Journal articles on the topic 'Criminals'
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1
Nordstrom, Benjamin R., and Charles A. Dackis. "Drugs and Crime." Journal of Psychiatry & Law 39, no. 4 (December 2011): 663–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009318531103900407.
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Drug law violations and other crimes related to substance abuse incur dire costs in terms of both financial outlay and human suffering. This review of the current professional literature addresses the identification of risk factors and the longitudinal course of addiction and criminal behavior. Results indicate that neither criminally active drug users nor drug users in general are monolithic groups in terms of manifestations of criminal behavior. Drug use and criminal activity are depicted as mutually facilitative behaviors, with research outcomes tending to convey that although drug addiction does not turn nonviolent criminals into violent criminals, active addiction does increase the frequency of criminal activity.
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Чан Тхи Ту Ань and Chan Tkhi Tu An. "CRIMINAL LIABILITY AS PROVIDED FOR UNDER THE LAWS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM: AGE LIMITATIONS." Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 1, no. 5 (December 2, 2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16142.
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Criminal responsibility is one of the types of legal responsibility. State agencies apply it to persons for the commission of a crime. Imposing of criminal penalties on a juvenile who has committed a socially — dangerous act is a challenging problem in criminal legislations in all countries. Age is one of a criminal’s mandatory basic characteristics that influences the differentiation of criminal responsibility for persons, who committed crime. The issue of determining the minimum and general age threshold for juveniles’ criminal responsibility is recognized to be a challenging problem. The article analyzes the importance of the age of criminals and the age of juveniles who commit crimes, for differentiation of their criminal responsibility, regulated by the Criminal Codes of the Russian Federation and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The author analyzes the problem of age determining when a person becomes criminally liable. The author provides recommendations on making alterations and amendments, related to determination of age limits for criminals, into the criminal legislations of Russia and Vietnam. The purpose of this article is the analysis of the age for criminal responsibility and the age of juveniles, the problem of lowering the minimum age of a criminal, and also the issue of dividing juveniles into several age groups. On the basis of the analysis, the author proposes improvements to the provision about the age of criminal responsibility in general, and the age of juveniles in particular.
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Nikam, Prof R. A. "Automatic Face Recognition and Detection for Criminal Identification Using Machine Learning." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (May 31, 2023): 5599–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.52959.
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Abstract: With the use of machine learning technologies, discovering connections and patterns among various types of data has gotten much easier. Finding out what kind of crime might happen given the location where it has previously occurred is the main goal of this research. We have created a model utilizing the machine learning concept using a training set of data that has been cleaned up and transformed. In contemporary civilization, criminal activity is growing dramatically. Effectively identifying criminals to stop crime is the police's principal challenge, but there aren't enough policemen to go around. There are numerous technical approaches to apprehend criminals, yet many of them are ineffective. In this project, a face detection and recognition system for criminal identification is created using a machine learning algorithm. This system will be able to instantly differentiate the 3D faces of criminals and recognize their faces. This system's one-shot learning method only requires a single image of the criminal to identify him. The objective is to identify the criminal from a distance, extract the criminal's information from the database, and notify the police personnel of the location where the criminal was being observed by a camera.
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Gottschalk, Petter. "White-Collar Criminals in Modern Management." Modern Management Science & Engineering 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2013): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/mmse.v1i1.5.
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Criminal behavior among executives is a complicated challenge in human resource management.Based on a sample of 305 convicted white-collar criminals in Norway, four groups of criminals arediscussed in this paper: criminal entrepreneurs, corporate criminals, criminal followers, and femalecriminals. There are significant differences between these groups. Crime amount in terms of Norwegiankroner is highest for corporate criminals and lowest for female criminals. It is interesting to note thaneven if crime amount for corporate criminals is higher than for criminal entrepreneurs, corporatecriminals receive a shorter jail sentence than criminal entrepreneurs. It seems that crime on behalf ofthe business is treated more mildly in court, when compared to crime on behalf of the person himself.When followers are involved in the crime, there are more persons participating in the crime. The lowestnumber of participants is found in cases of criminal entrepreneurship.
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Cartwright, Anna, and Edward Cartwright. "Ransomware and Reputation." Games 10, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g10020026.
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Ransomware is a particular form of cyber-attack in which a victim loses access to either his electronic device or files unless he pays a ransom to criminals. A criminal’s ability to make money from ransomware critically depends on victims believing that the criminal will honour ransom payments. In this paper we explore the extent to which a criminal can build trust through reputation. We demonstrate that there are situations in which it is optimal for the criminal to always return the files and situations in which it is not. We argue that the ability to build reputation will depend on how victims distinguish between different ransomware strands. If ransomware is to survive as a long term revenue source for criminals then they need to find ways of building a good reputation.
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Kiran Amjad, Prof Dr. Aftab Ahmad Malik, and Dr. Sumet Mehta. "A Technique and Architectural Design for Criminal Detection based on Lombroso Theory Using Deep Learning." Lahore Garrison University Research Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 4, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgurjcsit.2020.040398.
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Crimes and criminal activities are increasing day by day and there are no proper criteria to search, detect, identify, and predict these criminals. Despite various surveillance cameras in different areas still, crimes are at a peak. The police investigation department cannot efficiently detect the criminals in time. However, in many countries for the sake of public and private security, the initiation of security technologies has been employed for criminal identification or recognition with the help of footprint identification, fingerprint identification, facial recognition, or based on other suspicious activity detections through surveillance cameras. However, there are limited automated systems that can identify the criminals precisely and get the accurate or precise similarity between the recorded footage images with the criminals that already are available in the police criminal records. To make the police investigation department more effective, this research work presents the design of an automated criminal detection system for the prediction of criminals. The proposed system can predict criminals or possibilities of being criminal based on Lombrosso's Theory of Criminology about born criminals or the persons who look like criminals. A deep learning-based facial recognition approach was used that can detect or predict any person whether he is criminal, or not and that can also give the possibility of being criminal. For training, the ResNet50 model was used, which is based on CNN and SVM Classifiers for feature extracting from the dataset. Two different labeled based datasets were used, having different criminals and noncriminals images in the database. The proposed system could efficiently help the investigating officers in narrowing down the suspects' pool.
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Chiniev, Dilshod, and Umidaxon Sobitova. "CRIMINOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE IDENTITY OF THE INVADER IN THE CRIME OF HOSTAGE." Criminology and Criminal Justice 3, no. 1 (April 29, 2023): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51788/tsul.ccj.3.1./gxja5889.
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This article examines the concept and content of the criminological characteristics of the criminal invader. The characteristic features of the criminal invader in the crime as hostage-taking, and forming a criminogenic and criminal personality, are considered. The structure of the criminal’s personality has been studied, which includes three groups: socio-demographic, socio-role (functional) and socio-psychological. The article also examines the types of persons who committed hostage-taking and puts forward the following types: politicized, criminal and unbalanced. The transitions from the criminal type of criminals to the politicized type and, conversely, from the politicized to the criminal type are explained by example. In addition, the experience of the FBI conducted by the staff of this bureau related to the division of criminals taking hostages into four specific categories is analyzed. Thus, the specialists of this bureau note that more than 50% of all cases of hostage-taking are committed by mentally ill people. This means that a large and solid part is made up of the mentally ill. For a comprehensive approach, along with determining the motives for hostage-taking and studying the psychological characteristics of criminals in preparation for the negotiation process, the types of situations associated with hostage-taking are considered in detail. A table is presented in the form of an appendix, which includes examples of responses of law enforcement officers to the questions of the hostage-taking questionnaire.
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Herings, P. Jean-Jacques, Ana Mauleon, and Vincent Vannetelbosch. "Horizon-K Farsightedness in Criminal Networks." Games 12, no. 3 (July 5, 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g12030056.
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We study the criminal networks that will emerge in the long run when criminals are neither myopic nor completely farsighted but have some limited degree of farsightedness. We adopt the horizon-K farsighted set to answer this question. We find that in criminal networks with n criminals, the set consisting of the complete network is a horizon-K farsighted set whenever the degree of farsightedness of the criminals is larger than or equal to (n−1). Moreover, the complete network is the unique horizon-(n−1) farsighted set. Hence, the predictions obtained in case of completely farsighted criminals still hold when criminals are much less farsighted.
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Новікова, Катерина. "Акцентуації характеру злочинців з насильницькою спрямованістю." Теоретичні і прикладні проблеми психології, no. 1(57)Т2 (2022): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33216/2219-2654-2022-57-1-2-60-67.
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Стаття присвячена розгляду акцентуацій характеру злочинців з насильницькою спрямованістю, засуджених за повторні насильниці злочини. Висвітлено результати дослідження характерологічних особливостей даної категорії злочинців. Запропоновано портрет рецидивіста, характерологічними ознаками якого є емотивне реагування, яке він намагається компенсувати застряганням на захисній педантичній впорядкованості, побоюючись небезпечних наслідків неконтрольованих актів через власну збудливу гіпертимну екзальтованість, яка, внаслідок демонстративності на тлі дистимічних, а інколи й дисфоричних перепадів настрою, може призводити до необдуманих вчинків. При цьому його демонстративна екзальтованість є набутою характеристикою, інтеріоризованою в ході соціалізації у відповідних традиціях кримінальної субкультури. Однак саме вони часто й стають пусковим механізмом неконтрольованої поведінки, яка призводить до вчинення правопорушень. Застрягання також характеризує не лише злопам’ятність, але й стійку фіксацію асоціальних установок педантичного дотримання норм кримінального світу. Загальна ж нестійкість емоційних реакцій породжується накопиченням негативних переживань (проблемних сфер життя, нереалізованих соціальних бажань, мрій та прагнень, виключно викривленій можливості задовольняти базові потреби, негативний досвід відбування покарань, конфлікти з соціумом тощо), що проявляється у генералізованій виснажливій дисфоричній дистимії. Будучи закріпленим на рівні установочних реакцій, такі характерологічні особливості мало того що видко фіксуються, але й стають стійкими якостями, що обумовлюють стереотипність відтворюваної з разу у раз асоціальної поведінки. Ключові слова: акцентуації характеру, злочинці з насильницькою спрямованістю, особистість злочинця, повторні насильницькі злочини.
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Waghchoure, Prof V. N., Vedant B. Thakur, Prathamesh D. Raul, and Rishik P. Khandelwal. "FACE IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM FOR IDENTIFYING THE CRIMINALS." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 03 (March 1, 2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem28948.
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We all know that our Face is a unique and crucial part of the human body structure that identifies a person. Therefore, we can use it to trace the identity of a criminal person. With the advancement in technology, we are placed CCTV at many public places to capture the criminal’s crime. Using the previously captured faces and criminal’s images that are available in the police station, the criminal face recognition system of can be implemented. In this paper, we propose an automatic criminal identification system for Police Department to enhance and upgrade the criminal distinguishing into a more effective and efficient approach. Using technology, this idea will add plus point in the current system while bringing criminals spotting to a whole new level by automating tasks. Technology working behind it will be face recognition, from the footage captured by the CCTV cameras; our system will detect the face and recognize the criminal who is coming to that public place. The captured images of the person coming to that public place get compared with the criminal data we have in our database. If any person’s face from public place matches, the system will display their image on the system screen and will give the message with their name that the criminal is found and present in this public place. This system matching more than 80% of the captured images with database images. keywords: Face Detection, Face Recognition, Open-CV, Image Processing
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Izydorczyk, Jacek. "Prawda w procesie karnym." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica, no. 73 (January 1, 2014): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6069.73.07.
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The article Truth in criminal trial points out great importance of facts in every criminal procedure. The author presents a new look at some legal regulations in Poland. For example he strongly criticizes laws (and practice!) which forbid disclosure of a criminal’s personal data. It is just unfair towards decent citizens because they might be future victims of such criminals. By the way: veritatem sequi est tueri iustitiam.
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Protsyk, Liubov. "THE PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF A CRIMINAL’S BEHAVIOR (Criminal Code, art. 152-156, 301, 304)." PSYCHOLOGICAL JOURNAL 6, no. 12 (December 30, 2020): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/1.2020.6.12.6.
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The article studies of criminals who have committed unlawful acts against children. In particular, the article examines the behavioral characteristics of criminals who have committed offences described in articles 152-156, 301, 304 the Criminal Code of Ukraine, namely: infringe on sexual freedom and sexual inviolability of a child; pornography manufacture, sale or distribution; involvement of minors into criminal activities, drunkenness, begging, gambling. The most common features of criminals who have infringed on sexual freedom and sexual inviolability of a child are: egoism, often turns into egocentrism, when an individual act only to fulfill his/her own interests, desires and inclinations. Criminals by chance and persistent (“evil”) criminals are distinguished. Crimes by chance are predominantly committed under alcoholic intoxication or drug agitation. The persistent type is characterized by persistent aggression, the tendency to resolve conflicts with physical strength, cruelty. People infringing on sexual freedom and sexual inviolability of a child are often also characterized by mental abnormalities of varying degrees. These abnormalities are also revealed in peculiarities of criminals’ value orientations: norms governing sexual relations, humanistic values are ignored by them. Criminals involved in pornography manufacture, sale or distribution of are divided into: pornography authors, manufacturers or distributors. It is almost impossible to detect such criminals; they do not show their sexual deviations in everyday life. A random thing in a frame can become a clue revealing such criminals. Pornography manufacturers have some knowledge and skills in computer technology and in printing industry, own audio and video recording equipment. As for pornography distributors, such people, as a rule, do not suffer from any sexual or mental abnormalities, do not receive obvious satisfaction from being engaged in such activities, and consider their activities only as a job, a way of money earning. As the court practice shows, minors are involved in criminal activities mainly by their family members (parents, siblings, uncles or aunts, and others). Children see criminal examples - drunkenness, fights, begging, etc. - and learn such behavior, consider them as normal or are afraid to complain, so that, join criminals. People consistently involving minors into criminal activities are characterized by developed antisocial features, deformed moral and legal consciousness. The presented criminal types and their behavior are not comprehensive; the article presents only overview.
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Makarenko, N. K. "Criminological portrait of a professional criminal." Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 102, no. 3 (Part 1) (September 29, 2023): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2023.3.11.
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The article reveals the peculiarities of criminological characteristics of professional criminals. It is indicated that professional criminals have deliberately chosen criminal activity as a tool to meet their material needs. The main motive of a professional criminal is profit, which is based on improving the material standard of living and obtaining a constant income from criminal activity. It is established that professional criminals are a group of the most dangerous and active criminals who deliberately oppose themselves to society and have a significant deformation of the value and normative sphere.
The personality of a professional criminal is characterised by systematic anti-social behaviour and the commission of homogeneous crimes in the form of a trade. They are characterised by a constant readiness to commit crimes, a deep deformation of the sphere of interests and needs, negativism, and an extreme degree of individualism.
The personality of a professional criminal has the following characteristics: a stable type of criminal "profession" (specialisation); certain knowledge and skills (qualifications); a permanent income - crime as a source of livelihood; connection with the antisocial environment; the habitual nature of this activity (unconscious passion); a high level of invulnerability of criminals to criminal prosecution.
Most professional criminals have inflated self-esteem, developed ambition, hostility towards others, and a desire to maintain authority in their environment at any cost. Professional criminals are characterised by a deformed moral and legal consciousness. Most of them are characterised by distorted value orientations, selfishness, intellectual and volitional passivity, significant dependence on external situations, inability and unwillingness to subordinate their behaviour to socially useful goals, lack of personal long-term plans, weakness, and unbalancedness. They are also characterised by greed, self-interest, cruelty, anger, envy, lack of self-criticism, constant self-justification, and fatalism.
The study of the personality of a professional criminal is a prerequisite for further activities on individual prevention of various types of crimes with signs of criminal professionalism and is associated with the development of an urgent problem of predicting individual criminal behaviour.
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Wang, Xinyuan, Mingxin Liu, Chengran Song, and Hongru Tan. "Whether a Criminal is Likely to Re-offend? A Statistical Analysis Using Crimes Data from Broward County Florida." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 17, no. 1 (September 13, 2023): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/17/20231066.
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Security issues have always been a significant threat to the safety of citizens in every country, and many of these re-arrested criminals have negatively impacted social security. Therefore, predicting and studying the factors of a criminal's re-entry to prison will significantly help maintain social order and improve the civil society happiness index. This study, it will show what elements are predicted to influence a criminal's return to prison and what aspects will have a higher proportion and weight based on the collected data set. In the dataset, each re-admission inmate is categorized according to gender, age range, race, records, etc. Use the Logistics model and OLS model to build a model to predict what factors most directly lead to a criminal being arrested and imprisoned again. Data research has proved that the "number of priors" is the factor that most affects the recidivism rate of criminals.
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Weisburd, David, Ellen F. Chayet, and Elin J. Waring. "White-Collar Crime and Criminal Careers: Some Preliminary Findings." Crime & Delinquency 36, no. 3 (July 1990): 342–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128790036003003.
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The criminal career paradigm has become an increasingly important perspective in the study of street crimes, but it has generated little interest among scholars concerned with white-collar criminality. Behind this neglect lies a common assumption about white-collar criminals. Although street criminals are assumed highly likely to recidivate, white-collar offenders are thought to be “one-shot” criminals unlikely to be processed in the justice system after their initial brush with the law. This article examines the extent to which this image of white-collar criminals is reflected in the criminal records of defendants convicted under white-collar crime statutes. Findings show that white-collar criminals are often repeat offenders. The data also suggest that such offenders are likely to begin their “careers” later, and evidence lower frequency of offending than do street criminals. The article concludes by examining the implications of these findings for white-collar crime research and policy.
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Marsh, Ian, and Gaynor Melville. "The media, criminals and ‘criminal communities’." Criminal Justice Matters 79, no. 1 (March 2010): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09627250903569874.
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Penzieva, K. M. "The a criminal’s identity as an element of forensic characteristics of causing negligent serious or moderate bodily harm." Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 99, no. 4 (December 21, 2022): 292–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2022.4.25.
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The characteristic features of the criminal’s personality as an element of forensic characteristics of causing negligent serious or moderate bodily harm have been defined and revealed. The following criminologically significant features inherent in the person of the criminal have been analyzed, such as demographic data, moral qualities, psychological features; a set of psychophysical properties and qualities, motivational attitudes, emotional and rational spheres of human consciousness; social and legal data, natural and biological information about a person; socio-demographic properties, psychological qualities, biological features; social, biological, psychological and other characteristics.
An analysis of the suspect’s moral and psychological characteristics, the presence of a certain degree of irritability and excitement, the ability to go to active aggressive, inappropriate actions has been carried out. It has been established that the criminal’s lifestyle, propensity to abuse alcoholic beverages or the use of narcotic drugs are of great importance, which can affect the psychological state of a person and his reactions to events.
Aggressive reactions of the criminal during careless infliction of severe or moderate bodily harm have been studied, among which the following were highlighted, in particular physical aggression (assault); indirect aggression; irritability; negativism; image; suspiciousness; verbal aggression. Reckless criminals were divided into the following categories: random criminals who committed reckless crimes for the first time, acted unconsciously under the influence of a contributing or even provoking situation or a special psychophysiological state; unstable criminals, who for the first time committed careless crimes in a normal or hindering situation, violated the rules of caution knowingly; malicious careless criminals who were previously convicted of crimes, and also committed particularly malicious violations of the rules of caution with a general negative orientation of the person.
According to the results of the conducted research, the following characteristic features of criminals who commit bodily harm due to carelessness have been identified, namely they are mainly adult men who commit the crime alone, without prior training, have secondary special and general secondary education, are unmarried, are temporarily employed in a low-paid job or not work, were not in a state of intoxication at the time of committing the crime, mainly had no previous convictions.
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Shakiba, Ali Haddadzadeh, Ghaleb Ghadiri, and Hossein Sadeghi Karaki. "Iran’s Legislative Policy in dealing with Fraud During COVID-19 Pandemic." JURNAL UNDANG-UNDANG DAN MASYARAKAT 33 (December 13, 2023): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/juum-2023-33-09.
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The fear of the coronavirus has led to various types of scams related to the virus on the internet and in people’s homes, including in Iran. Scams include fraud through corona vaccine cards, fake coronavirus tests, counterfeit drugs, phishing fraud, and sites selling masks at exorbitant prices. Criminals have also been visiting homes for corona testing or disinfection, and using the pretext of livelihood loans or pre-sale advertisements of tourist tours with corona vaccine injections. As the COVID-19 virus spreads, Iran’s legislative policy has been to punish criminals to maintain the psychological safety of society. However, implementing legal principles in emergencies like this can be challenging, especially when ensuring the right to health and compliance with the basic human rights of criminals or their rehabilitation is necessary. Therefore, criminal policymakers should identify technological punishments and penal policies that are suitable for emergencies. They should create suitable grounds for achieving the goals of criminal justice in these circumstances. This article uses the descriptive-analytical method to explain Iran’s legal criminal policy towards criminals in the coronavirus era. It examines the principles of human rights and criminal principles that lead to appropriate legislative policies in upcoming events like COVID-19. The paper concludes that Iran’s legislative policy in emergencies like Corona is severe punishment of criminals to maintain the psychological safety of society. However, it also seeks to rehabilitate the criminals.
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P.Raja Rajeswari, Dr, P. Surya Teja, P. Sri Harsha, and T. Chaitanya Kumar. "Enhancing the Performance of Crime Prediction Technique Using Data Mining." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.32 (May 31, 2018): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.32.15731.
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Time is a important factor for criminal sentencing. Most of the times, criminal released on the bail which may harmful to the society, even after they have furnished the judgment. This sort of threats cut down through the prediction analysis. The analysis can be done on the concerned person to analyse that she/ he is about to do the crime. So that, its benefit not only for law enforcement but also for country safety. Data Mining, a method which handles a massive datasets. Data mining also used to guess desired patterns. Police Officers are the best persons for crime prediction and also predict the criminal’s upcoming activities. We are here implementing the use of Frequent Mining Pattern in addition to Association Rule Mining. The main aim of this paper is analysing several crimes by various criminals and to predict chance of crimes by same criminal. It will be helpful for Country Law Enforcement and safeguarding from criminals who were released on Bail. Aim can be achieved with the help of Apriori Algorithm.
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Dahl, Hilde. "‘Insane criminals’ and the ‘criminally insane’: criminal asylums in Norway, 1895–1940." History of Psychiatry 28, no. 2 (February 9, 2017): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957154x17691004.
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This article looks into the establishment and development of two criminal asylums in Norway. Influenced by international psychiatry and a European reorientation of penal law, the country chose to institutionalize insane criminals and criminally insane in separate asylums. Norway’s first criminal asylum was opened in 1895, and a second in 1923, both in Trondheim. Both asylums quickly filled up with patients who often stayed for many years, and some for their entire lives. The official aim of these asylums was to confine and treat dangerous and disruptive lunatics. Goffman postulates that total institutions typically fall short of their official aims. This study examines records of the patients who were admitted to the two Trondheim asylums, in order to see if the official aims were achieved.
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Santhi, P. Mary, S. Balaselvakumar, and K. Kumaraswamy. "A Study on Scoio-economic Aspects of Criminals in Tiruchirappalli City, Tamil Nadu." Geographical Analysis 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53989/bu.ga.v8i1.4.
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This article is an attempt to study the socio-economic characteristics of criminals in Tiruchirappalli city like the investigation of family size of the criminals, residential location, gender, age, religions, education, occupation, income and motivation of crimes. The socioeconomic characteristics reveal that 84% of the criminals were in the age group of 20 years and above, 50% of the criminals indulged in criminal activity for 2- 4 years, thieves and automobile thieves were high with 43% while motives of criminals were drinking, drug-habits and thirst for leading a luxurious life with 54.3%. Moral education with the co-operation of parents, counselling and guidance by social reformers and psychiatrists will help the criminals to improve their characters and change their behaviour which will in return reduce the occurrence of crimes of various types. Keywords: Criminals; Socioeconomic characteristics; Crime occurrences Moral education; counselling
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Fréchette, Marcel. "Le criminel et l’autre." Acta Criminologica 3, no. 1 (January 19, 2006): 11–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017011ar.
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AbstractTHE CRIMINAL AND HIS RELATIONS WITH OTHERS : AN ANALYSIS OF INTERPERSONAL PROCESSESThis research is concerned with the problem of persistent criminal behaviour. An attempt is made to find its underlying causes and to identify characteristics which remain constant among all criminals. More specifically, these characteristics are looked for in the ways criminals communicate and interact with other people.The research uses the interpersonal conflict approach. A first hypothesis stipulates that the functions by which an individual relates to others are seriously damaged among criminals. Furthermore, the hypothesis of a precise genetic process involving the deterioration of the capacity to relate to others is formulated. A method of measurement is worked out and applied using the principles and the technique of Kelly's personal constructs theory.The study is a comparative one and is based on the differential approach. 214 subjects, of whom 121 are criminals and 93 well-adjusted, are tested. The measurement is aimed at the effectiveness of their perceptive reactions toward others. W^ith each group of criminals (recidivists, episodic criminals and juvenile delinquents), a control group is tested for purposes of comparison.The results are conclusive. At the root of persistent criminal behaviour, the presence of an incompatibility with others is confirmed. This manifests itself concretely in what is termed the feeling of interpersonal withdrawal. All the criminal groups tested show this feeling of withdrawal toward others. The nature and intensity of interpersonal failure is evaluated over three main areas of inter-action : relationship with others in general, relationship with the family of origin and relationship with antisocial peers.The study attempts to validate a new sociopathology characterizing individuals who have chosen to define themselves by continuous and serious « dissocialized » behaviour.
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Fuady, Muhammad Ikram Nur, Hamsir Hamsir, Rahman Syamsuddin, Anshar Anshar, Basto Daeng Robo, Arisa Murni Rada, and Hasdiwanti Hasdiwanti. "Economic-Related Reasons as a Motive to Avoid Sanction during Pandemic: Judges’ Perspectives on Different Sentences on Crimes." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 20 (June 13, 2023): 1268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2023.20.113.
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The economic sector has been severely impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic. Many criminals used this notion to avoid being severely sentenced. This study was performed to examine different judges’ perspectives on the handling of criminal cases with economic motives during the Covid-19 pandemic. This qualitative study regarded the data that were collected through telephone interviews using the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) as the instrument. The findings show that judges have different perspectives on the imposing of punishment to criminals who used economic-related excuses. However, this phenomenon is difficult to control. In order to maintain the professionalism of the judges, judges should be more active in the trial process and able to identify the obstacles they face, such as the protracted legal process due to the potential for transmission of the coronavirus in the trial and communication difficulties due to the low quality of the internet network in online trials. Judges are required to keep their independency in making decisions for criminals regardless the criminal’s motives by considering social changes that occur in society comprehensively. This attitude would make the society getting impressed by the performance of the judges.
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Wuisan, Fernanda Sharen Maissy, Lucia Moningka, and Esther N. Tamunu. "INCREASED KNOWLEDGE OF WOMAN ADOLESCENT ABOUT ABORTUS PROVOCATUS CRIMINALIS AFTER IN HEALTH EDUCATION." Jurnal Ilmiah Perawat Manado (Juiperdo) 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.47718/jpd.v6i2.791.
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Background: Abortion provocateurs criminalis is an abortion that occurs due to actions that are not legal or not based on medical indications. The incidence of abortion in Indonesia according to the BKKBN every year there is an increase of about 15% and of that number 800,000 of them are carried out by young women who are still sitting in school. Data found in SMK Cokroaminoto, Manado City, 5 female students who dropped out of school due to pregnancy out of wedlock and 2 of them took shortcuts by aborting provocateurs criminals. Objective: This study is to determine the effect of health education on the level of knowledge of adolescent girls about abortion provocateurs criminals. Method: The research design used was a pre-experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest method in which the design features were not compared to a control group. The study population was female teenagers grade X and XI at SMK Cokroaminoto Manado, amounting to 49 people. The sampling technique used was Total Sampling, as many as 31 people. Results: Analysis with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The test results have a significant effect on health education about abortion provocateurs criminal on the level of knowledge of young women (α ≤ 0.05 ie p-value = 0,000). Conclusion: Health education about abortion provocatus criminals increases the knowledge of young women. Suggestions are expected that young women can increase awareness to prevent abortion of provocateurs criminalis.
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Burtch, Brian E., Alfred Blumstein, Jacqueline Cohen, Jeffrey A. Roth, and Christy A. Visher. "Criminal Careers and "Career Criminals": Vol. 1." Contemporary Sociology 17, no. 3 (May 1988): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2069654.
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Zhang, Junshan, and Yang Lei. "Trend and Identification Analysis of Anti-investigation Behavior in Crime by Machine Learning Fusion Algorithm." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (May 19, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1761154.
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In recent years, people’s living standards have gradually improved, and informatization has brought convenience, but it has also led to many criminal cases. Because the criminals’ criminal methods are diverse and constantly renovated, this feature is very prominent, and the illegal activities on the Internet are becoming more and more intense. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the research on the trend and identification of anti-investigation behavior in crime. The purpose of this paper is to study how to use machine learning fusion algorithms in the trend and identification of anti-investigation behavior in crime. This paper proposes a machine learning fusion algorithm and the basic conceptual knowledge of anti-investigation behavior in crime. The experimental results of this paper show that with the increasing number of criminal incidents, criminals’ means of committing crimes have also been improved. The anti-investigation capabilities of criminals have also become more sophisticated, which makes the work of law enforcement officers more difficult. The anti-investigation behavior of criminals in crime has many characteristics, among which the concealment reaches 54%-68%, and the virtuality reaches 68%-79%. It can be seen that the characteristics of criminals’ anti-investigation behavior provide a wider space for criminals to commit crimes. The advantage of the machine fusion algorithm is that the classification rules generated are easy to understand and have high accuracy, so it is very suitable for the classification and identification of anti-investigation behaviors in crimes. Therefore, it is urgent to use machine fusion algorithms to identify them.
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Buljubašić, Mirza. "Rehabilitation Programmes for Convicted War Criminals in Domestic Prisons in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Case Study of Sarajevo Prison." International Criminal Law Review 19, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01901004.
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International as well as domestic criminal law and jurisprudence consider offender rehabilitation as one of the punishment goals. Rehabilitation, in that sense, strives to change attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of convicted criminals through programmes, which should result in adequate social (re-)integration. Still, rehabilitation, in relation to international crimes, is a disputed concept and very much understudied in practice: how and which rehabilitation programmes are being implemented to convicted war criminals? Based on an analysis of relevant laws, prison rules, and six interviews, this article empirically explores rehabilitation programmes for convicted war criminals in the Sarajevo prison. Further, it aims to critically analyse, review and discuss rehabilitation programmes for war criminals, or a lack thereof. Results indicate that rehabilitation programmes in Sarajevo prison are not tailored to war criminals. In conclusion, this case study suggests that specific programmes should be developed to rehabilitate and reintegrate war criminals in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Gottschalk, Petter, and Lars Glasø. "Corporate Crime Does Pay! The Relationship between Financial Crime and Imprisonment in White-Collar Crime." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 5 (September 2013): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.5.63.
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White-collar crime is financial crime committed by white-collar criminals. Sensational white-collar crime cases regularly appear in the international business press and studies in journals of ethics and crime. Many of these scholars apply anecdotal evidence to suggest what might be included and what might be excluded from the concepts of white-collar crime and white-collar criminals. On contrast, with a larger sample, we can study white-collar crime convictions using statistical techniques to identify relationships between variables. For example, it has been suggested that the amount involved in the crime (fraud, corruption, etc.) is an important factor when the judge decides the length of the prison sentence. In our sample of 255 criminal cases we identified 88 corporate criminals and 167 occupational criminals. Age when convicted was 47 years for occupational criminals and 49 years for corporate criminals. Furthermore, occupational criminals served 2.2 years in prison, while corporate criminals served only 2.1 years. This is particularly interesting, when the amount of money that was involved in the crime is taken into account. While occupational criminals on average abused 26 million Norwegian kroner, corporate criminals on average abused as much as 121 million Norwegian kroner. So, even if the magnitude of the financial crime in terms of money was substantially and significantly larger for corporate crime, occupational crime was nevertheless judged more severely in terms of imprisonment.
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Rengert, George F. "Drogue et crime : l’impact du commerce de drogues sur le tissu urbain." Criminologie 27, no. 1 (August 16, 2005): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017348ar.
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The problem addressed in this analysis is whether « routine activities » of drug dependent criminals are associated with the spatial concentration of crime committed by these criminals. This problem is tested in a series of analyses including an investigation of the spatial pattern of the residential burglaries committed by drug dependent burglars using W.A.V. Clark's spatial choice housing search models. While Clark used the home and work place as nodes in the housing search, we use the home and drug market place as nodes in the criminal search of drug addicts. If the addict supports his or her habit with property crime, these nodes are expected to be a focal point for criminal activity in a distance minimizing scenario. The data indicate that the spatial concentration of property crime about drug market places means that a « crime containment » policy practiced by many police agencies is doomed to failure. Property criminals will continue to probe outward from a containment area which encompasses a drug market place. In fact, drug dependent property criminals may act as a vanguard for spatially expanding drug markets. Drug sellers and drug dependent property criminals seem to operate in a symbiotic relationship.
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Nicolae, Valeriu. "Who now Remembers the Roma?" Index on Censorship 34, no. 2 (May 2005): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030642200503400201.
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In the case of the Jews, there are not merely a few criminals but all of Jewry rose from criminal roots and in its very nature is criminal. The Jews are no people like other people but a pseudo-people welded together by hereditary criminality… The annihilation of Jewry is no loss to humanity but just as useful as capital punishment or protective custody against other criminals. Joseph Göbbels 1944
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Chernenko, M. D. "Some issues of maintenance and implementation of confiscation o property in the activities of law enforcement agencies." E-Journal of Dubna State University. A series "Science of man and society -, no. 1 (February 2020): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37005/2687-0231-2020-0-2-7-12.
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The main purpose of confiscation of property as a measure of criminal law is not only the return of criminally obtained property to its rightful owner, but also depriving criminals of the opportunity to dispose of such property. To achieve this goal, the Russian Federation has developed and legislated the rules of various branches of law, including international law, a mechanism for identifying property subject to confiscation and ensuring its execution.
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,, Zarsanga, Intikhab Alam, Shahid Iqbal, and Alamgeer Khan. "Psychological Reasons for Committing Crimes: A Case Study of Central Jail Peshawar." Peshawar Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences (PJPBS) 4, no. 1 (July 15, 2018): 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32879/picp.2018.4.1.121.
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The present study was conducted in District Central Jail, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan to assess the factors shaping the criminal attitude of adults. The study proceeded with the objectives to assess the relationship between psychological factors with criminal attitude among criminals. A sample size of N=196 was randomly drawn from the universe. Sampling covered all the adult criminal of the age group of 18-64 years from the total population of N=360 convicted criminals. Frequency distribution and bi-vitiate analysis between dependent variable i.e. criminal attitude and independent variables namely psychological aspects were ascertain through cross tabulation while indexing the dependent variable. At bi-variate level, parents sentence several time was found significant, relatives’ involvement in criminal activities, large family was responsible for crimes, parents using intoxicants, joint family generating criminal attitude. Moreover, feeling of low social status, unhappy family life, commitment to family cause, broken family, low moral values, internalization of criminal values and vicious tendencies of crimes were found significant with criminal attitude.. The study concluded that poor family with large size had high interaction with criminals were some of the attributing factors for committing crimes.
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Caimari, Lila M. "Whose Criminals Are These? Church, State, and Patronatos and the Rehabilitation of Female Convicts (Buenos Aires, 1890-1940)." Americas 54, no. 2 (October 1997): 185–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007741.
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Turn-of-the century Argentine political leaders were deeply influenced by new ideas about the origin and treatment of criminality developed by the Italian positivist school of criminology. According to this school, crime was not the fruit of the criminal's wickedness, as classic penology had claimed, but was rather the result of a complex web of social and psycho-biological determinations of which the criminal had been a victim. This pathology called “crime” could be corrected if its origin was scientifically determined and if the new methods of rehabilitation prescribed for criminals and potential criminals were enforced. Although not all of the premises of the criminological school led by Lombroso, Ferri, and Garofalo were accepted uncritically in Argentina, the basic principles of the new science were widely adopted by jurists, doctors, hygienists and psychiatrists. These ideas were received in the context of massive European immigration, accelerated urbanization, and the emergence of a large working class.
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Frade Araújo, James, and Isângelo Senna da Costa. "A FASE DA COGITAÇÃO DO ITER CRIMINIS SOB A ÓTICA DA TEORIA DO COMPORTAMENTO PLANEJADO: entendendo a mente criminosa e seus reflexos na segurança pública." Revista Ciência & Polícia 6, no. 2 (March 16, 2021): 72–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.59633/2316-8765.2020.290.
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This research approaches the phase of the iteration of the criminals from the perspective of the Theory of the Behavior Planned aiming at the understanding of the criminal mind and its reflexes in the public safety. Such an approach is justified professionally because this study may allow greater efforts to be employed in the following areas: qualified criminal prevention; Strategies and management of public security; Criminal analysis, negotiation; Crisis management and; Police doctrine. As far as academic relevance is concerned, it is intended to open a new frontier within criminal prevention, since other studies in this field were not unveiled, involving this subject with the knowledge of social psychology, law and environmental criminology. The object of this research is to answer the question about the applications of the Theory of Planned Behavior before the phase of the iteration of criminals and the reflexes in public security. This purpose will be reached through bibliographical sources, going through a review of the literature, doctrine, legislation and documents. This research constitutes an original scientific work and a qualitative research, with exploratory objectives and technical procedures of bibliographical research, through the deductive method. The study showed that the Theory of Planned Behavior can contribute to a better understanding of the criminal mind and the stages that make up the Iter Criminis cogitation phase. And so, this research will favor the prioritization of qualified crime prevention.
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Yang, Jae weon, Dowoo Kim, and Sungwon Jung. "Using Eye-Tracking Technology to Measure Environmental Factors Affecting Street Robbery Decision-Making in Virtual Environments." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 7419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187419.
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There is a lack of quantitative data regarding how offenders make decisions about committing a crime or how situational factors influence such decisions. Detailed crime data on decision-making among criminals are required to improve the accuracy of research. Demonstrating a new methodology for assessing the factors impacting criminal decision-making among street robbery offenders, this study identifies visual data that influence criminal decision-making, and verifies the significance of the measured data. To this end, this study first identified and organized the physical aspects affecting criminal decision-making based on the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) literature. Next, participants were informed of a street crime scenario and asked to replicate the behaviors of criminals in the virtual environment of Grand Theft Auto 5. Factors affecting criminals’ decision-making were then quantitatively assessed using eye-tracking technology. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to verify the significance of the measured data. Results show that windows placed adjacent to the street, balconies and verandas, and signs indicating territoriality have a significant effect on criminals’ decision-making. Confirming the influence of CPTED factors on the occurrence of street robbery, this study advances a new way of acquiring quantitative data through eye-tracker technology, a method hitherto unexplored by existing research on street robbery.
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Yury M., Antonyan. "Criminological Characteristics of the Offender's Personality." Rossijskoe pravosudie, no. 4 (March 25, 2022): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37399/issn2072-909x.2022.4.33-40.
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The article presents the importance of criminological research for understanding the human being since crime is much more prevalent in the world than official judicial statistics register it; analyses the population of criminals, the concept of the personality of a criminal, individual and collective unconscious; emphasises the importance of motivation for understanding the human being in general and the personality of a criminal in particular; presents basic aspects of studying criminals while using the achievements and cognitive methods of other sciences in criminology.
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Filippova, Olga V. "Recidivist criminals: Classification and typology." Ugolovnaya yustitsiya, no. 19 (2022): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/23088451/19/19.
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In criminology, data on persons who have committed a crime are generalised, and, based on it, classified and typologised. Classification of criminals involves their grouping on a single, individual basis; typology summarises the totality of social features typical of recidivist criminals. Based on the analysis of criminal record statistics, the article identifies the criteria for classifying recidivists and shows their distribution by groups, reviews typologies of recidivists and determines their bases. Recidivists' classification and typology allow systematising knowledge about their composition and determining the dynamics of their criminogenicity. Criminal statistics provide a number of classification criteria: statistical reporting forms contain data on the socio-demographic and criminal legal characteristics of convicts who had a criminal record at the time of the commission of a new crime. The typology of recidivists is based on the following criteria: the type of the crime, socio-psychological and pathopsychological features, reasons for a person's return to criminal activity, impact of the situation on recidivism. Recidivists are primarily criminogenic types since they repeatedly commit crimes. The most common is the mercenary type of recidivists: they commit thefts to solve financial problems in any suitable situation. The most common reasons for recidivism are the lack of a permanent job and alcohol abuse.
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Sunarmi, Marlina, Olma Fridoki, Alvi Syahrin,. "PENERAPAN RESTORATIVE JUSTICE DALAM PENYELESAIAN PERKARA TINDAK PIDANA PENIPUAN DAN PENGGELAPAN DI POLRESTABES MEDAN (The Implementation of Restorative Justice in The Settlement of Criminal Crimes of Fraud and Embezzlement at the Polrestabes Medan)." Res Nullius Law Journal 4, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/rnlj.v4i1.4679.
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In the implementation of restorative justice or settlement of cases outside the court, there are no longer any minor criminal cases, but also include cases such as humiliation, persecution, fraud and embezzlement, negligence resulting in injuries, unpleasant acts, even theft, and gambling. The ultimate goal of this restorative concept hopes to reduce the number of prisoners in prison; removing stigma or labels and returning criminals to normal human beings; criminals can realize their mistakes, so they do not repeat their actions and reduce the workload of the police, prosecutors, detention centers, courts, and correctional institutions; saving state finances does not cause resentment because the perpetrator has been forgiven by the victim, the victim quickly gets compensation; empowering the community in overcoming crime, and reintegrating criminals into society. The problems, namely: settlement through restorative justice eliminates criminal acts, or not. This research is normative legal research. The results showed that: Settlement of criminal cases of fraud and embezzlement through restorative justice does not eliminate criminal acts. It is recommended that the criminal policy for settlement of cases should be changed not to retaliate but to restore the losses incurred for the parties in litigation.
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Góralski, Piotr. "Kwestia dopuszczalności stosowania środków zabezpieczających w stosunku do nieletnich sprawców czynów karalnych. Część II." Nowa Kodyfikacja Prawa Karnego 39 (November 22, 2016): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-5065.39.3.
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Admissibility of precautionary measures against juvenile criminals Part IIThis article discusses the admissibility of precautionary measures against juvenile criminals. It refers to both juvenile offenders charged as adults pursuant to Art. 10 § 2 of the Criminal Code and 15–16-year-old offenders charged pursuant to the provisions of the Procedures in Legal Actions against Juveniles Act of 1982. The article presents the legal status concerning this issue in the period from 1997 to 2015 and relevant changes in the legal regulations concerning precautionary measures introduced by the amendment of the Criminal Code of 20th February 2015.A thesis formulated in the paper discussed here is that only one type of precautionary measure, which is confiscation, may be used against juveniles subject to the regulations of the Procedures in Legal Actions against Juveniles Act. In relation to juveniles charged under the Criminal Code only the precautionary measures which do not interfere with the provisions of Article 3 of the Criminal Code providing for the rule of humanitarian use of criminal penalties should be implemented. It refers mainly to these forms of isolation precautionary measures which would apply to juvenile criminals after serving imprisonment.
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Kaliuzhnyi, Aleksandr, Nikolai Shurukhnov, and Oleg Karpushkin. "Psychological and physiological characteristics of criminals and victims of crimes of personal freedom based on Russian criminal cases." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 29 (May 18, 2020): 472–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.29.05.52.
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A person’s personality is a carrier of individual, unique signs and traits that depend on its nature and are formed during life experience, including during the commission of crimes. We studied 320 criminal cases of violations of personal freedom (kidnapping, human trafficking, the use of their slave labor, etc.), as well as an analysis of the scientific literature that made it possible to substantiate the characteristics of criminals and their victims. As a result of the study, criminals and their victims were classified into groups. The features of these groups were characterized. The study of the personal properties of criminals and victims is necessary for all crimes of personal freedom, regardless of the commission country, and allows you to properly organize an investigation, put forward standard versions, build work to find traces and means of crime, thereby exposing the criminal.
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Arek, Bambang Lasimin, and Umar Ma'ruf. "Criminal Responsibility of Criminals Defamation on Advocate Name." Jurnal Daulat Hukum 3, no. 4 (February 13, 2021): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jdh.v3i4.13622.
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The purpose of this research is to know and understand the legal responsibility of the criminal defamation against lawyers according to Islamic criminal law, to know and understand the legal responsibility of the criminal defamation against lawyers according to Indonesian criminal law as well as to know, understand and analyze the legal accountability of the perpetrators criminal defamation against advocates at the Law Supremacy & Associate law office in Police Report Number: LP / B / 115B / XI / 2019 / Jabar according to Islamic criminal law and Indonesian criminal law. The approach method used in this research is normative juridical. The research specification used in this research is descriptive analytical. The theory used in analyzing the above problems is the rule of law theory, the theory of legal certainty and the theory of criminal responsibility in Islamic law. The conclusion of this study is that legal responsibility for the perpetrators of criminal defamation against advocates according to Islamic law is a Ta�zir sentence in the form of a limited prison sentence, where the length of the sentence is handed over to Ulil Amri who examines the case, while according to Indonesian criminal law it is a prison sentence and fines. Legal accountability for perpetrators of criminal defamation against advocates in the Police Report Number: LP / B / 115B / XI / 2019 / Jabar, according to Islamic law, is punishable by Ta�zir in the form of limited prison. Meanwhile, according to Indonesian criminal law, the actions of suspects are subject to imprisonment and a fine, in accordance with the provisions of Article 311 paragraph (1) and Article 315 of the Criminal Code.�
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Aeniwati, Zahri, and Sri Kusriyah. "Criminal Responsibility towards Criminals of Abortion in Indonesia." Law Development Journal 3, no. 1 (March 7, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/ldj.3.1.9-18.
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This study aims to determine and describe the criminal liability of perpetrators of abortion in Indonesia. This research is a doctrinal legal research, which is descriptive analysis. The data used is secondary data obtained through library research, which is then analyzed qualitatively. The results of this research show that criminal liability for perpetrators of abortion in Indonesia based on the Criminal Code is regulated in Book Two of Chapter XIV on Crimes of Decency, especially Article 299, and Chapter XIX Articles 346-Articles 349 which are classified as crimes against life. The prohibition on abortion in the Criminal Code is contained in Article 299, Article 346, Article 347, Article 348, and Article 349, which clearly regulates the prohibition of having an abortion for any reason, including abortion for emergency reasons (forced). The provisions for regulating abortion in Act No 36 of 2009 are set forth in Article 75, Article 76, Article 77, and Article 194. Even though, the law prohibits the practice of abortion, in certain circumstances there is a possibility. Abortion practices that are contrary to statutory regulations are regulated in Article 194 of Act No 36 Of 2009, with a maximum imprisonment of 10 years and a maximum fine of IDR 1,000,000,000.00 (one billion rupiah).
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Walters, Glenn D. "The crimes of first-time offenders: same or different from the crimes of habitual criminals?" Journal of Criminal Psychology 10, no. 1 (December 4, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-09-2019-0042.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how first-time offenders and habitual criminals, while displaying wide differences in offense frequency, appear to follow a similar pattern in committing crime. Design/methodology/approach A conceptual approach is adopted in this paper. Findings It is argued that criminal thinking is the common denominator in both patterns, the difference being that habitual criminals have a higher resting level of proactive and reactive criminal thinking than first-time offenders. With an earlier age of onset, the habitual criminal may be more impulsive and reactive than first-time offenders, which partially explains why most low-rate offenders are not identified until adulthood. Practical implications Because actual and perceived deterrents to crime correlate weakly, if at all, it is recommended that perceived environmental events and criminal thinking be the primary targets of prevention and intervention programs. Social implications Environmental stimuli, such as events that produce general strain, increase opportunities for crime, reinforce criminal associations, irritate the individual and interfere with the deterrent effect of perceived certainty, can both augment and interact with criminal thinking to increase the likelihood of a criminal act in both first-time offenders and habitual criminals. Originality/value The unique aspect of this paper is that it illustrates that certain features of crime and criminality are found across offending levels, whereas other features are more specific to a particular level.
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Smith, Robert. "Exploring the farming and waste disposal nexus in the UK: Towards a typology of 'Environmental Criminals'." International Journal of Rural Criminology 6, no. 1 (September 30, 2021): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/ijrc.v6i1.8627.
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The farming Industry and rural locations are increasingly being targeted by predatory environmental criminals but as will be demonstrated there is also an insider element to environmental crimes. Such criminal activities pose an environmental challenge and require creative solutions. Indeed, the notion of the farmer as an environmental criminal is a contentious addition to the typology of rural criminals. Traditionally, environmental crime was an overlooked and under researched category of criminology, primarily because 'farmers' as a genre were treated with an elevated level of societal respect in line with their 'idyllic' portrayal. They do not fit accepted social constructs and stereotypes of the urban based criminal fraternity. Consequentially, we heard little of the stereotype of the 'bad' farmer. Recent years have seen a rise in public interest and concern relating to ethical aspects of farming leading to a raising of public awareness. Farmers are no longer immune from criticism, nor prosecution. Using documentary research methods this study reports on several high-profile cases at the nexus and reveals an updated typology of rural environmental crimes and criminals.
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Borch, Christian. "Kriminalitet og kriminelle - brudstykker af en genealogi." Dansk Sociologi 13, no. 1 (May 5, 2006): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v13i1.513.
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Christian Borch: Crime and criminals – fragments of a genealogy
Government rationalities as regards crime and criminals have changed during the past 30 years. This change is related to a transformation from a welfare state rationality to an advanced liberal mode of government. In order to understand the impact of this development, the article outlines a genealogy of thinking about crime and the practices of crime control. This historical analysis shows how thinking about crime has been centered around the distinction between the criminal act and the criminal individual, and identifies four significant breaks. The first is the identification of the criminal act by Beccaria in the 18th century. The second is the invention of the criminal individual by Lombroso in the late 19th century. Third is the modification of the Lombrosian project due to the development of welfare state institutions in the first 70 years of the 20th century, in which rehabilitation of the criminal offender is the center of attention. The fourth stage is the parallel development of advanced liberal practices of crime control and theories of crime prevention on the one hand and the reappearance of a Lombrosian-like risk perspective towards certain criminals on the other.
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Wiranarta, Sari. "DISPARITAS PENJATUHAN PIDANA PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA NARKOTIKA (Analisis Putusan Nomor: 898/Pid.Sus/2020/PN. Pdg Dan Putusan Nomor: 940/Pid.Sus /2020/PN. Pd." JURNAL SAKATO EKASAKTI LAW REVIEW 1, no. 1 (March 20, 2022): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31933/jselr.v1i1.539.
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The judge's consideration is one of the most important aspects in determining the realization of the value of a judge's decision that contains justice, so that maximum and balanced judge considerations are obtained at the level of theory and legal facts.The results of the research on "the disparity of criminal penalties against narcotics criminals (decision analysis number: 898/pid.sus/2020/pn. pdg and decision number: 940/pid.sus /2020/pn. pdg)" which aims to answer the problem -problems as follows: (1) why there is a disparity in the punishment of narcotics criminals in the two decisions, (2) what are the factors that cause criminal disparities in the two decisions? This research is a descriptive analytical research. The approach used in this research is a normative juridical approach. The data used in this research is secondary data. All data and materials obtained from the research results are compiled and analyzed qualitatively and presented in a qualitative descriptive form. Based on the results of the discussion and analysis, it can be concluded that firstly, the disparity in sentencing criminals against narcotics criminals in the two decisions occurred because in the sentencing of the crime the judge saw from the evidence and evidence in the two decisions, so that in the sentencing of criminal offenses in the two decisions there was a disparity in the imposition of criminal penalties. different between the two decisions. The two factors that cause criminal disparities in the two decisions are that the judge in the decision considers mitigating and aggravating factors that are individual, different between one perpetrator and another (criminal individualization). The judge's considerations in imposing a sentence on the perpetrators of narcotics crimes are based on various things, namely: originating within the judge, originating from the law itself and the characteristics of the case in question and the severity of narcotic evidence.
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Pyle, D. J. "The Economic Approach to Crime and Punishment." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 6, no. 1 (April 1995): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x9500600101.
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In the last twenty five years, economists have devoted considerable research effort to the study of crime and punishment. This article examines the contribution made by economists in two particular areas. First, the economic analysis of participation in criminal activity. Second, the design of “efficient” punishments for convicted criminals. The economic approach to crime and punishment assumes that criminals are rational individuals, who respond to incentives. Empirical analysis, undertaken by economists, tends to confirm this view. Several consequences follow from this, especially in relation to the structure of punishments for (related) crimes. In particular punishments need to be designed so that criminals choose less, rather than more, harmful acts.
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LaPierre, Brian. "Dealing with Social Disorders that Should Not Exist: The Khrushchev-Era Soft Line on Petty Crime and the Struggle against Hooliganism in Soviet Russia during the Thaw." Russian History 36, no. 2 (2009): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633109x412834.
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AbstractIn the late 1950s, the Khrushchev regime decided to cut down on crime by focusing on the redemption rather than the repression of petty criminals. This soft-line approach centered on humaneness (gumannost'), peer reform and the reforging of petty criminals into productive Soviet subjects. However, central officials and vocal segments of the public worried that the soft line was being abused to coddle hardened criminals, to hide crime from state statistical registries and to ignore the problem of unsafe city streets. As a result of oppositional backlash, a hard line against crime was promulgated in the early 1960s that swung criminal policy back towards physical confrontation and custodial punishment.
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KIM, HANBARK. "Medical Treatment of Criminals in Premodern China Based on Qing Era Local Archives: Focusing on the Case of Ba County in the late 18th Century." Korean Journal of Medical History 32, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 321–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2023.32.321.
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This study aimed to confirm what kind of medical treatment was given to criminals by the local governments in Qing China and the role of the government doctors in charge of the criminals’ medical care. Using local administrative and historical materials, I explore the procedures and methods of medical treatment and explain the treatment processes for criminals. The findings demonstrate that, although different from modern ideals, in premodern China under the emperor’s rule, there were provisions for ailing criminals to receive medical treatment. In the Qing era, the execution of actual punishments worked as a keynote of judicial policy, and the number of criminals managed by local government offices was larger than before. The government doctors took charge of the criminals’ medical treatment, but it seems that their position in the Qing era was not popular due to low salaries and psychological resistance to treating guilty criminals. Moreover, the government doctors dispatched to treat criminals were required to play an additional role. They had to testify that there were no other causes of death other than disease, which demonstrates that the government doctor played a role in determining whether the death was a crime. However, their treatment practices for criminals demonstrate the use of traditional medicine from the Tang and Song era onwards. There are two reasons for this. First, unlike the private market, there was no economic incentives for doctors to use new medicines and prescriptions. Second, because of the fear of being reprimanded for the death of the criminal, using classical prescriptions was a way for doctors to defend the adequacy of their medical practice. From an institutional perspective, medical care for criminals through government doctors was guaranteed during the Qing era. However, government doctors were not selected for their medical competence, nor were they provided with adequate incentives to practice good medical care. Even some government doctors devoted themselves to medical care, the quality of care was not systematically guaranteed. This provides evidence of the poor medical environment surrounding criminals in premodern China.
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Barinov, S. V. "TYPICAL MECHANISMS OF CRIMINAL VIOLATIONS OF PRIVACY." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 29, no. 5 (September 25, 2019): 638–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9593-2019-29-5-638-643.
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Typical mechanisms of criminal violations of privacy are considered on the basis of the following elements: the necessary conditions that create the possibility of using the selected mechanism of crime by criminals; actions aimed at preparing for the commission of a crime; actions aimed at the direct commission of a crime and actions aimed at concealing the fact or traces of the crime. It is concluded that the description of typical models of crime mechanisms is a source of criminally significant information on the basis of which it is possible to build a version of the circumstances of the committed criminal violations of privacy and the persons involved in their commission.