general principles of agency in determining whether the company is bound by a particular transaction. The chapter concludes by analysing reforms in the Companies Act 2006 concerning the authority of directors to bind the company or authorise others to do so.
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