Relevant bibliographies by topics / Crises – History – 21st century

Academic literature on the topic 'Crises – History – 21st century'

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Published: 27 July 2024
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Crises – History – 21st century"

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Hajdari, Arton, Nexhat Shkodra, and Artan Hajdini. "An Overview of The Macro 21st Century Crises That Affected Economies Globally." International Journal of Religion 5, no. 10 (June 6, 2024): 925–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.61707/rxvh3a46.

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This review article explains the causes, implications and policy responses globally and in the Republic of Kosovo of the five crises of the 21st century. Three out of five crises included in this paper (financial crisis, debt crisis and inflation) had happened before the 21st century as well, so they are repeated, but the other two (energy crisis and COVID-19 crisis) are specific, especially the COVID-19 crisis because of the lockdown measures that have been undertaken globally. Indeed, throughout the history of human beings, it is impossible to find another crisis (apart from COVID-19) that forced the whole world to go into lockdown. This global lockdown, respectively, this global crisis known as COVID-19 has been a tremendous challenge to countries all over the world, because it caused many macroeconomic, social and financial consequences globally, which consequences and implications are interconnected with other crises such as inflation and maybe energy crisis, too. Data of this paper are secondary, i.e. they are collected from academic articles, books, websites and other relevant open sources.
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Farred, Grant, and Alfred J. Lopez. "Introduction: The Persistence of Dwelling." Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy 25, no. 1 (September 15, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jffp.2017.810.

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Xiaoyan, Gu, Ju Yunsheng, and Qi Hongwei. "Russian-Chinese relations up to the 21st century: the history of development." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2023, no. 2-2 (February 1, 2023): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202302statyi38.

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This article explores the historical development of relations between Russia and China, focusing on the crises that have arisen between the two countries and on measures to strengthen cooperation and friendly relations between Russia and China.
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Valkov, Alexander V. "A BRIEF HISTORY OF LEASING: FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO THE MODERN BUSINESS LANDSCAPE." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 5/4, no. 137 (2023): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2023.05.04.011.

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The article provides a brief overview of the history of leasing, analyzes the trends and patterns that emerged in the leasing services market during the crises of the 21st century, and possible trends for the future of the industry.
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Karve, Priyadarshini. "Big-Historical Environmentalism for the 21st Century." Journal of Big History 6, no. 2 (October 1, 2023): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22339/jbh.v6i2.6202.

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The beginning of the 21st century witnessed terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre in the United States. This incident changed global politics and brought new twists and turns in world history. The last two decades have seen the rise of identity politics, leading to the escalation of local conflicts across the world. At the same time, environmental challenges to human societies have become increasingly threatening, manifested on a planetary scale through global warming and loss of biodiversity. The effect of political and environmental challenges happening together is being felt in social-cultural-economic realms. All of these tensions have been starkly laid bare in the way governments and societies in different parts of the world have responded to the challenge of the global covid pandemic that we are currently facing. The pandemic will ebb and flow, and reduce itself to a non-threatening form in a few years, but the challenges of global warming and loss of biodiversity just keep growing and will plague us for decades to come. While the battle against alarming changes in the environment around us will continue till the end of the century, many experts believe that the seeds of our success or failure will be sown in this decade. The actions we take and the social-economic-political systems we set up by 2030 will largely cast the die for the future of humanity beyond the 21st century. This situation underlines the importance of seeing the big picture that only Big History can reveal by connecting the dots of events in different spheres of human activity on a planetary scale. Our big-history thinking clearly shows interlinkages between seemingly independent crises that seem to be bombarding us one after the other.
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Kaspersen, Lars Bo, and Liv Egholm. "Five progressive responses to the grand challenges of the 21st century: An introduction." Thesis Eleven 167, no. 1 (November 15, 2021): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07255136211059215.

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We are living in a world which is severely crisis-ridden and faces some major challenges. The fact that we are currently facing a genuine global pandemic (COVID-19) brings about even more uncertainty. The social and political institutions, which emerged and consolidated during the 20th century, and which created stability, have become fragile. The young generation born in the 1990s and onwards have experienced 9/11 and the ‘war against terrorism’, the financial crisis of 2008, changes to climate, environmental degradation, and most recently the COVID-19 pandemic. The generation born between 1960 and 1990 have had the same experiences along with severe economic crises in the 1970s and 1980s and the Cold War. Some of these challenges are in different ways intertwined with capitalism and its crises, while others are linked to the rapid development of new technologies, in particular innovations within communication and information technologies. This introduction lists the most important grand challenges facing the world as they have emerged more recently. The five articles following this introduction address some of these challenges, with particular attention to the problems of capitalism and democracy and the relation between these two areas. Most authors agree that climate change and the destruction of the environment are the biggest and most pertinent problems to address, but it is their stance that we can only meet these challenges if democracy is functioning well.
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Sahli, Naima. "Multiliteracies as a Landmark to Shape the 21st Century EFL Learners." New Horizons in English Studies 6 (October 10, 2021): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/nh.2021.6.245-250.

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Today's educators should be well-aware of the world of the 21st century; a world that is characterised by a constant technological advancement, a fierce economic competition, a diversified digital village at the end of a fingertip, and unforeseen pandemics and crises. Teachers need to develop innovative methods to allow their learners to successfully cope with the requirements of the 21st century. At present, students are digitally-oriented in need of skills and competencies that empower them to smoothly understand and critically engage in dialogue with the world they live and work in. A vivid incarnation of the principles of multiliteracy approach is the edited book entitled Films, Graphic Novels and Visuals: Developing Multiliteracies in Foreign Language Education- An Interdisciplinary Approach by Daniela Elsner, Sissy Helff and Britta Viebrock.
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Marantzidis, Nikos, and Rori Lamprini. "Sinistra e destra in Grecia dal XX al XXI secolo." MEMORIA E RICERCA, no. 41 (February 2013): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mer2012-041005.

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Left and Right in Greece from the 20th into the 21st century The article explores the evolution of left/right division in Greece, drawing upon macro sociological theories regarding social and political cleavages. It analyses the major historical divisions that have given meaning to the left/right dichotomy and have structured Greek party system over a century. Among a series of wars, civil quarrels, economical and political crises, which have taken place throughout the Twentieth century, two civil conflicts have marked political rivalries and configured political identities: the National Schism (1915-1917) and the Civil War (1943-1949). They have established a three-camp party system, which had endured until the 1967-1974 military dictatorship. The democratization of the country and the liberalization of political institutions in the post-junta era gave birth to new coalitions and political formations, which established a two-party system on the basis of right/anti-right dichotomy. The outbreak of economic crisis in 2010 and the austerity measures that came as a consequence have divided society and politics in two camps: the advocates and opponents of the Memorandum. The political stances regarding the management of the crisis has magnified the significance of pro/anti-memorandum cleavage and, thus, weakened the importance of the left/right division.
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Phillips, Fred. "Interconnections: A Systems History of Science, Technology, Leisure, and Fear." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 7, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010014.

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It is well known that technological change causes social change, and vice versa. Using system and historical perspectives, this article examines that truth at a finer level of specificity, namely, that social perceptions of interconnectedness influence the progress of science and technology, and that conversely, as 21st-century technology makes us in fact more connected, society’s anxieties shift. From the science/technology side, we look at interdisciplinary research, system and complexity theory, quantum tech, and the Internet, exploring how these interact and cause changes in social attitudes—fears, conspiracy theories, political polarization, and even entertainment trends—some of which are surprising, and some dangerous. The article’s systems view helps make sense of current environmental, political, and psychological crises. It combines original ideas with those of several prominent thinkers, to suggest constructive actions.
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Filippov, Boris. "The Catholic Church: a history of the present-day institutional crisis." St. Tikhons' University Review 116 (February 29, 2024): 116–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15382/sturii2024116.116-143.

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This article is devoted the deepest since the Reformation of the 16th century crisis of the Catholic Church. The author connects its causes with tectonic shifts in the history of our civilization and the whole world in the last 200 years. It is the end of the Constantinian era in the history of Christianity And the cultural (in Western terminology, anthropological) crises and technological revolutions of the late 60s and mid-70s XX century led to a crisis of all institutionally organized Christianity. The crisis of the Catholic Church became part of this global crisis of church institutions. The actual Catholic reasons for it were: the preserve in the 20th and 21st centuries the post-Tridentine clerical model of the Church and the transformation of the Catholic Church by the middle of the 20th century from Western European to the world’s church. An additional source of the crisis was the crisis of two important and male oriented leadership institutions: the traditional family model and the celibate-based hierarchical structure of the Catholic Church. As a result, over the past 50 years, the growth in the number of clergy and monascitism has practically ceased. Thus worsened the very possibility of the Church fulfilling its Mission. A paradoxical situation has developed in the Catholic Church today: the numerical increase of the baptized is accompanied by a mass exodus of believers. Awareness of the crisis is happening very slowly. Public discussion of church problems began only with the election of Pope Francis. The institutional nature of the crisis is illustrated in the article using the example of the “pedophile scandal.” It made it possible to identify the problem of spiritual and physical violence in the Church not only against children, but also against adults (seminarians, nuns, disabled people). The crisis has made it possible to draw attention to the presence of mental problems among young people entering seminaries and those ordained. The scandal virtually destroyed the moral authority of the clergy in Catholic countries. The author believes that the entire church hierarchy has been struck by paralysis: the inability to respond in time and effectively to problems and challenges. All this seriously complicates the way out of the crisis.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crises – History – 21st century"

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Levi, Rachel M. "A Digital Crisis? Art History and Its Reproductions in the 20th and 21st Century." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/689.

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This thesis analyzes the emergence, presence, and use of digital reproductions in the scholarship of art history and how these reproductions impact individual encounters with art. It will address matters related to the authenticity of reproductions, the development of modern technologies, and the rise of new media, reflecting on issues related to integrating technology into the discipline and proposing how to deal with the digital reproductions in the study of art history.
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Nyambi, Oliver. "Nation in crisis : alternative literary representations of Zimbabwe Post-2000." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85652.

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Thesis (PhD)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The last decade in Zimbabwe was characterised by an unprecedented economic and political crisis. As the crisis threatened to destabilise the political status quo, it prompted in governmental circles the perceived 'need‘ for political containment. The ensuing attempts to regulate the expressive sphere, censor alternative historiographies of the crisis and promote monolithic and self-serving perceptions of the crisis presented a real danger of the distortion of information about the situation. Representing the crisis therefore occupies a contested and discursive space in debates about the Zimbabwean crisis. It is important to explore the nature of cultural interventions in the urgent process of re-inscribing the crisis and extending what is known about Zimbabwe‘s so-called 'lost decade‘. The study analyses literary responses to state-imposed restrictions on information about the state of Zimbabwean society during the post-2000 economic and political crisis which reached the public sphere, with particular reference to creative literature by Zimbabwean authors published during the period 2000 to 2010. The primary concern of this thesis is to examine the efficacy of post-2000 Zimbabwean literature as constituting a significant archive of the present and also as sites for the articulation of dissenting views – alternative perspectives assessing, questioning and challenging the state‘s grand narrative of the crisis. Like most African literatures, Zimbabwean literature relates (directly and indirectly) to definite historical forces and processes underpinning the social, cultural and political production of space. The study mainly invokes Maria Pia Lara‘s theory about the ―moral texture‖ and disclosive nature of narratives by marginalised groups in order to explore the various ways through which such narratives revise hegemonically distorted representations of themselves and construct more inclusive discourses about the crisis. A key finding in this study is that through particular modes of representation, most of the literary works put a spotlight on some of the major talking points in the political and socio-economic debate about the post-2000 Zimbabwean crisis, while at the same time extending the contours of the debate beyond what is agreeable to the powerful. This potential in literary works to deconstruct and transform dominant elitist narratives of the crisis and offering instead, alternative and more representative narratives of the excluded groups‘ experiences, is made possible by their affective appeal. This affective dimension stems from the intimate and experiential nature of the narratives of these affected groups. However, another important finding in this study has been the advent of a distinct canon of hegemonic texts which covertly (and sometimes overtly) legitimate the state narrative of the crisis. The thesis ends with a suggestion that future scholarly enquiries look set to focus more closely on the contribution of creative literature to discourses on democratisation in contemporary Zimbabwe.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die afgelope dekade in Zimbabwe is gekenmerk deur ‗n ongekende ekonomiese en politiese krisis. Terwyl die krisis gedreig het om die politieke status quo omver te werp, het dit die ‗noodsaak‘ van politieke insluiting aangedui. Die daaropvolgende pogings om die ruimte vir openbaarmaking te reguleer, alternatiewe optekenings van gebeure te sensureer en ook om monolitiese, self-bevredigende waarnemings van die krisis te bevorder, het 'n wesenlike gevaar van distorsie van inligting i.v.m. die krisis meegebring. Voorstellings van die krisis vind sigself dus in 'n gekontesteerde en diskursiewe ruimte in debatte aangaande die Zimbabwiese krisis. Dit is gevolglik belangrik om die aard van kulturele intervensies in die dringende proses om die krisis te hervertolk te ondersoek asook om kennis van Zimbabwe se sogenaamde 'verlore dekade‘ uit te brei. Die studie analiseer literêre reaksies op staats-geïniseerde inkortings van inligting aangaande die sosiale toestand in Zimbabwe gedurende die post-2000 ekonomiese en politiese krisis wat sulke informasie uit die openbare sfeer weerhou het, met spesifieke verwysing na skeppende literatuur deur Zimbabwiese skrywers wat tussen 2000 en 2010 gepubliseer is. Die belangrikste doelwit van hierdie tesis is om die doeltreffendheid van post-2000 Zimbabwiese letterkunde as konstituering van 'n alternatiewe Zimbabwiese 'argief van die huidige‘ en ook as ruimte vir die artikulering van teenstemme – alternatiewe perspektiewe wat die staat se 'groot narratief‘ aangaande die krisis bevraagteken – te ondersoek. Soos met die meeste ander Afrika-letterkundes is daar in hierdie literatuur 'n verband (direk en/of indirek) met herkenbare historiese kragte en prosesse wat die sosiale, kulturele en politiese ruimtes tot stand bring. Die studie maak in die ondersoek veral gebruik van Maria Pia Lara se teorie aangaande die 'morele tekstuur‘ en openbaringsvermoë van narratiewe aangaande gemarginaliseerde groepe ten einde die verskillende maniere waarop sulke narratiewe hegemoniese distorsies in 'offisiële‘ voorstellings van hulself 'oorskryf‘ om meer inklusiewe diskoerse van die krisis daar te stel, na te vors. 'n Kernbevinding van die studie is dat, d.m.v. van spesifieke tipe voorstellings, die meeste van die letterkundige werke wat hier ondersoek word, 'n soeklig plaas op verskeie van die belangrikste kwessies in die politieke en sosio-ekonomiese debatte oor die Zimbabwiese krisis, terwyl dit terselfdertyd die kontoere van die debat uitbrei verby die grense van wat vir die maghebbers gemaklik is. Die potensieel van letterkundige werke om oorheersende, elitistiese narratiewe oor die krisis te dekonstrueer en te omvorm, word moontlik gemaak deur hul affektiewe potensiaal. Hierdie affektiewe dimensie word ontketen deur die intieme en ervaringsgewortelde geaardheid van die narratiewe van die geaffekteerde groepe. Nietemin is 'n ander belangrike bevinding van hierdie studie dat daar 'n onderskeibare kanon van hegemoniese tekste bestaan wat op verskuilde (en soms ook openlike) maniere die staatsnarratief anngaande die krisis legitimeer. Die tesis sluit af met die voorstel dat toekomstige vakkundige studies meer spesifiek sou kon fokus op die bydrae van kreatiewe skryfwerk tot die demokratisering van kontemporêre Zimbabwe.
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Angelopoulou, Maria. "Cosmopolitanism in Europe-in-crisis : the cases of the EU, Greece and Turkey." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/10375.

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Adopting a critical cosmopolitan outlook the thesis identifies a constructive engagement with the European project at a time when the crisis of the Euro-zone is still threatening the very existence of the European Union. The purpose of the study is to determine whether cosmopolitanism is feasible in Europe. I argue that the EU can be conceived as a catalyst of cosmopolitanism without being cosmopolitan per se due its so far limited internal and external contexts of cosmopolitanism. In the case of the EU's limited inner cosmopolitanism, I seek cosmopolitan alternatives for the EU to overcome the crisis on the basis of an institutional and civil society analysis within the conceptual framework of cosmopolitan democracy. Instead of adopting the terminology of governance either for or by the people, my cosmopolitan approach focuses on governance with the people. The case of Greece is of utmost importance for my research as it reveals the causes and gravity of the crisis. It also broadens the empirical basis of cosmopolitan studies by embodying both the dynamics and challenges posed to cosmopolitanism which are exemplified in the paradoxes provoked; on the one hand there is aggravation of (fascist) nationalism and domination of economics on politics perhaps leading to Greece's de- Europeanisation; on the other hand the dynamics of a paradigm shift towards a post-crisis cosmopolitanism are revealed. That kind of cosmopolitanism needs to take under consideration the role of contestation and to redefine its position in the era of global capitalism for the confrontation of the crisis. In the case of the EU's limited external cosmopolitanism, my analysis of Turkey's possible impact on the EU and the reverse aims to demonstrate that Turkey's integration can contribute to the formation of a cosmopolitan, post-Western EU and post-national Turkey. What is of crucial importance for both cosmopolitan and Europeanisation studies is that the endogenous process of change within Turkey which is interlocking with the external dynamics of the EU may potentially lead to a distinctive ‘hybrid' type of cosmopolitanisation neither merely European nor simply Asian. The conclusions drawn from this multiple case study suggest that the current crisis may open new meanings for cosmopolitanism in Europe.
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Andreas, Repeta, and Palm Carl. "Capital flows during times of crises : A study of 21st century economic crises and their impact on FDI-flows." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-434216.

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Foreign direct investment has been sharply affected by the global SARS-CoV-19 pandemic, as quarantine measures have decimated global trade, aviation and domestic economies through lockdowns which have wreaked havoc on markets. Macroeconomic indicators including GDP growth rates, unemployment, business confidence, consumer confidence, retail sales and inflation have all been negatively affected due to the simultaneous supply & demand shock caused by the pandemic. Economic crises are a regularly occurring feature, with a degree of cyclicality determining their emergence. The uniqueness of crises, in their appearance and dissipation, stems from a large variance in relevant macroeconomic, fundamental and societal factors giving rise to the crisis in the first place, with the uniqueness being bound and pertinent to a selected period of time in history under which they occurred. In this thesis we explored the impact of the two most significant economic crises of the 21st century, the Great Recession and the ongoing SARS-CoV-19 pandemic and their impact on capital flows, specifically on FDI-flows in two developed markets and two emerging markets. Our findings suggest that FDI-flows display a high synchronicity with stages of economic cycles, and tend to decrease during economic recessions and increase during economic expansions.
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Musty, Emma. "A short history of lines." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/c4aa2292-b43a-4d1f-bb59-b3cea766cb02.

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Willman, Kate Elizabeth. "New Italian epic : history, journalism and the 21st century 'novel'." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/77618/.

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This study examines the recent literary phenomenon known as the New Italian Epic, a label coined by Wu Ming 1 in a document called the Memorandum in 2008. Wu Ming 1 used the label New Italian Epic to describe a corpus of Italian texts, mainly published after the year 2000, that are an unusual mix of genres, styles and media, and that have a renewed sense of political and ethical commitment. After describing the phenomenon and outlining the main theoretical underpinnings to my analysis of it, I examine the Memorandum in detail, in order to individuate the ideas that will resurface throughout the study, related to postmodernism, new technologies, history and memory studies, epic, realism, and the role of literature in society. This is followed by a periodisation, which traces developments in recent history and literature that influenced the New Italian Epic phenomenon, including the Cannibal and migrant writers of the nineties, the violent events at the G8 protest in Genoa in 2001, and the political and cultural climate in Italy in the new millennium. I go on to analyse three key themes that particularly stand out in the New Italian Epic texts – the recurring theme of the death of the father, the use of the historical novel form, and texts that seem to be journalistic, but sometimes change or distort reality – each of which is accompanied by close reading of two or three novels from the New Italian Epic corpus, and compared to other previous or contemporary cultural developments in Italy and abroad. I conclude by considering the interactions between literature and film in the twenty-first century, and suggest that the ‘unidentified narrative objects’ we have seen throughout the study seem to be a particular product of our times.
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Casey, Ciarán Michael. "The failure of dissent : public opposition to Irish economic policy, 2000-2006." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e1c69c29-cc6a-4550-941d-465a4ee1d2b3.

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The Irish crash that began in 2008 has been described as one of the most dramatic economic reversals ever experienced by an industrialised country. There is a strong consensus about the economic roots of the crisis: the country experienced a classic asset bubble. Much more difficult to explain however, is how a mature democracy sleep-walked into a crisis that had so much precedent and in retrospect seems to have been so apparent. The policy decisions made in the boom period must shoulder much of the blame, but they were not created in a vacuum. This thesis systematically examines the discourse on the Irish economy from a broad range of commentators in the years prior to the crash, including international and domestic organisations, academics, the newspapers, and politicians. It demonstrates that key mainstream analysts anticipated how the property boom would end on the basis of estimated fundamental house prices and demand levels. This implicitly assumed that these fundamentals would remain strong as the boom abated, and ignored the potential for a market panic. By contrast, the most prescient analysts relied heavily on international precedent, and recognised that property price falls would be closely correlated with the increase observed during the boom. A key dimension of the discourse was therefore how the lessons of financial history were applied or disregarded. The Irish crash that began in 2008 has been described as one of the most dramatic economic reversals ever experienced by an industrialised country. There is a strong consensus about the economic roots of the crisis: the country experienced a classic asset bubble. Much more difficult to explain however, is how a mature democracy sleep-walked into a crisis that had so much precedent and in retrospect seems to have been so apparent. The policy decisions made in the boom period must shoulder much of the blame, but they were not created in a vacuum. This thesis systematically examines the discourse on the Irish economy from a broad range of commentators in the years prior to the crash, including international and domestic organisations, academics, the newspapers, and politicians. It demonstrates that key mainstream analysts anticipated how the property boom would end on the basis of estimated fundamental house prices and demand levels. This implicitly assumed that these fundamentals would remain strong as the boom abated, and ignored the potential for a market panic. By contrast, the most prescient analysts relied heavily on international precedent, and recognised that property price falls would be closely correlated with the increase observed during the boom. A key dimension of the discourse was therefore how the lessons of financial history were applied or disregarded.
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Trisel, Joel B. "Small-scale Opera: History and Continuing Relevance in the 21st Century." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1428438349.

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Porter, Anthony G. "China's modus operandi for the 21st Century." Quantico, VA : Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2005. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA491923.

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Thesis (Master of Military Studies)-Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2005.
Title from title page of PDF document (viewed on: Jan 6, 2010). "CSC 2005" "Subject Area Topical Issues" Includes bibliographical references.
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Crompton, Lee. "Preparing for future combat environments : optimising physical conditioning for the 21st century soldier." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2018. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/25369/.

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Preparing for the operational environment is a fundamental principle of military doctrine. This thesis looks at current and historical military practice and aims to determine future training initiatives to help better prepare the soldier for conflict conditions. Whilst the future of military conflict will always be determined by politics, the potential reaction time can be very short, so we must be in a position of continuous training for operations, with optimum ramp up opportunities for readiness. During operations in Afghanistan the campaign Formation Operational Readiness Mechanism (FORM) Fitness Doctrine (CFFD) provided guidance for the physical preparation of all ranks, tailored to the specific requirements for Operation HERRICK. Building on the success of CFFD, we must re-analyse our physical preparation for operations philosophies to align them with the requirements of contingency. Whilst the exact physical requirements for future operations are inherently unknown, it is essential that we derive appropriate physical training (PT) philosophies and methodologies to efficiently and effectively promote physical fitness and injury resilience.
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Books on the topic "Crises – History – 21st century"

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Pog-yŏng, Pak, ed. The world economy after the global crisis: A new economic order for the 21st century. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific Pub., 2012.

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Shaw, Richard H. The oil noose: 21st century energy crisis : a novel. Calgary: Candlelight Pub., 2000.

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Ciment, James. Booms and busts: An encyclopedia of economic history from Tulipmania of the 1630s to the global financial crisis of the 21st century. Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 2010.

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Ciment, James. Booms and busts: An encyclopedia of economic history from Tulipmania of the 1630s to the global financial crisis of the 21st century. Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 2010.

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Ciment, James. Booms and busts: An encyclopedia of economic history from Tulipmania of the 1630s to the global financial crisis of the 21st century. Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 2010.

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Elschen, Rainer. Der Werdegang der Krise: Von der Subprime- zur Systemkrise. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 2009.

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Sala-i-Martin, Xavier. Pues yo lo veo así: Sobre la crisis económica y más--. Barcelona: Plaza & Janés Editores, 2010.

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Bloss, Michael. Von der Wall Street zur Main Street: Die Weltwirtschaft nach der Finanzkrise. München: Oldenbourg, 2009.

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Perspectives on Africa's crises: The challenges of socio-political and economic transformation in the 21st century. Ibadan, Nigeria: Spectrum Books, in association with Safari Books, United Kingdom, 2011.

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Wishard, William Van Dusen. Between two ages: The 21st century and the crisis of meaning. [U.S.A.]: XLibris Corp., 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Crises – History – 21st century"

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Meerzon, Yana. "Tragedy and the Crisis of History." In Staging 21st Century Tragedies, 13–26. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003046479-3.

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Sinclair, Timothy J. "Global Financial Crises." In Issues in 21st Century World Politics, 80–91. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-15470-5_6.

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Mennillo, Giulia, and Timothy J. Sinclair. "Global Financial Crises." In Issues in 21st Century World Politics, 157–71. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58900-2_12.

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Neftci, Salih. "Turbulence, Crises and Risk Management." In Financial Intermediation in the 21st Century, 220–35. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230294127_23.

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Huynh, Kim. "The Crises of 2015." In Australia’s Refugee Politics in the 21st Century, 33–48. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429264443-3.

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Ezrow, Natasha, Erica Frantz, and Andrea Kendall-Taylor. "Debt and Financial Crises." In Development and the State in the 21st Century, 187–208. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-40713-9_9.

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Krause, Laurence A. "Marx’s Musings on Financial Crises: Credit and Crises in the Mid-Nineteenth-Century Gold Standard." In Confronting Capitalism in the 21st Century, 153–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13639-0_8.

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Adeniran, Adebusuyi Isaac. "Introduction: Reflecting on the Practice of Migration in Africa." In Migration Crises in 21st Century Africa, 1–27. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6398-0_1.

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Adeniran, Adebusuyi Isaac. "Failed Governance: The Foundation of a Culture of Irregular Migration in Twenty-First-Century Africa." In Migration Crises in 21st Century Africa, 29–61. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6398-0_2.

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Adeniran, Adebusuyi Isaac. "African Demographic Dividend, Migration—Development Nexus and Global Economic Reality." In Migration Crises in 21st Century Africa, 63–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6398-0_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Crises – History – 21st century"

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Suleymanov, Elchin, Farhad Rahmanov, and Khayala Ibrahimova. "The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Economy of Azerbaijan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c13.02517.

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As we know, knowing that the economy is one of the most important factors for its strength, and even the first of them. In our globalizing world, where competition challenges are growing, competitors are getting stronger, technology is developing evolving, and the country that has weak and sensitive economy, is most at risk the country's job is very difficult. Whereas the countries being stronger in major economic crises are struggling with hardships too. The COVID-19 pandemic will go down in history as being one of the biggest problems of the 21st century. The virus has been declared as a "pandemic" by the World Health Organization. As being in danger of speeding of the disease most countries in the world closed their borders – though public health experts initially questioned this strategy for controlling the spread of disease. At the same time, the pandemic has decimated jobs and placed millions of livelihoods at risk within countries. The world’s population has experienced a lockdown with strong containment measures. Obviously, all these causes international trade to cease, countries' GDP and GNP figures to fall, and economies to suffer significantly. The decrease in global trade due to the epidemic, sharp volatility in oil prices, shrinking total demand and increasing uncertainty negatively affected global economic activity. Naturally, 2020 was a year of economic stagnation all over the world and Azerbaijan's economy was also affected. Noticeably, 2020 was a year of economic stagnation all over the world and Azerbaijan's economy was also affected.
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Ba Trinh, Nguyen. "Human History Is Convergent History." In 2nd International Conference on Social Sciences in the 21st Century. GLOBALKS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/2nd.ics21.2020.03.117.

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Wang, Yu. "CHINESE TEA TRADE HISTORY FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT." In Chinese Studies in the 21st Century. Buryat State University Publishing Department, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18101/978-5-9793-1678-9-2021-1-70-79.

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В данной статье описана история становления и развития чайной торговли в Древнем и Средневековом Китае. Автор последовательно рассматривает чай как сельскохозяйственную культуру, как элемент товарно-денежных отношений, важный источник пополнения государственного бюджета и часть финансовой системы страны, а также как инструмент внешнеполитического давления на сопредельные кочевые народы. На протяжении всей истории Китая чай играл важную роль в культурной и хозяйственной жизни страны. Так, в Древнем Китае чай использовался в основном как подношение императору и способ поощрения императором высшей знати, а во времена династии Тан, после постройки Великого ка-нала, от чайной торговли уже напрямую зависело экономическое благосостояние империи и ее внешнеполитическая стабильность, так как чай был меновым товаром для пополнения армии лошадьми, а зависимость кочевников от потребления чая превратилась в инструмент контроля над кочевниками императорским правительством.
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Aubele, Jayne C., and Larry S. Crumpler. "21ST CENTURY NATURAL HISTORY: PLANETARY GEOLOGY IN MUSEUMS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-286924.

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Krayneva, Irina, and Olga Savelova. "Female programming face (mid 1950s – early 21st century)." In 2021 7th IEEE History of Electrotechnology Conference (HISTELCON). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/histelcon52394.2021.9787301.

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Ivanova, Vyara. "Media coverage of political and economic crises in Bulgaria (Study of four editions for the period January – June 2022)." In COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA OF THE 21ST CENTURY: EDUCATIONAL AND PROFESSIONAL CHALLENGES. Faculty of Journalism and Mass Communication, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.60060/uadp3809.

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The report presents an analysis of media reflection on the deepening political and economic crises in Bulgaria. The media are an important factor in crisis situations. They have responsibilities stemming from the fact that the way they reflect reality and form the public‘s opinion about the ongoing political and economic processes has a significant impact on them. The analysis answers the question to what extent the media are aware of these responsibilities and whether they contribute to the deepening of negative processes. Publications in four media were studied over a six-month period (January 2022-June 2022). A content analysis of 3754 publications related to the topics of crises in politics and economics was conducted.
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Bowers, K. "Channel Tunnel rail link: 21st Century tunnelling under London." In Summer Event on History of Electrical Engineering. IEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20030182.

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Borghese, J., and R. Collins. "Avionics reality check: A history and 21st century challenges." In 2012 IEEE/AIAA 31st Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dasc.2012.6383138.

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Daniels Rahimi, Ilan, and Gila Cohen Zilka. "Online Learning by Means of Zoom in the Period of the COVID-19 Crisis, as Perceived by Students in Higher Studies [Abstract]." In InSITE 2021: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences. Informing Science Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4814.

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Aim/Purpose: This study examined students’ attitudes to characteristics of learning in Zoom, attitudes to the quality of teaching in Zoom and ways of learning, about a year after the outbreak of the COVID-19 crisis. Background COVID-19 crisis caused exposure to online learning on the largest scale known in human history, and that together with the challenges of the transition to online learning, there are also opportunities to change perceptions of teaching and learning, and to include new ways in the learning and teaching process in higher education. Methodology: The research question was: What are students’ attitudes to the characteristics of learning in Zoom, the quality of teaching in Zoom and ways of learning in Zoom? The study is a quantitative one, the questionnaire contained closed questions, and 712 students who study in higher education institutions in Israel participated in the study. Contribution: Facilitators, inhibitors, implications and recommendations were identified. Findings: The findings showed that most students are satisfied with learning in Zoom, and that there was a significant improvement in the students’ attitudes towards learning in Zoom during their studies in the shadow of Covid-19. It was found that older students have more positive attitudes towards learning in Zoom, and learning disorders are connected to more negative attitudes towards learning in Zoom; however, there was also an improvement in the attitudes of students with learning disorders, during their learning experience in the shadow of COVID-19. Recommendations for Practitioners: This study shows that most students are satisfied with learning in Zoom and that there was a significant improvement in students’ attitudes towards learning in Zoom during their studies in the shadow of COVID-19, a year after the outbreak of the COVID-19 crisis. Recommendations for Researchers: It was found that older students have more positive attitudes towards learning in Zoom, and learning disorders are connected to more negative attitudes towards distance learning; however, among students with learning disorders there was also an improvement in attitudes during their studies in the shadow of COVID-19. Impact on Society: The present crisis could be a catalyst for processes that have been taking place in recent years in the use of technology in teaching and learning and in the transition to online learning. Future Research: Future research on the effectiveness of learning by means of Zoom in higher education could examine parameters such as evaluation of the learners’ achievements, the quality of the assignments presented by the students, meeting schedules, whether lecturers manage to teach all the subject matter, the quality of the discussions in Zoom, use of technological tools, use of 21st century skills and similar.
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C. Krueger, W. "Future Case History - the Oil Industry for the 21st Century." In 57th EAEG Meeting. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201409620.

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Reports on the topic "Crises – History – 21st century"

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Blaxter, Tamsin, and Tara Garnett. Primed for power: a short cultural history of protein. TABLE, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/ba271ef5.

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Protein has a singularly prominent place in discussions about food. It symbolises fitness, strength and masculinity, motherhood and care. It is the preferred macronutrient of affluence and education, the mark of a conscientious diet in wealthy countries and of wealth and success elsewhere. Through its association with livestock it stands for pastoral beauty and tradition. It is the high-tech food of science fiction, and in discussions of changing agricultural systems it is the pivotal nutrient around which good and bad futures revolve. There is no denying that we need protein and that engaging with how we produce and consume it is a crucial part of our response to the environmental crises. But discussions of these issues are affected by their cultural context—shaped by the power of protein. Given this, we argue that it is vital to map that cultural power and understand its origins. This paper explores the history of nutritional science and international development in the Global North with a focus on describing how protein gained its cultural meanings. Starting in the first half of the 19th century and running until the mid-1970s, it covers two previous periods when protein rose to singular prominence in food discourse: in the nutritional science of the late-19th century, and in international development in the post-war era. Many parallels emerge, both between these two eras and in comparison with the present day. We hope that this will help to illuminate where and why the symbolism and story of protein outpace the science—and so feed more nuanced dialogue about the future of food.
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Lowe, Hilary. ?To Keep a Birthplace?: An Administrative History of John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302805.

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The National Park Service (NPS) opened the John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site (JOFI), in Brookline, Massachusetts in 1969 to commemorate the life of the 35th president, John F. Kennedy, at the home where he was born in 1917. The site was a gift from Rose Kennedy, and the Kennedy family, to the nation. It joined the Park Service initially as part of a unit managed by the Boston Service Group, a regional administrative unit that managed many parks and units that were in development and several small sites. The Administrative History traces the history of the establishment and management of John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site from efforts to commemorate the house during his presidency through the beginning of the 21st century.
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Amanor, Kojo, Joseph Yaro, and Joseph Teye. Long-Term Patterns of Change in the Commercialisation of Cocoa in Ghana: Forest Frontiers and Technological Transformation. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.045.

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The commercialisation of cocoa production in Ghana has a long history dating back to the nineteenth century. The process of commercial development in cocoa is well documented and provides an alternative mode to contemporary models of commercialisation rooted in the adoption of modern technology and integration of farmers into markets. This working paper critically analyses frameworks for agricultural commercialisation in cocoa through intensification based on the uptake of synthetic inputs and hybrid seeds, by placing agricultural development within a broader framework of the historical development of the frontier in Ghana, and the related problems of ecological and economic crises. The study examines access to land, labour and technology, and how the complex interactions of scarcity of access to physical resources and labour influence farmers’ farming strategies and adoption of technology.
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Saleem, Raja M. Ali, Ihsan Yilmaz, and Priya Chacko. Civilizationist Populism in South Asia: Turning India Saffron. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/pp0009.

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The 21st century has witnessed a significant shift in how the concept of nationalism is understood. A political marriage between identity politics and populism has resulted in “civilizationism,” a new form of nationalism that entails an emotionally charged division of society into “the people” versus “the Other.” All too often, the divisive discourses and policies associated with civilizationalist populism produce intercommunal conflict and violence. This paper draws on a salient case study, India’s Hindutva movement, to analyze how mainstream populist political parties and grassroots organizations can leverage civilizationist populism in campaigns to mobilize political constituencies. In surveying the various groups within the Hindutva movement and conducting a discourse analysis of their leaders’ statements, the paper shows the central role of sacralized nostalgia, history, and culture in Hindutva populist civilizationism. By analyzing the contours and socio-political implications of civilizationist populism through this case study, the paper contributes to the theoretical understanding of the concept more generally.
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Laku, Justin. South Sudan Governance: A Call for Federalism to Address. Fribourg (Switzerland): IFF, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.51363/unifr.diff.2017.21.

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This paper is an attempt to explain why federalism could be a response to governance crises in fragile states such as South Sudan, and Sudan. it aims to discuss the history of the call for federalism in Sudan and South Sudan, It argues that If Khartoum leadership had adopted federalism as system of governance right after independence in Sudan, that could have prevented a half a century of civil war between the Arab-North and the Christian South, and consequently the current Darfur and Nuba Mountains ongoing civil wars. These civil wars could have saved lives and the countries’ economy. The paper makes the case that the centralized system was instrumental in plunging the newly independent state of South Sudan into the devastating three-years conflict that has displaced 2.4 million people, killed 50,000; and in Sudan it has displaced 6 million, and 2.6 million killed in South, and 300,000 killed in Darfur (De Waal, 2007, p.317) and drove South Sudan and Sudan into dire economic straits. The paper draws federalism benefits that will help move the country forward.
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Zhytaryuk, Marian. Агресія росії проти України і світу. Рефлексії в контексті виправдання війни д. мєдвєдєвим та в. путіним 4 листопада 2022 р. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11744.

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In this article the author analyzes in detail the “holiday” speeches by the former president of the russian federation dmitry medvedev and the current president vladimir putin devoted to the day of national unity of russia on November 4, 2022, in which politicians justify the war, call it sacred, a struggle between Good and Evil and predict their own victory. With the help of methods of critical analysis, the refutation of historical myths, the denial, an exposure and the generalization, the falsity and cynicism of the statements made regarding the expediency and possibility of geopolitical changes are demonstrated. The civilizational war of the russian federation against the Western democratic world, which began with aggression against the disobedience of neighboring Ukraine, which chose the Western vector of development, is gaining momentum. It would seem that in the 21st century global conflicts over territories are almost impossible, it is the time for the fourth-generation of war, but we can see that russia has various means in its arsenal, including weapons of mass destruction: aerial bombs, artillery, aviation, missile attacks, nuclear blackmail, rewriting history and ordinary lies. An analysis of the kremlin leaders’ military-strategic narratives about Ukraine and the West, shows the inadequacy and detachment of moscow politicians at the highest echelon of power from reality. Their aggressive and false rhetoric based on historical manipulations and maniacal efforts to transform the world order suggests that the kremlin will not stop on its own. Someone must stop him just decisively: either Ukraine or Ukraine’s allies. Sanction policy against the russian federation, political statements and words of support for Ukraine, even assistance with military equipment and finances may not be enough, because all these are certain procedures, a waste of time, and time today is the greatest value. Key words: Ukraine, russian federation, russian aggression, dmitry medvedev, vladimir putin, geopolitics.
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. Мова війни і «контрнаступальна» лексика у стислих медійних текстах. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11742.

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The article examines the language of the russian-ukrainian war of the 21st century based on the materials of compressed media texts; the role of political narratives and psychological-emotional markers in the creation of new lexemes is clarified; the verbal expression of forecasts of ukrainian and foreign analysts regarding the course of hostilities on the territory of Ukraine is shown. Compressed media texts reflect the main meanings of the language of the russian-ukrainian war in relation to the surrounding world. First of all, the media vocabulary was supplemented with neologisms – aggressive and sad: “rashism”, “denazification”, “katsapstan”, “orks”, “rusnia”, “kremlins”, “parebrik”, “in the swamps”, “nuclear dictator”, “putinism”, “two hundred” and others. Numerals acquired new expressive and evaluative meanings: “200s” (dead), “300s” (wounded), “400s” (russian military personnel who filed reports for termination of the contract), “500s” (hopelessly drunk russian soldiers, alcoholics who are unable to perform combat tasks). The language of war intensified the slogans of the struggle for state independence and people’s freedom. The scope of the greeting “Glory to Ukraine! – Glory to Heroes!”. New official holidays have appeared in the history of Ukraine since 2014: “Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred” Day (February 20), “Ukrainian Volunteer Day” (March 14), “Defenders and Defenders of Ukraine Day” (October 14), “Volunteer Day” (5 December). As you know, the professional holiday of the military is the Day of the Armed Forces of Ukraine” (December 6). A special style is characteristic of media texts on military topics: “Iron Force of Ukraine” (Iron Force of Ukraine), “digitize the Army” (for effective simulation of military operations); “grain corridor” (export of Ukrainian grain to African and European countries); “don’t let Ukraine lose” (the position of the Allies at the first stage of the war), “Ukraine must win!” (the position of the Allies in the second stage of the war); “in the Russian-Ukrainian war, the thinking of the 19th century collided with the thinking of the 21st century”, “a politician is a person who understands time” (Grigori Yavlinskyy, Russian oppositionist); “aggressive neutrality” (about Turkey’s position); “in Russia”, “there, in the swamps” (in Russia), “weak, inadequate evil” (about Russia), “behind the fence”; “a great reset of the world order”; “technology of military creativity”; “they are not Russian and not Ukrainian, they are Soviet”, “people without mentality”, “in Ukraine and without Ukraine” (Vitaly Portnikov about a separate category of Russian-speaking citizens in Ukraine); “information bed of Ukraine” (about combat operations on the front line; “when a descendant asks me what I did in those terrifying moments, I will know what to answer. At the very least, I did not stand aside” (opinion of a Ukrainian fighter). Compressed in media texts is implemented in the headline, note, infographic, chronicle, digest, help, caption for photos, blitz poll, interview, short articles, caricature, visual text, commercial, etc. Researchers add “nominative-representative text (business card text, titles of sections, pages, names of presenters, etc.) to concise media texts for a functional and pragmatic purpose.” accent text (quote, key idea); text-navigator (content, news feed, indication of movement or time); chronotope”. A specific linguistic phenomenon known as “language compression” is widespread in media texts. Language compression is the art of minimization; attention is focused on the main, the most essential, everything secondary is filtered out. Compression uses words succinctly and sparingly to convey the meaning as much as possible. For example, the headline “Racism. What is the essence of the new ideology of the Russian occupiers?”. The note briefly explains the meaning of this concept and explains the difference from “nazism” and “fascism”. Key words: compressed media text, language compression, language of war, emotional markers, expressive neologisms, political journalism.
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ERDC : A Tradition of Innovation. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47605.

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As the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) celebrates its 25th anniversary, “A Tradition of Innovation” traces the organization’s history from its precarious roots through its evolution into a world-class organization solving the toughest problems facing the nation and the Warfighter. This books highlights the key inflection points that shaped ERDC–from responding to national crises like 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina to changing climates, evolving military strategies and demands for greater computational power. As ERDC prepares to solve a myriad of new and escalating challenges, its engineers and scientists will build upon its tradition of innovation and lean into the cross-disciplinary culture forged during the organizations’ first quarter century.
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Guyana and the IDB: Partners for Progress. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005966.

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This document provides a sample of the extensive work that analyzes what Guyana and the IDB have done together. Divided into three main sections, this publication investigates the main development activities and results since 1977, with an emphasis on the last 10 years. First, the publication reviews the country's development history and analyzes the instruments the IDB used to support it. The document then explores the contributions of the Guyana-IDB partnership in unlocking development bottlenecks across different areas, including (1) infrastructure; (2) state reform, competitiveness, and private sector development; and (3) social sectors. Last, the publication looks toward the second decade of the 21st century, considering the appropriate strategy for Guyana's progression and the complementary role the IDB must play to remain relevant in this development journey.
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