Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Crisi di impresa'
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GRAZIANO, MICHELE. "Soluzioni negoziali della crisi di impresa." Doctoral thesis, Università di Foggia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11369/331734.
Full textD'ERCOLE, CARLOS. "MERCATO DEL CONTROLLO NELLA CRISI DI IMPRESA." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/730.
Full textThe thesis compares the world of Chapter 11 reorganizations with the new types of reorganizations introduced in Italy by the recent reform of bankruptcy law. In particular the thesis deals with the market for corporate control in the insolvency arena in both countries. In the States bankruptcy claims are traded on a regular basis whereas Italy still hasn't fully experienced transfers of control within the frame of a corporate reorganization. The first chapter focuses on all issues connected to US M&A in bankruptcy: acquisition of claims in the different classes, control rights in covenants, debtor-in-possession financing, pay for performance in bankruptcy, credit default swaps and empty voting. The second chapter focuses on the interpretation of articles 124 and 127 of the new Italian bankruptcy law which may lead to the creation of a market for corporate control within the frame of a composition with a third party buyer and discusses the potential applicability of mandatory bids pursuant to art. 106 TUF to such deals.
D'ERCOLE, CARLOS. "MERCATO DEL CONTROLLO NELLA CRISI DI IMPRESA." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/730.
Full textThe thesis compares the world of Chapter 11 reorganizations with the new types of reorganizations introduced in Italy by the recent reform of bankruptcy law. In particular the thesis deals with the market for corporate control in the insolvency arena in both countries. In the States bankruptcy claims are traded on a regular basis whereas Italy still hasn't fully experienced transfers of control within the frame of a corporate reorganization. The first chapter focuses on all issues connected to US M&A in bankruptcy: acquisition of claims in the different classes, control rights in covenants, debtor-in-possession financing, pay for performance in bankruptcy, credit default swaps and empty voting. The second chapter focuses on the interpretation of articles 124 and 127 of the new Italian bankruptcy law which may lead to the creation of a market for corporate control within the frame of a composition with a third party buyer and discusses the potential applicability of mandatory bids pursuant to art. 106 TUF to such deals.
MUZZONIGRO, ANDREA. "Crisi di impresa e modelli di risanamento: possibili tassonomie." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/263475.
Full textThe thesis aims to investigate the typical aspects of a company life cycle, usually characterised by a continuous intertwining between phases of success and phases of crisis. Over the years, it has been acknowledged the growing importance of crisis phases and how businesses can manage them. Through an analysis of the existing literature, this study investigates the main causes of business crisis as well as the instruments and strategies that companies can implement to reorganise the business. The first part of the thesis analyses the decline phase and the actual crisis phase. It is argued that, while the decline phase needs a series of corrective actions in order to let the reorganisation process begin, the crisis one is instead characterised by a progressive reduction of the company value, which might eventually lead to bankruptcy. The second part of the study will focus on the main company reorganising actions such as structural, organisational and financial strategies. A further element of analysis relates to the reasons which might lead a business to decide between a downsizing strategy, through the selling of some of its business assets, or a growing strategy, through the selling of goods not related to the core business. Additionally, starting from the legal concept of crisis, the thesis analyses what are the main instruments needed to undertake a reorganizational plan. The thesis also examines the main extra-judicial and insolvency procedures of liquidation and business continuity based on the company purpose. A series of possible events, to which correspond a possible reorganizational instrument, are analysed. The thesis concludes by providing some possible solutions to overcome the state of crisis. In particular, by focusing on patrimonial aspects, on the access to credit and revenues forecasts, the thesis will propose a theoretical framework of reference which could be used by legal institutions to address reorganizational projects. The topic of analysis tough is subject to variations based on possible future changes of the economic and legal environment.
Franco, Filippo <1994>. "I sistemi di programmazione e controllo nella crisi di impresa." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20681.
Full textPierobon, Gisella <1983>. "Ruolo del sistema Bancario nell'ambito della crisi di impresa." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/9617.
Full textBordin, Francesco <1988>. "Il piano attestato di risanamento come strumento di soluzione negoziale della crisi d' impresa." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3116.
Full textRampin, Riccardo <1994>. ""I rapporti di lavoro e la crisi di impresa: il d.lgs. 14/2019 e il trasferimento d'azienda"." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/18761.
Full textGianesini, Nicolò. "Il rischio penale nella gestione della crisi d'impresa." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423881.
Full textLa tesi riguarda il rischio penale nella gestione della crisi di impresa, ed è finalizzato ad indagare i rapporti tra le tradizionali fattispecie penali previste dal Regio Decreto n. 267 del 1942 e le nuove soluzioni alternative al fallimento introdotte con le ultime riforme della “parte civilistica” della legge fallimentare, in particolare il nuovo concordato preventivo (art. 160 ss. l.f.), l’accordo di ristrutturazione dei debiti (art. 182-bis l.f.) e il piano di risanamento attestato (art. 67, comma 3, lett. d) l.f.). Negli ultimi anni, infatti, per rendere maggiormente appetibili i modelli concordatari finalizzati al superamento della crisi d’impresa, il Legislatore ha operato una profonda modifica dell’impostazione originaria dell’impianto della legge fallimentare. A ciò, tuttavia, non ha fatto seguito anche una parallela operazione di coordinamento dei rinnovati istituti con le tradizionali disposizioni penalistiche. Ne è derivata un’evidente sfasatura tra gli istituti in questione, venendo meno quel parallelismo che aveva opportunamente contraddistinto la nascita della legge fallimentare nel 1942 ove, nel solco della migliore politica legislativa, venivano punite le condotte fraudolente poste in essere nell’ambito degli strumenti liquidatori o concordatari del relativo comparto “civilistico”. Dopo un’analisi del percorso evolutivo che ha avuto la legge fallimentare dal 1942 ad oggi - in modo da delinare il volto attuale degli istituti diretti a regolare il momento della crisi d’impresa e cogliere l’evoluzione delle direttive di tutela che sono emerse nell’ambito delle recenti riforme - la ricerca si muove essenzialmente in due direzioni. Da un lato viene affrontato il problema che gli atti posti in essere in ossequio (o meno) alle nuove strumentazioni civilistiche a disposizione dell’imprenditore in difficoltà possano cadere sotto la scure delle tradizionali fattispecie penalistiche - in particolare le varie forme di bancarotta, rimaste del tutto inalterate – nel malaugurato caso in cui il piano di salvataggio dell’impresa non dia i frutti sperati. Per impedire tal evenienza, con la legge n. 122/2010 di conversione del d.l. n. 8/2010, è stato introdotto, nell’ambito dei reati fallimentari, l’art. 217 bis, rubricato “Esenzione dai reati di bancarotta”. La norma, nata evidentemente col fine di assicurare, anche sotto il profilo penalistico, la protezione dell’imprenditore che ponga in essere, ad esempio, pagamenti preferenziali nei confronti di solo alcuni dei debitori in ossequio ad un piano concordato, sconta una serie di problematiche – prime tra tutte la relativa collocazione dogmatica e l’effettiva portata applicativa - che fanno dubitare della sua concreta attitudine a risolvere tutte le criticità presenti sul tappeto. Una seconda direttiva di ricerca riguarda poi la responsabilità penale del c.d. “professionista attestatore”. Questa figura - presente sotto varie forme in tutti e tre i nuovi istituti concordatari che sono stati introdotti - rappresenta una significativa novità, atteso il ruolo peculiare che essa è chiamata a svolgere in questa fase delicatissima di risoluzione della crisi di impresa. In estrema sintesi, il Legislatore ha devoluto a tale professionista il giudizio circa la bontà e la realizzabilità del piano, predisposto unilateralmente dall’imprenditore o comunque concordato con i propri debitori. Questo snodo fondamentale, tradizionalmente affidato al tribunale fallimentare – per gli evidenti interessi sottesi a tale accertamento – ora è stato demandato ad una figurata privata, scelta direttamente dallo stesso imprenditore, in modo da consentire una maggiore rapidità nella procedura in vista di una più proficua risoluzione della crisi. Anche in tale ambito va registrata l’introduzione, da parte del d.l. n. 83/2012 di una nuova norma, l’art. 236 bis f.fall. (“Falso in attestazioni e relazioni”), volta a punire l’esposizione d’informazioni false o l’omissione d’informazioni rilevanti da parte di questi professionisti attestatori nei programmi e nei piani che sono chiamati a redigere e di cui devono verificare la concreta tenuta economico-patrimoniale. Il presente lavoro, inoltre, prende in considerazione anche le ricadute del nuovo volto del concordato preventivo rispetto alla inalterata fattispecie dell’art. 236 l. fall., l’unica direttamente volta alla tutela degli strumenti alternativi al fallimento. Più in generale, la ricerca, all’esito della risoluzione di questi e altri passaggi ermeneutici, trae un quadro generale dei nuovi equilibri presenti tra le due parti della legge fallimentare, in particolar modo con riferimento ai nuovi beni giuridici tutelati nell’ambito della legge fallimentare, ove è dato scorgere una significativa compressione del tradizionale principio della par condicio creditorum, a favore dell’esigenza di proteggere il “bene impresa”.
Fauceglia, Giovanni Battista. "Le convenzioni bancarie di risanamento dell’impresa in crisi. Profili contrattuali e disciplina concorsuale." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2019. http://elea.unisa.it:8080/xmlui/handle/10556/4247.
Full textThe thesis deals with the issue of banking conventions in wortkout agreements aimed at reorganizing the company in crisis. The theme is dealt with throught two interpretations: the bankruptcy law and the contract law, with the aim of an integrated interpretation between the two perspectives. [edited by Author]
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Nascimben, Elena <1984>. "La crisi di impresa e il fine-vita aziendale: aspetti economici e giuridici della liquidazione." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3588.
Full textBenedetti, Samanta <1988>. "Il controllo di gestione nella piccola impresa da opportunità a necessità nei periodi di crisi: Focus nel caso "Pacifico Srl"." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3945.
Full textGALEOTTI, EDOARDO. "I POTERI E LE RESPONSABILITÀ DEI CREDITORI TITOLARI DI STRUMENTI FINANZIARI PARTECIPATIVI NELL¿AMBITO DELLE PROCEDURE STRAGIUDIZIALI DI RISOLUZIONE DELLA CRISI DI IMPRESA." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/346239.
Full textMAGNO, Francesca (ORCID:0000-0002-5607-6309). "Gli effetti delle crisi di prodotto sulla relazione impresa-mercato: uno studio delle reazioni dei consumatori a diverse modalità di gestione dei product recall." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/516.
Full textBaliviera, Francesca <1987>. "Le crisi reversibili delle imprese di assicurazione." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/2504.
Full textBarbazza, Alberto <1981>. "Gli accordi di ristrutturazione delle imprese in crisi." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/5620.
Full textModena, Matteo <1995>. "Le strategie di Crisis Management per reagire alla crisi Covid-19: il caso del sistema di ospitalità veneziano." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21620.
Full textPetenò, Veronica <1996>. "CRISI E RISANAMENTO DELLE IMPRESE: ANALISI DI ALCUNI CASI PRATICI DI TURNAROUND." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/17615.
Full textGrba, Marija <1994>. "Crisi Aziendali e Controllo Di Gestione: L'importanza degli strumenti di controllo nella prevenzione della crisi." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/16711.
Full textDE, ROSA CORRADO. "IL FINANZIAMENTO ALLE IMPRESE IN CRISI." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/282730.
Full textMelandri, Antonio <1986>. "La crisi finanziaria e il test di impairment sull'avviamento." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/2479.
Full textPIERGENTILI, EMANUELE. "Le politiche di bilancio nella letteratura nazionale ed internazionale. Un'analisi empirica nelle imprese in crisi." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242964.
Full textThe aim of this research is to investigate the relevant matter of earnings management, through the comparative analysis of the Italian and international studies in accounting. The first section of the research examines the origin and the main characteristics of earnings management. Specifically, in the first chapter, an analysis has been conducted about the contribution of the main Italian and Anglo-Saxon scholars, who have emphasized that the origin of earnings management essentially relies on the discretionary judgment required in preparing the financial reporting. While Italian researchers have stated that a proper use of the earnings management is possible, when the purpose is that to preserve the company from the shareholders’ possible request of an excessive dividend, in the Anglo-Saxon context, instead, the earnings management has always been censured due to its detrimental effects for the “true and fair” view of the financial statements. In the second section of the research, an empirical analysis has been conducted in the context of Italian distressed firms. The purpose of this part of the study is to examine the consequences of financial distress on earnings management practices. The analysis has been focused on 104 Italian private distressed firms, compared with a sample of “healthy” companies, with similar size and in the same business sector. The working capital discretionary accruals have been used as a proxy of earnings management. This method has been deepen investigate in the second chapter of the work. The main findings of the study, presented in the third chapter of the work, are the following. There is evidence that distressed firms exhibit higher discretionary accruals than “healthy” firms do. Particularly, bankrupted firms exhibit positive discretionary accruals during the first years of the distressed period, clearly demonstrating earnings increasing practices. During the years before the crisis, instead, there is evidence of large negative discretionary accruals, due to a “reversal” effect and income decreasing practices.
Pessotto, Marta <1994>. "IL CREDITO ALLE IMPRESE DOPO LA CRISI: VALUTAZIONE EMPIRICA DI UTILIZZO DEI FINANZIAMENTI IN POOL." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/14306.
Full textGogliettino, Gian Piero. "La tutela dei lavoratori subordinati e dei livelli occupazionali nel trasferimento d'azienda di imprese in crisi o insolventi." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423512.
Full textLa tutela dei lavoratori subordinati e dei livelli occupazionali nel trasferimento d’azienda di imprese in crisi o insolventi – Riassunto. La ricerca, partendo da una ricostruzione storica della disciplina interna del fenomeno circolatorio delle imprese in bonis, anche alla luce del diritto dell’Unione europea e della sua giurisprudenza, si è concentrata sulle novità che hanno interessato l’ordinamento domestico, rispetto al trasferimento delle imprese in crisi o insolventi, a seguito della condanna del nostro Paese da parte della Corte di giustizia europea con sentenza n. 561/07 del 2009. In particolare, l’analisi si è concentrata sul nuovo art. 47, c. 4 bis, della l. n. 428/1990 e di come lo stesso si pone, in termini di compatibilità, riguardo alle indicazioni sovranazionali. Significativa attenzione è stata posta ai risvolti lavoristici connessi non solo al nuovo concordato preventivo e all’accordo di ristrutturazione dei debiti, ma anche alla procedura dell’amministrazione straordinaria, pur non mancando di rilevare i costanti profili di criticità rispetto alla direttiva comunitaria n. 2001/23. Lo studio, infine, si è concentrato sulle tutele collettive, nell’ambito del processo circolatorio, poste a favore dei lavoratori dipendenti delle imprese in crisi o decotte, nonché sulla strategicità che possono assumere, rispetto alla conservazione dei livelli occupazionali, sia le politiche passive che quelle attive del lavoro.
MOI, MARTINA. "I contratti di rete." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266818.
Full textSerena, Sara <1994>. "Gestire l'ecosistema destinazione in chiave di resilienza: un approfondimento sulla letteratura di Destination Crisis Management." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/19114.
Full textPiva, Stefano <1994>. "L'analisi della sopravvivenza per le imprese di piccole e medie dimensioni,durante e dopo la crisi finanziaria." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/14861.
Full textFavaretto, Teresa <1997>. "Le strategie di Impression Management applicate dalle imprese dopo una crisi: i casi Boeing e Costa Crociere." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20232.
Full textFabbrini, Massimiliano. "Strumenti giuridici di prevenzione delle crisi delle imprese : una comparazione fra il modello francese e il modello italiano." Paris 10, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA100181.
Full textThis study wants to compare the Italian legal ordering with French one. The topic is in particular the solutions that these orderings offer to the debtor in difficulty. In order to carry out such study one has been carried out first of all wide historical reconstruction on the evolution of the legislation of the two countries. The second part is instead dedicates to the direct analysis of the norms. The last chapter is dedicated at banks position. This aspect represents a problem for crisis’s prevention. We arrive at the conclusion that these two systems are very different. The French law is more complete and it’s more useful for enterprise. The Italian one wants to advice the creditors’ agreement, but on this way it sacrifices the minority creditors
VENINI, GIULIA. "Evoluzione dei modelli di gestione e sviluppo delle persone in azienda nella transizione tra crescita e crisi economica." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/28329.
Full textRIZZI, FRANCESCA. "Imprese familiari e acquisizioni: come la famiglia influenza le strategie e le performance aziendali." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/39860.
Full textThe aim of this work, which recognizes the importance of family-owned firms in the international environment – focusing in particular on the Italian context – is to analyze their propensity to implement the acquisition strategy. The study, composed of three interrelated papers, is intended to “take a picture” of the Italian entrepreneurial fabric, by detecting the features of family firms and the type of growth operations through acquisitions. Furthermore, this research outlines comparisons with the operations led by non family firms, in order to understand similarities and differences by highlighting how the role of family owner, both in terms of property and management, influences the propensity to acquire. The first paper examines the propensity of family and non family firms to acquire, showing the types and features of the growth operations through acquisitions in the timeframe 2000 - 2014. The second paper, after studying in depth the role of the cultural and economic distance between the acquirer and target, checks whether family firms benefitted from the implementation of acquisition. The third paper analyses the influence of the several implementation procedures and the level of direct involvement of the family in the life of the firms on the propensity to acquire.
RIZZI, FRANCESCA. "Imprese familiari e acquisizioni: come la famiglia influenza le strategie e le performance aziendali." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/39860.
Full textThe aim of this work, which recognizes the importance of family-owned firms in the international environment – focusing in particular on the Italian context – is to analyze their propensity to implement the acquisition strategy. The study, composed of three interrelated papers, is intended to “take a picture” of the Italian entrepreneurial fabric, by detecting the features of family firms and the type of growth operations through acquisitions. Furthermore, this research outlines comparisons with the operations led by non family firms, in order to understand similarities and differences by highlighting how the role of family owner, both in terms of property and management, influences the propensity to acquire. The first paper examines the propensity of family and non family firms to acquire, showing the types and features of the growth operations through acquisitions in the timeframe 2000 - 2014. The second paper, after studying in depth the role of the cultural and economic distance between the acquirer and target, checks whether family firms benefitted from the implementation of acquisition. The third paper analyses the influence of the several implementation procedures and the level of direct involvement of the family in the life of the firms on the propensity to acquire.
GENTILE, CAROLINA. "GLI ACCORDI DI RISTRUTTURAZIONE DEI DEBITI DELL'IMPRESA ARTICOLATA IN UN GRUPPO." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/98839.
Full textThe thesis aims to analyze the discipline of debt restructuring agreements of the corporate group enterprise, as provided for in the new code of business crisis and insolvency. The work is structured into four chapters, the first of which serves as a brief introduction to the topic. More precisely, in the context of the first chapter it is showed the state of the art in the pre-reform context and of the principles that inspired the reform. The second chapter is dedicated, instead, to exposing the preliminary remarks on the terms of the problem, also in order to identify the interpretative methods for a doctrinal reconstruction of the discipline which appears, prima facie, rather incomplete. The second part of the chapter is dedicated to examining the notion of group, in order to define the application scope of the new discipline. In the context of the third chapter, instead, it was considered the role attributable to the holding in managing the group crisis. Then there were analyzed the application problems of the discipline debt restructuring agreements of the group enterprise. The fourth chapter is dedicated to an examination of the procedural profiles, i.e. the problems that are taken into consideration with regard to the procedural phase to which the restructuring agreements are subject in order to be approved.
GENTILE, CAROLINA. "GLI ACCORDI DI RISTRUTTURAZIONE DEI DEBITI DELL'IMPRESA ARTICOLATA IN UN GRUPPO." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/98839.
Full textThe thesis aims to analyze the discipline of debt restructuring agreements of the corporate group enterprise, as provided for in the new code of business crisis and insolvency. The work is structured into four chapters, the first of which serves as a brief introduction to the topic. More precisely, in the context of the first chapter it is showed the state of the art in the pre-reform context and of the principles that inspired the reform. The second chapter is dedicated, instead, to exposing the preliminary remarks on the terms of the problem, also in order to identify the interpretative methods for a doctrinal reconstruction of the discipline which appears, prima facie, rather incomplete. The second part of the chapter is dedicated to examining the notion of group, in order to define the application scope of the new discipline. In the context of the third chapter, instead, it was considered the role attributable to the holding in managing the group crisis. Then there were analyzed the application problems of the discipline debt restructuring agreements of the group enterprise. The fourth chapter is dedicated to an examination of the procedural profiles, i.e. the problems that are taken into consideration with regard to the procedural phase to which the restructuring agreements are subject in order to be approved.
RIOLFO, Gianluca. "DISCIPLINA DEL CONTRATTO DI RETE E DISCIPLINA DELL’IMPRESA: UNA COMPLESSA VICENDA ERMENEUTICA." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/911187.
Full textThe object of the present paper is the network contract that Italian legislator has ruled in the art. 3, par. 4-ter and following of the d.l. n° 5/2009 (as subsequently modified and integrated). This particular type of contract tries to give a first legal framework to the economic phenomena, well known for many years, of interfirm cooperation and collaboration: where firms are small o medium size, one way to increase competitivity and innovation is to create a net among them. In other states, law doesn’t regulate relations between firms linked in a net with specific rules: are used common contractual forms of agreement that are not specific for a network. Instead, Italian legislator has introduced a specific contractual form which is similar to other, but it is not the same: a contract that has autonomous identity and own peculiarities. The paper begins examining the different laws that in few years was issued one after the others, the last modifying the previous, trying to find out the essential elements of the contract and, especially, to describe its object and its particular cause. Seems to be correct the opinion of that part of the doctrine that recognize in the network agreement an autonomous “type” of contract (differently, other part of the doctrine speak about “trans-typical” contract). We can probably say that it is a multilateral contract with common purpose and associative structure. Many aspects of the network agreement are relevant but our attention goes especially to: the function of the “network program”; the role and the composition of the managing joint body, called “organo comune” (but it isn’t a necessary element); the nature and the function of the mutual fund, called “fondo comune” (but it is another non necessary element); finally, the possibility for the network to get, through a specific contractor’s option, legal personality. So, the first part of the paper is dedicated to reconstruct the “Systematic” for the network contract, the last part of the paper is dedicated to the examination of some problematic aspects: for examples, what happens when one or more firms linked in the net enter a state of crisis or, worst, gets bankrupt; or, if it’s possible, when the net itself gets bankrupt. We distinguish between network with own legal personality or without it: the first case the network itself can go bankrupt regardless the state of crisis of one or more firm linked in the net; in the second case of network without legal personality, it’s not possible to find a subject who can go bankrupt. In both situations we have tried to find out the consequences of the bankruptcy of one or more firms part of the net and, inter alia, if there are residual possibilities to carry out the original network program. Facing the last questions, it’s important to have cleared before the different ways in which network can operate (aspects seen in the previous chapters): network with or without legal personality; network without legal personality, with or without a managing joint body (“organo comune”) and a mutual fund (“fondo comune”); and if the managing joint body is present, how it acts for, and represents, the firms linked in the net (in other words, which is the agency scheme).
LEO, SABRINA. "La contrazione del credito durante la crisi finanziaria: credit crunch o credit selection? Una disamina sull’andamento del credito bancario italiano tra framework normativo e crisi finanziaria." Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/583797.
Full textThe intensification of the financial turmoil that accompanied the collapse of Lehman Brothers in September 2008, resulted in a substantial worldwide increase in the levels of perceived uncertainty in all asset classes. The main developments during the period involved in the first instance the persistence of significant dysfunction in financial markets impacting on levels of confidence and uncertainty, and subsequently on economic activity: worldwide it has held steady at very weak levels following a sudden contraction of all major economic areas. The paventarsi onset of systemic risk has urged governments and central banks around the world to put in place major intervention measures aimed at containing the same and to the restoration of financial stability. The shock wave is poured on the activities of the advanced economies which have been adversely affected by the needs of "repositioning budget" for families and businesses. Emerging markets to chain effect, have not been spared, because of the unusual drop in global trade. From the second quarter of 2009, the measures of monetary and fiscal policy, as well as measures to stabilize the financial sector, have begun to exert a greater effect; the growth of the world economy has shown positive signs, due to the improvement of the conditions in the financial markets, to reduce uncertainty and a partial rebalancing of the loss of confidence of economic agents. Also, while remaining at very low levels, even global trade, have stabilized after he returned a positive sign after the first quarter of 2009. Ago The second half of the year to record the intensification of the global recovery with GDP growth of showing sometimes positive signs. In this context, however, it should be noted that the signs of recovery were not homogeneous in the different economies, factors mainly due to the diversity of economic policy measures taken in addition to the structural diversity of the economies; is interesting to note that the slowdown has occurred a matching of all the advanced economies, in contrast to the mismatch encountered in the recovery phase. Despite the positive signs, the growth of the world economy is not immune from fears of relapses and slowing down; This is due in particular, to the doubts about the possibility that the gradual removal of the extraordinary measures of monetary and fiscal policy should be accompanied by a recovery in private sector demand. Impacting the likely significant correction of household budgets in many countries, as well as the possible continuation of financial constraints for firms (ECB 2009). With reference to the euro area average in 2009, GDP has declined by 4.0 per cent, while the rate of inflation stood at 0.3 per cent, compared with expectations of inflation over the medium long-term rates below, but close to 2 percent. In this context and in response to the persistence of inflationary pressures in the early months of 2009, the ECB lowered to 1 per cent and the rate on the main refinancing operations, leaving interest rates unchanged reference in the remainder of this year and , to give the right impetus to the transmission of monetary policy continued to support the credit as a result of its abrupt fall. The line taken by the Governing Council, was based on measures to promote better financing conditions and the flow of credit to the economy, to support more than could have been achieved with the single maneuver on interest rates ECB ; alongside these measures have been taken additional unconventional in 2009, to address the malfunctioning of the money market and facilitate the propulsion of reference rates to money market rates and bank lending de. The goal was to promote more favorable financing terms to the flow of credit. Particular attention has been paid to the specific heterogeneity of the financial structure of the euro area economy, where banks play an important role both in financing and in maintaining the flow of credit to the economy. The enhanced credit support has taken into account the expectations downward with respect to the price, as well as the fall in commodity prices and the weakening of global economic activity. The above measures have resulted in a significant improvement in financing conditions in the euro area during the year, as evidenced by the shortening of differential-term interest rates in the money market and the significant decrease in the overall volatility of financial markets (ECB 2009). During the year we began to record signs of stabilization in global economic activity, and this has led to the gradual easing of the ECB non-standard measures to avoid distortions associated with maintaining them for an excessive period, and in order to provide incentives to banks in relation to their balance sheets. The disposal of these measures has not bound by the Eurosystem in ensuring the provision of liquidity to the banking system to facilitate the supply of credit to the economy of the area and to provide further stimulus to recovery. In Italy, the bank lending has started to decelerate in the first half of 2007, following a long expansion nearly five years. The dynamics of the loans has been further weakened by the outbreak of the crisis, to become negative in mid-2009. The slowdown in 2007-2009 coincided not only with the turbulence in the capital markets, with the weakness of the real estate sector, which led to the deterioration of the creditworthiness of bank customers with a consequent drop in consumer spending and investment. In the light of the occurrence of a negative deflection appears legitimate to ask what were the variables with the greatest impact on credit: the joint event of the above factors makes it difficult to determine whether, and to what extent, the deceleration of loans reflects a decline in demand from households and business rather than a restriction of supply by banks. Moreover, in light of the transposition of legislation on the adequacy of bank capital to the complexity of the evaluation of the phenomenon, it is also due to the impossibility to define sharply if the deterioration of the credit market foreshadow a slowdown in the supply of loans due to the reduction of the application or the worsening of the risk of insolvency, or reflect choices and internal constraints to the banks themselves. The issue is part of the debate among academics and regulatory authorities in a context characterized by strong legal and regulatory enzymes. Notable is the scientific production in the recent past has analyzed the issue, ranging in different disciplines and addressing multiple objectives of investigation nationally and internationally. As part of the recent crisis, the decline has been associated with negative credit, especially in the first instance, to the credit crunch. From a careful study of the literature shows, as the unit of measurement used to determine the existence and possible extent of the credit crunch is made up of the data on loans, with the assumption that their upward trend reveals the groundlessness of the occurrence of the phenomenon; and moreover, even in the face of a determined reduction, credit contraction is not associated with phenomena of a credit crunch if, at the same time, it manifests a phase of crisis and economic slowdown in an amount equal to or greater, since the contraction of loans due to the lower demand for credit. Given the complexity of the definition of the phenomenon, it appeared appropriate to bring the literature on the credit crunch in two main areas: one macro, which measures the intensity of the phenomenon through the credit index (the ratio of bank credit and nominal GDP) recognizing the phenomenon only when the decline of the credit is broader than the width of the downturn, and other microeconomic, which imputes the downturn in the credit factors endogenous to the financial system. The reflection on the theme of the credit crunch deepens the latter, in the event of a sudden reduction in the availability of credit, independent of interest rates governed by central banks, and therefore originated from factors internal to the banking system and finance. For an examination of the determinants of the process of generation of the receivables have been used qualitative and quantitative statistics on bank loans. The studies conducted by these types of investigation suggest that the financial crisis has triggered a credit crunch that is independent from the application. The selection process already in place in the provision of loans, was then compounded by the growing risk of a counterparty defaulting banks are faced with the deterioration of the balance sheets of households and businesses, caused by the violent recession. From a purely financial point of view, the distinctive characters of the credit crunch can be attributed to: a) reduce the supply of credit is not focused on specific sectors or firms to be classified with a low rating; b) restriction of credit that must be verified ceteris paribus, in other words, becomes relevant relationship between the amount of credit requested and the amount of credit granted. To verify the negative effects that the financial crisis has had on access to credit and the decline of the offer, it is necessary to investigate the variables that characterize specifically the emergence of the credit crunch, in order to ascertain whether in the changed economic environment, regulatory and policy they are actually made manifest phenomena of the credit crunch, or, more likely the occurrence of a phenomenon similar to most phenomena of credit selection understood as selective reduction of the credit. The objective of this work is to evaluate the importance of the determinants of restriction occurred on the supply side of credit in order to ascertain what are the major factors that have caused the restriction. Specifically, the research question, once defined the type of contraction displayed (credit crunch or credit selection), tries to give an answer concerning the relevance of factors intervened restriction on the supply side of credit, as well as the effectiveness / efficiency the choices made by bank intermediaries. In comparison with other European and international, the domestic financial industry has proven to be more resistant than the setbacks from the financial crisis: the fifteenth report of the Fondazione Rosselli (2010) attributes this "success" to the combination of two factors strongly present in the domestic banking system, namely the flexibility of the technologies of credit and the diversity of their businesses. This does not mean, however, the occurrence of phenomena of the credit crunch, although physiological, following periods of expansion of credit policy and / or subsequently in periods of strong economic and financial stress: the decline of the credit, in the Italian context, is associated the joint event of both factors. In any case, however, in view of substantial shrinkage, it is not possible to speak of denial or exclusion from the credit of subjects before they had access, that is rationing of credit to deserving subjects. It seems likely, therefore, to investigate about the dynamics that credit has taken following the occurrence of the phenomenon of contraction and ask what was the difference in behavior of the banking intermediaries present on the market in the selection of undertakings to which extend credit? The selection was effective in terms of recruitment and monitoring of the risk for intermediaries? The reduction in credit supply by the major groups has been fully offset by smaller banks in terms of both quantity and quality of credit? There is no doubt the dichotomy, with reference to the selection criteria for the granting of credit between banks that use the Originate to distribute model and instead banks that are more oriented to the model Originate to hold. The model Originate to Hold (literally originates and hold) is based on methods of lending anchored to the management of assets and liabilities in the balance sheet which provides for the retention of credit for households and businesses; for the bank, therefore, there is a strong incentive to screening, at the time of selection in the provision, and the subsequent monitoring. Risk management is linked to the bank-customer relationship both ex ante and ex post, ie that the supply of credit is tied to the knowledge of the customer, for which the bank will base its evaluation is taking as a reference the results of 'processing of hard information, whether soft information. These types of relationships are often associated with banking facilities of small businesses that have a strong local presence and have a closer relationship with customers even knowing the historical overview. In Originate to distribute model (literally originate and distribute), however, are less incentives that contribute to the proper functioning of disbursement and management of credit, because the basic philosophy involves the use of securitization to dispose of non-transferable credits. Thus, there is less incentive for the bank is that the screening monitoring: credit instruments morphology change, going from products tailored to the customer's profile to standardized products. Through the use of this model is also less, the need for contact with the customer by bringing the bank to carry out assessments only through the development of hard information. These types of relationships are often associated with major banking structures and groups. It is then the nodal relationship between bank and customer to verify and explain to what extent it can be shown to a "flight to small" that is a migration of all customers who have not seen satisfied his request for credit from major banks for different reasons and it is even more interesting to identify which type of customer may have put in place this kind of "strategy" aimed at obtaining the necessary credit. On the other hand you must always keep in mind that offer policies to see credit intermediaries stand in relation to the various constraints that are imposed on them such as, among others, capital strength, risk mitigation portfolio, the structure of assets and liabilities sheet; for which a comparable decline in credit quality or a deterioration in the creditworthiness of customers, what were the reasons that led the smaller banks to provide credit to these parties? These questions are asked in order to model and qualitatively define the interrelationships between economic, relational policies, fiscal policies, and the amount of credit offered; In addition, it seeks to identify what might be the actions to: ensure that customers are not satisfied and riskier a burden on the budgets of smaller banks; mitigate the effects of the credit crunch at the time of its occurrence. The qualitative analysis is carried out with reference to the results of the bank lending Italy (hereinafter Survey of Bank Lending Survey) conducted by the ECB in the euro area. It was decided to adopt a qualitative approach, and for the contribution of information structural approach, both to the difficulty in obtaining accurate and updated data. Since January 2003, the ECB conducts the survey on bank lending in the euro area with the main objective to gain a more complete view of the role of credit in the context of the monetary transmission mechanism, thus complementing the information on which underlying the exercise of analysis and evaluation at the base of the monetary policy decisions. The survey, which is updated four times a year, is aimed at senior officials responsible for loans, such as those responsible for the credit committees at the level of the board of directors or immediately below. The sample of banks participating in the survey is made at the European level by more than 120 banks, while for Italy together with eight banking groups representing more than two-thirds of the loan market in our country. Banks are required to assess, on the one hand, the orientation of the institution with regard to issues such as the criteria for the approval of the loans and the terms and conditions laid down for the granting thereof and, secondly, the factors that influence the demand for credit. It was given particular attention to the demand for credit and its major determinants, in order to fully understand the dynamics of the supply of credit. The questionnaire consists of seventeen questions related to loans to businesses and households: the focus of the work is framed on the first seven questions in the questionnaire, which, focusing on lending to businesses, to allow you to put the system variables that have an impact more on reducing the supply of credit and the information necessary to define the type of contraction that occurred. The temporal order of the Survey, while based on the period between 2003 and 2010: this period of time allows you to assess the impact of the new regulatory framework, that of financial and real crisis, as well as the effects of bank mergers and acquisitions started in our country already in the nineties. The analysis is carried out by observing the trends that disaggregated data is aggregated for different points in time. In particular it is noted separately for the supply of aggregates trends concerning loans and lines of credit in favor of firms with particular reference to the distinction by maturity, of the importance of the criteria applied by the bank to credit approval, terms and conditions practiced; the demand for its overall performance as well as its characterizing factors. The territorial scope was restricted to the national level given the complexity of the information and data necessary to provide a comprehensive reference and guidance. The expansion at European and international level concerns the possible future developments of the research. The work, which is part of the broader body of literature that deals with the bank-firm relationship, provides: a systematic literature review on the subject and produces a classification of the various phenomena of restriction of credit supply from both a macro point of view than from a microeconomic point of view; a taxonomy of the main variables that manifest their effects on the supply of credit in relation to the changed regulatory environment, economic and financial explicitly stating the different specific gravities; a focus on the supply of credit in Italy with the identification of the causes that led to the reduction in supply and the effects produced. Therefore, the paper is organized as follows. In the first part we proceed to a logical and conceptual framework of the tightening of credit by analyzing the different definitional aspects and highlighting the distinctive characteristics is that those contacts. The literature review was addressed by performing upstream splitting macro-economic analysis of the microeconomic setting aside the first because it serves the purpose of the thesis, and focusing instead on the financial aspects of the phenomenon tend to distinguish between: the financial crisis and banking crisis, credit crunch stemming from relationship banking, credit rationing, credit crunch, financial exclusion and selection. The first part of the work concludes with a contrasting explanation of the distinctions and interrelations between the various manifestations of tightening of credit generally understood. The second part of the work, however, focuses on a descriptive analysis of supply and demand for credit in Italy outlining the scenario and the economic-financial situation of enterprises and domestic banks in the time interval between the pre-crisis period and the post-crisis period. In the two chapters that compose it is addressed and the theoretical study of the variables that influence the supply of and demand for credit in Italy; in order to establish a complete picture of the offer was necessary to deal with the study of the demand for credit from the part of small and medium Italian enterprises (hereinafter SMEs), because just to these, the channel bank financing is the only source of external financing, making it difficult and too costly to resort to other forms of financing. In addition, it analyzes the determinants, in order to examine the trend in the demand for credit. In this way, it provides a general overview of the economic and financial situation of SMEs, only to observe and assess the impact of the financial crisis of 2008 on the same. The study of credit supply of Italian banks, has been addressed by considering separately the determinants that affect the quantity and the credit policies adopted by different lenders. Specifically, are investigated factors relating to the impact of the regulatory framework, the size of banking, monetary policy and liquidity of the markets. They also analyzed the pulses on the supply from the banking crises and financial crises. In this view there is provided an insight into the crisis of 2008. Offer more detailed analysis, it was considered appropriate to treat even the public interventions in support of the claim. Are provided in the last brief on Basel 3. Chapter 3 concludes with considerations of the development of the supply of credit. The third part of the work, composed of Chapter 4 is devoted to the empirical analysis, which is conducted through a qualitative analysis of credit supply in Italy from 2003 to 2010 and the exposure of the study results. Finally, the main conclusions are presented concerning research highlighting what are the major open issues and possible prospects and proposals for the future.
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BASILI, Silvia. "Gli attuali scenari del commercio internazionale dei prodotti agroalimentari, tra vecchie e nuove questioni di sicurezza alimentare: una riflessone comparatistica ta UE, USA e CINA." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11393/251081.
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