Journal articles: 'Cripps Mission'

1

Morris-Jones, W. H., and V. T. Patil. "Jawaharlal Nehru and The Cripps Mission." Pacific Affairs 58, no. 2 (1985): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2758299.

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Warner, Geoffrey. "Stafford Cripps' mission to Moscow, 1940–42." International Affairs 62, no. 3 (1986): 526–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2617926.

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Lammers, Donald, and Gabriel Gorodetsky. "Stafford Cripps' Mission to Moscow, 1940-42." American Historical Review 91, no. 1 (February 1986): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1867281.

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Owen, Nicholas. "The Cripps mission of 1942: A reinterpretation." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 30, no. 1 (January 2002): 61–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086530208583134.

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Stern, Fritz, and Gabriel Gorodetsky. "Stafford Cripps' Mission to Moscow, 1940-42." Foreign Affairs 63, no. 5 (1985): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20042416.

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Kitchen, Martin. "Stafford Cripps' Mission to Moscow, 1940-1942. Gabriel Gorodetsky." Journal of Modern History 59, no. 2 (June 1987): 365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/243200.

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Pramanik, Sukanta. "Cripps Mission: the Beginning Process to the way of Indian Independence." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 19, no. 3 (2014): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-19370107.

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GLYNN, IRIAL. "‘An Untouchable in the Presence of Brahmins’ Lord Wavell's Disastrous Relationship with Whitehall During His Time as Viceroy to India, 1943–7." Modern Asian Studies 41, no. 3 (January 11, 2007): 639–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x06002460.

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The release of Peter Clarke's biography of Sir Stafford Cripps in 2002, with much of its focus on the protagonist's time in India, meant that a thorough reappraisal of Lord Wavell's time as Viceroy to India was clearly needed. By giving an impartial account of Wavell's relationship with Whitehall during his time as Viceroy this article will also focus on such significant events as the 1945 Simla Conference, the 1946 Cabinet Mission and Wavell's dismissal in late 1946/early 1947. It is hoped that by the end of this article readers will be able to judge Wavell's overall performance as Viceroy and decide for themselves whether he deserved to be replaced by Mountbatten or not.

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Aster, Sidney. "Gabriel Gorodetsky. Stafford Cripps' Mission to Moscow, 1940–42. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1984. Pp. xvi, 361. $44.50." Albion 17, no. 3 (1985): 379–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4049001.

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Miscamble, Wilson D. "Gabriel Gorodetsky. Stafford Cripps' Mission to Moscow, 1940-42. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984. xvi, 361 pp. S44.50." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 21, no. 2 (1987): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221023987x00286.

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Miscamble, Wilson D. "Gabriel Gorodetsky. Stafford Cripps" Mission to Moscow, 1940-42. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984. xvi, 361 pp. $44.50." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 24, no. 1 (1990): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221023990x00543.

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Radin, Andrew. "Analysis of current events: “towards the rule of law in Kosovo: EULEX should go”." Nationalities Papers 42, no. 2 (March 2014): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2013.870545.

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Following Kosovo's declaration of independence in February 2008, the European Union deployed a rule of law mission in Kosovo (EULEX). While EULEX and its supporters have argued that the mission has the potential to succeed, critics claim that the mission has failed to significantly improve Kosovo's rule of law institutions, to address the rule of law vacuum in the north of Kosovo, and to prosecute high-level organized crime and corruption. I argue that the critics are correct, and explain that the mission is fundamentally flawed due to its neutrality about Kosovo's independence, its rejection of conditionality and capacity building, and its difficulty investigating politicized crimes. Consequently, the mission cannot overcome the inherent challenges of building the rule of law in Kosovo, namely the desire of the Kosovo Albanian majority for independence and the connection between politics and criminality. The paper concludes that EULEX should not be renewed, since the mission's main functions could be better fulfilled by other international organizations, namely the NATO-led Kosovo Force and the European Union Office.

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Miele, C., C. Lambrinidis, and M. Lacambre. "Les CRIAVS : des structures de service public destinées aux professionnels confrontés à la prise en charge des auteurs de violences sexuelles." European Psychiatry 29, S3 (November 2014): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.09.117.

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Les centres ressource pour les intervenants auprès des auteurs de violences sexuelles (CRIAVS) se sont développés depuis la circulaire DHOS/DGS/O2/6C no 2006-168 du 13 avril 2006. Présent dans chaque région en France, les CRIAVS accompagnent les professionnels dans la prise en charge des auteurs de violences sexuelles.La prise en charge de ces problématiques suscite des résistances chez les professionnels confrontés, et ce pour plusieurs raisons : les représentations que nous avons de cette population, les lacunes en matière de formation, mais aussi et surtout la complexité des dispositifs judiciaires qui s’offrent comme cadre à ces prises en charge (soins pénalement ordonnées) dans lesquelles le professionnel peut rencontrer des difficultés à définir ses droits, ses devoirs, mais aussi ses missions vis-à-vis de son patient. En outre, les professionnels soignants (psychiatres, psychologues) peuvent aussi être sollicités sur des missions d’ordre judiciaire : l’expertise ou la coordination médicale des injonctions de soin. Ainsi, la prise en charge, ou plutôt les prises en charges des auteurs de violences sexuelles posent de nombreuses questions cliniques, éthiques, légales et institutionnelles que les CRIAVS ont pour mission d’éclairer afin de soutenir l’ensemble des institutions et professionnels qui en ferait la demande. Or si ces structures sont aujourd’hui bien implantées et actives au plan régional et national (constitution de la Fédération française des CRIAVS), il est néanmoins nécessaire d’en promouvoir l’existence et d’en expliciter les missions afin de rendre l’accès à ses services le plus fluide possible.C’est pourquoi la Fédération française des CRIAVS propose une communication à destination des professionnels de la santé mentale, public privilégié de nos actions, comme invitation à se saisir de l’expertise des professionnels qui y exercent et se mettront volontiers à leur service.

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Pretto, Ernesto A., and Mirsada Begovic. "Mission to Sarajevo." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 9, S1 (June 1994): S11—S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00041108.

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Each of us has witnessed news reports and graphic television scenes of the willful targeting of innocent noncombatants by military forces; the displacement of tens of thousands of men, women, and children; and the diabolical genocidal tactics of “ethnic cleansing” of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. An international effort to establish a United Nations war crimes tribunal is being developed, but even this plan is running out of steam for lack of funding. These events are unfolding in “civilized” and “enlightened” Europe. We all know what is happening, yet world leaders have been reluctant to intervene.

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Falaster, Christian. "Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis." Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia 13, no. 04 (December 1, 2014): 136–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/riae.v13i4.2181.

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Branson, Dennis E., Richard W. Sanders, and Chris Chase. "IMPROVED MISSION EXECUTION - NEW TECHNIQUES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES DETECTION." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-417.

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Sellers, Patricia Viseur, and Jocelyn Getgen Kestenbaum. "Missing in Action." Journal of International Criminal Justice 18, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 517–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqaa012.

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Abstract The slave trade prohibition is among the first recognized and least prosecuted international crimes. Deftly codified in, inter alia, the 1926 Slavery Convention, the 1956 Supplementary Convention, Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (AP II), the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the norm against the slave trade — the precursor to slavery — stands as a peremptory norm, a crime under customary international law, a humanitarian law prohibition and a non-derogable human right. Acts of the slave trade remain prevalent in armed conflicts, including those committed under the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Shām (ISIS) Caliphate. Despite the slave trade’s continued perpetration and the prohibition’s peremptory status, the crime of the slave trade has fallen into desuetude as an international crime. Precursory conduct to slavery crimes tends to elude legal characterization; therefore, the slave trade fails to be prosecuted and punished as such. Several other factors, including the omission from statutes of modern international judicial mechanisms, may contribute to the slave trade crime’s underutilization. Also, the denomination of human trafficking and sexual slavery as ‘modern slavery’ has lessened its visibility. This article examines potential factual evidence of slave trading and analyses the suggested legal framework that prohibits the slave trade as an international crime. The authors offer that the crime of the slave trade fills an impunity gap, especially in light of recent ISIS-perpetrated harms against the Yazidi in Iraq. Therefore, its revitalization might ensure greater enforcement of one of the oldest core international crimes.

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Kudryavtsev, Р. А., and L. M. Isaeva. "ILLEGAL ACTIVITY OF OFFICIALS OF MILITARY MISSIONS: TYPICAL APPLICATION CIRCUIT FEATURES AND IDENTIFY." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 22, no. 3 (June 28, 2018): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2018-22-3-145-152.

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The article deals with general issues related to the organization of the work of the military mission, provides normative documents regulating the activities, analyzes the practice of investigating criminal cases committed by officials of military missions, the consequences of their criminal activities, manifested in material damage, damage to the business reputation of the organization, failure to execute state contracts affecting on the defense capability of the country, as well as the issues of detection and forensic support the most common forms of investigation of crimes: giving and receiving bribes, abuse of authority, embezzlement of money by fraudulent means, examples of specific criminal cases investigated by military investigative authorities. The cases described in the article were selected taking into account the specific features of the preliminary investigation of the above crimes. Thus, in one criminal case, operational support was provided, interaction with security forces in the troops was organized, on the other - collection and consolidation of evidence was carried out independently by the investigative body. There is a certain interest in tactical methods used in the conduct of investigative actions, organizational issues and the criminalistic aspect of the preparation of investigative actions and operational activities, the procedure for the appointment and production of forensic examinations of objects submitted for investigation. According to the list of evidence given in the article, it is possible to draw a conclusion about the nature and amount of information to be examined in court sessions, and then put in the basis of sentences passed in criminal cases, and subsequently used in the planning and investigation of criminal cases of similar crimes

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Jan, Mathys De Beer. "교회와 에클레시아 구별을 통한 신뢰성의 선교적 위기 극복하기." Theology of Mission 59 (August 31, 2020): 169–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.14493/ksoms.2020.3.169.

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Briefel, Charles, and Ignacio Tredici. "The United Nations Prosecution Support Cell Programme in the Democratic Republic of Congo – A Strategy to Combat Impunity for Serious Crimes." Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 19, no. 1 (May 30, 2016): 337–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757413-00190012.

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The Prosecutions Support Cells is a programme of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO), aimed at improving the capacity of the military judicial authorities to investigate and prosecute the commission of war crimes, crimes against humanity and acts of sexual violence perpetrated in the eastern provinces of the country. Notwithstanding the challenges faced by the pscs and, subject to a number of adjustments and improvements, this model of assistance in the fight against impunity for international and other serious crimes (including transnational crimes) could be replicated in similar post-conflict contexts where United Nations peace operations are mandated to support efforts to achieve peace, stability and security.

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Zarocostas, J. "UN mission finds evidence of war crimes on both sides of Gaza conflict." BMJ 339, sep17 2 (September 17, 2009): b3837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b3837.

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Wuerzner, Carolin. "Mission impossible? Bringing charges for the crime of attacking civilians or civilian objects before international criminal tribunals." International Review of the Red Cross 90, no. 872 (December 2008): 907–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383109000228.

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AbstractThree main arguments may explain why few cases in international (and national) criminal law include charges for attacks against civilians or civilian objects. The law may be not sufficiently clear, there may be a lack of evidence or the selection of military targets may be based on mainly subjective considerations, which make it very hard to establish individual culpability. This article examines some legal and practical reasons for the difficulties the prosecutor faces when trying to charge individuals with such crimes. Although there are few examples, the ICTY has shown that it is generally possible to hold individuals responsible for such crimes.

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23

GRIGORYAN, Hayk. "Methodological Principles of Investigators Training on Examination of Missile-Artillery Crime Scene." WISDOM 16, no. 3 (December 28, 2020): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/wisdom.v16i3.409.

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The article analyzes a number of destructive factors that cause objective difficulties in the examination of the crime scene in the areas of armed conflict, including in the process of investigating war crimes committed by the opposing sides of an armed conflict with the use of missile-artillery and aerial missile-bomb weapons. These difficulties are primarily connected with the committing crimes by representatives of the opposing side of the armed conflict, their obstruction of the activities of military justice bodies, including by mining the area, the use of small arms, mortar and missile-artillery weapons, the presence of significant casualties and destruction, which generally complicates the examination of the scene. The analysis carried out by the author makes it possible to propose scientifically grounded recommendations for the examination of the crime scene in areas of an armed conflict when investigating war crimes committed by the opposing side of an armed conflict using missile-artillery and aerial missile-bomb weapons, which will help to significantly minimize the consequences of these factors and in general, to increase the efficiency of the inspection of the places of incidents in the areas of armed conflict.

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Liebes, Tamar. "Crimes of Reporting: The Unhappy End of a Fact-Finding Mission in the Bible." Narrativization of the News 4, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jnlh.4.1-2.08cri.

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Abstract This article analyzes the famous Biblical account of a group sent by Moses to scout the Holy Land in anticipation of its conquest (Num. 13-14) and focuses on the unhappy ending of the story. It examines three explanations for why the scouts were punished: (a) for adding their opinions to the facts they were supposed to report (editorializing), (b) for insinuating their opinions into the report itself (bias), and (c) for releasing the report to the public rather than funneling it through the leader. The article analyzes not only the story itself but also the story of the story to reveal the narrator's ideological position. (Mass Communication)

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P, Santhos Wachjoe. "PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA TERHADAP KORPORASI." Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan 5, no. 2 (April 16, 2018): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.25216/jhp.5.2.2016.155-180.

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The existence of corporation affects the state economy, the society where the corporation stands and the society where the business run. Not only the positive effect but also the negative effect. The corporation was build for some mission and the way it reaches the mission were different one another. It is possible that one or more corporation was build in some way that prohibited by law. For that reason, there is a corporation is involved in various criminal acts or as a means to commit the crimes. Therefore, special attention needs to arrange to snare corporations to take responsibility for an act involving a corporation or as a tool in a criminal offense.Keywords: criminal responsibility, corporation.

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Ezennia, Celestine Nchekwube. "The Modus Operandi of the International Criminal Court System: An Impartial or a Selective Justice Regime?" International Criminal Law Review 16, no. 3 (May 27, 2016): 448–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01603006.

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The International Criminal Court (icc) is a global court created to administer independent and impartial international criminal justice. It, therefore, has jurisdiction over all persons who have committed ‘the most important crimes of international concern’, including genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. The court’s principal mission is to ensure the punishment of these crimes and the eradication of the impunity of their perpetrators in all parts of the world. However, the icc’s current justice administration system appears so selective and subject to external influence and manipulation as to defeat the global, independent, and impartial justice goal that the court is created to accomplish. This article examines this selectivity under the following sub-headings: geographic selectivity, situation selectivity, identity selectivity, and thematic selectivity. The article further explores some of the consequences of this selective justice regime and suggests some reforms in the system.

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Barber, Rebecca. "Accountability for Crimes against the Rohingya." Journal of International Criminal Justice 17, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 557–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqz031.

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Abstract In 2018, the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar found that there were reasonable grounds to believe the Myanmar military had perpetrated war crimes, crimes against humanity and possibly genocide against the Rohingya people. It recommended that the Security Council refer the situation to the International Criminal Court, but that recommendation is unlikely to be acted upon. This article considers whether, if the Security Council fails to act, the General Assembly may establish an ad hoc international criminal tribunal. It examines first the competency of the General Assembly to consider and make recommendations on matters of international peace and security, as explicitly articulated in the United Nations (UN) Charter and as implied by the purposes and principles of the UN. It then analyses the relevance and applicability of the General Assembly’s Uniting for Peace Resolution. It argues that the General Assembly has previously interpreted its powers to include the establishment of bodies it deems necessary for the maintenance of peace and security, and that in the case of Myanmar there is no reason it could not take the further step of establishing an ad hoc international criminal tribunal — albeit one without coercive powers.

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RIJSDIJK, ERNA. "The politics of hard knowledge: uncertainty, intelligence failures, and the ‘last minute genocide’ of Srebrenica." Review of International Studies 37, no. 5 (October 14, 2011): 2221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210511000416.

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AbstractQuestions of uncertainty and responsibility have been central to the political and legal investigations of the failed UN/Dutch peacekeeping mission in Srebrenica. The official Dutch NIOD report on the peacekeeping mission has reconstructed the fall of Srebrenica as a surprise attack and as an ‘intelligence failure’. The report and its understanding of tactical uncertainty has led to a call for more intelligence in UN operations. I argue that the report builds its claims on a problematic epistemology of intelligence studies drawing upon a politics of ‘hard knowledge’. A similar epistemology can be identified in the proceedings of the war crimes tribunal in The Hague (ICTY) in the legal approach of criminal intent for the violence in Srebrenica. Although it is recognised that the political responsibility to prevent genocide and the juridical responsibility to punish those who have committed crimes have different implications for what can be called relevant foreknowledge or criminal intent, both the juridical and the political approaches close off paths for the mobilisation of histories that are more sensitive to the productive workings of language and images and thus to their bearing on possible futures.

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Manirakiza, Pacifique. "Les défis de la défense devant le Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda." Revue générale de droit 38, no. 1 (October 23, 2014): 47–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1027046ar.

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La défense d’accusés de crimes internationaux n’est pas une tâche facile. Dans le contexte du Tribunal pénal international chargé de juger le génocide et autres crimes graves commis au Rwanda, les avocats de la défense font face à des contraintes de divers ordres qui parfois handicapent leur mission de représentation. Cela découle notamment du déséquilibre institutionnel entre le Procureur et la défense, de l’inaccessibilité des lieux des crimes, de l’indisponibilité des témoins à décharge, de la presque exclusion des avocats d’origine rwandaise, etc. L’auteur soutient que dans le contexte des poursuites pénales devant des tribunaux internationaux, la défense devrait être reconnue comme une institution indispensable pour la légitimité de la justice pénale internationale. Pour ce faire, il suggère quelques pistes d’amélioration, notamment l’institutionnalisation de la défense, l’implication plus accrue des avocats locaux, ainsi qu’une autonomie budgétaire qui permet une organisation efficace de la défense. De cette façon, les accusés peuvent effectivement exercer leur droit à des procès justes et équitables.

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Tredici, Ignacio, and Renaud Galand. "Holding to Account the Commission of International Crimes in the Central African Republic: The Establishment of the Special Criminal Court." Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 21, no. 1 (October 10, 2018): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13894633_021001002.

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The Special Criminal Court for the Central African Republic (scc) is a national court that has been established with the assistance of the Un Multidimensional Integrated Mission of Stabilization in the Central African Republic (minusca) to bring to justice perpetrators of international crimes committed in car from 2003. The establishment of the scc is a response to the legal obligation to fight impunity for the most serious crimes in a country severely affected by decades of internal armed conflicts, social and political crises: car has been depleted of the resources required to investigate and prosecute those responsible for the commission of international crimes. Taking to justice the perpetrators will help consolidate peace, security and justice and break the cycle of violence. The scc is hence expected to serve as a catalyst for the restoration of the rule of law in car more broadly and to advance national reconciliation and peacebuilding processes. Notwithstanding the challenges that it will face, it is submitted that the scc could be a valid model to be replicated in other post-conflict contexts where impunity for either international crimes or serious organized crime is a fundamental impediment to social peace and progress.

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Bergen, Doris L. "“Germany Is Our Mission—Christ Is Our Strength!”The Wehrmacht Chaplaincy and the “German Christian” Movement." Church History 66, no. 3 (September 1997): 522–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3169455.

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Recent scholarship has exploded the myth that German soldiers had nothing to do with genocidal crimes in World War II. We now know that what Omer Bartov has called the “barbarization of warfare” on the eastern front involved regular military as well as SS units and the Einsatzgruppen. But what about the chaplains, Protestant and Catholic, who accompanied Hitler's forces? Those men, linked into both ecclesiastical and military hierarchies, preached and administered the sacraments. Following established traditions, they also boosted morale, accompanied condemned men to their executions, and supported Germany's war aims.

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Sanger, Andrew. "I. IMMUNITY OF STATE OFFICIALS FROM THE CRIMINAL JURISDICTION OF A FOREIGN STATE." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 62, no. 1 (January 2013): 193–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002058931200053x.

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AbstractIn Khurts Bat, the English High Court held that Mr Bat, a Mongolian State official charged with committing municipal crimes on German territory, was not immune from the jurisdiction of German courts and could therefore be extradited to Germany. This article examines the three theories of immunity put forward in that case: (1) special missions immunity, (2) high-ranking official immunity, and (3) State immunity. It focuses on the question of whether State officials charged with municipal crimes may plead immunity ratione materiae from the criminal jurisdiction of a foreign State by examining key examples of State practice.

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Wills, Siobhán. "Continuing Impunity of Peacekeepers: The Need For a Convention." Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies 4, no. 1 (September 24, 2013): 47–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18781527-00401001.

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Since the end of the Cold War United Nations (UN) authorised peacekeeping missions have tended to be not only more complex, but also much more interventionist and more robust than could ever have been imagined in the early days of peacekeeping.1 However, because peacekeeping is not explicitly provided for under the UN Charter, and has developed ad hoc in response to changing perceptions as to the nature of the role and responsibilities of peacekeeping missions, it is often unclear what laws are applicable to peacekeeping missions and when those laws apply. This paper explores the implications of that lack of clarity, focusing in particular on gaps in the international law regulating the conduct of peacekeepers. The author argues that the current approach, whereby prosecution for crimes committed by peacekeepers is dealt with primarily through the domestic law of the Troop Contributing State, is unsatisfactory, and is likely to remain unsatisfactory despite efforts to persuade Contributing States’ to establish the legal and administrative frameworks necessary to prosecute and punish their troops for crimes committed outside their territorial borders. A convention based regime specifically tailored to ensuring that peacekeepers are held accountable to internationally agreed standards would be the most effective way of enabling the UN to comply with the rule of law standards it itself espouses.2 Such a regime would enable the UN to retain legitimacy internationally and in the eyes of the communities where missions are deployed. In addition the UN should expand its Office of Internal Oversight Services to encompass a dedicated fully resourced criminal justice unit.3 Arguably the accountability gap in relation to non-military personnel is even greater than for military personnel since, although troops generally have complete immunity from prosecution in the host State under a Status of Forces Agreement, they are normally covered by their home State’s military justice system; whereas non-military personnel have functional immunity in the Host State, under the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations,4 but may not be subject to the jurisdiction of their home State at all whilst they are deployed abroad.5 However not all Troop Contributing States have independent codes of military justice operating in peacetime, and in those countries that do not, responsibility for punishing any wrong-doing by military personnel falls to the ordinary courts and disciplinary bodies.6 In addition some countries have removed serious crimes that violate human rights from the jurisdiction of military courts.7 But even where military personnel are subject to their home State’s military justice system, and it covers the crime in question, Troop Contributing States are often reluctant to prosecute.8 Since the track record on holding UN troops accountable for crimes and other serious misconduct remains poor; and since the majority of allegations of crimes and misconduct reported in the press continues to be against soldiers; and since soldiers outnumber other personnel in UN operations by a wide margin,9 this paper focuses in particular on military personnel.

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Sloan, James. "Peacekeepers under Fire: Prosecuting the RUF for Attacks against the UN Assistance Mission in Sierra Leone." Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 9, no. 2 (2010): 243–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180310x518352.

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AbstractIn the “RUF case”, the Special Court for Sierra Leone considered charges brought against senior officials of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) in relation, inter alia, to a series of notorious attacks against the UN Assistance Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) in May 2000. In finding the accused guilty of certain of the crimes charged, the Trial Chamber relied heavily on single-source evidence, hearsay evidence and circumstantial evidence. The Trial Chamber addressed a number of difficult factual and legal issues relating to the definition of peacekeeping and the status of robust peacekeepers for the first time; however, not all such findings appear to have been accurately grounded in fact and law.

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Quiñones-Reyes, Edixon, and Samuel Ávila. "Animal sacrifices: a Mechanism to silence the Spirits of victims of violent deaths Mate Mean or Red Death in East Timor." Jangwa Pana 17, no. 1 (December 29, 2017): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.21676/16574923.2342.

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This paper reports animal sacrifices witnessed between 2010 and 2013, during exhumations performed by the forensic team of Serious Crimes Investigation Team (SCIT) of the United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNMIT). The exhumations were carried out within the framework of the investigations conducted by the United Nations (UN) to clarify the crimes committed during the armed conflict in East Timor in 1999. Therefore, the bodies exhumed correspond to the victims of this event. In this pages, the sacrifices are subject to an anthropological interpretation, with a symbolic perspective. To this end, the procedures, artifacts and other elements, present in the practices observed, are described in detail, arguing that this practice corresponds to older traditions, previous to the imposition of the Catholic religion in Timor, and it was a mechanism of interaction among the family group, as well as a tool of communication with the afterlife.

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Nouwen, Sarah M. H. "Is there Something Missing in the Proposed Convention on Crimes Against Humanity?" Journal of International Criminal Justice 16, no. 4 (September 1, 2018): 877–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqy049.

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Brown, Chris. "All the Missing Souls: A Personal History of the War Crimes Tribunals." RUSI Journal 157, no. 5 (October 2012): 98–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2012.733123.

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DONERT, CELIA. "From Communist Internationalism to Human Rights: Gender, Violence and International Law in the Women's International Democratic Federation Mission to North Korea, 1951." Contemporary European History 25, no. 2 (April 12, 2016): 313–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777316000096.

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AbstractIn May 1951 the Women's International Democratic Federation – a communist-sponsored non-governmental organisation – sent an all-female international commission to investigate the war crimes and atrocities allegedly committed by United Nations forces against civilians during the military occupation of North Korea in late 1950. Communist internationalism has been relatively marginalised in the recent wave of scholarship on internationalism and international organisations. This article uses the Women's International Democratic Federation mission to Korea to analyse how the shifting relationship between communist internationalism, human rights and feminism played out in the ‘Third World’ during the early Cold War.

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Regan, Priscilla M., and Torin Monahan. "Beyond Counterterrorism." International Journal of E-Politics 4, no. 3 (July 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jep.2013070101.

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Decentralized organizational approaches to security provision introduce new challenges for controlling information-sharing practices, safeguarding civil liberties, and ensuring accountability. Department of Homeland Security “fusion centers,” and the multiple organizations and databases that are part of fusion centers, engender an environment in which information is migrating beyond original purposes of counterterrorism. Indeed, based on intensive qualitative research, the authors have found that fusion centers that were originally oriented toward “counterterrorism” have quickly broadened their scope to include all crimes, and those that began as “all crimes” have migrated only marginally to terrorism. This is the result of three quite predictable factors: fusion centers have to be valuable to their states, there is too little activity that is clearly terrorism related, and fusion center personnel have to use their time and skills constructively. Nonetheless, even if local policing needs are met through fusion-center funding and support, many of the activities of fusion-center analysts lend themselves to mission creep and violations of civil liberties.

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Fox, Hazel. "The Resolution of the Institute of International Law on the Immunities of Heads of State and Government." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 51, no. 1 (January 2002): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/51.1.119.

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A pressing issue of the day requiring authoritative resolution is whether public officials when in office carrying out their official functions may be prosecuted by the courts of other countries for alleged international crimes. Objection has been made, though not by the Danish Government, to a new ambassador appointed by the State of Israel, taking up his appointment as head of the Israeli diplomatic mission in Copenhagen, on the ground of his implication in war crimes. Recently, criminal proceedings were brought in the French courts against Colonel Ghadaffi as the serving Head of the State of Libya for complicity in acts of terrorism resulting in the destruction of a French civil aircraft and death of all its passengers. Writing critically of the Lords' decision in the Pinochet case, Henry Kissinger talks of the tyranny of judges replacing that of government, of prosecutorial discretion without accountability and warns that ‘historically the dictatorship of the virtuous has often led to inquisitions and witch hunts’.

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Varghese, Titty. "Panchayat Jagratha Samithi role on Violence against Women and Children in Kerala." Public Policy and Administration 20, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.20.1.28262.

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The Indian state Kerala is renowned for its overall development in various indexes such as human development, equality and education. However, in terms of combating violence against women and girls, state policies do not fulfil their objectives. The total number of crimes against women in Kerala during 2007 was 9381, by the end of 2019, it had risen to 13925, and by October 2020, it was 10124. To prevent all forms of crimes against women, the state established a vigilant committee in 1997 under Kerala Women’s Commission’s supervision. This vigilant committee is known as Jagratha Samithi (in the Malayalam language) and works in every Local Self Government (Panchayat). Therefore, the object of this research is the Jagratha Samithi (JS). The study aims to identify the JS’s role and activities in a panchayat to prevent violence against women and children. The methodology of the research is based on a qualitative study with primary data collected from 40 elected female and male representatives from 35 panchayats from one district in Kerala. The study shows that Jagratha Samithi in a panchayat has a significant role in addressing crimes against women and girls. However, there is a lack of sufficient support from society on its mission.

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ROMAN, Dumitru, and Artiom ENI. "Tipuri de investigații sub acoperire." Analele Universitării din București Drept 2021, no. 2021 (July 2, 2021): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/aubd.2021.09.

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In Eastern European countries, undercover investigation appears under different names such as: the use of undercover investigators; operative infiltration; carrying out a special mission within an organized group or a criminal organization, the particularities are common. The differences refer to the legal limits of the activity of the undercover investigator as well as to the forms of use of the information obtained. The undercover investigation is mainly applied to the detection of drug trafficking, arms trafficking, corruption and organized crime. So, the types of undercover investigation, resulting from the positive practice of the criminal investigation bodies, foreshadow an efficient methodology of investigating these categories of crimes.

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Compin, Frederic. "Do financial criminals commit perfect crimes?" Journal of Financial Crime 23, no. 3 (July 4, 2016): 624–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-03-2015-0018.

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Purpose Financial criminals commit crimes with such disconcerting ease that economic and social stability is threatened. Armed with intangible knowledge and backed by legal, financial and accounting expertise, criminals use their intellectual weapons to carry out their activities with impunity by operating in extra-territorial spaces such as tax havens. The purpose of this paper is based on interviews with key figures in the French judiciary and also French tax officials. Design/methodology/approach A survey in the form of semi-directive interviews was conducted from March to July 2012 with auditors, judicial magistrates and a representative of a large trade union of the French Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry. Questioning this panel of persons from different but associated horizons enabled the collection of practical, technical and professional information on how they perceive acts of financial crime in the practice of their mission. Findings It was possible to observe that financial crime is motive-driven and develops in specific spaces and contexts, aided by informational weapons. Research limitations/implications By promoting both financial optimisation and tax minimisation, non-cooperative territories provide the perfect breeding ground for innovative minds to distort social norms which uphold equal tax treatment and a common effort. Financial information is the recurring theme throughout, allowing ever more cunning offenders to distort the value of words and the meaning of economic results. Practical implications The ease with which financial crimes are committed remains striking. Understanding the reasons why financial criminals appear to enjoy relative impunity requires questioning the magistrates and actors involved in the combat against financial crime. The interviews conducted with these key players show that financial crime develops and flourishes on the basis of a threefold specificity: a specific motive linked to absolute enrichment without economic foundation, diffuse and imprecise spaces where economic crimes proliferate with total impunity and an intangible weapon in the form of financial information. Social implications The private appropriation of financial information leads to the misappropriation of public goods and its capture by private operators, thereby depriving the community of a source of knowledge and expertise. Originality/value This paper is based on interviews with key figures in the French judiciary and also French tax officials. A survey in the form of semi-directive interviews was conducted from March to July 2012 with auditors, judicial magistrates and a representative of a large trade union of the French Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry.

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Fontaine, Darcie. "TREASON OR CHARITY? CHRISTIAN MISSIONS ON TRIAL AND THE DECOLONIZATION OF ALGERIA." International Journal of Middle East Studies 44, no. 4 (October 12, 2012): 733–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743812000840.

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AbstractThis article explores the role that Christianity played in the decolonization of Algeria and in particular how the complex relationship between Christianity and colonialism under French rule shaped the rhetoric and actions of Christians during the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62). Using the case of a 1957 trial in the military tribunal of Algiers in which twelve Europeans were charged with crimes ranging from distributing propaganda for the National Liberation Front to sheltering suspected communist and nationalist militants, I demonstrate how “Christian” rhetoric became one of the major means through which the conduct of the war and the defense of French Algeria were debated. While conservative defenders of French Algeria claimed that actions such as those of the Christians on trial led to the erasure of Christianity in North Africa, I argue that such actions and moral positions allowed for the continued presence of Christianity in Algeria after independence.

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de Waart, Paul J. I. M. "Case Analysis: From ‘Kidnapped’ Witness to Released Accused ‘for Humanitarian Reasons’: The Case of the Late General Djordje Djukić." Leiden Journal of International Law 9, no. 2 (June 1996): 453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156596000350.

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On 6 February 1996, the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina informed the Implementation Force (IFOR) that eight Serbs, who were reported missing since 20 January, were held in custody by the Bosnian authorities as war crimes suspects. None of them had already been indicted for war crimes by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Hague. Among the eight detainees were two high-ranking Serb officers: General Djordje Djukić and Colonel Aleksa Krsmanovic. They were said to have been arrested accidentally by Bosnian police officers during a routine traffic control on 30 January 1996.

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Rohmadhanita, Fitri. "PROTECTION OF PEACEKEEPING FORCES BASED ON THE CONVENTION ON THE SAFETY." Lampung Journal of International Law 3, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/lajil.v3i1.2105.

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The attacks and threats directed at UN personnel and related personnel resulted in injuries and death. Therefore, to protect these personnel, the GA established a Resolution, namely the Convention on Safety, which aims to protect UN personnel while carrying out its mission. The 1994 Convention on the Safety of the United Nations and Associated Personnel regulates protected personnel and regulates prohibited acts to extradite perpetrators. The Convention urges the host country (Host Country) to determine its jurisdiction in extraditing perpetrators of crimes against personnel UN and related personnel without delay. Given that each country has sovereignty in its territory and is entitled to determine a national legal system that determines national law application based on jurisdiction.

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Baskaran, A. "Export Control Regimes and India's Space and Missile Programmes." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 58, no. 3-4 (July 2002): 205–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492840205800309.

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Multilateral export control regimes such as the London Club and Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) aim to prevent the flow of complex dual-use technologies to certain ‘target’ countries. The underlying belief has been that these regimes would be able to delay or cripple strategic weapon programmes in ‘target’ countries. However, little attention has been paid to understand the factors that influence the effectiveness of these regimes. In recent years, the limitations of export controls have become increasingly clear. This paper introduces a conceptual framework and analyses the case of India'S space and missile programmes to trace the factors that determine the effectiveness of export control regimes and to understand why these regimes, particularly the MTCR are increasingly ineffective on certain ‘target’ countries.

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Gadler, Alice. "The Protection of Peacekeepers and International Criminal Law: Legal Challenges and Broader Protection." German Law Journal 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 585–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200018745.

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The concern for the safety and security of personnel involved in peacekeeping missions has grown in the last two decades, mainly because of the increased risks deriving from deployment in volatile environments and mandates comprising multiple tasks. This article provides an overview of the developments of international law regarding the protection of peacekeepers, with a special focus on international criminal law and its role in enhancing the safety of the personnel and objects involved in peacekeeping missions. Indeed, starting in 2008, international and hybrid tribunals have issued their first decisions and judgments against individuals indicted for war crimes and crimes against humanity in connection with attacks against peacekeepers.After an analysis of the legal regimes established by the 1994 Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel and by international humanitarian law, the article examines the relevant international criminal law provisions and their application and interpretation by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Special Court for Sierra Leone, and the International Criminal Court. It is argued that the application of the specific war crime of attacking peacekeepers, introduced for the first time in the Rome Statute in 1998, presents particular challenges, but it has also led to the punishment of a broader range of offences against peacekeepers. Furthermore, the application of this crime may contribute to the broadening of the range of punishable offences under the more general war crime of attacking civilians, thus leading to the enhancement of the protection of civilians.

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YANG, Suhong. "David Scheffer, All the Missing Souls: A Personal History of the War Crimes Tribunals." Chinese Journal of International Law 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmaa007.

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Design, Stamen. "Mapping What Is." Boom 4, no. 2 (2014): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/boom.2014.4.2.68.

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Stamen Design, a studio specializing in live data visualizations and interactive mapping, overlooks the busy corner of Mission and Sixteenth Streets in San Francisco, builds “objects to think with.” This article is a portfolio of some of their San Francisco-related mapping work: Crimespotting, an interactive map of crimes in San Francisco and Oakland; Parks.stamen.com visualizes the stories and images that pour out of parks, open spaces, and natural areas in the city and state; Surging Seas highlights what will be lost as rising sea levels take back land, put property underwater, and disproportionately displace different communities; and Creative Commons-license map tilesets, including the whimsical “Watercolor,” let people create their own map styles and imagine different ways of seeing the city.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cripps Mission'

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