Journal articles on the topic 'Criminological traces'

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (BATF) sometimes traces the history of firearms used in crime. Typically, the trace reveals the gun's history from its manufacture to its sale by a licensed retail firearms dealer. BATF traces occasionally have been a useful tool for investigating individual crimes. In recent years, however, some persons have attempted to use BATF trace data to study gun violence and evaluate firearms policies. There are severe limitations on the utility of the BATF data for criminological analysis. These limits include the relatively small number of crime guns that BATF traces, BATF's rules about what guns it will not even attempt to trace, and the limited information supplied by gun traces. The authors suggest that BATF trace figures are not a sound foundation for criminological research.

This paper traces aspects of the development of a ‘green’ criminology. It starts with personal reflections and then describes the emergence of explicit statements of a green criminological perspective. Initially these statements were independently voiced, in different parts of the world but they reflected shared concerns. These works have found unification as a ‘green’, ‘eco-global’ or ‘conservation’ criminology. The paper reviews the classifications available when talking about not only legally-defined crimes but also legally perpetrated harms, as well as typologies of such harms and crimes. It then looks at the integration of ‘green’ and ‘traditional’ criminological thinking before briefly exploring four dimensions of concern for today and the future.DOI: 10.5204/ijcjsd.v3i2.172

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, almost three decades after consensual sodomy was declared a crime in the USSR, voices began to speak out in favor of its decriminalization. This article traces the history of the ensuing debate on this issue, conducted between Soviet criminologists and legal academics in the period from 1965–75. Through a close reading of the related texts, I explore the evolution of the different positions put forward. These fall into two camps: on the one hand, legal scholars who, together with their graduate students, made the case for decriminalization, and on the other, criminologists affiliated with the Interior Ministry, who opposed their views. The article provides the first detailed historical account of this extraordinary discussion and contributes to expanding our scant knowledge on the history of homosexuality in the Soviet Union.

Long before the prosecution of individuals for witchcraft was rendered a legal impossibility in the states of modern Europe, the judicial and executive institutions of those states and their precursors were decisive in both legitimating and moderating, facilitating and constraining the detection, trial, and execution of alleged witches. If we are to impute more than unresolved cognitive dissonance to this paradoxical relationship of the apparatus of state to the perceived reality and threat of witchcraft, then the preconditions and contextual factors predicating that relationship bear investigation. This paper identifies genealogical traces of criminological, political, social, and religious thought embedded within several pivotal bodies of early-modern law pertaining to witchcraft, and attempts to infer the cultural, institutional, and textual sources and conditions from which they derive.

Science and Technology Studies (STS) scholarship has increasingly focused on the rape kit, with scholars critiquing the gendered biases that are enacted through the medico-legal exam and how the kit itself serves as a technoscientific witness of rape. However, little scholarship has focused on the discourses surrounding the early US Vitullo® Kit. This article traces the stabilization of the kit from 1973 to 1987, attending to how community advocates embraced technoscientific protocols to intervene in medico-legal evidence collection. I bring insights from criminology in conversation with STS, to examine archival records associated with the Vitullo® Kit. I argue the kit emerged as a strategic feminist and positivist criminological intervention, in which discourses about the perceived reliability and objectivity of protocol technoscience were believed to counter gendered stereotypes embedded in the justice system. This project, sheds new light on the neglected contributions of community advocates in developing this kit.

Abstract This article traces some of the fundamental poetological changes that the traditional crime novel undergoes in the work of the Swiss author Friedrich Glauser at the beginning of the 20th century. The rational-analytical, conservative approach of the criminal novel in the 19th century implied – according to Luc Boltanski – the separation of an epistemologically structured, institutionalized order of “reality” and a chaotic, unruly, unformatted “world” – a separation that is questioned, but reestablished in the dramaturgy of crime and its resolution. By shifting the attention from the logical structure of ‘whodunnit’ to the sensual material culture and “atmosphere” that surrounds actions and people, Glauser’s novels blur these epistemological and ontological boundaries. The article shows how in Die Fieberkurve, the second novel of Glauser’s famous Wachtmeister Studer-series, material and sensual substances develop a specific, powerful dynamic that dissipates, complicates, crosslinks, and confuses the objects and acts of investigation as well as its narration. The material spoors, dust, fibers, fingerprints, intoxicants and natural resources like oil and gas – which lead the investigation from Switzerland to North Africa – trigger a new sensual mode of perception and reception that replaces the reassuring criminological ideal of solution by the logic of “dissolution”. The novel thereby demonstrates the poetic impact of the slogan of modernity: matter matters.

The results of the study of different ways to commit abduction of natural gas by interfering with the work appliance are considered in the article. A special attention is paid to the abduction of natural gas by interfering with manipulation of a gas meter. The study has revealed that these ways include training actions, committing and hiding of criminological traces of such crimes. The ways to commit abduction of natural gas depend on the following factors: professional skills of the offender, construction of gas network, methods of direct impact on gas meters and their components. Results of studying given problem make it possible to systematize the actions of criminals aimed at direct abduction of natural gas by interfering with manipulation of a gas meter: by exposure time (regular and one-off), by form of influence (mechanic and magnetic methods). A way of committing a crime manifested itself in committing certain actions and left certain trace picture changing the environment. These changes reflected the ways of committing the crime, disclosed the professional and criminal skills of the offender. The techniques of committing crimes that were investigated were repeated. This pattern is objective in the investigation technique of the abduction of natural gas by interfering with manipulation of a gas meter. The key finding of the study shows that the repetitive nature of such crimes is explained by the repetition of objective and subjective factors. It gives us reason to talk about similarity in the commission of crimes caused by a coincidence of species traits. The ways to commit abduction of natural gas by interfering with the work appliance includes acts that are naturally associated with the commission of a crime and aimed at preparing and hiding them. Therefore, to prevent the abduction of natural gas by interfering with manipulation of a gas meter the study focused on revealing the ways of committing such crimes because they are of great use in their investigation. A list of ways to steal natural gas is not complete, new ways of abduction of natural gas will appear that will be characterized by greater level of concealment.

The scientific article is devoted to the problems of using forensic examinations and their results in the pre-trial investigation. Perspective directions of development of criminology according to its components are defined. The current state of develop-ment of forensic technology, tools and cybernetics in general, which is successfully used in forensics makes it possible to use retinal schemes to register criminals. It is noted that the development of forensic technologies involves the develop-ment of information retrieval programs, such as Automated Workplaces (AWP) for pre-trial investigation units of Ukraine, as well as other persons authorized to in-vestigate, reference information programs. It is effective to use global satellite positioning systems (JPS devices) while in-vestigating crimes, ZD laser scanners when inspecting the scene, as small elec-tronic devices allow you to capture the geographical coordinates of any point, loca-tion of objects at the scene, the distance between them rather quickly. A new step in forensics in the near future will be the use of "latent fingerprint" (LTF) technology, which will greatly simplify the identification of criminals. Methods of forensic examination in criminal proceedings and their improve-ment using the latest technologies that use computer programs such as "Photoro-bot", the use of audio and video, polygraph, spectrograph, etc. to reproduce human memory and the development of forensic technology, which involves development of information retrieval programs. These new approaches and knowledge used by forensics are a necessary con-dition for the rapid detection of the crime, detection and seizure of physical evi-dence for their further expert studying. The use of the latest achievements of forensic technology in the detection of hidden traces is the key to the formation of a quality evidence base and identifica-tion of a particular person during the pre-trial investigation. Key words: forensics, forensics theory, crime investigation, criminological means of research.

The relevance of the article is that the spread of drug addiction and drug crime in Ukraine over the past ten years has become one of the most acute social problems, failure to solve which leads to harm to human health, negative impact on the social sphere, and is a threat to national security. Of particular concern in the light of socio-economic crises is the systematic use of illicit drugs and the increase in drug-related crimes. At the same time, the number of criminal offenses for illegal public use of drugs is increasing, which in turn requires the creation of the most advanced methods of detection and investigation of criminal offenses and the development of appropriate practical recommendations for the use of forensic techniques and tactics specific to a particular crime. The purpose of the article is to provide a forensic characterization of illegal public drug use. The scientific article analyzes the scientific positions of forensic scientists and proceduralists on the understanding of the conceptual category «forensic characteristics of a criminal offense» and further identification of the main elements of the forensic characteristics of criminal offenses. It is stated that forensic characteristics are a relevant scientific abstraction based on the analysis of investigative, expert, operational-search, judicial practice used by this practice through the methodology of investigation of criminal offenses of the relevant type, the starting point for which it is characteristic. Within the limits of the scientific article the following elements of the criminological characteristic of illegal public use of drugs are allocated and investigated: a) a way of commission of a criminal offense; b) a description of the identity of the offender; c) the subject of criminal encroachment; d) place of commission; e) typical traces of the crime.

В статье изучаются научные идеи, изложенные доктором юридических наук, профессором В. Е. Эминовым в его научной и учебной литературе, в том числе в работах, написанных им совместно с другими авторами, в период с 2005 по 2008 г. Рассматривается исследование ученым института декриминализации тех или иных деяний, вопросов организации мониторинга применения статей Особенной части УК РФ. Важное место в научной работе В. Е. Эминова в этот период занимает криминологическая классификация и характеристика преступлений, а также создание концепции борьбы с организованной преступностью, что также рассмотрено в данной статье. Таким образом, в изучаемый период в научном творчестве В. Е. Эминова преобладают криминологические исследования, но их цель - способствовать дальнейшей систематизации и гуманизации системы наказаний, а их содержание - изучение и последующее реформирование законодательной основы исполнения наказаний. Исследуя научную работу об указанной выше концепции, автор статьи прослеживает взаимосвязь научных исследований в области криминологии, уголовного и уголовно-исполнительного права. В статье автор не только приводит цитаты из работ исследуемого ученого, но и комментирует их. В процессе комментирования описаний и выводов, сделанных В. Е. Эминовым и его соавторами, описываемые явления и процессы не только поясняются, но и актуализируются, в том числе путем приведения примеров обсуждения проектов реформ правоохранительных органов. Тем самым обращено внимание на необходимость воплощения некоторых высказанных ученым идей. При написании статьи применен преимущественно метод исторического и логического анализа. The article examines the scientific ideas presented by doctor of law, Professor V. E. Eminov in his scientific and educational literature, including works written by him together with other authors, in the period from 2005 to 2008. The study by scientists of the institute of decriminalization of certain acts, the organization of monitoring the application of articles of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is considered. An important place in the scientific work of V. E. Eminov during this period is occupied with criminological classification and characteristics of crimes, as well as the creation of the concept of combating organized crime, which is also discussed in this article. Thus, during the period under study in the scientific work of V. E. Eminov is dominated by criminological studies, but their goal is to promote further systematization and humanization of the punishment system, and their content is the study and subsequent reform of the legislative framework for the execution of punishments. Studying the scientific work on the above concept, the author of the article traces the relationship of scientific research in the field of criminology, criminal and penal law. In the article, the author not only quotes from the works of the researched scientist, but also comments on them. In the process of commenting on the descriptions and conclusions made by V. E. Eminov and his co-authors, the described phenomena and processes are not only explained, but also updated, including by giving examples of discussing projects of reforms of low enforcement agencies. Thus, attention is drawn to the need to implement some of the ideas expressed by the scientist. In the article the method of historical and logical analysis is mainly used.

This article analyzes the draft law on implementation of the institution of criminal misconduct into the criminal legislation that was submitted to the State Duma upon the initiative of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. The author traces the history of the problem, difference between the new and the previous draft law, which has received a negative response from the Government of the Russian Federation, and thus has not been implemented. The newly introduced institution viewed from the perspective of cross-sectoral competition, systematicity of criminal legislation, terminological accuracy, adequacy of sanctions for different types of offenses, correlation between the institution of criminal misconduct and the institution of exemption from criminal liability. The author also raises the question on the impact of implementation of the new institution upon the workload of law enforcement and judicial branches. The following conclusions were made: the institution of criminal misconduct would extend the chain of concepts that cannot be clearly defined: crime – minor misconduct – criminal misconduct – administrative offence; such institution violates the system of sanctions for unlawful acts, as the sanctions  for most criminal misconducts are milder than for administrative offenses. The authors of the draft law underline the effectiveness of the norms on minor misconduct, administrative prejudice, and exemption from criminal liability, without clarifying the goals that cannot be achieved by these existing instruments. Most likely, the new institution would require increasing the workload of judges. The draft law violates the systematicity in establishing liability for infringement of intellectual property rights. It is recommended to include in the draft Paragraph 4 of the Article 15.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation reference to the Part I and Part II of the Article 146, and Part I of Article the 147 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The conducted research allows concluding that the draft law does not have sufficient criminological and criminal-legal scientific substantiation.

The article covers some aspects of the investigation of mass riots. The essence and system of forensic characterization of the specified actions for their faster and more effective investigation are considered. It is noted that a criminal offense has a large number of characteristics, which in criminology are systematized in such a scientific category as «forensic characteristics». For half a century the criminological characteristic has entered into a technique of investigation of criminal offenses as a stable element. With regard to mass riots, it should be emphasized that the investigation of these acts has important features, which, inter alia, are related to the study of a certain category. The position of the authors is supported, who believe that for police officers who are directly in-volved in the investigation, the most important thing is the practical application of a tool that will help in the investigation process. That is, the real value of the forensic characterization of a particular type of crime is the possibility of its practical application, the ability to resolve certain issues in view of it and, of course, the ability to make it to investigate certain categories of crimes faster and more efficient. At the same time, the use of such an information system requires in each case to identify a key element through which you can make a «login» to the system in order to obtain the necessary information. The selection of a key element for a particular case depends on the investigative situation at this stage of the investigation. The author concludes that a forensic characterization is a system of information about forensically significant features of criminally punishable acts of a certain type, which reflects the legitimate links between them and serves to build and verify investigative versions during their investigation. The system of forensic characteristics of mass riots includes the following elements: the method of committing a criminal offense; the situation of mass riots; the subject of the criminal act; traces of the offense; the identity of the victim; the identity of the offender. Keywords: mass riots, organization, tactics, investigative (search) actions, forensic description.

AbstractUntil recently, the field of criminology has largely ignored the suffering and abuse of non-human animals in the variety of forms in which it occurs. In order to address one aspect of this suffering, this article explores the non-human animal abuse inherent in the trade of wildlife. To demonstrate both the individual harm to non-human animals and the institutionalized abuse in this market, the fur and falcon trades will be detailed. First, since non-human animal abuse and harm have been largely invisible to the criminological community, this article sets out one justification for the adoption of a harm-based discourse. The result is examination of the these two forms of wildlife trade from an animal rights and species justice perspective of harm that is now one of the three broad conceptions of justice in the rapidly growing field of green criminology.

The article is devoted to the study of the criminological side of such a phenomenon as bullying, its concepts, signs and types. The historical development of the study of the concept of «bullying» is traced. The research of various scientists in the field of studying such a phenomenon as bullying is analyzed. The relationship between bullying and other forms of violent behavior is investigated. The main determinants that contribute to such actions are analyzed. One of the types of bullying is considered - cyberbullying, which is a form of aggressive, conflict behavior of a systematic nature, carried out using modern information and telecommunications. Lists the types of cyberbullying that occur in cyberspace, as well as the types of behavior that are characteristic of this phenomenon. The consequences of bullying are described and actions in bullying are compared with actions that qualify under Article 120 «Inducing to suicide» of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and Article 128 «Torture» of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Discloses a concept such as «Bulicide». Emphasis is placed on the problem of preventing and combating bullying in Ukraine. The Laws of Ukraine “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Countering Bullying (Harassment)” and “On Education” are analyzed to identify actions that qualify as bullying. The administrative responsibility provided for commission of these actions is specified. To counteract and prevent such a negative phenomenon in Ukraine as bullying, it is proposed to improve the legislation that would clearly regulate this issue and strengthen the responsibility for bullying, as well as take measures to prevent this phenomenon at the national, special criminological and individual levels. In addition, given the threat to human life and health, as well as the age of adolescents, who have recently become bullying, the common signs of bullying and torture, it is proposed to equate certain types of bullying to torture, and proposed consideration of criminal -legal liability for bullying, children who have reached 14 years. The best ways to solve the problem of bullying are proposed, considering foreign experience. Keywords: bullying, violence, cyberbullying, criminal liability, counteracting bullying, measures to prevent bullying.

This study focused on the use of cyberspace to traffic drugs in Durban, South Africa. The study seeks to determine how cyberspace is used as a tool to traffic drugs in Durban, South Africa; to investigate the current South African laws as deterrence to combat drug trafficking via cyberspace. The studyused the qualitative research method. The data was collected from a sample consisting of eight respondents using the purposive sampling technique. The researchers collected data using semi-structured interviews and the collected data was analyzed through thematic content analysis. The findings depicted that cyberspace is used as a tool to traffic drugs in Durban by providing cyberspace users with the platform to engage in unlimited and secure communication. The use of Virtual Private Networks and The Onion Ring makes it exceptionally difficult to trace cybercriminals. Recommendation: There is a need for more awareness around cybercrime and, more particularly, drug trafficking via cyberspace. More law enforcement officers should be provided with training regarding cyberspace and drug trafficking via cyberspace.

This article examines the relation between criminology and the state in the postwar period. The article begins by looking at the role of the criminologist in the emerging welfare state. Here the state was regarded as benevolent, while the task of the criminologist was to help guide penal policy along benevolent lines. We then chart the development of a more critical approach to the state, now conceived as an authoritarian formation by critical theorists who no longer considered themselves insiders. We then trace a range of forces that worked to marginalise the state now increasingly viewed as irrelevant. These include the triumph of neoliberalism, the reception of Foucault’s work and globalisation theory on mainstream criminological thinking. We conclude by drawing attention to the reality of a post-welfare, neoliberal order, in which the state never went away, and profile recent attempts to theorise its nature. In the context of societies where state power is omnipresent in our lives, we suggest the time has now arrived when we need to reconnect the body of the King with his decapitated head.

Do government policies increase the likelihood that some citizens will become persistent criminals? Using criminological concepts such as the idea of a “criminal career” and sociological concepts such as the life course, this article assesses the outcome of macro-level economic policies on individuals’ engagement in crime. Few studies in political science, sociology, or criminology directly link macroeconomic policies to individual offending. Employing individual-level longitudinal data, this article tracks a sample of Britons born in 1970 from childhood to adulthood and examines their offending trajectories through the early 1980s to see the effects of economic policies on individuals’ repeated offending. A model is developed with data from the British 1970 Birth Cohort Study that incorporates individuals, families, and schools and takes account of national-level economic policies (driven by New Right political ideas). Findings suggest that economic restructuring was a key causal factor in offending during the period. Criminologists are encouraged to draw on ideas from political science to help explain offending careers and show how political choices in the management of the economy encourage individual-level responses.

One of the most important elements of the criminological characteristic of intentional destruction of property through arson is the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the commission of this crime, which include the level, structure, dynamics and geography. A full characterization of intentional destruction or damage to property by arson requires consideration of a number of criminological elements, including quantitative and qualitative indicators of intentional destruction or damage to property by arson, characterization of the offender committing intentional destruction or damage to property by arson, cause damage to property by arson. The article looks at statistics from 1960-2018 that reflect the level of crimes related to the deliberate destruction or damage to another's property by arson. The analysis is based on official statistics of the Interior Ministry of Ukraine. The focus is on the dynamics of reported crimes. The study of statistics from 1960-2018 on the deliberate destruction or damage of another's property by means of arson allows to obtain a considerable amount of useful information about the mechanism and means of arson, about the conditions and circumstances under which it was prepared and committed, the identity of the offender, etc. Identifying typical methods of arson can be the basis for developing versions, determining the direction of the investigation and the most appropriate ways to search the offender, establishing and further eliminating the circumstances contributing to the arson. The purpose and purpose of this article is to investigate statistics from 1960-2018 that reflect the results of the activities of law enforcement agencies in the detection of crimes related to the deliberate destruction and damage to property, including those committed by arson. The overall crime rate can be traced to the tables provided in the article. Investigations can form the basis of law-making activities, as well as serve as a basis for further scientific inquiries concerning the criminal-law characteristics of intentional destruction or damage to property.

The priority tasks of modern Russian penitentiary policy include the development of an effective system of enforcing criminal punishments and other criminal law measures. The implementation of this multi-faceted task is impossible without taking into consideration the personal traits of convicts sentenced to incarceration. When prisoners spend time in a correctional institution and are forced to enter its specific environment, they acquire social and personal attitudes that, unfortunately, are more often negative than positive. In the current article the authors examine problems connected with identifying the traits that characterize the personality of a convict as a specific criminological category. They attempt to present their own concept of researching the signs (primarily, penitentiary ones) of the formation of destructive personality traits in convicts. The realization of this task includes studying those features and characteristics of a convicts personality that possess the meaning and content highlighting the value and systemic essence of this personality. The authors believe that a multi-level criminological concept would be most suitable for such research, this concept should make it possible to study the whole structure of a convicts personality in a comprehensive way, and it is the motivation of a convicts behavior. A convict, just like any person, possesses a complex of leading motives that comprise the essence of his personality and determine his behavior. When researching the motivation of criminal behavior, it is possible to trace the interconnection of internal and external factors, study the methods and conditions of a specific crime, the personality of a criminal. At present, the researchers in the penitentiary field and the employees of the penitentiary institutions agree that it is necessary to conduct special research of the formation of an integrated system of specific factors that influence the motivation of convicts and cause the destruction of personality traits, which is typical of places of confinement. The authors believe that a characteristic feature of the socio-psychological element of a convicts personality is the disruption in the development of his sphere of motivation and senses as one of the factors of its formation.

ArgumentIn calling psychoanalysis a “school of suspicion” (Ricoeur 1970, 32), Ricoeur marks at once its use in a disposition characteristic of modernity: the disposition of suspicion. Modernity gives rise to various forms of suspicion, to modern forms of ressentiment and practices of disciplining oneself (the suspicion of oneself) as well as to an epistemology of suspicion. In this essay, I shall analyze the epistemological function of suspicion – which as the “paradigm of clues” (Ginzburg 1988) becomes the leading paradigm of the human sciences in the last third of the nineteenth century – and its close interrelationship with the techniques of power. As I shall demonstrate through a comparative reading of psychoanalytical, literary, and criminological texts, the modern production of knowledge in the human sciences cannot be separated from the modern “micro-physics of power,” which for Foucault was established in the eighteenth century, and the technologies of the self. I shall situate the paradigm of clues within the framework of the modern disposition of suspicion in order to combine the epistemological reflections with an analysis of cultural history. Thus I will first examine the paradigm of clues from the perspectives of cultural theory (Foucault and Nietzsche) and semiotics (Peirce), in order to illuminate the structural unreliability of the episteme as well as the way it is closely linked to the techniques of power. In what follows, I will apply this view to Bertillon's photographic identification system, the psychoanalytical concept of the trace, and Kafka's short story The Burrow.

Having traced the criminalization process for minors, it can be argued that more and more violent offenses have the extreme form of cruelty. It is proved that the most stable and significant part of violent crimes include deliberate murder, deliberate infliction of grave and moderate injury to health, robberies, forced robberies, forced rape, hooliganism, beatings, torture, etc. Such criminal acts constituting the criminological significant group are distinguished, primarily by such criteria as the method of action of an offender, the form of guilt and the object of the attack. The structure of juvenile delinquency is characterized mostly by mercenary, mercenary-violent and violent types of crimes. The crimes committed by young people are more impudent and aggressive compared to general crime. The number of crimes committed on the basis of drug addiction and alcoholism is especially increasing. It is stated that juvenile delinquency is usually of a group nature. It is established that the investigation of the causes of the crimes will not be complete without studying the causes and conditions of the personality of the offender. After all, the causes of the commission of crimes that directly induce or push a person to choose the wrongful conduct in a particular situation, are, so to speak, subjective, that is, inseparably linked with the subject of the crime. The main determinants of the formation of the identity of a juvenile offender who commit crimes with particular cruelty include: the negative impact of the family as a potential factor in the formation of the personality of a juvenile offender; child homelessness and neglect; unorganized leisure; alcoholization and narcosis of children's environment; manifestations of bullying among minors, etc. It is proved that the mechanism of influence of factors on crime is rather complex and, therefore, the influence of each of them can only be arbitrary, since the positive or negative impact of any aspect of social life depends on a specific combination of factors. The impact of criminogenic factors, and sometimes their consequences, lmanifests in the fact that they objectively contribute to crime.

The authors examine the specific features of the digital environment to analyze contemporary approaches to the system of instruments of studying illegal actions in cyberspace. They state that law enforcement bodies should adapt key characteristics of the digital environment to the accomplishment of investigation tasks. The authors analyze the possibilities offered by digital profiling and modeling of the digital profile (portrait) of an unidentified criminal through mathematical methods of modeling and prediction in investigating and solving serial crimes, including cybercrimes. An extensive review of Russian and foreign publications is used to study the evolution of scientific ideas regarding the profiling method, which is the basis for the digital profiling of the behavioral model of an unidentified criminal in the digital environment. It is stated that none of the branches of criminal law, including criminology and criminalistics, could alone solve the interdisciplinary problem of the investigation and detection of crimes in the digital environment. The authors prove that it is necessary to integrate the knowledge of these branches and to conduct interdisciplinary research involving experts, i.e. to duly streamline the organization of those activities that together make up the investigation and detection of crimes. Based on the content of the concept «modus operandi», which lies at the heart of building an abstract model of criminal behavior, they conclude that it could be used to investigate and solve crimes in the digital environment and determine the specific features of the content of its structural elements. The comparative analysis of the contents of the key stages of profiling is used to prove the expediency of employing the whole range of logical and mathematical methods of analysis to process and analyze criminological information, which leads to the necessity of both critically reviewing them and finding ways to go beyond the traditional approaches. The authors describe the essence of the mathematical extrapolation method, which is most commonly used in criminology for the quantitative analysis of knowledge regarding objects, phenomena, processes, as well as the possibility of using it in digital profiling. As a result of this research based on the systemic approach, the authors state the objective character of links between the traditional and the digital profiling, point out the existing links and regularities, which allow them to reduce the essence of the examined phenomena to building a model through the recreation, in the process of investigation, of the mental trace pattern and then using it to find the guilty person.

The destructive bushfires in Australia 2019–2020 resonate with similar trends around the world as bushfire seasons are becoming longer and more pervasive. Yet, criminological analyses of bushfires are limited and tend to focus on the individual criminal subject and the act of arson, the crime of intentional fire starting. Encouragingly, green criminology, the criminological perspective dealing with environmental crimes and harms, is expanding the categories of offenders and victims of harm by, for example, highlighting non-human victims and harms perpetrated by the capitalist system. Nonetheless, even this perspective is inadequate to deal with the complex and ultimately mobile events of fire and their far-reaching consequences. This article brings green criminology in flux by drawing from the ‘new mobilities paradigm’, emphasising motion, temporality and the mobility of contemporary life. The new mobilities paradigm, or the ‘mobility turn’, has a lot to offer green criminology as is demonstrated here by way of scrutinising the mobility of fire. A mobile green criminology will help trace fire beyond static categories of offenders and victims and open up for more flexible and mobile categories of environmental harms as constructed, complex and unstable processes. Finally, a mobile analysis allows for a more complex and meaningful reading of criminological space, demonstrated by the relationship between social, aesthetic and cultural values of land, politics, power and fire-related behaviours, such as fire suppression or Aboriginal peoples’ cultural burning practices. It is argued here that in order to understand the complex nature of fire, green criminology must attune to the intersections between fire, space, mobility and meaning.

We argue that Winnipeg’s downtown Millennium Library’s aggressive and invasive security screening practices represent a threat to libraries across North America. Drawing on critical librarianship literatures, as well as anti-racist and criminological scholarship, we argue that moves to implement security screening in libraries flies in the face of best practices for public libraries, creates opportunities for racial bias and harm, and does not make patrons or staff safer. We trace the multiple ways that securitization creates harm for different marginalized communities. We then argue that Millennium Library is not alone in facing this risk, and that solidarity and mobilization by other librarians will be necessary to stem the tide on securitization.

Over the past decade, a growing body of literature has emerged under the umbrella of narrative criminology. We trace the origins of this field to narrative scholarship in the social sciences more broadly and review the recent history of criminological engagement in this field. We then review contemporary developments, paying particular attention to research around desistance and victimology. Our review highlights the most important critiques and challenges for narrative criminology and suggests fruitful directions in moving forward. We conclude by making a case for the consolidation and integration of narrative criminology, in hopes that this movement becomes more than an isolated clique. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Criminology, Volume 4 is January 13, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Home sharing is an increasingly popular alternative to hotels, in which individuals rent all or a portion of their residence as short-term accommodations for travelers. Criminological research has examined the relationship between crime and visitors in a variety of contexts, but very few studies have explored possible associations between home sharing and crime. Grounded in social disorganization and routine activities theories, this study adds to the literature by evaluating the relationship between home sharing density and several types of crime across census tracts in Austin, Texas. The analysis also controls for the effects of tourism, alcohol establishments, and other relevant sociodemographic factors. The results indicate that the sharing of entire units was not associated with crime rates for any of the offense types. Levels of private rooms, however, were positively associated with one of the offenses. Although far more research is needed on the topic, these results are discussed in light of the other notable study on the topic to suggest early conclusions about home sharing and crime.

For nearly a century, gang scholarship has remained foundational to criminological theory and method. Twenty-first-century scholarship continues to refine and, in some cases, supplant long-held axioms about gang formation, organization, and behavior. Recent advances can be traced to shifts in the empirical social reality and conditions within which gangs exist and act. We draw out this relationship—between the ontological and epistemological—by identifying key macrostructural shifts that have transformed gang composition and behavior and, in turn, forced scholars to revise dominant theoretical frameworks and analytical approaches. These shifts include large-scale economic transformations, the expansion of punitive state interventions, the proliferation of the Internet and social media, intensified globalization, and the increasing presence of women and LGBTQ individuals in gangs and gang research. By introducing historically unprecedented conditions and actors, these developments provide novel opportunities to reconsider previous analyses of gang structure, violence, and other related objects of inquiry. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Criminology, Volume 5 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The extraordinary current craze around NFTs reflects their perceived value as a technological development that can bring greater certainty to questions of ownership and authenticity in fields like art and other collectibles. This is, among other things, the promise of crime prevention through technology, as ownership and authenticity are in the art world closely tied to criminal legal matters like theft, handling stolen goods and fraud. The crime prevention promise looks to fall flat though, as the technology seems to be less capable of delivering these benefits than has been assumed by its promoters. Much of the attraction of NFTs is therefore not actually based on effective crime prevention, but rather on hype. This paper explores the hype, and its relationship to the crime prevention promise of NFTs, through the lens of ‘the social lives of things’. We argue that as well as social lives, things have criminal lives. Analysis sensitive to the criminal lives of things finds an NFT trading scene heated by emotion: excitement, attraction, temptation, speculative euphoria and acquisitive, possessive sentiment. This creates a sense of object agency more active than the cold traditional vision of material structure presented in standard criminological treatments of things-in-the-world as passive opportunity structures. The hyped NFT market trades in affecting objects that create crime in emotional as well as structural ways. We therefore arrive at a conclusion opposite to starting assumptions: far from preventing crime, NFTs are making it.

Welcome to the last issue of the IJEI for 2013. It has been an exciting year with numerous conferences and research on academic integrity around the world. Auckland University of Technology kicked off the year with the Fraud, Fakery and Fabrication: Academic and research integrity conference, the International Center for Academic Integrity held their annual conference in San Antonio on 28 February, the National Roundtable and Australian National Speaking Tour for the Exemplary Academic Integrity Project was also held in late February and early March, the 3rd World Conference on Research Integrity was held in Montreal in May, the Plagiarism across Europe and Beyond Conference shared the results of the 'Impact of policies for plagiarism in higher education across Europe' project in Brno, Czech Republic in June, and the 6th Asia Pacific Conference on Educational Integrity showcased the work of Australian Office for Learning and Teaching commissioned projects on academic integrity in Sydney in October. With so much interest and research on this topic across a range of countries and contexts, it is perhaps not surprising that the current issue is an eclectic mix of reflective, conceptual, empirical and case study work from researchers spanning six countries, including the United Arab Emirates, Norway, Australia, Sweden, Indonesia and the UK. The issue covers diverse topics extending from the development of academic skills, to motivations and predictors of student plagiarism, systems to reduce plagiarism and the responsibility of universities to provide marketing information based on ethical principles of honesty and trustworthiness. Student groups represented include secondary school, undergraduate and postgraduate. Radhika Iyer-O'Sullivan, formerly of the British University in Dubai, analyses faculty feedback, samples of student writing and Turnitin Similarity Reports to determine if teaching critical reading as a threshold concept results in critical thinking and subsequently improved critical writing skills. While the sample was small and the results inconclusive, Iyer-O'Sullivan makes the case that teaching critical reading assists students to understand the importance of using supporting evidence to develop a convincing academic argument. Håvard Skaar and Hugo Hammer from Oslo and Akershus University College, Norway use a mixed-methods approach to explore secondary school students' plagiarism of internet sources in essay writing. The survey of 67 students indicated that 75% of students reported plagiarising from online sources and that plagiarism accounted for 25% of the total amount of text. Students with a higher grade in written Norwegian plagiarised less than those with a lower grade, and students more conversant with appropriate citation practices plagiarised less than those students less familiar with referencing conventions. Qualitative feedback from interviews with 29 students indicated that the students wanted to spend as little time and effort as possible on the assessment task and that plagiarism was chosen as a writing strategy, with little reflection on the moral aspects on this decision. In contrast, Rebecca Awdry, from the University of Canberra, and Rick Sarre, from the University of South Australia, found that the university students in their study expressed strong ethical positions in relation to plagiarism, arguing that it was cheating and dishonest. Awdry and Sarre explored students' motivations to plagiarise using a mixed methods approach, and analysed the data through the prism of criminological theory. The authors conclude that while rational choice theory provides some insight into student breaches of academic integrity, there is an apparent disconnect between the way that academics view students' behaviour and how students themselves express their motivations. In agreement with key writers in the field (Bertram Gallant, McCabe, Bretag et al.), Awdry and Sarre conclude that higher education providers should focus less on detection and punishment and more on developing a values-based culture of integrity. Based on a sample of 362 undergraduate psychology students, and in the context of the Indonesian government's position that any form of plagiarism "is a serious offense that may even be classified as an illegal action", Ide Bagus Siaputra, from Universitas Surabaya, explores the proposition that "regardless of the presence or absence of opportunities and the severity of the potential sanctions, some individuals seem to be prone to plagiarism". Siaputra builds on the work of Williams, Nathanson and Paulhus (2010), to propose five variables as predictors of plagiarism, including procrastination, performance, personality, perfectionism, and achievement motivation, and names the model 'the 4PA of plagiarism'. Findings from the author's study indicate that procrastination was the key predictor of plagiarism, followed by achievement motivation. Looking to provide a multi-pronged response to student plagiarism, Ken Larsson and Henrik Hansson from Stockholm University, Sweden share the results of an innovation at their university. The digital system called SciPro was developed to support independent student thesis work, decrease the burden on supervisors for feedback on basic skills, and reduce plagiarism. The system includes a number of modules which facilitate management, communication and learning. According to the authors, SciPro works to prevents plagiarism by providing: 1) clear instructions about rules and regulations for students and supervisors; 2) an online peer-review system; 3) transparent online communication and file storage of accumulated manuscripts; and 4) a final seminar module enabling automatic generation of originality reports from Turnitin when students upload their final thesis manuscripts. Larsson and Hansson report that the implementation of SciPro has resulted in substantial improvements in policy development, successful integration of anti-plagiarism software, and an increased awareness of plagiarism issues. The final paper in the issue reminds us that academic integrity is an issue which underpins every aspect of the educational enterprise and goes well beyond plagiarism in student assessment. Educational psychologist, John Bradley, from the UK, offers a typology of nine misleading data-based marketing claims based on his examination of UK university prospectuses. Bradley's analysis leads him to assert that marketing of higher education should aspire to higher ethical standards than marketing in general because of the high stakes involved for a potentially vulnerable group, and because the reputation of the university is founded on having high standards of scholarship. Rather than rely on external regulators to ensure the authenticity of marketing claims, the author advocates a system of voluntary peer review of university marketing prospectuses based on the principles of research and publication ethics. I trust you will enjoy this varied issue which will interest teachers, researchers, policymakers, administrators and marketers of education, in both secondary and tertiary contexts. Volume 10(1) of the IJEI, to be published in June 2014, will include the best reviewed papers from the Plagiarism Across Europe and Beyond Conference, Czech Republic 2013, along with appropriate papers submitted via the IJEI platform. Tracey Bretag, IJEI Editor Email: tracey.bretag@unisa.edu.au

In Victorian times, when female travel narratives were read as excursions rather than expeditions, it was common for women authors to preface their travels with an apology. “What this book wants,” begins Mary Kingsley’s Travels in West Africa, “is not a simple preface but an apology, and a very brilliant and convincing one at that” (4). This tendency of the woman writer to depreciate her travel with an acknowledgment of its presumptuousness crafted her apology essentially as an admission of guilt. “Where I have offered my opinions,” Isabella Bird writes in The Englishwoman in America, “I have done so with extreme diffidence, giving impressions rather than conclusions” (2). While Elizabeth Howells has since argued the apologetic preface was in fact an opposing strategy that allowed women writers to assert their authority by averting it, it is certainly telling of the time and genre that a female writer could only defend her work by first excusing it. The personal apology may have emerged as the natural response to social restrictions but it has not been without consequence for female travel. The female position, often constructed as communal, is still problematised in contemporary travel texts. While there has been a traceable shift from apology to affirmation since the first women travellers abandoned their embroidery, it seems some sense of lingering culpability still remains. In many ways, the modern female traveller, like the early lady traveller, is still a displaced woman. She still sets out cautiously, guide book in hand. Often she writes, like the female confessant, in an attempt to recover what Virginia Woolf calls “the lives of the obscure”: those found locked in old diaries, stuffed away in old drawers or simply unrecorded (44). Often she speaks insistently of the abstract things which Kingsley, ironically, wrote so easily and extensively about. She is, however, even when writing from within the confines of her own home, still writing from abroad. Women’s solitary or “unescorted” travel, even in contemporary times, is considered less common in the Western world, with recurrent travel warnings constantly targeted at female travellers. Travelling women are always made aware of the limits of their body and its vulnerabilities. Mary Morris comments on “the fear of rape, for example, whether crossing the Sahara or just crossing a city street at night” (xvii). While a certain degree of danger always exists in travel for men and women alike and while it is inevitable that some of those risks are gender-specific, travel is frequently viewed as far more hazardous for women. Guide books, travel magazines and online advice columns targeted especially at female readers are cramped with words of concern and caution for women travellers. Often, the implicit message that women are too weak and vulnerable to travel is packaged neatly into “a cache of valuable advice” with shocking anecdotes and officious chapters such as “Dealing with Officials”, “Choosing Companions” or “If You Become a Victim” (Swan and Laufer vii). As these warnings are usually levelled at white, middle to upper class women who have the freedom and financing to travel, the question arises as to what is really at risk when women take to the road. It seems the usual dialogue between issues of mobility and issues of safety can be read more complexly as confusions between questions of mobility and morality. As Kristi Siegel explains, “among the various subtexts embedded in these travel warnings is the long-held fear of ‘women on the loose’” (4). According to Karen Lawrence, travel has always entailed a “risky and rewardingly excessive” terrain for women because of the historical link between wandering and promiscuity (240). Paul Hyland has even suggested that the nature of travel itself is “gloriously” promiscuous: “the shifting destination, arrival again and again, the unknown possessed, the quest for an illusory home” (211). This construction of female travel as a desire to wander connotes straying behaviours that are often cast in sexual terms. The identification of these traits in early criminological research, such as 19th century studies of cacogenic families, is often linked to travel in a broad sense. According to Nicolas Hahn’s study, Too Dumb to Know Better, contributors to the image of the “bad” woman frequently cite three traits as characteristic. “First, they have pictured her as irresolute and all too easily lead. Second, they have usually shown her to be promiscuous and a good deal more lascivious than her virtuous sister. Third, they have often emphasised the bad woman’s responsibility for not only her own sins, but those of her mate and descendents as well” (3). Like Eve, who wanders around the edge of the garden, the promiscuous woman has long been said to have a wandering disposition. Interestingly, however, both male and female travel writers have at different times and for dissimilar reasons assumed hermaphroditic identities while travelling. The female traveller, for example, may assume the figure of “the observer” or “the reporter with historical and political awareness”, while the male traveller may feminise his behaviours to confront inevitabilities of confinement and mortality (Fortunati, Monticelli and Ascari 11). Female travellers such as Alexandra David-Neel and Isabelle Eberhardt who ventured out of the home and cross-dressed for safety or success, deliberately and fully appropriated traditional roles of the male sex. Often, this attempt by female wanderers to fulfil their own intentions in cognito evaded their dismissal as wild and unruly women and asserted their power over those duped by their disguise. Those women who did travel openly into the world were often accused of flaunting the gendered norms of female decorum with their “so-called unnatural and inappropriate behaviour” (Siegel 3). The continued harnessing of this cultural taboo by popular media continues to shape contemporary patterns of female travel. In fact, as a result of perceived connections between wandering and danger, the narrative of the woman traveller often emerges as a self-conscious fiction where “the persona who emerges on the page is as much a character as a woman in a novel” (Bassnett 234). This process of self-fictionalising converts the travel writing into a graph of subliminal fears and desires. In Tracks, for example, which is Robyn Davidson’s account of her solitary journey by camel across the Australian desert, Davidson shares with her readers the single, unvarying warning she received from the locals while preparing for her expedition. That was, if she ventured into the desert alone without a guide or male accompaniment, she would be attacked and raped by an Aboriginal man. In her opening pages, Davidson recounts a conversation in the local pub when one of the “kinder regulars” warns her: “You ought to be more careful, girl, you know you’ve been nominated by some of these blokes as the next town rape case” (19). “I felt really frightened for the first time,” Davidson confesses (20). Perhaps no tale better depicts this gendered troubling than the fairytale of Little Red Riding Hood. In the earliest versions of the story, Little Red outwits the Wolf with her own cunning and escapes without harm. By the time the first printed version emerges, however, the story has dramatically changed. Little Red now falls for the guise of the Wolf, and tricked by her captor, is eaten without rescue or escape. Charles Perrault, who is credited with the original publication, explains the moral at the end of the tale, leaving no doubt to its intended meaning. “From this story one learns that children, especially young lasses, pretty, courteous and well-bred, do very wrong to listen to strangers, and it is not an unheard thing if the Wolf is thereby provided with his dinner” (77). Interestingly, in the Grimm Brothers’ version which emerges two centuries later an explicit warning now appears in the tale, in the shape of the mother’s instruction to “walk nicely and quietly, and not run off the path” (144). This new inclusion sanitises the tale and highlights the slippages between issues of mobility and morality. Where Little Red once set out with no instruction not to wander, she is now told plainly to stay on the path; not for her own safety but for implied matters of virtue. If Little Red strays while travelling alone she risks losing her virginity and, of course, her virtue (Siegel 55). Essentially, this is what is at stake when Little Red wanders; not that she will get lost in the woods and be unable to find her way, but that in straying from the path and purposefully disobeying her mother, she will no longer be “a dear little girl” (Grimm 144). In the Grimms’ version, Red Riding Hood herself critically reflects on her trespassing from the safe space of the village to the dangerous world of the forest and makes a concluding statement that demonstrates she has learnt her lesson. “As long as I live, I will never by myself leave the path, to run into the wood, when my mother has forbidden me to do so” (149). Red’s message to her female readers is representative of the social world’s message to its women travellers. “We are easily distracted and disobedient, we are not safe alone in the woods (travelling off the beaten path); we are fairly stupid; we get ourselves into trouble; and we need to be rescued by a man” (Siegel 56). As Siegel explains, even Angela Carter’s Red Riding Hood, who bursts out laughing when the Wolf says “all the better to eat you with” for “she knew she was nobody’s meat” (219), still shocks readers when she uses her virginity to take power over the voracious Wolf. In Carter’s world “children do not stay young for long,” and Little Red, who has her knife and is “afraid of nothing”, is certainly no exception (215). Yet in the end, when Red seduces the Wolf and falls asleep between his paws, there is still a sense this is a twist ending. As Siegel explains, “even given the background Carter provides in the story’s beginning, the scene startles. We knew the girl was strong, independent, and armed. However, the pattern of woman-alone-travelling-alone-helpless-alone-victim is so embedded in our consciousness we are caught off guard” (57). In Roald Dahl’s revolting rhyme, Little Red is also awarded agency, not through sexual prerogative, but through the enactment of traits often considered synonymous with male bravado: quick thinking, wit and cunning. After the wolf devours Grandmamma, Red pulls a pistol from her underpants and shoots him dead. “The small girl smiles. One eyelid flickers. She whips a pistol from her knickers. She aims it at the creature’s head and bang bang bang, she shoots him dead” (lines 48—51). In the weeks that follow Red’s triumph she even takes a trophy, substituting her red cloak for a “furry wolfskin coat” (line 57). While Dahl subverts female stereotypes through Red’s decisive action and immediacy, there is still a sense, perhaps heightened by the rhyming couplets, that we are not to take the shooting seriously. Instead, Red’s girrrl-power is an imagined celebration; it is something comical to be mused over, but its shock value lies in its impossibility; it is not at all believable. While the sexual overtones of the tale have become more explicit in contemporary film adaptations such as David Slade’s Hard Candy and Catherine Hardwicke’s Red Riding Hood, the question that arises is what is really at threat, or more specifically who is threatened, when women travel off the well-ordered path of duty. As this problematic continues to surface in discussions of the genre, other more nuanced readings have also distorted the purpose and practice of women’s travel. Some psychoanalytical theorists, for example, have adopted Freud’s notion of travel as an escape from the family, particularly the father figure. In his essay A Disturbance of Memory on the Acropolis, Freud explains how his own longing to travel was “a wish to escape from that pressure, like the force which drives so many adolescent children to run away from home” (237). “When one first catches sight of the sea,” Freud writes, “one feels oneself like a hero who has performed deeds of improbable greatness” (237). The inherent gender trouble with such a reading is the suggestion women only move in search of a quixotic male figure, “fleeing from their real or imaginary powerful fathers and searching for an idealised and imaginary ‘loving father’ instead” (Berger 55). This kind of thinking reduces the identities of modern women to fragile, unfinished selves, whose investment in travel is always linked to recovering or resisting a male self. Such readings neglect the unique history of women’s travel writing as they dismiss differences in the male and female practice and forget that “travel itself is a thoroughly gendered category” (Holland and Huggan 111). Freud’s experience of travel, for example, his description of feeling like a “hero” who has achieved “improbable greatness” is problematised by the female context, since the possibility arises that women may travel with different e/motions and, indeed, motives to their male counterparts. For example, often when a female character does leave home it is to escape an unhappy marriage, recover from a broken heart or search for new love. Elizabeth Gilbert’s best selling travelogue, Eat, Pray, Love (which spent 57 weeks at the number one spot of the New York Times), found its success on the premise of a once happily married woman who, reeling from a contentious divorce, takes off around the world “in search of everything” (1). Since its debut, the novel has been accused of being self-absorbed and sexist, and even branded by the New York Post as “narcissistic New Age reading, curated by Winfrey” (Callahan par 13). Perhaps most interesting for discussions of travel morality, however, is Bitch magazine’s recent article Eat, Pray, Spend, which suggests that the positioning of the memoir as “an Everywoman’s guide to whole, empowered living” typifies a new literature of privilege that excludes “all but the most fortunate among us from participating” (Sanders and Barnes-Brown par 7). Without seeking to limit the novel with separatist generalisations, the freedoms of Elizabeth Gilbert (a wealthy, white American novelist) to leave home and to write about her travels afterwards have not always been the freedoms of all women. As a result of this problematic, many contemporary women mark out alternative patterns of movement when travelling, often moving deliberately in a variety of directions and at varying paces, in an attempt to resist their placelessness in the travel genre and in the mappable world. As Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson, speaking of Housekeeping’s Ruthie and Sylvie, explains, “they do not travel ever westward in search of some frontier space, nor do they travel across great spaces. Rather, they circle, they drift, they wander” (199). As a result of this double displacement, women have to work twice as hard to be considered credible travellers, particularly since travel is traditionally a male discursive practice. In this tradition, the male is often constructed as the heroic explorer while the female is mapped as a place on his itinerary. She is a point of conquest, a land to be penetrated, a site to be mapped and plotted, but rarely a travelling equal. Annette Kolodny considers this metaphor of “land-as-woman” (67) in her seminal work, The Lay of the Land, in which she discusses “men’s impulse to alter, penetrate and conquer” unfamiliar space (87). Finally, it often emerges that even when female travel focuses specifically on an individual or collective female experience, it is still read in opposition to the long tradition of travelling men. In their introduction to Amazonian, Dea Birkett and Sara Wheeler maintain the primary difference between male and female travel writers is that “the male species” has not become extinct (vii). The pair, who have theorised widely on New Travel Writing, identify some of the myths and misconceptions of the female genre, often citing their own encounters with androcentrism in the industry. “We have found that even when people are confronted by a real, live woman travel writer, they still get us wrong. In the time allowed for questions after a lecture, we are regularly asked, ‘Was that before you sailed around the world or after?’ even though neither of us has ever done any such thing” (xvii). The obvious bias in such a comment is an archaic view of what qualifies as “good” travel and a preservation of the stereotypes surrounding women’s intentions in leaving home. As Birkett and Wheeler explain, “the inference here is that to qualify as travel writers women must achieve astonishing and record-breaking feats. Either that, or we’re trying to get our hands down some man’s trousers. One of us was once asked by the president of a distinguished geographical institution, ‘What made you go to Chile? Was it a guy?’” (xviii). In light of such comments, there remain traceable difficulties for contemporary female travel. As travel itself is inherently gendered, its practice has often been “defined by men according to the dictates of their experience” (Holland and Huggan 11). As a result, its discourse has traditionally reinforced male prerogatives to wander and female obligations to wait. Even the travel trade itself, an industry that often makes its profits out of preying on fear, continues to shape the way women move through the world. While the female traveller then may no longer preface her work with an explicit apology, there are still signs she is carrying some historical baggage. It is from this site of trouble that new patterns of female travel will continue to emerge, distinguishably and defiantly, towards a much more colourful vista of general misrule. References Bassnett, Susan. “Travel Writing and Gender.” The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing, eds. Peter Hulme and Tim Youngs, Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002. 225-40. Berger, Arthur Asa. Deconstructing Travel: Cultural Perspectives on Tourism. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press, 2004. Bird, Isabella. The Englishwoman in America. London: John Murray, 1856. Birkett, Dea, and Sara Wheeler, eds. Amazonian: The Penguin Book of New Women’s Travel Writing. London: Penguin, 1998. Callahan, Maureen. “Eat, Pray, Loathe: Latest Self-Help Bestseller Proves Faith is Blind.” New York Post 23 Dec. 2007. Carter, Angela. “The Company of Wolves.” Burning Your Boats: The Collected Short Stories. London: Vintage, 1995. 212-20. Dahl, Roald. Revolting Rhymes. London: Puffin Books, 1982. Davidson, Robyn. Tracks. London: Jonathan Cape, 1980. Fortunati, Vita, Rita Monticelli, and Maurizio Ascari, eds. Travel Writing and the Female Imaginary. Bologna: Patron Editore, 2001. Freud, Sigmund. “A Disturbance of Memory on the Acropolis.” The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. XXII. New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis and Other Works, 1936. 237-48. Gilbert, Elizabeth. Eat, Pray, Love: One Woman’s Search for Everything Across Italy, India and Indonesia. New Jersey: Penguin, 2007. Grimm, Jacob, and Wilhelm Grimm. “Little Red Riding Hood.” Grimms’ Fairy Tales, London: Jonathan Cape, 1962. 144-9. Hahn, Nicolas. “Too Dumb to Know Better: Cacogenic Family Studies and the Criminology of Women.” Criminology 18.1 (1980): 3-25. Hard Candy. Dir. David Slade. Lionsgate. 2005. Holland, Patrick, and Graham Huggan. Tourists with Typewriters: Critical Reflections on Contemporary Travel Writing. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 2003. Howells, Elizabeth. “Apologizing for Authority: The Rhetoric of the Prefaces of Eliza Cook, Isabelle Bird, and Hannah More.” Professing Rhetoric: Selected Papers from the 2000 Rhetoric Society of America Conference, eds. F.J. Antczak, C. Coggins, and G.D. Klinger. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002. 131-7. Hyland, Paul. The Black Heart: A Voyage into Central Africa. New York: Paragon House, 1988. Kingsley, Mary. Travels in West Africa. Middlesex: The Echo Library, 2008. Kolodny, Annette. The Lay of the Land: Metaphor as Experience and History in American Life and Letters. USA: U of North Carolina P, 1975. Lawrence, Karen. Penelope Voyages: Women and Travel in the British Literary Tradition. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1994. Morris, Mary. Maiden Voyages: Writings of Women Travellers. New York: Vintage Books, 1993. Perrault, Charles. Perrault’s Complete Fairytales. Trans. A.E. Johnson and others. London: Constable & Company, 1961. Red Riding Hood. Dir. Catherine Hardwicke. Warner Bros. 2011. Sanders, Joshunda, and Diana Barnes-Brown. “Eat, Pray, Spend: Priv-Lit and the New, Enlightened American Dream” Bitch Magazine 47 (2010). 10 May, 2011 < http://bitchmagazine.org/article/eat-pray-spend >. Siegel, Kristi. Ed. Gender, Genre, and Identity in Women’s Travel Writing. New York: Peter Lang, 2004. Slettedahl Macpherson, Heidi. “Women’s Travel Writing and the Politics of Location: Somewhere In-Between.” Gender, Genre, and Identity in Women’s Travel Writing, ed. Kristi Siegel. New York: Peter Lang, 2004. 194-207. Swan, Sheila, and Peter Laufer. Safety and Security for Women who Travel. 2nd ed. San Francisco: Travelers’ Tales, 2004. Woolf, Virginia. Women and Writing. London: The Women’s Press, 1979.