Journal articles on the topic 'Crises – History – 21st century'
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Hajdari, Arton, Nexhat Shkodra, and Artan Hajdini. "An Overview of The Macro 21st Century Crises That Affected Economies Globally." International Journal of Religion 5, no. 10 (June 6, 2024): 925–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.61707/rxvh3a46.
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This review article explains the causes, implications and policy responses globally and in the Republic of Kosovo of the five crises of the 21st century. Three out of five crises included in this paper (financial crisis, debt crisis and inflation) had happened before the 21st century as well, so they are repeated, but the other two (energy crisis and COVID-19 crisis) are specific, especially the COVID-19 crisis because of the lockdown measures that have been undertaken globally. Indeed, throughout the history of human beings, it is impossible to find another crisis (apart from COVID-19) that forced the whole world to go into lockdown. This global lockdown, respectively, this global crisis known as COVID-19 has been a tremendous challenge to countries all over the world, because it caused many macroeconomic, social and financial consequences globally, which consequences and implications are interconnected with other crises such as inflation and maybe energy crisis, too. Data of this paper are secondary, i.e. they are collected from academic articles, books, websites and other relevant open sources.
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Farred, Grant, and Alfred J. Lopez. "Introduction: The Persistence of Dwelling." Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy 25, no. 1 (September 15, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jffp.2017.810.
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Xiaoyan, Gu, Ju Yunsheng, and Qi Hongwei. "Russian-Chinese relations up to the 21st century: the history of development." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2023, no. 2-2 (February 1, 2023): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202302statyi38.
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This article explores the historical development of relations between Russia and China, focusing on the crises that have arisen between the two countries and on measures to strengthen cooperation and friendly relations between Russia and China.
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Valkov, Alexander V. "A BRIEF HISTORY OF LEASING: FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO THE MODERN BUSINESS LANDSCAPE." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 5/4, no. 137 (2023): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2023.05.04.011.
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The article provides a brief overview of the history of leasing, analyzes the trends and patterns that emerged in the leasing services market during the crises of the 21st century, and possible trends for the future of the industry.
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Karve, Priyadarshini. "Big-Historical Environmentalism for the 21st Century." Journal of Big History 6, no. 2 (October 1, 2023): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22339/jbh.v6i2.6202.
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The beginning of the 21st century witnessed terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre in the United States. This incident changed global politics and brought new twists and turns in world history. The last two decades have seen the rise of identity politics, leading to the escalation of local conflicts across the world. At the same time, environmental challenges to human societies have become increasingly threatening, manifested on a planetary scale through global warming and loss of biodiversity. The effect of political and environmental challenges happening together is being felt in social-cultural-economic realms. All of these tensions have been starkly laid bare in the way governments and societies in different parts of the world have responded to the challenge of the global covid pandemic that we are currently facing. The pandemic will ebb and flow, and reduce itself to a non-threatening form in a few years, but the challenges of global warming and loss of biodiversity just keep growing and will plague us for decades to come. While the battle against alarming changes in the environment around us will continue till the end of the century, many experts believe that the seeds of our success or failure will be sown in this decade. The actions we take and the social-economic-political systems we set up by 2030 will largely cast the die for the future of humanity beyond the 21st century. This situation underlines the importance of seeing the big picture that only Big History can reveal by connecting the dots of events in different spheres of human activity on a planetary scale. Our big-history thinking clearly shows interlinkages between seemingly independent crises that seem to be bombarding us one after the other.
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Kaspersen, Lars Bo, and Liv Egholm. "Five progressive responses to the grand challenges of the 21st century: An introduction." Thesis Eleven 167, no. 1 (November 15, 2021): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07255136211059215.
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We are living in a world which is severely crisis-ridden and faces some major challenges. The fact that we are currently facing a genuine global pandemic (COVID-19) brings about even more uncertainty. The social and political institutions, which emerged and consolidated during the 20th century, and which created stability, have become fragile. The young generation born in the 1990s and onwards have experienced 9/11 and the ‘war against terrorism’, the financial crisis of 2008, changes to climate, environmental degradation, and most recently the COVID-19 pandemic. The generation born between 1960 and 1990 have had the same experiences along with severe economic crises in the 1970s and 1980s and the Cold War. Some of these challenges are in different ways intertwined with capitalism and its crises, while others are linked to the rapid development of new technologies, in particular innovations within communication and information technologies. This introduction lists the most important grand challenges facing the world as they have emerged more recently. The five articles following this introduction address some of these challenges, with particular attention to the problems of capitalism and democracy and the relation between these two areas. Most authors agree that climate change and the destruction of the environment are the biggest and most pertinent problems to address, but it is their stance that we can only meet these challenges if democracy is functioning well.
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Sahli, Naima. "Multiliteracies as a Landmark to Shape the 21st Century EFL Learners." New Horizons in English Studies 6 (October 10, 2021): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/nh.2021.6.245-250.
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Today's educators should be well-aware of the world of the 21st century; a world that is characterised by a constant technological advancement, a fierce economic competition, a diversified digital village at the end of a fingertip, and unforeseen pandemics and crises. Teachers need to develop innovative methods to allow their learners to successfully cope with the requirements of the 21st century. At present, students are digitally-oriented in need of skills and competencies that empower them to smoothly understand and critically engage in dialogue with the world they live and work in. A vivid incarnation of the principles of multiliteracy approach is the edited book entitled Films, Graphic Novels and Visuals: Developing Multiliteracies in Foreign Language Education- An Interdisciplinary Approach by Daniela Elsner, Sissy Helff and Britta Viebrock.
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Marantzidis, Nikos, and Rori Lamprini. "Sinistra e destra in Grecia dal XX al XXI secolo." MEMORIA E RICERCA, no. 41 (February 2013): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mer2012-041005.
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Left and Right in Greece from the 20th into the 21st century The article explores the evolution of left/right division in Greece, drawing upon macro sociological theories regarding social and political cleavages. It analyses the major historical divisions that have given meaning to the left/right dichotomy and have structured Greek party system over a century. Among a series of wars, civil quarrels, economical and political crises, which have taken place throughout the Twentieth century, two civil conflicts have marked political rivalries and configured political identities: the National Schism (1915-1917) and the Civil War (1943-1949). They have established a three-camp party system, which had endured until the 1967-1974 military dictatorship. The democratization of the country and the liberalization of political institutions in the post-junta era gave birth to new coalitions and political formations, which established a two-party system on the basis of right/anti-right dichotomy. The outbreak of economic crisis in 2010 and the austerity measures that came as a consequence have divided society and politics in two camps: the advocates and opponents of the Memorandum. The political stances regarding the management of the crisis has magnified the significance of pro/anti-memorandum cleavage and, thus, weakened the importance of the left/right division.
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Phillips, Fred. "Interconnections: A Systems History of Science, Technology, Leisure, and Fear." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 7, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010014.
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It is well known that technological change causes social change, and vice versa. Using system and historical perspectives, this article examines that truth at a finer level of specificity, namely, that social perceptions of interconnectedness influence the progress of science and technology, and that conversely, as 21st-century technology makes us in fact more connected, society’s anxieties shift. From the science/technology side, we look at interdisciplinary research, system and complexity theory, quantum tech, and the Internet, exploring how these interact and cause changes in social attitudes—fears, conspiracy theories, political polarization, and even entertainment trends—some of which are surprising, and some dangerous. The article’s systems view helps make sense of current environmental, political, and psychological crises. It combines original ideas with those of several prominent thinkers, to suggest constructive actions.
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Filippov, Boris. "The Catholic Church: a history of the present-day institutional crisis." St. Tikhons' University Review 116 (February 29, 2024): 116–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15382/sturii2024116.116-143.
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This article is devoted the deepest since the Reformation of the 16th century crisis of the Catholic Church. The author connects its causes with tectonic shifts in the history of our civilization and the whole world in the last 200 years. It is the end of the Constantinian era in the history of Christianity And the cultural (in Western terminology, anthropological) crises and technological revolutions of the late 60s and mid-70s XX century led to a crisis of all institutionally organized Christianity. The crisis of the Catholic Church became part of this global crisis of church institutions. The actual Catholic reasons for it were: the preserve in the 20th and 21st centuries the post-Tridentine clerical model of the Church and the transformation of the Catholic Church by the middle of the 20th century from Western European to the world’s church. An additional source of the crisis was the crisis of two important and male oriented leadership institutions: the traditional family model and the celibate-based hierarchical structure of the Catholic Church. As a result, over the past 50 years, the growth in the number of clergy and monascitism has practically ceased. Thus worsened the very possibility of the Church fulfilling its Mission. A paradoxical situation has developed in the Catholic Church today: the numerical increase of the baptized is accompanied by a mass exodus of believers. Awareness of the crisis is happening very slowly. Public discussion of church problems began only with the election of Pope Francis. The institutional nature of the crisis is illustrated in the article using the example of the “pedophile scandal.” It made it possible to identify the problem of spiritual and physical violence in the Church not only against children, but also against adults (seminarians, nuns, disabled people). The crisis has made it possible to draw attention to the presence of mental problems among young people entering seminaries and those ordained. The scandal virtually destroyed the moral authority of the clergy in Catholic countries. The author believes that the entire church hierarchy has been struck by paralysis: the inability to respond in time and effectively to problems and challenges. All this seriously complicates the way out of the crisis.
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Grayling, AC. "The Future of European Values." Araucaria, no. 45 (November 8, 2020): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/araucaria.2020.i45.01.
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The EU’s values of transnational peace, cooperation, secularism, rationality, and protection of civil liberties and human rights are amongst the most valuable legacies of the Enlightenment. The European project has weathered several crises in the first third of the 21st century, including a change of political direction in the United Kingdom. Brexit is viewed as a consequence of the UK’s flawed electoral system, exposed as susceptible to hijacking by militant and disruptive minorities. The future of European values must be protected from politically unreliable systems such as the UK’s FPTP.
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Awan, Abdul Ghafoor. "China’s Economic Growth - 21st Century Puzzle." Global Disclosure of Economics and Business 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2013): 76–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/gdeb.v2i2.177.
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China’s fast economic growth since 1960s was the result of gradual shift in its economic system, open door policy and its accession to the world trade organization. The institutional reforms and access to foreign markets has been followed by investment strategies expanded 45% of Chinese GDP during last 40 years. The consistent vertical economic growth has no precedent in the economic history of the world. China has increased its share in world trade from 0.5% in 1960 to 10% in 2010 and accumulated foreign exchange reserves of US$3.19 trillion by March 2013. It is not less than a miracle.
The objective of this study is to investigate into the Chinese labour productivity and output in the short and long-run perspective to detect the real source of Chinese economic growth.
Our study is spread over a period starting from 1962 to 2010 because of political and economic stability with minor crisis. The data was taken from China Bureau of National Statistics, IMF, World Bank and relevant research Journals and books. The variables included in this study are: labour productivity, investment, exports, R&D expenses, capital stock, open door policy, real exchange rate and US GDP. The VAR model proposed by Johansen (1988), Johansen and Juselius (1990,1994) and Hendry and Mizon (1993) was used to measure the nature of relations among the above variables. Different tests including unit root test were applied to test the stability of the model.
The Econometric results show that international trade and investment in capital stock and R&D expenses by Chinese Government are the major determinants, which are responsible for enhancing labour productivity and output in the long-run, Similarly, real exchange rate appears as an important determinant to explain change in output in the long-run. US GDP has played no role in explaining Chinese output growth.
JEL Classification Code: F43; O47
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Linczenbold, Levente. "A jogi oktatás kezdetei Egerben: a Foglarianum." Studia Theologica Transsylvaniensia 23, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.52258/stthtr.2020.1.04.
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Anyone who examines the history of the city of Eger will inevitably meet the so-called “university idea” which caught fire in the 18th century but only became a reality in the 21st century. Eger not only plays an important role in the political history of the country, but also represents lasting values in its cultural history. One of this, doomed by the past, is its activity on law education which flourished between the 18th and 20th century, however, due to social and political changes, it suffered decline and eventually ceased to exist. The modernization aspirations of the Habsburg Empire, the tensions between national and imperial intentions, the social and political crises, the turning points towards the end of the 19th century, made possible a form of training that, despite political debates, supplied the legal and administrative task required by the state of that era to function. In this study, we explore the essential elements of 209 years, especially the early times, and place them in the historical process. The particular motive of the topic selection was the fact that the intention of the founder has been finally realized: Eger’s institution of higher education became a university and will hopefully receive the Catholic denotation one day.
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Chang, Doris F., Huiqi Tong, Qijia Shi, and Qifeng Zeng. "Letting a Hundred Flowers Bloom: Counseling and Psychotherapy in the People's Republic of China." Journal of Mental Health Counseling 27, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.27.2.hxfupdhht26b30a6.
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Although the Chinese have been exposed to Western psychotherapies since the 1950s, the practice of counseling is a relatively new phenomenon. In this article, we trace the development of counseling in China, examine its cultural and practical relevance, and review recent advances in training and practice. Although heavily influenced by Western models, contemporary Chinese approaches to counseling reflect the philosophical traditions, cultural history, and indigenous help-seeking practices of a rapidly modernizing society. The increasing popularization of psychotherapy in China is analyzed in the context of the changing social and economic climate and the crises and opportunities that accompany Chinese life in the 21st century.
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Qureshi, Sarfraz Khan. "Economic Development: Pakistan's Policy Choices for the 21st Century (Presidential Remarks)." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4I (December 1, 1998): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4ipp.19-23.
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It is an honour for me as President of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists to welcome you to the 14th Annual General Meeting and Conference of th~ Society. As we prepare to enter the new millennium, we find ourselves at a crucial moment in history. It is time to take stock of our past achievements and to assess the new challenges. To deal with the future would require not only thorough knowledge of the evolving nature of development thinking but also a good sense of the policy choices available to a country in its national, international and regional position. What are the main challenges that require our urgent attention? A few words are in order at the very outset about Pakistan's current difficult economic situation. The slow-down in export expansion, capital inflows and foreign direct investment was an expected consequence of the imposition of sanctions. The pessimistic assessment of Pakistan's prospects is based largely on the recent negative trends of these economic parameters. The optimists are of the view that Pakistan has survived the imposition of sanctions rather well. Economic growth has remained positive and inflation has been kept under reasonable control. The optimists further maintain that Pakistan's current economic situation is no worse than that of the East Asian countries when. they started their economic climb and engineered major institutional and policy changes. Lessons from the initial years of the East Asian miracle clearly show that development is decidedly possible no matter what adverse initial conditions obtain in any developing country. Sustained, rapid and equitable growth is possible through the implementation of wide-ranging social and economic reforms. Lessons from'the recentEast Asian Crises are also before us-guiding us on what not to do and how best to protect ourselves in these rapidly changing times.
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Purgina, Ekaterina S., and Andrey S. Menshikov. "Environmental Imaginaries of the Arctic in the 21st Century Travel Writing." Changing Societies & Personalities 7, no. 4 (December 27, 2023): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/csp.2023.7.4.257.
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Contemporary travel accounts engage with the ecocritical agenda, examining the global environmental crisis caused by human actions. In contrast to earlier narratives that presented the Arctic as a territory to be “claimed,” today’s travelers predominantly view it as a territory to be preserved. Amid the dialectic of destruction and preservation, new environmental imaginaries emphasize the interconnectedness of nature and human history, employing literary techniques to convey this interdependence. William E. Glassley in his book A Wilder Time: Notes From a Geologist at the Edge of the Greenland Ice (2018) adopts a “trans-scalar” perspective for narrating his Arctic journeys, seamlessly shifting between microscopic and macroscopic views of the planet, its elements and inhabitants. Glassley’s imaginary of the Arctic as an “indivisible whole” draws from geological and biological sciences. As a geologist, he underscores the unity of Earth’s substances, highlighting the entanglement of geo- and lifecycles. The Arctic, devoid of history during travelers’ presence, reveals its story through geological analysis of collected specimens. Ice, as an archive of planetary history, surpasses human records. Travel literature thus contributes to crafting an environmental imaginary rooted in substantial temporal interconnectedness, addressing the Anthropocene’s challenges.
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Vanhaute, Eric. "Peasant Frontiers and the Enigma of Peasant Work." Commodity Frontiers, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/cf.2021a18163.
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Peasant households produce most of the food in the world today, as they have for millennia. Concentrated in China and India, and spread across the Global South, the variegated persistence of differentiated peasantries and their labor remains one of the most fundamental questions of the 21st century. In this contribution, Eric Vanhaute argues that peasants have underwritten and fueled the expansion of civilizations, empires, states, and economies for the last ten millennia, embodying what he calls “peasant frontiers.” He reflects on how peasant work is foundational for resolving contemporary socio-ecological crises, including those related to capitalist industrial livestock production. The contribution is based on his new book, Peasants in World History, Routledge, 2021.
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Naranjo Navas, Christian Paul. "The ECLAC model in the Socialism of the 21st Century in Ecuador." Historia Y Memoria, no. 24 (December 21, 2021): 347–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/20275137.n24.2022.10637.
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The industrialization models of ECLAC, developed during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, and those of Ecuador, implemented by the 21st-century socialist government, are similar in their attempt to industrialize through the substitution of imports and government expenditure. In both cases, the economic policies focused on a closed economy, with high tariff barriers, and a strong role of the state as the main actor in the economy. The article uses a comparative method of analysiswhich emphasizes the outcomes of both of the periods studied. The results show that the models applied brought the same problems; imbalance in external trade and rising public debt. An alternative premise is suggested, that the models applied are the main causes of the debt crisis in the 1980s and the increasing public debt in the government of Rafael Correa.
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Maya, Margarita López. "Populism, 21st-century socialism and corruption in Venezuela." Thesis Eleven 149, no. 1 (December 2018): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513618818727.
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This article seeks to explore the relationship between populism, 21st-century socialism, and the emergence of what has been referred to as an ‘ estado delincuente’ (criminal state), in the case of Venezuela. That is, a state structure permeated with transnational organized crime mafias in the executive and the judiciary, in the financial system, the prosecutor’s office, the police, the armed forces, the prison system, state-owned companies, governorships, and city councils, among other state institutions. First, I review conceptual aspects of populism to understand how this served as the basis for creating the postulates of 21st-century socialism, which promoted the institutional destruction of Venezuelan democracy and created the conditions for the unbridled dissemination of state corruption. Second, emblematic cases of white-collar and blood crimes, nepotism and other corrupt activities are discussed to provide an idea of the magnitude of the issues that permeate the state apparatus. To conclude, I provide a critical summary of the consequences of this way of doing politics in contemporary Venezuela.
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Diboyan, Larra M., and Jesse R. Goliath. "Publicly Underrepresented Genocides of the 20th and 21st Century: A Review." Humans 3, no. 2 (May 16, 2023): 82–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/humans3020009.
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Forensic anthropologists have been involved in investigating genocide and crimes against humanity for many decades. Raphael Lempkin first coined the term “genocide” in 1944, and in 1946, the United Nations General Assembly codified it as an independent crime. However, there has not been a systematic review available to better understand the history of many of these atrocities. Moreover, many of these events have not been discussed outside the cultures and individuals affected. This targeted literature review will discuss work on historic, lesser-known, modern genocides, and finally, the humanitarian forensic work being conducted in the field and digitally. Such events discussed include Herero and Namaqua, Sayfo, Armenian, Holodomor, Nanking (Nanjing), Romani, Palestinian, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Sikh, and Rohingya genocides. Work being done in this important sector of research is a critical development for not only recognizing these crimes but also for documenting and protecting the evidence of these human rights violations.
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Merkoulova, Inna. "Semiotics, History, Health Crisis 2020—2021." ISTORIYA 12, no. 12-2 (110) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018483-0.
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In the article, semiotics as a science is presented in its connection with history: we consider the concept of Commemorations observed by UNESCO, the moment of unpredictability and the phenomenon that Yuri Lotman called “the retrospective view of the historian”. The twenties of the 21st century have become an era of unpredictable health crisis that semioticians continue to analyze. For example, at recent major international online conferences and forums on semiotics: in Russia (Moscow, GAUGN), France (Paris and Nîmes), Italy (Bologna), Poland (Warsaw) and Colombia (Bogota). The period of the pandemic has challenged representatives of the humanities, in particular semioticians, to comprehend what was happening and describe a number of emerging realities: home confinement, online communication, new cultural norms. In this sense, semiotics has proved to be a “useful toolbox” of the humanities and social sciences in response to the great challenges of our time.
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GÖKPINAR, Seher. "The Reflections of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the USA Economy and Global Economic Challenges." Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 107–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25229/beta.1115611.
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The world has spent the 20th century mostly with wars and deep political crises. In the 21st century, problems have become more complex by adding new ones to existing problems. The last crisis, the effects of which are deeply felt all over the world, has already taken its place in world history as the Covid-19 pandemic. Although Covid-19 started with a health crisis, it soon evolved into a deep global economic crisis. During this period, all countries of the world have applied for a large number of financial support to minimize the economic turbulence caused by the pandemic.Within the scope of the fight against the pandemic, one of the countries that provide direct and indirect financial support to many people who have lost income within the framework of monetary and fiscal policies is the USA. The quarantine measures implemented and the deep uncertainty environment necessitated these financial practices. However macroeconomic indicators deteriorated in the period when the pandemic was felt most severely, and ultimately, public expenditures and budget deficits increased significantly. Considering the place and size of the USA in the global economy, the policies put forward by the USA in the fight against the Covid-19 pandemic are more important for the global economy. In this context, in this study, the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the USA economy were discussed and policy recommendations were made for the global economic problems caused by the pandemic.
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Whitall, Jill, Farid Bardid, Nancy Getchell, Melissa M. Pangelinan, Leah E. Robinson, Nadja Schott, and Jane E. Clark. "Motor Development Research: II. The First Two Decades of the 21st Century Shaping Our Future." Journal of Motor Learning and Development 8, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 363–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2020-0007.
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In Part I of this series I, we looked back at the 20th century and re-examined the history of Motor Development research described in Clark & Whitall’s 1989 paper “What is Motor Development? The Lessons of History”. We now move to the 21st century, where the trajectories of developmental research have evolved in focus, branched in scope, and diverged into three new areas. These have progressed to be independent research areas, co-existing in time. We posit that the research focus on Dynamical Systems at the end of the 20th century has evolved into a Developmental Systems approach in the 21st century. Additionally, the focus on brain imaging and the neural basis of movement have resulted in a new approach, which we entitled Developmental Motor Neuroscience. Finally, as the world-wide obesity epidemic identified in the 1990s threatened to become a public health crisis, researchers in the field responded by examining the role of motor development in physical activity and health-related outcomes; we refer to this research area as the Developmental Health approach. The glue that holds these research areas together is their focus on movement behavior as it changes across the lifespan.
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Calcagni, Mariana. "Peasant Struggles in Times of Crises: The Political Role of Rural and Indigenous Women in Chile Today." Studies in Social Justice 17, no. 2 (March 30, 2023): 160–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v17i2.3420.
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This article explores the political role of rural and indigenous women in the context of the socio-environmental, health and political crises in Chile, where social movements have pressured the political establishment to decisively move towards a change in Chile’s constitutional foundations. The study analyses the historical political demands and strategies of the National Association of Rural and Indigenous Women (ANAMURI) as a case of the women’s peasant movement with a relevant political role in shaping the social demands in the face of the crises. Following the political ecology of food through the decolonial and ecofeminist perspective and the social movement theory, findings indicate the current relevance of rural and indigenous women as political actors of change, a relevance that has been neglected for most of Chile’s history. With their leadership and socially grounded demands, peasant and indigenous women are influencing the political agenda decisively using strategies that are shared with other peasant movements in Latin America. Rural and indigenous women are fundamental political actors that should undoubtedly be considered when studying struggles for social change in the 21st century.
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Sen, Abhijit. "Crossing the Mediterranean: Media Coverage of Europe’s 21st century Refugee Crisis." Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications 10, no. 3 (June 20, 2024): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajmmc.10-3-2.
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The history of mankind is replete with movements of human beings across our large planet. People moved or were forced to move because they could no longer live at one place in peace and stability. Wars and famines were common reasons to uproot the tents and move on to greener pastures but there were other reasons as they are still today. One of the major causes of leaving one’s homeland is inter-tribal or inter-ethnic rivalry and the other is religious persecution. As we see in Middle-East or West Asia as commonly designated now, these causes are still alive and festering like unhealed wounds making people leave the safety of their homes and family for a more hospitable environment. Into this mixture of geo-politics and ideologies promoted by the super-powers, a complex situation has become more complicated leading countries to take sides and fight proxy wars. The ‘migrants’ and ‘refugees’ streamed in via various routes especially by crossing the Mediterranean. Whether these asylum seekers could be classified as migrants or refugees is contentious. One study examines how the very concepts of ‘migrant’ and ‘refugee’ are used in different contexts, and introduces questions about mobility, citizenship and the nation state. The media and the press continued to refer to the people leaving conflict zones as migrants looking for a better economic opportunity. Responsible journalists depicted refugees and their desperate situation in a balanced and sympathetic context but a majority of news media channels took the sensationalist and ideologically biased road, playing on people’s anti-immigration sentiment, anxiety and fears. Keywords: Refugee crisis, mass migration, Europe, refugees, geopolitics
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Ayelazunoa, Jasper Abembia, and Lord Mawuko-Yevugahb. "Development Failures in Ghana, Development Miracles in Asia: Whither the Africa Rising?" African and Asian Studies 18, no. 1-2 (March 7, 2019): 124–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341418.
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Abstract In the 1960s, the economic development of African countries such as Ghana was on par with Asian countries like South Korea, Singapore, and Malaysia. Fast forward to the 2000s and a totally different picture emerges: Ghana lagged far behind its Asian counterparts in most development indicators, something that exemplifies the broader case of postcolonial African states unpropitious of development. Paradoxically, a new intellectual fad has emerged in the 2000s claiming ‘Africa is rising’, potentially, to replicate the development model of the Asian tigers. This discourse is based mostly on spurts of economic growth of African countries rich in natural resources like oil and gold, a growth driven by a spike in world market prices of these commodities in the second decade of the 21st century. When the world prices of these commodities plummeted precipitously a few years later, countries like Ghana, cited as signal examples of the ‘Africa rising’ mantra, went into deep economic crises. The IMF had to bail them out. Meanwhile, despite the global economic downturn, Ghana’s Asian counterparts managed to muddle through, still far ahead of it in most indicators of development. In contrast to the Africa Rising discourses, this paper draws on the insights of critical international political economy to leverage our understanding of the contrasting development paths African states and their Asian counterparts have taken in the immediate postcolonial period; and more recently, the period following immediately after the global economic downtown. Despite its weaknesses, indeed, despite the refutation of its cruder claims, we argue that dependency theory is still rich with useful analytical insights that can unravel the African development paradox in the 21st century vis-à-vis the development miracle of the Asian tigers.
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Kolin, Konstantin Konstantinovich. "Issue of forming the global world civilization security strategy in the 21st century." Uchenyy Sovet (Academic Council), no. 10 (September 18, 2022): 630–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/nik-02-2210-03.
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An analysis of the problem of forming a strategy for ensuring the global security of world civilization in the 21st century is carried out. The relevance of this issue at the present stage of modern history, when civilization is experiencing a systemic crisis, is demonstrated. The main reason for the crisis is the dominant concept of the civilization development, focused mainly on meeting the material needs of society to the detriment of its spiritual and intellectual development. Such a concept contradicts the fundamental laws of the global evolution of the "Nature-Society-Man" system and does not allow overcoming the crisis of civilization, since in order to do this, it is necessary to radically change the main goals of its development. The formulation of the content of these goals is proposed and the priority tasks that need to be solved in order to achieve them are considered.
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Gabardo, Emerson, Marion Brepohl, and Marcos Gonçalves. "Authoritarian setback in the current crisis of Brazilian democracy." Revista Tempo e Argumento 13, no. 34 (December 2, 2021): e0304. http://dx.doi.org/10.5965/2175180313342021e0304.
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The article analyzes the democratic crisis experienced by Brazil from the second decade of the 21st century onwards. The aim is to investigate how this historical period can be characterized. The text asserts that it is inappropriate to understand Brazil without observing its historical distrust of democracy and lack of commitment to the rule of law. The research is based on the assumption that Brazilian modernization in the transition from the 20th to the 21st century was ambiguous but with important achievements. However, the authoritarian mentality and the gap in terms of the quality of political participation are factors of structural permanence. The hypothesis is that Brazil is experiencing a specific moment characterized by the awakening of an authoritarian and conservative mentality that impacts both the State and civil society. The research methodology is based on a bibliographical discussion, with contributions in history, political science, and law. The subjects are discussed in theoretical terms to understand the problems related to the political participation gap, the inequality between citizens, the difficulties of civic culture (mainly in the digital environment), and some inherent weaknesses in democratic performance. Starting from the idea that civic culture influences institutions and these, in turn, impact civic culture, Brazil is currently experiencing a political and cultural setback. Contrary to what could be imagined a few years ago, the process of Brazilian social modernization is threatened in its most important achievements, which implies a danger to the values that sustain democracy. Keywords: authoritarianism; brazilian democracy; political culture; political participation; the rule of law.
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Klinova, Marina. "The State in Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Economic Policy: Retrospective and Modern Context." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 6 (2021): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640017200-8.
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In the year of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing’s 95th anniversary and the 40th year of the end of his presidential tenure, it seems relevant to compare the economic situations during the presidential mandates of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and Emmanuel Macron. The goal was set against the background of similar negative factors that influenced the implementation of the programmes of both presidents to modernize the economy, show their desire to develop the European superstructure, and ensure France's leading role in Europe. The features of the liberal economic views of Giscard d'Estaing are highlighted and also contrasted with those of his dirigist predecessors. A change in the scale of state intervention in the economy is determined: from a reduction in the last quarter of the 20th century to a new expansion in the 21st century against the backdrop of crises (the global financial crisis of 2007–2008, the European Sovereign Debt Crisis of 2011–2013, and the COVID-19 pandemic) under Macron. The role of the General Planning Commissariat, recreated to determine economic priorities and concentrate resources on key high-tech areas of economic recovery and modernization, with the cooperation of the State and private entrepreneurship, is analyzed. Under Giscard d'Estaing, these sectors were aircraft and engine construction, high-speed rail transport, telecommunications, nuclear power engineering; under Macron – telecommunications, digitalization, energy saving, environmental protection. To conduct their analysis, the authors used both Russian and international memoirs literature, individual and collective monographs, articles in periodicals, official legal and statistical documents. The conclusion is made about a difficult starting situation, without sufficient support in society, when both reformer-presidents embarked on ambitious economic projects; the commitment of both Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and Emmanuel Macron to the European idea, combined with the Gaullist conviction that France’s path to greatness lies in economic growth and European integration. The decisive importance of the economic factor for the outcome of the 1981 and the upcoming 2022 presidential elections in France is demonstrated.
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Vyugin, Valery. "“Cultural Recycling” in the 21st Century. What Does it Mean Now?" Antropologicheskij forum 19, no. 56 (2023): 120–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-56-120-168.
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The article deals with the history of the notion of “cultural recycling” in the 21st century. This is a continuation of my previous research focused on its early period which started in the 1960s. Although the expression discussed is widely known, there has been no systematic research into its evolving reception over the last half-century. The notion does not belong exclusively to any particular field of humanities; therefore, the proposed survey is inevitably interdisciplinary. Two basic trends will be at the centre of my attention. From the perspective of one, in line with the criticism of postmodern and modern society, cultural recycling was seen as a symptom of a crisis of history from the very beginning, a hallmark of the time thought to be the end of an epoch. Since political and ethical connotations were important for the theories which appropriated the term, it took, at least initially and partly, the meaning of an invective. As regards the discourse of the criticism of the “(post)modern” culture, two points are evident. On the one hand, at a certain moment, a positive attitude towards recycling began to gradually displace the negatively evaluated “eschatological” view. On the other, some scholars finally “deconstructed” it as self-contradictory. Another major trend of both the 20th and 21st century can be characterised as a form of universalism. It embraces the understandings based on the presumption that recycling is immanent, “natural” to culture. Thus, regardless of scholars’ personal intentions, one can qualify it as apologetic. In addition to various interpretations of the term, with respect to the first trend I will comment on its relationships with notions such as collective memory, nostalgia, trauma, new media, and “cultural trash”. With respect to the second, at the centre of my attention will be the issue of epigonism, interdiscursive and crosscultural forms of recycling, the usage of the term in folklore and myth studies, and in anthropology.
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Cebotari, Svetlana, and Mădălina Balan. "THE SECURITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN CRISIS." STRATEGIES XXI - Security and Defense Faculty 17, no. 1 (October 13, 2021): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2668-2001-21-05.
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The crisis in Ukraine in early 2014 marked a turning point in the history of international relations. A number of specialists in the field of political science have sought to explain the reasons for the occurrence of such events in the 21st century and what implications they may have for the global security system, especially in the regional one. This article analyzes the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian crisis on the security of the Republic of Moldova.
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Gabiam, Nell. "Humanitarianism, Development, and Security in the 21st Century: Lessons from the Syrian Refugee Crisis." International Journal of Middle East Studies 48, no. 2 (April 7, 2016): 382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743816000131.
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The term humanitarianism finds its roots in 19th-century Europe and is generally defined as the “impartial, neutral, and independent provision of relief to victims of conflict and natural disasters.” Behind this definition lies a dynamic history. According to political scientists Michael Barnett and Thomas G. Weiss, this history can be divided into three phases. From the 19th century to World War II, humanitarianism was a reaction to the perceived breakdown of society and the emergence of moral ills caused by rapid industrialization within Europe. The era between World War II and the 1990s saw the emergence of many of today's nongovernmental and intergovernmental organizations. These organizations sought to address the suffering caused by World War I and World War II, but also turned their gaze toward the non-Western world, which was in the process of decolonization. The third phase began in the 1990s, after the end of the Cold War, and witnessed an expansion of humanitarianism. One characteristic of this expansion is the increasing prominence of states, regional organizations, and the United Nations in the field of humanitarian action. Their increased prominence has been paralleled by a growing linkage between humanitarian concerns and the issue of state, regional, and global security. Is it possible that, in the 21st century, humanitarianism is entering a new (fourth) phase? And, if so, what role have events in the Middle East played in ushering it in? I seek to answer these questions by focusing on regional consultations that took place between June 2014 and July 2015 in preparation for the first ever World Humanitarian Summit (WHS), scheduled to take place in Istanbul in May 2016.
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Kicsi, Rozalia, Aurel Burciu, Veronica Grosu, and Ionel Bostan. "Do turbulent business environments shape asymmetric trade policy responses? Insights into the Covid-19 pandemic and the Great Recession." Revista de Economía Mundial, no. 61 (June 16, 2022): 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33776/rem.v0i61.5508.
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Today's pandemic and the Great Recession are the most turbulent moments of the 21st century. The aim of the paper is to explore the pattern of response through mixes of harmful trade policy interventions during these two systemic crises.The descriptive assessment focuses on two broad categories of measures, i.e. import-related and export-related harmful interventions. Some stylized facts emerged from this analysis and conclude that the two major crises led to different responses from governments, driven by specific reasons and needs. These patterns of response challenge the future of international trading system and the behavior of companies in the global business environment. Therefore, this research provides valuable information not only for the business community, but also for policymakers.
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Favretto, Ilaria. "Italy from crisis to crisis. Political economy, security and society in the 21st century." Journal of Modern Italian Studies 24, no. 1 (January 2019): 200–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1354571x.2019.1550883.
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Kolomiets, O. P., and V. N. Nuvano. "Reindeer herding of Chukotka ethnicities in the end of the 20th — first quarter of 21st century." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 1(64) (March 15, 2024): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-15.
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In Chukotka, reindeer herding is the most important element of traditional subsistence for the Chukchi, Koryak, Even and Yukaghir peoples. Despite substantial changes in reindeer herding, associated with modernization and commercialization of the industry, the herders of Chukotka were able to preserve their traditions, rituals and ethnic celebrations, associated with nomadic culture. The purpose of this work is to characterize contemporary reindeer herding as the most important component of ethnic culture in Chukotka. The article is based on the authors’ field materials collected in 1999–2023 among the reindeer herders of Anadyr, Bilibinsky, Iultinsky, Chaunsky and Chukotsky districts of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, interviews with agricultural specialists, statistical and analytical documents, scientific literature on the history and ethnography of reindeer herding. Chukchi reindeer herding developed on traditional basis until the first third of the 20th century. Then, under the influence of political and economic changes, a sharp transformation and breakdown of traditional management occurred among the indigenous peoples of the Northeast. Such intervention into the centuries-old system of nature management resulted in significant changes in the lifestyle of the Chukchi reindeer herders, system of their values, and brought significant social consequences. Nowadays, rein-deer herding in Chukotka is vital and the most important agricultural sector that provides food security for the region; it is also the element of traditional subsistence management, which preserves and develops the ethnic culture of the indigenous minority peoples of the North. Together with all the positive changes in reindeer herding during the Soviet era, it is worth emphasizing that during the crises periods of the 1990s and early 2000s, the herding enterprises with strong cultural traditions, such as social organization of camps, preservation of a nomadic family, development of riding reindeer husbandry, preference for the “old” nomadic way of life and its attributes – dwelling, fur clothing, vehicles – proved to be the most stable.
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Guizardi, Menara Lube. "The Age of Migration Crisis." Tempo 25, no. 3 (December 2019): 577–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/tem-1980-542x2019v250303.
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Abstract: The article analyzes the historical changes in the formulation of migration policies between the 19th and 21st centuries, summarizing the emergency of an “age of migration crisis”. The first section discusses why international migration poses a destabilizing problem for the Nation-state political conceptions. The second section emphasizes the intrinsic articulation of the global changes in human mobility and their political governance between the 19th and 20th centuries, identifying the four prevailing political paradigms on migrant cultural diversity that shaped public policies in the 20th century. The third and fourth sections deal with the emergence of the fifth cycle of international migration policies, which is characterized by the generalization of a global discourse that criminalizes migrants and refugees. The above will be followed by a critical perspective of the way migration has been treated in some Latin American countries.
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Junker, Clara. "Race to the Pole: Matthew Henson, Arctic Explorer." American Studies in Scandinavia 54, no. 2 (December 12, 2022): 62–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v54i2.6740.
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In his memoir, A Negro Explorer at the North Pole (1912), Matthew Henson describes the toll of his and Peary’s race to the Pole. This record of the 1908-09 Arctic expedition complicates established understandings of the “Dash to the Pole” and his own role as Peary’s assistant. Donald B. Macmillan declared in How Peary Reached the Pole: The Personal Story of His Assistant (2008) that Peary could not have done it without Henson (275), whose text uncovers an accomplished writer and explorer at work. The complicated character of Robert E. Peary figures prominently in his pages, though in a less independent version than in other accounts. Henson details the highly skilled labor he performs in the Arctic, and his own personality and perceptions. He shares, to a degree, the value systems of his Commander and the white members of the expedition, including the emphasis on heroic masculinity. But he also inscribes his racial heritage into his memoir, and his close, if complex, relation to the Inughuit. The result of intricate balancing acts, Henson’s silences echo in his text, revealing what could not be articulated by an African American member of Peary’s legendary expeditions. Henson’s contemporaries paid little attention to his accomplishments, since white American and European explorers dominated the field of Arctic travel, but his contribution received more attention as the 20th Century progressed. His experience suggests the costs and the crises—personal, national, and international—of a contested icescape increasingly visible and accessible in the 21st Century.
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Eferebo, Ikaonaworio, and Ibubeleye Desire Eferebo. "ETHNO-RELIGIOUS CRISIS, EDUCATION AND GOOD GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA: A HISTORICAL INSIGHT." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 03, no. 07 (July 1, 2022): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-03-07-03.
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Ethno-religious forces are very potent in the world, they engage the society as a double edge sword. This is perhaps why they can cause conflict or abate it depending on which of the edges being used. This study addresses the serious issues of ethno-religious crisis and their adverse effect on education and good governance in Nigeria. The paper contends that ethno-religious conflicts are twin evils that always bedevils Nigeria, which tends to stretch the bounds of unity to a potentially snapping point. The paper however posits that from about the beginning of the 21st century, the once centers of African civilizationslides into ethno-religious crisis. What principally accounts for this unsavory state of affairs is the strong prejudice of the parallel forces of ethnicity and religion. The kernel of the paper rests on the fact that for Nigeria to experience an appreciable and sustainable level of educational development with regard to the attainment of national unity, integration and sustainable democracy especially good governance, there must be a paradigm shift in emphasis through adequate encouragement of ethno-religious education to achieve good governance. The paper adopts chiefly the thematic, critical and analytical methodology, as well assecondary source of data collection for analysis.
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Arsenijević Mitrić, Jelena. "RATOVI I GRADOVI U ROMANU MATIJASA ENARA „ZONA“." Nasledje Kragujevac XIX, no. 52 (2022): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/naskg2252.225am.
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The paper examines war discourse, globalization and intensification of violence in the 20th and 21st century, though the research of the whole issue is placed in the context of the archetypal experience of war and war chaos in literature known since Homer’s Iliad, on which Énard insists in this contemporary epic. Since the protagonist, the grandson of the Ustasha collaborator with Maks Luburić, took part in the war in the former Yugoslavia, the question of inheriting and perpetuating evil, hatred and destruction arises. The conflicts in the Balkans are being re-examined, especially the period from the First World War onwards, however, this is not the only chronotope of this novel. Through an imaginary journey across the Zone (a hallmark for the Mediterranean basin), through the stream of consciousness and the memory of Francis Servain Mirković, the narration maps the cities that at some point in the history were also a scene of conflicts and crises – Beirut, Baghdad, Barcelona, Algeria...
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Nowak, Wioletta. "Food crisis in fast-growing Turkmenistan." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 43, no. 3 (December 19, 2021): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.43.3.20.
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Since the beginning of the 21st century, Turkmenistan’s economy has been growing very fast, which has been primarily generated through the extractive sector and construction industry. After the energy price collapse in mid-2014, the country has recorded a shortage of foreign currency. The authoritarian regime passed currency and economic problems onto the society. As a result, the country has experienced the most severe food crisis in its history.
The main aim of the paper is to identify the reasons behind the food crisis in Turkmenistan. The paper tries to answer the following question: how did it happen that people in one of the fastest-growing countries in the 21st century have been suffering from food shortages? The study is based on data retrieved from the World Bank Open Data, ILOSTAT, and Observatory of Economic Complexity, as well as a critical review of independent news websites.
The food crisis in Turkmenistan was primarily caused by hyperinflation and rationing basic groceries at preferential prices, wage arrears, cutting salaries of state employees to fund construction projects in progress, group layoffs of state employees, growing difficulties in running a private business, and depriving people of the possibility to exchange the currency at the official rate. The end of a free provision of Turkmenistan’s population with electricity, gas, and drinking water has further deepened the crisis.
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Peftiev, Vladimir, and Lyudmila Titova. "Metamorphosis of basic concepts in political economy." Theoretical economics, no. 3 (March 31, 2024): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52957/2221-3260-2024-3-25-33.
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The shocks of the twentieth century and the crisis phenomena of the early twenty-first require from political economists new approaches to the interpretation of the changes taking place in the current economy. The dynamism and contradictory nature of the market economy is based on competition, which is the source of formal and real subordination of labour to capital. The competition that was available in the 19th and 20th centuries has disappeared from the historical arena. It has been replaced by conflict, raiding and sanctions. During the comparison of economic theories, there is a discussion of methodology, which is the basis for the development of procedures and forecasts. Despite the fact that the history of economic thought and economic history cannot give contemporaries a clear model of the development of society in the 21st century, some clues are still present. The article traces changes in the content and forms of manifestation of the concepts of the highest rank of complexity (global competition, the legacy of K. Marx and Marxism, late capitalism, the history of political economy as a space of reflexion in the 21st century). Modifications of meaning in the evolution of concepts are taken into account: historical time, epoch, century trends, generational approach. The sources of information possessing novelty from the point of view of introducing new concepts relevant for the modern stage of society development into the scientific turnover have been introduced. Hypotheses (theses - assumptions) regarding the development trajectory of Russia and the world in the current decade are put forward for discussion. Each section of the article is autonomous and has a non-trivial value.
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Kotliar, Oleksandra. "To study the US history in the 21st century: challenges, research optics, opportunities. Interview with professor Jennifer Klein." American History & Politics: Scientific edition, no. 14 (2022): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2022.14.5.
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In 2021 Joe Biden came to power under the slogan «Battle for the Soul of the Nation». In the election campaign, his team saw it necessary to emphasize the idea of national unity around American democratic institutions and values. These values are interpreted quite traditionally for the U.S. — from the national exceptionalism ideology prism. History plays a significant role here: it increasingly fills ideological vacuums and becomes a tool for legitimizing political or economic action. Such political rhetoric today is only one of the symptoms of a general turn. A new revisionist wave in academic history is currently underway in the U.S. It reflects not only the topical debatable issues of American national history but also the ideological and constitutional crisis in the country. The content of discussions surrounding history teaching in educational institutions demonstrates the continuity and durability of this problem, which has been ongoing for more than 70 years. The transnational turn in American Studies increased attention to scientists’ research outside the U.S. and initiated the distancing of academic research from the dominant national mythos. However, in Ukraine, most research remains in the outdated Myth and Symbol School paradigm. Jennifer Klein, Professor of History in the field of 20th Century U.S. history at Yale University, specializes in social history and considers its approaches and methodology the most promising in understanding the origins of modern socio-economic and political trends. This article presents the interview with Professor Klein conducted in July 2022. We discussed the challenges to understanding the multi-ethnic history of the U.S., functions of history in social life, the problem of constructing a modern national American historical narrative, forms of its dependence on the political conjuncture, and the prospects of contemporary research on U.S. history.
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Biliatska, Valentyna. "The Ukrainian novel in verse at the present stage: state and prospects of development." Philological Review, no. 1 (May 31, 2023): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2415-8828.1.2023.281373.
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The level of literary research on the geneological characteristics of the 21st century, marked by the expansion of the traditional genre system, has noticeably intensified. The purpose of the article is to consider the Ukrainian novel in the poems of the 21st century, to determine its genre originality (author’s and reader’s) as an important regulator of aesthetic communication. The object of research is the texts of novels in verse, prefaces to them, comments of authors and critics regarding the creation of texts and genre modification.
Ukrainian novel in poems of the 21st c. is characterized by the analysis of narrative structures, a set of ideas, concepts aimed at highlighting the cultural and historical heritage of the past through its multiple reading by the recipient. Emphasis is placed on the author's (textual) and classification (reader’s) mode of their creation, which makes it possible to clarify the historical and theoretical dynamics of textual traditions, the history of writing, is the key to communicative influence on the reader, perception of the paradigm of the genre. The plots of Ukrainian novels in verse are presented in accordance with the principles of the postmodern era with a radical rethinking of aesthetic, spiritual, philosophical foundations of human existence and a new concept of worldview, focused on personal experiences of socio-cultural challenges, mental breakdowns and political crises.
The study examines Ukrainian novels in poetry of the 21st century by L. Horlach, A. Hudyma, I. Kozak, V. Marsyuk, R. Pаstuch, I. Pavlyuk, O. Omelchenko, M. Tіutіunnyk und А. Shkulipa, who created the following genre varieties, were considered: historical novel in verse, historical poetry novel, novel-song, novel-meditation in poetry, satirical, grotesque novel in verse, virtual novel, autobiographical novel in poetry, whimsical novel in verse, historical-philosophical-fantasy novel-essay, lyrical novel in verse, novel-trilogy in verse, a lyrical-musical novel in verse. In these novel structures, the past and the present are mutually projected onto the future, spiritually constructing it, forming moral and ethical norms, canons of national consciousness.
Thus, emphasizing the genre modification of the modern Ukrainian novel in verse, various examples of its genre varieties, we took into account the author’s and reader’s genre definition, because the structural isolation and semantic definition of the genre are related to the author’s origin, looseness and devotion – with the reader. This does not mean that the creative design of the text is localized in the sphere of the author, and the semantic life after the design belongs to the sphere of the reader. Ukrainian novels in the poems of the 21st century are designed for the real world; they are carriers of aesthetic comprehension of national identity, new landmarks in space human / world with a wide range of significant events, cultural types, internal image-structural and compositional-poetic organization, genre-style and genre-content diversity, which requires further, more thorough research.
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Boichuk, Dmytro, and Darya Hroza. "Migration Crises as Challenges to EU Security: History of Development and Current Condition." Law and innovations, no. 1 (41) (March 12, 2023): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2023-1(41)-14.
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Problem setting. In countries with democratic regimes at the constitutional level (and Ukraine is no exception), a person, his life and health, honor and dignity, inviolability and security are recognized as the highest social value (including in Ukraine), because it forms the physical and intellectual potential of the country, ensures the existence of the system of state bodies through the taxation system, and the competitiveness of the nation in the international arena. In such regimes, the people themselves, as a collection of individuals, are recognized as the source of political power. Statements similar in content are also reflected in the Founding Treaties of the European Union, which enshrine the key goals and values of the EU, the basic principles of the European Union. Thus, Article 2 of the Treaty on the European Union defines the basic values of the EU as human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law, human rights, in particular of persons belonging to minorities. In addition, there is no objection to the fact that the European Union (beginning with its history from the time of the Communities) has today developed to the level of a unique integration association that has a large number of attractive characteristics for migration, primarily of an organizational and economic nature (4 freedom of movement within the EU, a single customs area, a common border, etc.). Therefore, the issue of demographic security is one of the main goals of regulating the migration policy of the EU member states to ensure the stable development of the countries. Otherwise, demographic problems can easily destabilize the normal functioning of the state in various spheres of its life (economic, political, cultural, religious, social). The subject matter of our research acquires special importance considering the fact that migration policy is assigned to the exclusive competence of the EU, not the member states. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The study of such a phenomenon as migration, its factors and consequences, historical analysis, assessment of its positive and negative sides are devoted to the work of such scientists as M. Weiner, B. Yuskiv, O. Oleksiv, R. Rachynskyi, O. Zastavna. Target of the research is to investigate the causes and consequences of migration flows, their historical origins, to analyze the migration crisis of 2015-2016 in the European Union, to consider the draft Pact on Migration and Asylum, which is intended to be a significant step towards the creation of a reliable and effective migration management system. Article’s main body. The main factors of migration flows are established: “classical (natural) factors” and those caused by “governmental-determined” governments. The historical and legal development of EU visa policy is analyzed. Normative legal acts regulating the sphere of legal status of refugees, citizens of third countries who are long-term residents, migrants and asylum seekers have been studied. The evaluation of the EU migration policy is given and its significant shortcomings are emphasized, namely its inefficiency, high cost and short-sightedness. The EU “migration crisis” of 2015-2016, the unbalanced distribution of migrants between EU member states, which is a violation of the quota-based refugee admission plan, is considered. The positive and negative sides of migration, which influence the internal policy of the member states, are weighed. An analysis of the new EU Migration and Asylum Pact, which opens up the possibility for more effective migration management in Europe, based on commitment to human rights and respect for the dignity of migrants, setting rules on how member states can show solidarity. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The authors claim that the policy of multiculturalism of the EU was effective precisely in the relatively calm second half of the 20th century, and before the beginning of armed conflicts in the East (Iraq, Syria, etc.) in the 21st century. In article proposed approaches to solving migration crisis issues, its occurrence, typification and ways to overcome it. The new Pact on Migration and Asylum was given a positive assessment and its principles were defined.
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Ekanem, Samuel Asuquo, Edobor Peter Kenneth Imarenezor, and Chinenye Precious Okolisah. "An Essencist Evaluation of Socio-Economic Impacts of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic in Nigeria." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 11, no. 5 (September 23, 2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2020-0057.
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There is a tripartite global crises of social, economic and health unlike any in the past almost eight decades history of the United Nations that is fast killing people, increasing and spreading human woes and sufferings with an unending existential calamities. This is indeed, beyond health, economic and social crises. It is evidently human existential crises that have the potency and potential to bring about existential eclipse of the human race. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is wreaking havoc on societies at their core. With the International Monetary Fund (IMF) reassessment of the prospect for growth for 2020 and 2021, and the declaration that there is a global recession that is as bad as or even worse than the 2009 situation, Nigeria socio-economic survival is at risk. The only hope of any recovery in 2021 is if the country succeeds in containing the pandemic and take sound and necessary economic decisions and measures. The only roadmap for the socio-economic survival of the country will depend on the proactive management approaches, health policy framework and leadership that will comprehensively address the several social conditions that have to do with health education and literacy level, both nationally and internationally in the areas of economic stimulus that will demand both government and citizens partnerships and the constitution of National Technical Committee on Coronavirus (NTCC) that will relate with a global technical body. The efficient execution of these policy and ideas will certainly demand the total cooperation of all strata of the society, which will include governmental agencies, information experts, civil societies, health experts, educationists and the citizens. What the paper therefore advocates is a multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches anchored on a sound philosophy through the educational process towards overcoming this 21st century invisible monster. Our approach in this paper will be a combination of analysis and philosophical evidential speculation, which will inspire creativity that will match the novel nature of the crisis.
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Tischler, Matthias M. "Pergamins plens de pols i pobles particulars. Nova recerca en matèria de manuscrits carolingis i d'història pública a la Catalunya del segle XXI." Zeitschrift für Katalanistik 31 (July 1, 2018): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/zfk.2018.345-349.
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Summary: The central aim of the new Barcelona research project “From Carolingian Periphery to European Central Region: The Written Genesis of Catalonia” in the framework of the HERA-project “After Empire: Using and Not Using the Past in the Crisis of the Carolingian World, c.900–c.1050 (UNUP)” is to show that it is indispensable for 21st-century Europe and its integral parts to make the rich Carolingian culture publicly accessible in a modern and innovative way. Keywords: Early medieval Catalonia, Carolingian culture, manuscripts, identity building, Public History
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Horsch, Andreas. "Regulation of Credit Rating Companies: An Economic Point of View." European Business Law Review 25, Issue 2 (March 1, 2014): 227–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2014008.
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The original idea behind credit rating agencies was to provide evaluations of creditworthiness to help investors gauge the credit risk of investment opportunities. Since the 19th century, financial market processes have led to the continuously increasing importance of these credit ratings and, thus, their producers. Not surprisingly, credit rating agencies became not only the deputies of regulators (regulation by ratings): they also became subject to regulation. While these regulations remained unobtrusive and rather indirect for decades, they have become more direct and, hence, more publicly debated in the 21st century. This paper illustrates the little-known history of the regulation of ratings first. Thereafter, modern attempts to justify this regulation are scrutinized, leading to a rather sceptical assessment of the current, rather crisis-driven regulatory approach.
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Videla, Carmen Burgos, Marcos Parada, and Carolina Navarrete. "Constitution of intellectual horizons for approaching the creative crisis of the 21st century from the logic of articulation and overdermination." 15TH GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES ON 14 - 15 SEPTEMBER 2023, NOVOTEL BANGKOK PLATINUM PRATUNAM, THAILAND 15, no. 1 (September 14, 2023): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2023.1(191).
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It is proposed to generate an intellectual horizon for the approach of the creative crisis of the XXI century for the inclusion in public policies of higher education. From the ontological closure of education, analyzed with the logic of articulation and overdermination of the discourse instituted from the voice of the agent and with a mixed methodological approach, the information obtained with the UGT.2021 questionnaire applied to 280 p. was analyzed and interpreted. The findings indicate that the opportunities generated by the creative crisis increase the imagination, generation of situated proposals, promoting the achievement of objectives of a humanist, socio-political and creative nature that were absent in the past. Keywords: Intellectual, 21st century, articulation
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Bührle, Iris Julia. "Three Hamlet ballets from World War II to the Ukrainian crisis." Cahiers Élisabéthains: A Journal of English Renaissance Studies 102, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0184767820913797.
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Breaking with a tradition of action-filled ballets with a heroic protagonist, a number of 20th- and 21st-century choreographies of Hamlet have probed the psychological and political themes of William Shakespeare’s tragedy. Inspired by theatre and film productions, choreographers have also used the medium’s visual language to comment on Shakespeare’s text and open up its interpretive potentialities. This article analyses three adaptations: Robert Helpmann’s 1942 version for the Sadler’s Wells Ballet, Kenneth MacMillan’s 1988 Sea of Troubles for six former Royal Ballet dancers, and Radu Poklitaru and Declan Donnellan’s iconoclastic 2015 Hamlet for Moscow’s Bolshoi Ballet.
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Nakayama, Chikako. "Longing for Haute Finance in the 21st Century? A Neo-Polanyian Approach to the Theory of Money in the Digital Age." Accounting and Finance Research 10, no. 4 (September 24, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v10n4p1.
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This article examines the Libra project, which was announced by Facebook in 2019 as an important turning point in the development of digital currency since Bitcoin. Libra is a kind of stablecoin, and it has been identified as a global stablecoin owing to its wide-ranging impact on the dimension of global finance. Because the Libra project aims to offer a globally accessible low-cost payment system for all users, we analyse it in the research area of global finance with a qualitative approach to the history of economic theories of money and finance. In this area, Karl Polanyi’s thoughts on money and finance and the interpretation by Saiag, which he called a neo-Polanyian approach, deserve attention. Taking this approach, we understand that unofficial functions of haute finance played a significant role in sustaining the international and interdependent financial system in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In this context, although it also saved colonized and dependent regions from falling into financial crises, it was not socially helpful for them. If Libra wants to be the haute finance of our age in the real sense of serving to bring about financial inclusion, such a point should be considered. However, for the moment, existing international monetary institutions are only keen to take regulatory measures against the risk of dirty transactions. There is a substantial lacuna of publicness in the discussion, and this needs to be filled in in the near future.