Academic literature on the topic 'Cristallin order'
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Journal articles on the topic "Cristallin order"
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Gonçalves, Éderson Vecchieti, Letícia Scala Frâncica, Talles Neves de Tofolli, Flávia Vieira da Silva Medeiros, Débora Cristina de Souza, Paulo Agenor Alves Bueno, Edmilson Antônio Canesin, and Ana Paula Peron. "Water quality of rivers in the eastern region of Cianorte (Paraná, Brazil) under relevant influence of industrial and agricultural waste." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 8 (July 12, 2021): e27610817336. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i8.17336.
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The Catingueiro, Cristalino and Ligeiro Rivers, present in the eastern region of Cianorte, Paraná, Brazil, are under constant influence of industrial effluents and agrochemicals. In 2022, the public supply of this municipality will be made by waters of the Ligeiro River, and the sites predicted for abstraction are close to the sites of confluence of the Catingueiro River and the Cristalino River with the Ligeiro River. We evaluated in two periods of 2020, based on different parameters, the water quality of the Catingueiro River at two sites, P1 and P2 (P2, upstream of the confluence), the Cristalino River in one site, P3, and the Ligeiro River at two sites, P4 and P5 (P5, downstream of the confluence). Levels of nitrite, nitrate and sulfate in waters were within the range set by law. All points had a high concentration of fluorides and phosphato in the two collections. In P1, in both collections, a high concentration of copper was found. P1 and P2, in the second collection, presented high levels of aluminum. Silicon was detected at all sites. Waters were phytotoxic to L. sativa and cytotoxic to the root meristems of A. cepa. Physical-chemical and toxicity analyses suggest a compromise in water quality. These data are an alert to the public authorities of Cianorte and Paraná regarding the anthropic actions carried out in these rivers and alert the sanitation company to carry out a preliminary and periodic analysis of the waters in order to know the contaminants present before treating them.
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Furquim, Maria Gláucia Dourado, and Klaus De Oliveira Abdala. "CARACTERIZAÇÃO PRELIMINAR DA AGRICULTURA IRRIGADA EM CRISTALINA-GO, A ESTREITA RELAÇÃO ENTRE O DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL E O CRESCIMENTO ECONÔMICO." IRRIGA 1, no. 1 (June 18, 2018): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2016v1n1p129-134.
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CARACTERIZAÇÃO PRELIMINAR DA AGRICULTURA IRRIGADA EM CRISTALINA-GO, A ESTREITA RELAÇÃO ENTRE O DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL E O CRESCIMENTO ECONÔMICO MARIA GLÁUCIA DOURADO FURQUIM1 E KLAUS DE OLIVEIRA ABDALA2 ¹Mestranda em Agronegócio pela Universidade Federal de Goiás, docente do Instituto Federal Goiano Campus Iporá – Goiás. E-mail: maria.furquim@ifgoiano.edu.br ²Doutor, docente da Escola de Agronomia da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás. E-mail: agroklaus@gmail.com. 1 RESUMO O setor agrícola nacional busca o equilíbrio na relação entre a necessidade de aumentar a produção de alimentos e a conservação ambiental, como forma de atenuar possíveis impactos na economia do país pela representatividade da produção agropecuária na renda brasileira. Nesse sentido, o município de Cristalina tem se destacado nacionalmente por possuir a maior área irrigada por pivô central da América Latina e como exemplo sustentável do uso da irrigação na prática agrícola. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um panorama atual da irrigação em Cristalina, no estado de Goiás, frente aos principais elementos jurídico-institucionais na regulação e no controle dos recursos hídricos de competência da Agência Nacional das Águas (ANA), uma vez que o processo de gestão das águas na irrigação é parâmetro que baliza os níveis de desenvolvimento e competitividade do setor. Foi realizada uma análise documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas com agentes públicos ligados a órgãos de fomento e controle do setor no estado. Verificou-se a existência de uma organização de irrigantes, a implementação de ações voltadas à eficiência do uso dos recursos hídricos e conflitos pelo uso da água entre diferentes setores da economia. Palavras-chave: Irrigação, tecnologia, gestão. FURQUIM, M. G. D; ABDALA, K. DE O. PRELIMINARY FEATURE OF THE IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE POTENTIAL IN CRISTALINA - GO, THE NARROW RELATION BETWEEN ECOLOGICAL ISSUES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 2 ABSTRACT The study portrays the challenge of producing food, by the intensification of invested capital used on technologies in the field, in balance with the environmental preservation and the sustainability of the agricultural practice. In this sense, an exploratory and descriptive research was performed to outline the current scenery of irrigation in Cristalina, State of Goiás, in relation to the main institutional legal elements in the regulation and control of water resources that is ANA’s competence, once the management process of water in irrigation is a parameter that beacon the levels of development and competitiveness in this sector. Especially in Cristalina, where the availability of water for irrigation is a generating factor of inter and intrasectoral conflict. It was confirmed that there is an organization of irrigators, with the implementation of actions in relation to the water use efficiency, facing the storage of rain water in dams and the soil profile improvement in a way to get an allocative efficiency in the use of water, and a consequent increase in the agricultural income to the detriment of the use of water resources in order to overcome the obstruction that the misalignment of regulatory organizations exercise in the promotion of a sustainable irrigated agriculture. Keywords: Irrigation, technology management.
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Vergara Estupiñán, O. C., and J. A. Gómez Cuaspud. "Síntesis y caracterización de la Perovskita La0,95Sr0,05CrO3. (Synthesis and Characterization of the La0.95Sr0.05CrO3 Perovskite)." CIENCIA EN DESARROLLO 6, no. 1 (July 7, 2015): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/01217488.3656.
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ResumenEste trabajo investigó la síntesis y la caracterización de un material tipo perovskita basado en el sistema La0,95Sr0,05CrO3, mediante el método de polimerización-combustión, utilizando ácido cítrico para la conformación de especies intermedias de coordinación tipo citrato, que evolucionan en función de la temperatura hasta la consolidación de la fase cristalina buscada. La caracterización del precursor metalorgánico se realizó mediante análisis térmicos (TGA-DTA), con el fin de establecer una temperatura ideal de consolidación de la fase cristalina buscada. Los análisis de difracción de rayos X (XRD), microscopía electrónica de transmisión (TEM), fluorescencia de rayos X por microsonda (EDX) y análisis de área superficial (BET) se realizaron sobre el material cerámico calcinado, y revelaron la obtención de una estructura cristalina ortorrómbica nanoestructurada con grupo espacial Pnma (62), con un tamaño promedio de cristalito de 20 nm. Los análisis derivados de la microscopía electrónica de transmisión revelaron que el material está conformado por agregados del orden nanométrico con una serie de propiedades texturales y morfológicas específicas para eventual aplicación a nivel catalítico, lo que guarda una estrecha relación con los datos derivados de la medida del área superficial, obtenidos por la técnica BET. Finalmente, la valoración de la composición mediante fluorescencia de rayos X permitió determinar que el control en la composición es uno de los parámetros claves en este proceso de síntesis, lo cual permite validar el método utilizado y posibilita el empleo de los materiales obtenidos en potenciales aplicaciones tecnológicas. AbstractThis work investigated the synthesis and characterization of a perovskite material based on theLa0.95Sr0.05CrO3 system, by a wet chemical route that involves the combustion-polymerization method, using citric acid as complexing agent, in order to obtain intermediate coordination species, which evolve depending on the temperature until the desired consolidation crystalline phase is obtained. The metal-organic precursor characterization was performed by thermal analyses (TGA-DTA), in order to evaluate an ideal consolidation temperature of the searched crystalline phase. The analysis by the X-ray diraction (XRD), the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the X-ray fluorescence microprobe (EDX) and the surface area (BET), were performed over the calcined ceramic material and revealed the obtention of a nanostructured orthorhombic crystal structure with a Pnma (62) space group, and a 20 nm crystallite average size. The analysis derived from the transmission electron microscopy, revealed that the material is composed of aggregates of nanometric range with a series of textural and specific morphological properties for an eventual application at the catalytic level, which is correlated with the data derived from the measurement of the surface area obtained by the BET technique. Finally, the composition by X-ray fluorescence assessment revealed that stoichiometric control in composition is one of the key parameters in this synthesis process, which allows to validate the used method and enables to employ the obtained materials in potential technological applications.
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AXINTI, Nicoleta, and Gabriela-Alina CIOROMELE. "The Behavior of Some Spring Barley Varieties in the Climatic Conditions of North East Baragan Plain." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 70, no. 1 (November 26, 2013): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:9779.
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In this paper we analyzed the behavior of four varieties of spring barley, i n terms of productivity, based on multi-annual testing, in order to identify and recommend the most well adapted of them to be grown in the area. The research was conducted during 2008-2010 in the Vădeni area, Braila County, on four varieties of spring barley ( Thuringia, Anabell, Cristalia and Tunika ) . The average production of the three crop years was 2362 kg/ha. In 2008, year considered normal in terms of climate, we obtained the highest yields in all four species studied, its value falling between 2350 kg/ha for Cristalia and 3025 kg/ha for Annabell. In terms of year 2009, the production of the studied varieties ranged from 1962 kg/ha for Tunika up to 2250 kg/ha for Annabell, this year being characterized as a dry year. In the third experimental year, 2010, yields ranged from 1937 kg/ha for Cristalia and 2462 kg/ha for Annabell, this year being characterized, in terms of rainfall, as a rainy year, but rainfall was not uniformly distributed. Following the evaluation of the stability of varieties’ performance using the superiority index (Pi) , the Annabell variety proved best ( 28% ) . Research has shown that genetic and climatic factors have influenced the yields obtained from the four varieties studied during three experimental years. In all three experimental years, Annabell variety was superior to all other studied varieties, obtaining productions between 2337 kg/ha and 3025 kg/ha. The production of spring barley in 2008 was significantly superior to other experimental years.
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Martins, Carlos Alberto Osório, Carlos Sigueyuki Sediyama, Maria Goreti de Almeida Oliveira, Múcio Silva Reis, Valterley Soares Rocha, Maurílio Alves Moreira, and José Luiz Lopes Gomes. "Resistance to stem canker, frogeye leaf spot and powdery mildew of soybean lines lacking lipoxigenases in the seeds." Scientia Agricola 59, no. 4 (December 2002): 701–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162002000400013.
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The soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] crop holds a prominent position in the Brazilian economy because of the extension of the planted area and volume of grain production, but the beany flavor has been a limiting factor for soybean derivatives consumption by western population. This flavor is produced mainly by action of lipoxygenase enzymes (Lox1, Lox2 and Lox3), present in some commercial varieties. The genetic elimination of the alleles that codify these enzymes is the most appropriate way to avoid problems associated to this deleterious flavor. To elucidate the effect of seed lipoxygenase elimination on the resistance to plant pathogens, normal varieties of soybean (FT-Cristalina RCH, Doko RC and IAC-12) and their backcross-derived lines, both with the three lipoxygenases present in their seeds (triple-positive, TP) and without the three lipoxygenases (triple-null, TN), were tested for their resistance to stem canker (Diaporthe phaseolorum f.sp. meridionalis), frogeye leaf spot (Cercospora sojina Hara), and powdery mildew (Microsphaera diffusa Cke. & Pk.). All genetic materials studied were resistant to stem canker. FT-Cristalina RCH and Doko-RC and their TP and TN lines were resistant to frogeye leaf spot. IAC-12 and its derived lines not only presented a higher disease index, but also the derived lines, TP and TN, were more susceptible, indicating the loss of genes for disease resistance in the backcrosses. There was no association between the elimination of lipoxygenases from the seeds with the resistance to frogeye leaf spot. In relation to the powdery mildew, TP or TN lines presented similar or higher resistance than their respective recurrent parents whose susceptibility appeared in the following order: IAC-12, less susceptible, Doko-RC, intermediate and FT-Cristalina RCH, more susceptible.
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Franco, Helena Baroni Junqueira, Maria Aparecida Pessôa da Cruz Centurion, and José Carlos Barbosa. "Estudo de métodos de inoculação para a avaliação de cultivares de soja a Fusarium tucumaniae." Summa Phytopathologica 35, no. 1 (February 2009): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-54052009000100005.
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Avaliou-se a reação das cultivares de soja, IAS-5, FT-Cometa, CAC-1, Monarca e MG/BR 46 (Conquista), consideradas resistentes, e de FT-Estrela e FT-Cristalina, suscetíveis a F. tucumaniae, por dois métodos. Foram inoculadas plântulas e folhas destacadas de soja através do método de grãos de sorgo e grãos de aveia, respectivamente. As avaliações de severidade da doença foram efetuadas semanalmente utilizando-se escalas de notas tanto para sintomas observados na parte aérea das plântulas como para o sistema radicular, e também através da porcentagem de plântulas mortas. Avaliou-se também a altura de plantas e os comprimentos das lesões externa e interna da haste. A relação das cultivares em ordem crescente de porcentagem de plantas mortas foi CAC-1 (47%), Monarca (60%), MG/BR 46 (Conquista) (61%), IAS-5 (64%), FT-Cristalina (84%), FT-Cometa (86%) e FT-Estrela (90%). Em folhas destacadas, inicialmente, o patógeno infectou tecidos das regiões próximas ao pecíolo, porém este método não foi adequado na caracterização dos materiais, uma vez que ocorre senescência precoce das folhas.
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Nascimento, C. W. A., R. L. F. Fontes, J. C. L. Neves, and A. C. F. D. Melício. "Fracionamento, dessorção e extração química de zinco em latossolos." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 26, no. 3 (September 2002): 599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832002000300004.
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O conhecimento das formas químicas do Zn no solo, bem como de suas relações com os teores disponíveis para as plantas, é importante para a previsão do comportamento desse micronutriente. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a influência da calagem e de doses de Zn sobre a dessorção, extração e fracionamento desse elemento em amostras de seis Latossolos. As amostras, com e sem calagem, receberam 0, 20 e 40 mg dm-3 de Zn e foram incubadas por 30 dias. Após a incubação, foram determinados os teores de Zn pelos extratores Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3, DTPA e EDTA. Os teores de Zn foram determinados nas frações: trocável, matéria orgânica, óxido de manganês, óxido de ferro amorfo e óxido de ferro cristalino, residual, além dos teores totais. A dessorção foi avaliada mediante extrações sucessivas com resina de troca catiônica. Com a aplicação de Zn, esse elemento foi retido, principalmente, nas frações trocável e matéria orgânica. A calagem provocou drástica redução nos teores de Zn trocável e aumento nas frações: matéria orgânica, óxidos de ferro amorfo e cristalino e óxidos de manganês. Nos solos sem calagem, todos os extratores correlacionaram-se significativamente com a fração Zn trocável, enquanto, nos solos com calagem, essa correlação foi significativa com o Zn na fração orgânica. Nos solos sem calagem, o teor de Zn dessorvido das frações decresceu na seguinte ordem: trocável = matéria orgânica > óxido de manganês > óxido de ferro amorfo >> óxido de ferro cristalino, com os extratores EDTA, Mehlich-1 e Mehlich-3, apresentando as melhores correlações com o total dessorvido. A calagem provocou ausência de dessorção para o Zn
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Wander, Alcido Elenor, and Paulo Eterno Venâncio Assunção. "Dinâmica e concentração da produção de feijão na região centro-oeste do Brasil, 1990 a 2013." Revista Brasileira de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento 4, no. 1 (November 16, 2015): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3895/rbpd.v4n1.3592.
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O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar os padrões de concentração da produção de feijão e o modelo de migração que houve em relação à produção de feijão nos municípios que compõem os estados da região Centro-Oeste do Brasil no período de 1990 a 2013. Foram identificados os municípios maiores produtores e ordenados em ordem decrescente por quantidade produzida, classificando-os em quatro quartéis (intervalos entre dois quartis). Foi possível confirmar uma tendência de concentração da produção de feijão da região Centro-Oeste em alguns poucos municípios (Cristalina e Luziânia, Goiás; Sorriso e Primavera do Leste, Mato Grosso).
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ŠUNDIĆ, DANIJELA, BRANKO M. RADUJKOVIĆ, and JASMINA KRPO-ĆETKOVIĆ. "Catalogue of Naidinae and Pristininae (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Naididae) with twenty species new for Montenegro." Zootaxa 2737, no. 1 (January 12, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2737.1.1.
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The Oligochaeta occurring in Montenegrin freshwaters were studied in order to contribute to a better knowledge of this group in the region. The oligochaetes from rivers, lakes, reservoirs, creeks, and springs, belonging to the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea drainage basins, were investigated. Samples of sediments were taken from 54 sampling sites during three years of research (2005–2008). We confirmed the presence of formerly reported species and found 20 species new for the Montenegrin oligochaete fauna: Chaetogaster cristallinus, C. diaphanus, C. langi, C. setosus, Nais behningi, N. bretscheri, N. elinguis, N. simplex, N. stolci, Ophidonais serpentina, Paranais frici, P. litoralis, Piguetiella blanci, Pristina bilobata, P. jenkinae, P. longiseta, P. osborni, P. proboscidea, Slavina appendiculata, and Uncinais uncinata. Accordingly, the fauna of Naidinae and Pristininae in Montenegro now consists of 36 species.
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Martinod, Joseph, Lucie Roux, Jean-Francois Gamond, and Jean-Paul Glot. "Deformation actuelle de la chaine de Belledonne (massifs cristallins externes alpins, France); comparaison triangulation historique-GPS." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 172, no. 6 (November 1, 2001): 713–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/172.6.713.
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Abstract The present-day active tectonics of the western Alps are poorly known. Permanent GPS stations located in the French and Italian Alps are too recent to give any significant information on the strain-regime within the chain [e.g. Calais et al., 2000a; Caporali and Martin, 2000]. Similarly, the reiteration in 1998 of the 60 points of the "GPS Alpes" temporary network, previously installed and positioned in 1993, did not result in a clear image of the active deformations of this part of the Alpine Arc [Vigny et al., 2001]. Both permanent and "GPS Alpes" data show that the relative motion of most of the points located within, or on both sides of the chain, are probably slower than 5 mm/yr. Another possibility to investigate the present-day deformation of part of the Alps is to use historical triangulation data. In many parts of the French Alps, authors have remeasured historical networks of the French Institut Geographique National, using GPS, for geodynamical purposes [Jouanne et al., 1994; Martinod et al., 1996; Ferhat et al., 1998; Sue et al., 2000; Calais et al., 2000b; Jouanne et al., 2001]. Their comparison confirms that deformations in the French Alps occur slowly, at speeds smaller than 5 mm/yr. Some deformations, however, have been observed in different parts of the chain [Jouanne et al., 1994; Martinod et al., 1996; Sue et al., 2000; Calais et al., 2000b]. Typically, the precision of triangulation data is 10 (super -5) , which means that the motion between benchmarks whose relative distance is 10 km must reach 10 cm to be noticed. Given the age of the triangulation networks that are re-measured using GPS (generally around 50 years), this corresponds to relative velocities of 2 mm/yr, which is quite large in the context of the western Alps. For instance, Martinod et al. [1996] calculate a shortening axis orientated N070 degrees for the southern part of the Belledonne Massif (External Crystalline Massifs), and evaluate the relative speeds to reach possibly 3-5 mm/yr, which is as large as the maximum relative speed between Apulia and Europe! These results are based, however, on the motion of only 3 benchmarks (GGA, REV and GSE) of the historical network. In order to confirm the existence of the rapid deformation noted in this previous paper, we measured in 1998 and 1999, using GPS, the position of 22 historical benchmarks located near the southern part of the Belledonne Massif, which is the area where Martinod et al. [1996] observed their most significant deformations. Geodetic data: 22 geodetic sites were measured using GPS in 1998 and 1999. Measurements were done using bi-frequency Ashtech receivers, in at least two 6-hour sessions for half of the points. 6 of those sites had already been measured in 1993-1994. We also included in the compensation of the GPS data the measurements of 4 sites (BUF, GEN, MCR and NER) that had been done in 1993 and 1994. GPS data have been processed using the Winprism software, and we used the Geolab software to perform the compensation of the 1993-1994 data together with the 1998-99 data. We finally obtain a new position for 26 benchmarks of the "Savoie-Dauphine 1950" triangulation network. We also performed again the compensation of the old triangulation network. We included in the compensation, data concerning the points of the geodetic campaign from the 1st order to the 4th order geodetic points. We calculated the position of 186 stations, using 1174 angle measurements. We assumed the standard deviation of a direction observation to result both from centering and instrumental errors [e.g. Jouanne et al., 1994]. We adopted the following uncertainties: 20 mm for centering errors, 6.3 10 (super -4) grads for Wild T3, and 7.6 10 (super -4) grads for Wild T2 theodolites (values communicated by IGN). The relative accuracy of the coordinates determined in this compensation is approximately 10 (super -5) . Comparison between triangulation and GPS data: It is not possible to obtain displacements vectors comparing GPS measurements with old triangulation data. As a matter of fact, historical geodetic networks only contain precise angle measurements. Neither the size, nor the orientation of the old network can be accurately known. To evidence possible tectonic deformations comparing the two geodetic campaigns, we calculate the strain tensor for triangular elements formed by sets of three neighbouring points of the network. We calculate the eingenvalues epsilon 1 and epsilon 2 of the strain tensor and their azimuth (resp. theta 1 and theta 2 ). We present in table II the values of dgamma /dt = (depsilon 1 /dt-depsilon 2 /dt) and of theta 2 for 33 triangles formed by sets of the 26 historical points remeasured using GPS. Both dgamma /dt and theta 2 are independent of the size and orientation of the old triangulation network. They can therefore be evaluated with precision without any a priori hypothesis [e.g. Ferhat, 1997]. dgamma /dt is the difference between the maximum compressive and extensive strain rate.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cristallin order"
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Avalos, Quiroz Yatzil. "Fabrication and characterization of organic solar cells using non-fullerene acceptors." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/220202_AVALOSQUIROZ_685ffnmph265yvr990suxs739q_TH%20(2).pdf.
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Au cours des dernières années, le photovoltaïque organique (OPV) a subi une croissance exponentielle grâce à l'introduction d'accepteurs non fullerène (NFAs), ce qui a permis d'obtenir des efficacités (PCE) supérieurs à 18%. Cette technologie offre des caractéristiques très intéressantes telles qu’un processus en solution, la flexibilité et la semi-transparense. Cependant pour pouvoir être produits à grande échelle, les matériaux et les processus de fabrication doivent répondre à certaines spécifications qui ne sont pas souvent abordées dans le contexte du laboratoire. Les matériaux doivent être compatibles avec des processus industriels et donc être résistants conditions environnementales. Ce travail vise d'abord à comprendre la stabilité intrinsèque des polymères et des NFAs tels que ceux de la famille des ITIC et des Y largement utilisés dans l’OPV. La stabilité a été corrélée à la structure moléculaire et à la cristallinité dans le but d'identifier les matériaux les plus appropriés pour un fonctionnement à long terme. En ce qui concerne la cristallinité et sa relation avec les propriétés des molécules, une deuxième partie de ce travail présente l'optimisation d'une structure de transistor organique à effet de champ (OFET) robuste pour la détermination de la mobilité des électrons en relation avec l'ordre moléculaire induit par la température. Une troisième partie se focalise sur la caractérisation et l'optimisation de nouvelles molécules NFA pour la fabrication de dispositifs en utilisant des solvants non-toxiques. Enfin, nous présentons la voie suivie pour obtenir une efficacité de plus de 15% en utilisant des systèmes stables et pertinents pour l’industrieIn recent years, organic photovoltaics (OPV) has undergone exponential growth thanks to the introduction of non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs), which has enabled power conversion efficiencies (PCE) greater than 18%. This technology offers very interesting features such as solution process, flexibility, semi-transparency and freedom of colors and shapes. However, in order to be produced on a large scale, the materials and manufacturing processes must meet certain specifications that are not often addressed in the laboratory setting. The materials must be compatible with industrial processes and therefore be resistant to environmental conditions. This work first aims to understand the intrinsic stability of polymers and NFAs such as those of the ITIC and Y family widely used in the OPV. Stability was correlated to molecular structure and crystallinity with the goal of identifying the most suitable materials for long-term operation. Regarding crystallinity and its relation to molecular properties, a second part of this work presents the optimization of a robust organic field effect transistor (OFET) structure for the determination of electron mobility in relation to temperature-induced molecular order, a correlation with different polymorphisms was established. A third part focuses on the characterization and optimization of new NFA molecules for the fabrication of OSCs using non-toxic solvents. Finally, we present the pathway followed to obtain an efficiency of more than 15% in our laboratory using stable and industrially relevant systems by a ternary approach
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Renaud, Gilles. "Ordre chimique et désordre topologique dans les solutions solides AuNi : étude par résistivité et par absorption et diffusion du rayonnement synchrotron X." Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10134.
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Caracterisation precise de la tendance a l'ordre a courte distance dans le monocristal au::(80) ni::(20): l'alliage est aleatoire en premier voisin, mais il existe une faible tendance a l'homocoordination en second voisin. Determination dans tout le domaine de composition des valeurs des trois distances moyennes partielles ainsi que de la largeur et de l'asymetrie de leur distribution. Mesure de l'effet de coeur dans les alliages dilues. Simulation par ordinateur des distorsions du reseau. Evaluation selon un modele harmonoque de l'energie elastique
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Borne, Adrien. "Triple photons through third-order nonlinear optics." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENY071/document.
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Ce travail porte sur la génération directe de triplets de photons par interaction optique non linéaire du troisième ordre avec la matière solide. Les trois photons constituant l'état triplet proviennent de la scission d'un unique photon, et sont donc étroitement corrélées. Des champs supplémentaires peuvent stimuler le processus, et ainsi augmenter son efficacité de conversion, mais au détriment de la conservation des corrélations de l'état triplet. Deux stratégies sont adoptées pour générer efficacement ces triplets tout en conservant leurs propriétés de cohérence. La première porte sur génération de triplets dans des oxydes massifs cristallins, rendue possible à travers la réalisation d'accords de phase par biréfringence. Ces cristaux peuvent être placés en cavité de manière à augmenter artificiellement la longueur d'interaction. Dans ce contexte, KTP et TiO2 sous sa forme rutile sont étudiés expérimentalement; la configuration en cavité fait l'objet d'une étude théorique. La seconde stratégie se concentre sur la génération de triplets dans des fibres optiques, à travers un accord de phase modal. Leurs longueurs, le confinement du champ électromagnétique, ainsi que la non-existence de processus quadratiques pouvant polluer la génération de triplets sont des avantages importants. Des expériences de génération de troisième harmonique dans des fibres de silice dopées germanium sont réalisées ; et les propriétés d'accord de phase dans des fibres à cristaux photoniques en chalcogénures sont calculéesThis work concentrates on the direct generation of triple photons through third-order nonlinear optical interactions with solid-state matter. The three photons constituting the triplet state arise from the splitting of a single photon, and are therefore highly correlated.The four interacting particles fulfill the energy and linear momentum conservation laws. Additional fields can stimulate this process and thus increase its conversion efficiency, but at the cost of losing the correlations of the triplet states. In order to generate efficiently the triplets while preserving their coherence properties, two strategies are investigated. In the first one, the interaction occurs in oxide bulk crystals, thanks to a birefringent phase matching. These crystals can be put into a cavity so as to artificially increase the interaction length. In this context, KTP and rutile TiO2 are studied experimentally; the cavity configuration is subjected to a theoretical work. The second strategy focuses on the generation in optical fibers, through a modal phase matching. Their length, the confinement of the electromagnetic field, and the non-existence of polluting second-order nonlinear processes are key advantages. Third-harmonic generation experiments on germanium-doped silica fibers are performed; and phase-matching properties in chalcogenide photonic-crystal fibers are calculated
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Roberge, Benoit. "Étude optique et magnétique des composés RVO[indice inférieur 3]." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8191.
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Cette thèse est une étude des propriétés structurales, magnétiques et électriques des composés RVO[indice inférieur 3] (R=Yb,Y,Ho et La). Les outils expérimentaux utilisés pour sonder ces propriétés sont la spectroscopie Raman, la magnétométrie et la spectroscopie infrarouge par transmittance. Ce travail a pour objectif d’observer l’évolution du réseau, des transitions électroniques 4[florin] et de l’aimantation macroscopique avec la température afin de mettre en évidence les différents ordres présents dans les oxydes RVO[indice inférieur 3]. L’importance de ce couplage pour la réfrigération magnétique est mise en valeur par une étude des propriétés magnétocaloriques du HoVO[indice inférieur 3].
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Perca, Cristian. "Structure cristalline et magnétique de perovskites RBaMn2O6-d (où d=0 et 0.5)." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00076575.
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Cette thèse porte sur la synthèse et l'étude des propriétés structurales et magnétiques de perovskites RBaMn2O6-d (où d = 0 et 0,5).En ce qui concerne le composé YBaMn2O6, les mesures par DSC indiquent que celui-ci subit trois transitions : deux autour de 500K et la troisième à 750K. L'étude par diffraction des rayons X et de neutrons a montré que la phase de plus haute température cristallisait dans le groupe P4/nbm. Les diffractogrammes de rayons X et de neutrons ne présentent qu'un seul changement alors que deux transitions sont observées par DSC au voisinage de 500K. La phase intermédiaire a été affinée dans le groupe d'espace C2/m. La phase d'ordre de charges (en dessous de 500K) étant de basse symétrie, nous avons réalisé un affinement combiné rayons X-neutrons. Les résultats obtenus indiquent un écart de seulement 15% par rapport à un ordre de charges idéal Mn3+/Mn4+. L'affinement de la structure magnétique et les mesures de susceptibilité magnétique indiquent la formation de polarons de Zener contenant quatre cations manganèse.
Le composé YBaMn2O5,5 cristallise dans le groupe d'espace Icma, sa maille étant double de celle du composé au lanthane. Ceci est du à l'existence d'une rotation des octaèdres de la structure autour de la direction [001] dans le composé YBaMn2O5,5. L'affinement de la structure magnétique ainsi que les mesures de susceptibilité magnétique indiquent que les spins des cations Mn3+ présents dans la structure sont couplés de manière antiferromagnétique.
L'étude des composés RBaMn2O6 nous a permis d'établir un diagramme de phases en fonction de la terre rare et de la température.
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Vasconcelos, Filipe. "RMN premiers principes de l’17O appliqués à l’étude des phosphates cristallins et amorphes." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10170/document.
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La méthodologie employée dans cette thèse, est de combiner des données RMN haute-résolution aux calculs des paramètres RMN à partir de la structure électronique, afin de comprendre l'influence de l'environnement chimique local de 17O sur les paramètres RMN (déplacement chimique, paramètres quadrupolaires). Les calculs ont été réalisés à l'aide de l'algorithme GIPAW, développé par Pickard etMauri, qui donne accès à l'écrantage magnétique pour tous les noyaux d'une structure donnée. Cette méthode améliore les précédentesapproches ab-initio en prenant en compte les conditions périodiques. Le manuscrit traite de différentes études menés sur plusieurs phases cristallines ou composés amorphes de phosphate de sodium. Des corrélations entre les paramètres RMN et les environnements locaux de l'17O ont ainsi pu être mises en évidence. Dans une étape suivante, des simulations de dynamique moléculaire nous ont permis de générer des configurations de structures vitreuses. Les paramètres RMN obtenus à partir de ces configurations sont présentés et comparés aux résultats expérimentaux. Finalement, les distributions des paramètres RMN sont interprétés par une extension du modèle de CzjzekOur strategy is to associate NMR high resolution results and first-principles calculation in order to better understand the influence of 17O local environment onto the NMR parameters (chemical shift, quadrupolar parameters). The calculations were performed using the GIPAW algorithm, developed by Pickard and Mauri, which gives access to the NMR magnetic shielding for all nuclei of a given structure. This method improved previous approaches based on first-principles calculation by considering the symmetrical translation properties in crystals. The document will include data on crystalline as well as glass systems. Indeed, we report data obtained on cristalline sodium phosphates and from which general trends were deduced between the NMR parameters and the structural/local 17Oenvironments. In a following step, molecular dynamics has been used inorder to generate a number of glass structures that would model our real glass systems. The calculated NMR parameters are discussed and compared to those obtained experimentally. Finally, the distribution of NMR parameters usually observed on high resolution spectra will be interpreted using a new distribution model, which is an extension of the so-called Czjzek model
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Prouzet, Eric. "Ordre local dans de nouvelles formes de NiPS obtenues par chimie douce et par intercalation de lithium." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37617740f.
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Fedorov, Nikita. "Luminescence résolue en temps de solides cristallins et de nano particules excités par des impulsions IR, UV et VUV femtosecondes d'intensité variable." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13629/document.
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Mon travail pendant cette thèse a d’abord été le développement d’une source de génération d’harmoniques d’ordre élevé basée sur une chaîne laser femtoseconde amplifiée (Saphir-Titane) fonctionnant à une cadence de 1 kHz (AURORE). Une ligne de lumière construite au CELIA permet de fournir un faisceau focalisé VUV-XUV femtoseconde, monochromatique dans une région spectrale comprise entre 10 nm et 73 nm environ (17 eV à 120 eV). Cette installation expérimentale est en fonctionnement et est parmi les toutes premières lignes à être mise en service pour la communauté scientifique française et étrangère. J’ai également mis en place une installation d'étude des cinétiques de luminescence avec résolution temporelle sub-picoseconde (450 fs) par mélange de fréquences. Le thème général de ce travail est l’étude des processus de relaxation et d'interaction entre les excitations électroniques créées par des impulsions ultra brèves femtosecondes de photons IR, UV et VUV-XUV dans les solides diélectriques massifs et des nano particules. L’observable principale utilisée est la luminescence émise par ces systèmes, résolue spectralement et en temps sur des échelles allant de la µs à des temps sub picosecondes. Ce travail a abouti à une avancée sensible de la description des processus principaux de formation et d’évolution des excitations électroniques. La comparaison et l’interprétation des données expérimentales obtenues pour des nano particules et des cristaux ont permis d’élucider certaines propriétés spécifiques de ces systèmesThe work during this Ph.D. was a development of a source of high order harmonics generation based on amplified Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser with repetition rate 1kHz (AURORE). The beam line constructed in CELIA has on its exit a VUV-XUV focalized beam; it may has wide spectrum or monochromatic in spectral range from 10nm up to 73nm (17-120eV). This beam line is in operation and is using for experiments for solid state VUV spectroscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy etc. Also it was installed a system for detection of luminescence with sub-picosecond time resolution (450fs) based on the nonlinear effect – generation of sum of two light frequencies. The main subject of this work was the study of processes of relaxation and interaction of electronic excitations, created by ultra-short pulse of IR, UV or XUV in dielectric crystals and nanoparticles. Out method is based on observation of luminescence with spectral and time resolution up to sub-picosecond temporal resolution. This study has given new experimental results for description of fundamental processes of creation and evolution of electronic excitations. Comparison and interpretation of experimental data of semiconductor nano-particles and monocrystals gave some interpretations of extra-fast luminescence of these systems
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Chikdene, Mohand Améziane. "Etude de la diffusion de l'hydrogène dans des hydrures cristallins et amorphes de l'alliage Zr2Ni par corrélations angulaires gamma-gamma sur 181Ta." Grenoble 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989GRE10071.
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Etude realisee pour les hydrures cristallins zr#2nih#x (x=2, 1; 3 et 4) et amorphes (x=2,5 et 4,5). On obtient les parametres du diffusion en mesurant la constante de relaxation quadripolaire des spins nucleaires entre 170 k et 470 k. On propose un mecanisme de sauts des atomes d'hydrogene
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Guiblin, Nicolas. "Synthèse, structures et mises en ordre électroniques d'oxydes à valence mixte dans le système Pr-Ca-Mn-O." Caen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CAEN2003.
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Ce manuscrit est consacré à l'étude des structures à ordre de charges (CO) dans les systèmes Pr1-xCaxMnO3 (x = 0. 2, 0. 33 et 0. 37) et PrxCa2-xMnO4 (x = 0. 5), ainsi qu'à l'étude des structures magnétiques du premier système. La perovskite Pr0. 7Ca0. 3MnO3 présente une transition CO à Tco = 150 K. Celle-ci se traduit par un doublement du paramètre b selon le setting Pbnm. La structure a été décrite à partir de données de diffraction des rayons X et des neutrons sur monocristaux dans le formalisme des structures modulées, dans la section t = 1/8 de la symétrie Pbnm(0b0), correspondant à une symétrie de surstructure P21nm. Les environnements octaédriques correspondants ont été décrits. La phase de Ruddlesden-Popper Pr0. 5Ca1. 5MnO4 a été étudiée par diffraction des rayons X sur monocristal. La modulation incommensurable qui apparaît en dessous de Tco=315 K a été décrite selon deux modèles structuraux du fait de l'observation d'une modification des conditions de centrage vers 200 K, passant ainsi d'une symétrie Aema(0b0)s00 à Pccn(0b0)s00. Ces deux différents systèmes se caractérisent principalement par des modulations displacives transverses. Les distorsions des octaèdres qui leur sont associées montrent qu'il n'existe pas de mise en ordre d'ions Mn3+ et Mn4+, mais une valence mixte plus ou moins homogène ou une onde de densité de charges. L'étude des structures magnétiques a permis de mettre en évidence la contribution magnétique du praséodyme pour x = 0. 2 et 0. 33 à côté de la composante ferromagnétique du manganèse, pour des températures inférieures à 40 K.
Books on the topic "Cristallin order"
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Perez, Jo. Matériaux non cristallins et science du désordre. Lausanne: Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, 2001.
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"be detected specifically, which is possible for sane groups of odorants (thiols or mercaptans, sulphides, amines) with specific GC-detectors. Spe cific detectors are available for haloganted compounds, sulphur-, phosphor-and nitrogen compounds. Figure 4 shews the analysis of the sulphur-ccmpounds produced by the acidic decomposition of phosphate-rock and causing the typi cal smell of fertilizer plants. Another approach is to aim at selective concentration methods. Indeed odour problems are caused by a limited number of compounds, on rather a li mited number of classes of compounds, mentioned in figure 5. For most odour nuisance problems, chemical plants, refineries, live stock production, food processing, rendering, water purification plants etc., the compounds responsible for the odour are known. So chemical analysis of the odour can be limited to these odorants, and selective concentrating techniques can be used. Selective concentrating methods are based on speci fic absorption techniques, using particular chemical reactions of odorant classes. Semet imes several absorption methods have to be used in order to describe the odour problem, thus increasing the labor cost of the analysis. On the other hand absorption methods allow better quantitative results. Se lective absorption of odorants from air produces a far less complex mixture. We developed or are developing several of these methods for aldehydes, amines, acids, thiols etc. Carbonyl ccnpounds for instance can be trapped by absorption in a rea gent solution containing 2,4-dinitrcphenylhydrazine and hydrogen chloride. Details of this method are extensively described elsewhere (8). The prin ciple of the method is that the carbonyl ccnpounds, in case of rendering plant emission the aldehydes, react with the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and form 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones (2,4-DNPH's) according to the scheme. These 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones have seme interesting properties. It are cristalline caipounds so that after extract of the 2,4-DNPH's fran the reagens, they can be concentrated by evaporation of the solvent without losing product. Besides these caipounds shown intense absorption of UV-light (X 356 nm) and so they can easily be detected with an UV-detec-tor. These properties make the 2,4-DNPH's particularly suitable for HPDC-analyse. This methods is used since seme time. A chranatogram is given in figure 6 and results of the quantitative determination of carbonyl com pounds in different situations are given in table 2. For amines absorption in an acid solution, or preferably adsorption onto an acid ion exchange column (acidified divinylbenzene-styrenesulfo-nic acid copolymer) is used. 10-50 1 of ambient air is sent over*a wet 100nnix3irmI.D. column; the ion exchange polymer is put into a vial, made alkaline and the water solution is analysed on packed Carbowax-KDH GC-column with a thermionic selective detector (TSD), which is specific for nitrogen- and phosphorus-catpounds. Trimethylamine is detected easi ly at 1 ppb. Aibids can be absorbed specifically in an alkaline impringer, which is extracted with ether after acidification to pH 2. This method was used for rendering plant emissions, shewing a series of linear and branched." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 170. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-76.
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