Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Criminal investigations'
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1
Womack, Charissa L. "Criminal Investigations: The Impact of Patrol Officers on Solving Crime." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3594/.
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This two-part study of the criminal investigation process first evaluated the frequency with which patrol officers solve cases assigned to the investigations division and then examined how detectives spent their time, both on case assignments and on other activity not related to current case assignment. Cases assigned to the investigations division for follow up were examined to determine how often a case was cleared by the patrol officer. The detective's time was then evaluated in order to determine how much time detectives spent on investigative tasks and other activities. This study confirms that the patrol officer should be given more time to conduct preliminary investigations for specific cases, and that tasks performed by detectives could be shifted to other personnel in the department. Both actions should serve to positively impact case clearance rates.
2
Tekin, Serra. "Eliciting admissions from suspects in criminal investigations." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2016. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/eliciting-admissions-from-suspects-in-criminal-investigations(4e56a36d-8cc4-42ae-bfbf-a36136f3a70e).html.
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The psycho-legal literature is scarce with respect to specific interviewing tactics aimed at eliciting new and critical information (admissions) from suspects in criminal cases. The first major aim of this thesis was to fill this void by introducing and testing a novel evidence disclosure tactic, called the SUE-Confrontation, which draws on the general principles underlying the Strategic Use of Evidence (SUE) framework. The comparative efficacy of the SUE-Confrontation interview was examined in a series of laboratory-based studies. In addition, a number of dependent measures was used to test the relationships between the principles behind the SUE framework. The participants either committed a mock crime (guilty) or performed equivalent noncriminal activities (innocent) divided into three phases, after which they were interviewed as suspects. The interviewer possessed evidence pertaining to two (less critical) phases of the crime, but lacked information about the third and more critical phase. For the SUE-Confrontation interview, the interviewer initially aimed to obtain verbal cues to deceit (statement-evidence inconsistencies) by using the evidence strategically. Thereafter, the interviewer used these cues (confronted the suspect with his or her inconsistencies) to elicit admissions about the critical phase for which the interviewer lacked information. In Study I (N = 120), the SUE-Confrontation interview was compared to two control interviews: Early Disclosure of Evidence and No Disclosure of Evidence. As predicted, the innocent suspects (compared with the guilty suspects) were more forthcoming regarding their activities related to the critical phase. No difference was found between the interview conditions with respect to the guilty suspects’ forthcomingness regarding the critical phase. Nonetheless, the results were promising in terms of eliciting admissions through strategic interviewing. For Study II (N = 90), the interview protocols were revised. As predicted, the guilty suspects in the SUE-Confrontation condition (compared with the Early Disclosure and No Disclosure conditions) perceived the interviewer to have had more information about the critical phase and disclosed more admissions about this particular phase. In Study III (N = 75), the aim was to improve the ecological validity of the tactic by providing the suspects with the opportunity to explain the discrepancies in their statements (labelled the SUE-Confrontation/Explain condition). The guilty suspects in the SUE-Confrontation (following the same protocol as used in Study II) and the SUE-Confrontation/Explain conditions combined (versus the Early Disclosure condition) overestimated the amount of evidence that the interviewer possessed about the critical phase. The SUE-Confrontation/Explain condition did not differ from either the SUE-Confrontation condition or the Early Disclosure condition with respect to the number of admissions made by the guilty suspects. Importantly, the SUE-Confrontation interview resulted in more admissions than the Early Disclosure interview. The second major aim of this thesis was to explore police officers’ planned use of the available evidence to elicit admissions. Study IV was designed as a survey study in which police officers (N = 69) planned an interview with a suspect in a fictitious murder case. The investigators planned to disclose the evidence more often in a strategic manner (i.e. obtain the suspect’s statement and/or exhaust alternative scenarios before revealing the evidence) than in a non-strategic manner (i.e. reveal the evidence before requiring an explanation). It was rare that the investigators planned to use the evidence pertaining to the less critical phases of the crime so as to elicit admissions about the critical phase (about which they lacked information). Taken together, this thesis demonstrates the development of, and support for, an effective evidence disclosure tactic for eliciting admissions from suspects. Furthermore, the findings lend support to the predicted relationships between the principles underlying the SUE framework. These principles can be tailored to meet the needs of an interviewer, and may be utilised in different criminal cases. Lastly, it is recommended that the SUE-Confrontation tactic be included as part of police officers’ training on how to effectively conduct interviews with suspects.
3
Womack, Charissa L. Fritsch Eric J. "Criminal investigations the impact of patrol officers on solving crime /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-3594.
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4
Teubner, Patrick. "Untersuchungs- und Eingriffsrechte privatgerichteter Untersuchungsausschüsse zum Verhältnis von Strafprozess und PUAG." Berlin [u.a.] de Gruyter, 2009. http://www.reference-global.com/isbn/978-3-89949-679-6.
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5
Briody, Michael, and n/a. "The Effects of DNA Evidence on the Criminal Justice Process." Griffith University. School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20050818.155533.
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This research examines the effects of forensic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) evidence on decisions in the courts and on the conduct of criminal investigations. To assess effects on court decisions, quantitative analyses were conducted using primary data from the State of Queensland. A control-comparison method was used to assess the effects in court, and this was made within a context of other evidentiary and extra-legal factors that had a bearing on case outcomes. These other factors included defendant confessions, independent witness testimony and fingerprint and photographic evidence. A sample of 750 cases referred by police for prosecution and finalised past the appeal stage in court, was selected for examination. Half of these cases utilised DNA evidence, while the other half, as a control group, did not. Cases were selected in four categories: sexual offences, serious assaults, homicides and property crime. Data on the cases were analysed using advanced statistical methods and predictor models were developed to demonstrate how, given case configurations, the addition of DNA evidence could potentially alter court outcomes. Results for the three serious offence types were that DNA evidence emerged as a positive predictor that prosecutors would pursue cases in court, and it demonstrated a powerful influence on jury decisions to convict. Incriminating DNA evidence demonstrated no significant effect on inducing guilty pleas from defendants for serious crimes against the person. However, it did correlate significantly to cases reaching court and to guilty pleas being entered for property offence cases. The analysis of the effects on investigations relies on data from jurisdictions other than Queensland. Secondary data and the literature were used to assess the potential for strategically using forensic intelligence, along with dedicated investigative resources, to reduce property crimes like burglaries and car thefts. In the one study available that employed adequate research methods, three patrol areas in New South Wales, where a police operation was trialled, were compared to other areas that acted as a control. The police operation aimed at 100% attendance at property crime scenes, the use of intelligence from DNA and fingerprint identifications and specialised investigative resources to reduce crime levels. While the operation failed to achieve its goal, it did provide some valuable lessons. The effectiveness of the national criminal DNA database in the UK, reputed to lead the world, was then evaluated in relation to domestic burglaries. Its Australian CrimTrac counterpart did not commence operations until March 2003, and by 2004 was not operating at maximum capacity. Because no published studies were located that measured any effects of the UK database on crime levels, the criterion selected to measure performance was the proportion of convictions achieved through the database to reported crime. For domestic burglaries, this ratio was calculated from secondary official data to be close to one percent (0.01), a figure that included the additional convictions achieved through the intelligence that the database provided. The research also examined forensic DNA in relation to issues of privacy and civil liberties. Privacy issues are discussed beginning with an historical background to the use and misuse of genetic data. This includes the searches for a 'criminal gene' and for genetic links to criminal behaviour. DNA databases are contrasted with databanks, and it is questioned, since we leave our DNA wherever we go, whether it really is private. Civil liberties issues that are discussed include whether providing DNA is a form of self-incrimination; how DNA has helped exonerate the convicted innocent; wrongful convictions based on flawed DNA evidence; whether occasional 'mass screenings' with DNA are a reversal of the onus of proof; concerns with DNA databases and 'function creep', and the planting or 'forgery' of DNA evidence including the use of amplicon contamination. In the final chapter, a balance is sought between on one hand, the goal of police and government to provide a safe society, and on the other, the rights to privacy and civil liberties expected by individuals in Western liberal democracies. The chapter addresses the issues of concern raised in the earlier chapter about privacy and civil liberties, and makes recommendations on how these may be resolved. The general approach favoured is to increase police powers in specific situations, but to couple these with the protection of individual rights through greater regulation of those powers. The research also developed a case prioritising system aimed at helping clear laboratory backlogs.
6
Briody, Michael. "The Effects of DNA Evidence on the Criminal Justice Process." Thesis, Griffith University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366784.
Full textAbstract:
This research examines the effects of forensic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) evidence on decisions in the courts and on the conduct of criminal investigations. To assess effects on court decisions, quantitative analyses were conducted using primary data from the State of Queensland. A control-comparison method was used to assess the effects in court, and this was made within a context of other evidentiary and extra-legal factors that had a bearing on case outcomes. These other factors included defendant confessions, independent witness testimony and fingerprint and photographic evidence. A sample of 750 cases referred by police for prosecution and finalised past the appeal stage in court, was selected for examination. Half of these cases utilised DNA evidence, while the other half, as a control group, did not. Cases were selected in four categories: sexual offences, serious assaults, homicides and property crime. Data on the cases were analysed using advanced statistical methods and predictor models were developed to demonstrate how, given case configurations, the addition of DNA evidence could potentially alter court outcomes. Results for the three serious offence types were that DNA evidence emerged as a positive predictor that prosecutors would pursue cases in court, and it demonstrated a powerful influence on jury decisions to convict. Incriminating DNA evidence demonstrated no significant effect on inducing guilty pleas from defendants for serious crimes against the person. However, it did correlate significantly to cases reaching court and to guilty pleas being entered for property offence cases. The analysis of the effects on investigations relies on data from jurisdictions other than Queensland. Secondary data and the literature were used to assess the potential for strategically using forensic intelligence, along with dedicated investigative resources, to reduce property crimes like burglaries and car thefts. In the one study available that employed adequate research methods, three patrol areas in New South Wales, where a police operation was trialled, were compared to other areas that acted as a control. The police operation aimed at 100% attendance at property crime scenes, the use of intelligence from DNA and fingerprint identifications and specialised investigative resources to reduce crime levels. While the operation failed to achieve its goal, it did provide some valuable lessons. The effectiveness of the national criminal DNA database in the UK, reputed to lead the world, was then evaluated in relation to domestic burglaries. Its Australian CrimTrac counterpart did not commence operations until March 2003, and by 2004 was not operating at maximum capacity. Because no published studies were located that measured any effects of the UK database on crime levels, the criterion selected to measure performance was the proportion of convictions achieved through the database to reported crime. For domestic burglaries, this ratio was calculated from secondary official data to be close to one percent (0.01), a figure that included the additional convictions achieved through the intelligence that the database provided. The research also examined forensic DNA in relation to issues of privacy and civil liberties. Privacy issues are discussed beginning with an historical background to the use and misuse of genetic data. This includes the searches for a 'criminal gene' and for genetic links to criminal behaviour. DNA databases are contrasted with databanks, and it is questioned, since we leave our DNA wherever we go, whether it really is private. Civil liberties issues that are discussed include whether providing DNA is a form of self-incrimination; how DNA has helped exonerate the convicted innocent; wrongful convictions based on flawed DNA evidence; whether occasional 'mass screenings' with DNA are a reversal of the onus of proof; concerns with DNA databases and 'function creep', and the planting or 'forgery' of DNA evidence including the use of amplicon contamination. In the final chapter, a balance is sought between on one hand, the goal of police and government to provide a safe society, and on the other, the rights to privacy and civil liberties expected by individuals in Western liberal democracies. The chapter addresses the issues of concern raised in the earlier chapter about privacy and civil liberties, and makes recommendations on how these may be resolved. The general approach favoured is to increase police powers in specific situations, but to couple these with the protection of individual rights through greater regulation of those powers. The research also developed a case prioritising system aimed at helping clear laboratory backlogs.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Criminology and Criminal Justice
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7
Barrett, Emma Caroline. "The interpretation and exploitation of information in criminal investigations." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2009. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/353/.
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This thesis explores psychological mechanisms underlying the acquisition, interpretation and exploitation of information in complex criminal enquiries. Detective work is conceptualised as problem-solving and the importance of sense-making is highlighted. A model of investigative sense-making is presented, grounded in social-cognitive psychological and criminological research and bringing together several theoretical concepts within one coherent framework. Two studies explored aspects of this framework. First, 42 UK police officers gave written responses to four crime-related vignettes. Content analysis of the answers showed how sense-making about what had occurred varied according to the vignettes and between participants. Building on this pilot, a simulated investigation method was developed and tested with 22 UK detectives. Qualitative content analysis of ‘think aloud’ transcripts (using the qualitative analysis package N-Vivo) focused on how participants made sense of the victim’s story, the characteristics of the offender and the plausibility of potential suspects. Participants spontaneously generated and tested multiple hypotheses about investigative information using mental simulation, tolerating high levels of uncertainty throughout the ‘investigation’ and paying particular attention to investigative opportunities. This research suggests that successful detectives need the ability to imagine multiple potential explanations for investigative data and the knowledge to identify the opportunities for action such data affords.
8
Whittaker, Dorothy Ann. "Politics and pragmatism." Thesis, Northumbria University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245272.
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9
Süße, Sascha, and Carolin Püschel. "Collecting evidence in internal investigations in the light of parallel criminal proceedings." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-199168.
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Roux, Jean-Pierre. "The operation of private governance: exploratory research into private investigations." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11542.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
Security governance is a salient topic within South Africa, both in public media, discourse and academic literature. Currently, South African government holds a domineering mentality towards security and wishes to monopolize it. Nonetheless, there is a growing call for private security, both by citizens and the business sector in South Africa. Furthermore, private security is a polemic issue with debates around its effects on public good as well as its role within society. This dissertation underlines and addresses these issues. In order to accomplish this, an ethnographic field study was conducted to uncover the situation and the forms and issues that revolve around private security on a ground level, breaking away from the academic cacophony that has saturated the field.
11
Patterson, Debra Ann. "Constructing justice how the interactions between victims and detectives affect the quality of rape investigations /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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12
Pieters, Christoffel Jacobus. "The application of criminal investigations methodology and guidelines in modern day labour related investigations / by Christoffel Pieters." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4737.
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Gohn, Rodney L. ""COLD CASE" INVESTIGATIONS WITHIN FAIRFAX COUNTY: TURNING THE LIABILITY OF TIME INTO AN ASSET." VCU Scholars Compass, 1995. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4625.
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No department or individual involved in the investigation of homicides is ever going to have a 100% closure rate. Therefore, many departments will be faced with a situation where another homicide happens before they are finished handling the previous one.
How does one manage these open cases; how often are they reviewed; and who is responsible once the assigned detective is either transferred or leaves the unit or department? Someone has to be able to answer questions from the family, media and anyone else who might inquire about the case.
Based on the number of unsolved homicide cases within Fairfax County, the concept of a “Cold Case Squad” was explored. During January 1995, the Fairfax County Police Department implemented a Cold Case Squad consisting of one supervisor, three veteran detectives, two auxiliary police officers and one cadet. The Cold Case detectives inherited approximately 75 unsolved homicides which occurred in Fairfax County, Virginia, from 1964 through December 31, 1994. More than half of the unsolved homicides (42) have occurred in the past nine years.
The hypothesis for this thesis was: The formulation of a Cold Case Squad would measurably reduce the number of unresolved homicides within Fairfax County. The primary evaluation factor for the thesis was the Cold Case Squad’s “close-ability” rate.
The thesis identified and evaluated nine solvability factors utilized by the Cold Case Squad Supervisor. The solvability factors are considered when prioritizing case investigation, assigning personnel to an investigation and suspending investigate efforts. One of the goals for utilizing solvability factors is to develop a clear profile of cases with the most potential for close-ability.
The study population for this thesis is the 42 unsolved homicides which have occurred in Fairfax County, Virginia, between January 1, 1986, and December 31, 1994. Solvability factor work sheets were completed and computated for the study population.
The hypothesis has been proven as there is a measurable reduction in the number of unsolved homicides. From the study population, two cases have been closed by arrest, one case closed by exceptional means and one case is pending approval from the Commonwealth Attorney’s Office to obtain arrest warrants. These four cases represent a 9.5% reduction of unsolved cases within the study population.
A copy of this thesis was given to the Cold Case Squad Supervisor for review and application. It is hoped the research from this thesis will be applied to the Cold Case Squad so it will become more effective and continue to turn the liability of time into an asset.
14
Hsueh, Chih-Jen. "The reform of criminal asset confiscation in Taiwan." Universität Leipzig, 2019. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33906.
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In the end of 2015, the legislative yuan of Taiwan reformed the criminal confiscatory system in a significant way. The core idea of the new provision is to abolish the quality of subordinate
sentence of criminal confiscation and make it an independent effect different from penalty and rehabilitative measure. The most important reforms are types the confiscation of criminal benefits a balanced measure quasi-unjustified enrichment, adds provisions about confiscating criminal incomes of third-party, and judges can announce confiscation independently, which are based on the spirit of depriving criminal benefits as far as possible. Besides, legislators also proclaimed the retroactive effect of the new provision. Nevertheless, this article will point out that the new provision promotes the modernization of
criminal confiscatory system, but in some places violates the constitutional law.
15
Tobin, Ashley N. "A study of the impact of crime shows on contemporary criminal investigations." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10006400.
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Crime shows are extremely prevalent in current television programming. The popularity of these shows has created what is commonly referred to as “the CSI Effect.” This effect argues that crime shows cause viewers to have skewed expectations regarding criminal investigation and prosecution. This research looked specifically at the CSI Effect and how it has affected the way law enforcement officials do their jobs. The purpose of this thesis was to determine if and/or how crime shows have influenced contemporary criminal investigations. This research took a qualitative research approach based on grounded theory. Fifteen, semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted with individual police officers to examine what influences crime shows have had on their profession. Participants were asked 14 questions related to crime shows and their work experience. Once participant responses had been coded and analyzed, it was determined that police-work is very case specific and officer dependent. Participants acknowledged that each situation they deal with is different than the next; therefore, at times they were unable to provide exact answers to questions. This study found that crime shows do influence law enforcement and contemporary investigation. The type and severity of the influence was inconclusive. Overall, this thesis argues that more research needs to be conducted regarding the impact crime shows have had on current policing.
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Netto, Lauren Joy. "The development of a pro forma document for use in police rape investigations in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002540.
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This research developed a pro forma document for use in police rape investigations in South Africa. The immediate context for the research is the alarmingly high incidence of rape in South Africa. The rape statistics vary to an extent, largely due to the fact that a large proportion of the rapes that occur in South Africa are not reported to the police. These statistics expose the limited success of the South African Police Services (SAPS) in terms of investigating rape cases in this country, as well as the public perception of the effectiveness of the South African Police Services in this regard as evidenced by the non or under-reporting of rape in South Africa. The pro forma document is an investigative tool designed to standardise and systematise rape investigations by providing set guidelines for obtaining the essential information about each rape case. This is a prerequisite for Tender profiling, which involves predicting the relationship between offence and offender variables. Profiling can only be successful if the investigator obtains all the information about a crime. Hence the pro forma document, as an investigative instrument designed to access essential information about a crime, is a key requirement for the development of informed and accurate profiles of offenders. As a standardised form, the document will allow for systematic and thorough rape investigations in South Africa. The researcher employed the qualitative methodology of action research. This entailed involving the participants in all stages of the research process. The data was collected by means of focus group interviews with detectives from the Serious and Violent Crimes Unit and the Child Protection Unit in Grahamstown. Additional sources of data were various investigative documents that originated from a number of different countries. Analysis of the data followed a number of procedural steps specifically suggested for focus group interview research and involved a process of coding. The codes identified during the analysis provided the foundation for the items that were included in the pro forma document. In keeping with the action research approach, the participants were caned upon to evaluate the progress of the research after the initial data collection and analysis were completed, and a draft version of the pro forma document had been compiled. This feedback provided another source of data which contained suggestions for amendments to the pro forma document which the researcher implemented. The research process was hindered to a certain extent by the unpredictable nature of police work which influenced the data gathering procedure. This could point to a possible limitation of the research. Furthermore, the aim of the research was to develop a pro forma document for use in rape investigations in South Africa. This aim did not encompass marketing the document. Herein lies another possible limitation of the research in that the document has not yet been used and tested in real cases. A discussion of the research process includes issues involved in practically implementing the pro forma document in rape investigations.
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Mirandola, Sofia <1988>. "The Protection of Human Rights through Criminal Justice: the Right to Effective Criminal Investigations in Europe. An Integrate Analysis between the ECHR and EU Law." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8219/1/mirandola_sofia_tesi.pdf.
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The subject matter of this research are the States’ obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights (the ECHR) to protect human rights through criminal law, with a focus on the procedural limb of such protection, namely the States’ duty to carry out effective criminal investigations into the most serious human rights offences. Furthermore, this study adopts also an integrated approach and discusses the interplay between the duty to conduct effective criminal investigations under the ECHR and the EU legal framework, by analysing the most relevant EU instruments of judicial cooperation in criminal matters in view of assessing whether it actually implements the instances of effectiveness of criminal proceedings into human rights offences flowing from the ECHR and whether it offers a stronger protection of such rights.
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Brooke, David Anthony. "Confessions, illegally/improperly obtained evidence and entrapment under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 : changing judicial and public attitudes to the police and criminal investigations." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1349807/.
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This thesis considers the law on confessions, illegally/improperly obtained evidence and entrapment under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. There is a detailed discussion of the case-law and the principles which underlie that case-law as well as a detailed discussion of the principles and policies which underlie the relevant statutory and common law provisions. There is also some discussion of some of the psychological aspects of false confessions and interrogation. There is some historical discussion of how the law has approached confessions, illegally/improperly obtained evidence and entrapment before the enactment of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. A major theme of this thesis is to illustrate how changing judicial and public attitudes to the police and criminal investigations from the mid nineteenth century to the present day have influenced the content of the law on the three areas of criminal evidence under discussion, namely confessions, illegally/improperly obtained evidence and entrapment. In particular this thesis has attempted to illustrate how judicial responses to Sections 76 2(a) and 76 2(b) and S. 78 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act have been influenced by changing public attitudes to the police, the integrity of their evidence to the criminal court and their role in the criminal justice system and society. In order to illustrate and highlight important points and arguments in the thesis, reference is occasionally made to the law and issues on identification evidence, accomplice evidence, forensic evidence as well as the law and issues on covert police operations to gather evidence not involving entrapment. However, no claim is made for comprehensive treatment of the law on identification evidence, accomplice evidence or forensic evidence, merely reference is made to those areas for the purposes of exposition on the main areas of study: Confessions, illegally/improperly obtained evidence and entrapment. The name of the publishers and place of publication for books and monographs quoted in the text is given in the bibliography.
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Morgan, Deanne. "Challenges Encountered During Law Enforcement Investigations of Terrorist Use of Information Technology." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4729/.
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The late 20th and early 21st centuries have seen a phenomenal growth in society's use of information technology. Criminals, including terrorists and terrorist organizations, have also adopted information technologies. Information technologies are used to enhance the efficiency, productivity, and effectiveness of terrorist activities and offenses. Investigating terrorist use of information technologies creates a number of challenges for law enforcement officials. While some of the challenges are encountered during conventional criminal investigations, terrorist investigations also present unique challenges. Through content and typological analysis, this study examined open source information to identify, categorize and propose a model of these challenges. Four primary categories were identified: technology, methodology, legal, and administration and human resources challenges.
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Olofsson, Sara. "Concurrent jurisdiction and parallel investigations and criminal proceedings in cases of foreign bribery : With focus on global settlement agreements." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295160.
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Wright, Scott A. "Transnational organized crime : a review of offense types and law enforcement response." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1340.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Criminal Justice
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Al-Dusri, Fahad. "The effectiveness of forensic science service in the State of Kuwait in criminal investigations and proceedings : forensic science practice in Kuwait." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288002.
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Hargreaves, C. J. "Assessing the Reliability of Digital Evidence from Live Investigations Involving Encryption." Thesis, Department of Informatics and Sensors, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/4007.
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The traditional approach to a digital investigation when a computer system is
encountered in a running state is to remove the power, image the machine using a
write blocker and then analyse the acquired image. This has the advantage of
preserving the contents of the computer’s hard disk at that point in time. However, the
disadvantage of this approach is that the preservation of the disk is at the expense of
volatile data such as that stored in memory, which does not remain once the power is
disconnected. There are an increasing number of situations where this traditional
approach of ‘pulling the plug’ is not ideal since volatile data is relevant to the
investigation; one of these situations is when the machine under investigation is using
encryption. If encrypted data is encountered on a live machine, a live investigation
can be performed to preserve this evidence in a form that can be later analysed.
However, there are a number of difficulties with using evidence obtained from live
investigations that may cause the reliability of such evidence to be questioned. This
research investigates whether digital evidence obtained from live investigations
involving encryption can be considered to be reliable. To determine this, a means of
assessing reliability is established, which involves evaluating digital evidence against
a set of criteria; evidence should be authentic, accurate and complete. This research
considers how traditional digital investigations satisfy these requirements and then
determines the extent to which evidence from live investigations involving encryption
can satisfy the same criteria. This research concludes that it is possible for live digital
evidence to be considered to be reliable, but that reliability of digital evidence
ultimately depends on the specific investigation and the importance of the decision
being made. However, the research provides structured criteria that allow the
reliability of digital evidence to be assessed, demonstrates the use of these criteria in
the context of live digital investigations involving encryption, and shows the extent to
which each can currently be met.
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Hargreaves, Christopher James. "Assessing the reliability of digital evidence from live investigations involving encryption." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2009. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4007.
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The traditional approach to a digital investigation when a computer system is encountered in a running state is to remove the power, image the machine using a write blocker and then analyse the acquired image. This has the advantage of preserving the contents of the computer’s hard disk at that point in time. However, the disadvantage of this approach is that the preservation of the disk is at the expense of volatile data such as that stored in memory, which does not remain once the power is disconnected. There are an increasing number of situations where this traditional approach of ‘pulling the plug’ is not ideal since volatile data is relevant to the investigation; one of these situations is when the machine under investigation is using encryption. If encrypted data is encountered on a live machine, a live investigation can be performed to preserve this evidence in a form that can be later analysed. However, there are a number of difficulties with using evidence obtained from live investigations that may cause the reliability of such evidence to be questioned. This research investigates whether digital evidence obtained from live investigations involving encryption can be considered to be reliable. To determine this, a means of assessing reliability is established, which involves evaluating digital evidence against a set of criteria; evidence should be authentic, accurate and complete. This research considers how traditional digital investigations satisfy these requirements and then determines the extent to which evidence from live investigations involving encryption can satisfy the same criteria. This research concludes that it is possible for live digital evidence to be considered to be reliable, but that reliability of digital evidence ultimately depends on the specific investigation and the importance of the decision being made. However, the research provides structured criteria that allow the reliability of digital evidence to be assessed, demonstrates the use of these criteria in the context of live digital investigations involving encryption, and shows the extent to which each can currently be met.
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Signorato, Silvia. "Le indagini informatiche nel processo penale." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426288.
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The aim of this dissertation is an analysis of the influence of computer science tools on criminal investigations. The appearing on both national and international forensic contexts of a new typology of criminal investigations, i.e. the digital investigations, is discussed at first. The techniques typically used in search and acquisition of proofs of computer crimes (or cybercrimes) are reviewed, highlighting the peculiarities of inspection surveys, searches, probationary attachments of information products and data, as well as acquisition of the so-called clone copy and wiretapping. Attention is paid to a recognition of possible common features of the investigation tools used in search of computer crime proof, with a close examination of the restrictions and critical profiles, also with respect to the viewpoint of Cloud Computing.
The analysis then focus on the atypical information investigations, whose compatibility with the fundamental rights is evaluated. In particular, the general uniqueness of these atypical typologies of investigation is closely examined together with the applicability of the rules related to the article no. 189 c.p.p. (Italian Code of Penal Procedure).
Moreover, the tools for the international cooperation in computer crime investigations are studied, taking into account of the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime as well as of issues related to the countries that have not signed this Convention. Finally, a careful consideration about the possible future establishment of an International Court for Cybercrime is presented.La tesi si propone di affrontare il problema dell'incidenza degli strumenti informatici sulle indagini penali. Dopo aver dato conto dell'emergere sul piano nazionale ed internazionale di una nuova tipologia investigativa - le indagini informatiche -, vengono esaminati i mezzi tipici di ricerca della prova informatica, mettendo in luce le peculiarità che contraddistinguono le ispezioni, le perquisizioni ed i sequestri probatori informatici, nonché l’acquisizione della c.d. copia clone e le intercettazioni informatiche o telematiche. Specifica attenzione è poi rivolta all’individuazione dei tratti comuni che sembrano caratterizzare i mezzi tipici di ricerca della prova informatica, per poi passare a esaminarne i limiti e i profili critici, anche nell’ottica del Cloud Computing. L'analisi si sofferma inoltre sulle investigazioni informatiche atipiche, di cui viene sondata la compatibilità con i diritti fondamentali. Si approfondisce poi la tematica della tendenziale irripetibilità di simili tipologie investigative atipiche e dell'applicabilità alle medesime della disciplina prevista dall’art. 189 c.p.p. Da ultimo, vengono esaminati gli strumenti di cooperazione investigativa internazionale, sia nel quadro della Convenzione del Consiglio d’Europa sulla criminalità informatica, sia in riferimento ai Paesi non firmatari della Convenzione. Chiude il lavoro una riflessione circa la possibile creazione futura di un Tribunale internazionale per i crimini informatici.
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Pfenniger, Karine. "Obstructing justice in white-collar crime investigations : When suspects appeal against Switzerland's Mutual Legal Assistance." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-402950.
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Hoffman, D. Scott. "Effects Department of Justice Investigations have on Violent Crime and Arrest Rates." Thesis, Walden University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10842616.
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In 1994 Congress enacted the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, which in part gave the Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division (DOJCRD) the power to investigate local law enforcement agencies for Constitutional and civil rights violations. Researchers have found these investigations are expensive, time consuming, and highly intrusive to a law enforcement agency. To understand how these investigations are impacting communities, data were gathered on cities with local law enforcement agencies that have experienced an investigation by the DOJCRD. Using a quasi-experimental, multiple time-series research design with a paired samples t-test, the dependent variables (violent crime and arrest rates) were analyzed for any differences before and after the introduction of the independent variable (the commencement of a DOJCRD investigation). With an established a = .05, adjusting for non-reported crime, and comparing to a non-equivalent control variable (national crime rate), the research findings indicate increased violent crime with the commencement of these investigations. The results also show that arrest rates significantly decreased indicating the possibility of de-policing. The negative impact to communities with increased violent crime rates and decreased arrest rates calls into question the efficacy of DOJCRD investigations. By supporting the recommendation for Congress to repeal this power given to the DOJCRD, this research can lead to positive social change by preventing federal government intrusion into local government that is negatively impacting communities.
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Bila, Hlengani Phanuel. "An assessment of application of intelligence-driven investigation in the combating of organised vehicle theft in Thohoyandou Cluster." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1552.
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Thesis (Ph. D. (Criminology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015The research concerned with the aim of this study, was to assess the appli-cation of intelligence-driven investigation in combating organised motor vehicle theft. The strategic intelligence plan, information sharing and understanding of or-ganised vehicle theft, are some of approaches which will assist in dealing with the challenge of the illegal sale of vehicles and vehicle parts. There is indeed a need to address police corruption, if the battle against vehicle theft is to be realised. The objectives of this study were the following: to explain the strategic intelli-gence plan for investigating motor vehicle theft; to evaluate whether investiga-tions of organised motor vehicle theft in Thohoyandou cluster are intelligence-driven; to assess if the cluster uses intelligence offender profiling in investi-gations; to explore how intelligence-driven investigation assists in information sharing; and, to make recommendations for the improvement of intelligence-driven vehicle theft investigation. The researcher wanted to apply new research knowledge, in order to develop good practice in the field. This has been done by recommending new proced-ures to enhance performance and to improve the ways and means of combating organised vehicle theft. KEY TERMS Intelligence-driven investigation; strategic intelligence; intelligence cycle; crime investigations; modus operandi; offender profiling; organised crime; systems theory; motor vehicle theft; information sharing.
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Chung, Cheuk-fai Bell. "The use of forensic hypnosis in criminal investigation." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31979300.
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Clements, Natalie. "The profession of profiling : are we there yet? /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16768.pdf.
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Machado, André Augusto Mendes. "A investigação criminal defensiva." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-27082009-114835/.
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O objeto primordial desta dissertação é conceituar a investigação criminal defensiva, sob a ótica da eficiência e do garantismo, e demonstrar a necessidade deste instituto nos ordenamentos jurídicos em que a investigação pública é tendencialmente acusatória. Para tanto, nos dois capítulos iniciais, esclarecem-se alguns aspectos gerais condizentes ao tema em análise, a saber: a definição de investigação criminal e suas principais características; a questão da parcialidade do Ministério Público e a investigação do crime por este órgão; e a definição de inquérito policial e sua disciplina legal no Brasil. Em seguida, aborda-se a relação da investigação defensiva com os princípios constitucionais da igualdade e da ampla defesa, que se encontram na base de um processo penal acusatório e asseguram às partes igual oportunidade de comprovarem os seus argumentos. Por conta disso, se um sistema jurídico prescreve a investigação do crime pelo próprio órgão acusatório, é de rigor que o imputado tenha direito equivalente, sob pena de se violar os mencionados direitos fundamentais. Ademais, a investigação defensiva, ao permitir a obtenção de elementos que serão contrapostos à investigação pública, amplia o campo cognitivo do Magistrado, o qual disporá de um maior número de dados materiais para fundamentar decisão acerca da viabilidade da acusação e da adoção de medidas cautelares. Após a análise constitucional da investigação defensiva, estuda-se o tratamento conferido pelo Direito estrangeiro a esta matéria, particularmente na Itália, onde o tema está em voga e é objeto de importantes e auspiciosos debates jurídicos. Ao final, a dissertação cuida da concretização da investigação defensiva, isto é, o modo como deve se desenvolver, as suas limitações, a utilização do seu resultado e a possibilidade de inserção no ordenamento jurídico pátrio.The main subject of this dissertation is to create a concept of the criminal defense investigation, under the efficiency and the guarantism perspectives, and to demonstrate the need of such institute in the legal system in which the public investigation has an acusatory tendency. For this purpose, in the first two chapters, the dissertation clarifies certain general aspects regarding the subject under analysis, such as: the definition of criminal investigation and its main characteristics; the question of partiality of the Public Prosecutor\' s Office and the criminal investigation ran by this office; and the definition of criminal investigation and its legal regulation in Brazil. Following, the dissertation approachs the relation of defensive investigation with the constitutional principles of equality and of full defense, which are in the base of an accusatory criminal procedure and assure the parties equal opportunities to prove their arguments. For this reason, if a legal system provides for a criminal investigation to be conducted by the accusatory party itself, it is imperative that the accused has equivalent rights, otherwise the legal system will be violating the above mentioned fundamental rights. Furthermore, in allowing gathering elements which shall be confronted with the official investigation, the defense investigation expands the cognitive field of the Magistrate, who will have more material data to pronounce a decision regarding the accusation\'s viability and the adoption of cautionary measures. After the constitutional analysis of the defense investigation, the dissertation enters into the foreign law on this subject, particularly from Italy, where the matter is highly in evidence and is the subject of important and auspicious legal debates. In the end, the dissertation provides for the materialization of the defense investigation, i.e., the manner in which it shall be developed, its limitations, the use of its results and the possible insert in our national legal ordinance.
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Minhas, Rashid. "'Suspect' community stereotyping and criminal investigations : "in pursuit of higher transparency" : a study of how police officers in England and Wales are believed to investigate people from the Muslim community." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/17554.
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In England and Wales, the 'war on terror' has been argued to impact adversely on existing race relations policies. Recent research has suggested that changes in legislation (such as wide discretionary powers of stop and search) and counter-terrorism measures (such as arrest and the extension of pre-charge detention of 28 days under the Terrorism Act [2006], and the use of control orders to detain without trial) may have contributed to the construction and reinforcement of the Muslim community as a 'suspect', which, in turn, may result in a police bias towards members of the Muslim community. Research showed that such police bias had contributed to the grave violations of human rights with appalling consequences that involved miscarriages of justice. This thesis focuses on an under-researched aspect of police investigative and interviewing processes, namely, the influence of prejudicial stereotyping on criminal investigations when investigating the suspects from a 'suspect' community. This thesis examined the influence of prejudicial stereotyping (within the context of criminal investigations) and originally contributed to the existing knowledge through the course of five studies. The first study focused on the role of prejudicial stereotyping in stop and search practices. This first study examined more than 2,100 stop and search records of the provincial police force in England and Wales, as well as 20 semi-structured interviews which were conducted with serving police officers (from the same force) to examine whether police officers use prejudicial stereotypes to inform suspicions in their day to day policing. This first study ascertained that officers rely on certain types of stereotypes (e.g. people's age, race, appearance, location, and social class) to inform their suspicions. In order to examine how such prejudicial stereotyping may affect criminal investigations, the second study in this thesis utilised a novel approach. In this second study, an innovative instrument 'the Minhas Investigative Interviewing Prejudicial Stereotyping Scale' (MIIPSS) was developed and used to assess the apparent level of interviewers' prejudicial stereotyping towards suspects from certain stigmatised groups. This study involved semi-structured interviews with twenty people, who had previously been interviewed as suspects in England and also eight very experienced lawyers. Both their views were measured using the MIIPSS before being subjected to a Guttman analysis. Statistical analyses showed that the MIIPSS satisfies the criteria for classification as a valid unidimensional and cumulative scale. It was found that the MIIPSS could be used as a tool to measure prejudicial stereotyping in investigative interviews towards suspects from stigmatised groups or individuals suspected of different types of crimes. The third study focused on the role of prejudicial stereotyping within the context of a 'suspect' community and investigative interviewing practices. As far as it is known, this is the first study that has obtained views from twenty-two real-life Asian Muslim suspects' and explored their perceptions to examine whether prejudicial stereotypes could influence investigative interviews. Thematic analysis of interviews revealed that around two-thirds of the suspects reported perceiving the demonstration of various stereotyping by police officers during interviews, half of whom indicated that the interviewers demonstrated racial/religious stereotypes via discriminatory behaviour. The fourth study in this thesis broke new ground by examining the perceptions of fifteen very experienced legal representatives who had represented suspects in the police interviews. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts revealed that one-third of the legal representatives reported that they witnessed instances (in what these legal representatives described as a reckoned comparable case) when a white suspect was released whereas a charge was sought against an Asian Muslim suspect. Additionally, a quarter of these legal representatives mentioned instances of perceived police interviewers' hostile and discriminatory behaviour towards their Muslim clients, also reporting that they felt such hostility was due to their client's Muslim background. The final study in this thesis is novel and groundbreaking to have analysed the influence of prejudicial stereotyping on real-life police interviewers' investigative decision-making within the context of the 'suspect' community. In order to explore whether a 'suspect' community stereotyping could influence police officers' instigative decision-making, the fifth study utilised information gathered via semi-structured interviews, conducted individually with twenty serving police officers from a single police organisation in England. During these interviews the same scenario was put to each police officer in turn, only differing in the name of the suspect (which for one half of the sample referred to an indigenous person from the UK, while the other half was referred to a suspect with obvious Muslim name). As a result of crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis (csQCA), it was found that when the 'Muslim suspect condition' was applied, six times as many officers stated that they would charge him with possession and intent to supply class A drugs than did those in the indigenous suspect condition. These results triangulated with those of the suspects and legal representatives' perceptions that the ethnicity and religious background may have played a role and influenced the outcome of investigations. In conclusion, findings from this thesis are not only consistent with the Hillyard's study (i.e. the 'suspect' community stereotyping may result in a police bias against members of the 'suspects' community) but the findings also suggest that perceived prejudicial stereotypes (based on a suspect's group membership) indeed may influence the outcome(s) of the criminal investigations.
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Johnson, Charles L. "Information sharing among cops progress & barriers witnessed in a case study of the H.I.T.S. program in Washington State /." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2008/c_johnson_112008.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, December 2008.Title from PDF title page (viewed on Jan. 22, 2009). "Department of Political Science." Includes bibliographical references (p. 267-280).
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Schuhmacher, Jacques. "The war criminals investigate." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0573af80-6407-4bf4-9ba4-6529cc9ae584.
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This thesis uses the war crimes investigations carried out by the Wehrmacht between 1939-1945 to explore the creation and development of the narrative which the Nazi regime constructed to justify its war of aggression, conquest, and extermination. This source has been sorely underused and provides deep insight into the regime's official narrative - a narrative which seems fundamentally at odds with its true aims and its murderous actions. It claimed that the Reich was waging a war in self-defence and for humanitarian reasons. These justifications were designed to convince both the German population and international audiences. The regime did not simply lie, however, but gathered empirical evidence which it then used selectively to legitimise the war. By reconstructing this process, the thesis aims to understand the degree to which the regime was able to make its arguments convincing. This allows us to better understand how it was possible to mobilise so many ordinary Germans to support and fight the war and, indeed, to perpetrate horrendous crimes. In particular, this thesis seeks to explore the tension between the official narrative and the Reich's own crimes, arguing that these two were not diametrically opposed, but that there was a direct justificatory link between them. Crucial in this context was the degree to which the regime could portray its criminal actions as a response to those of the enemy. In doing so, this thesis develops on a historiography which has acknowledged the importance of the regime's justificatory framework, but which has yet to study the foundations on which this was based and how it developed over the course of the war. In short, this is a study of the German narrative of victimhood which underpinned the brutal war of extermination.
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Chan, Wai-man Jimmy. "An analysis of criminal investigation training in the Hong Kong police force." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25138637.
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Djeatsa, Fouematio Lionel. "L'efficacité de la justice répressive à l'épreuve du contradictoire." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30001.
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La sauvegarde des intérêts de la société implique une répression nécessaire mais aussi efficace. Cette dernière ne peut être pourvue que par une recherche efficiente de preuves relatives à la commission d’une infraction afin d’en connaître l’auteur. Tel est l’enjeu du procès pénal. Cependant, si la protection de la paix publique autorise et légitime une telle démarche, cette dernière ne peut s’opérer sans limitations aux dépens des droits de l’individu. Aussi, une conciliation doit être établie entre des intérêts apparemment contradictoires. La recherche d’un équilibre entre ces deux intérêts a eu des expressions multiples selon l’évolution législative, cette dernière ayant témoigné d’un balancement perpétuel entre ces impératifs. Il existe des situations de fait dans lesquelles il est nécessaire que les représentants de la justice réagissent. Ainsi se trouve justifié le recours à un corps de règles spécifiques grâce auquel la réponse pénale peut s’accomplir avec un minimum d’entrave. Le renforcement de la police judiciaire et la simplification procédurale, pour ne citer que ceux-là, semblent donc pleinement justifiés. Cependant, il est permis de se demander si l’accroissement du rôle des organes de la procédure ne doive pas être entouré de limites devant faire en sorte que l’objectif du législateur, et seulement cet objectif soit atteint. A l’occasion d’une réflexion globale de la place de la personne poursuivie pendant le procès pénal, cette étude conduit d’abord à s’interroger sur la portée des diverses réformes, puis sur le rôle de plus en plus accru des organes de la procédure, afin de constituer en parallèle une dynamique possible de l’accroissement des droits préexistants, voire la création de droits de la défense nouveaux. Le jeu de pouvoirs et de droits qui profile le procès, doit s’effacer sous l’influence de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme pour laisser apparaître un procès pénal contradictoire. Simplement contradictoire, mais pleinement contradictoireSafeguarding the interests of society implies a necessary but also effective enforcement. The latter can be provided efficiently by a search of evidence relating to the commission of an offense in order to know the author. This is the issue of criminal proceeding. However, if the protection of public peace authorizes and legitimizes this approach, the latter can not happen without limitations at the expense of individual rights. Therefore, a compromise must be made between apparently contradictory interests. Finding a balance between these two interests has had multiple expressions by legislative developments, the latter has shown a constant swing between these imperatives. There are situations in which it is necessary that justice officials respond. Thus, is justified the use of a body of specific rules by which the criminal justice response can be accomplished with minimal interference. The strengthening of the judicial police and procedural simplification, to name but a few, seem to be fully justified. However, it is reasonable to ask whether the increased role of the organs of the procedure should not be surrounded by limits to ensure that parliament’s objective, and only that objective. On the occasion of a comprehensive reflection of the place of the defendant during the criminal trial, this study leads first to question the scope of various reforms and the role of increasingly enhanced organs the procedure to be parallel dynamics can increase the pre-existing rights or create new rights of defense. The set of powers and rights which profiles the trial to give way under influence of the European Convention on Human Rights to reveal an adversarial criminal trial. Simply contradictory, but fully contradictory
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鍾灼輝 and Cheuk-fai Bell Chung. "The use of forensic hypnosis in criminal investigation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31979300.
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Ozeren, Suleyman. "Problem-oriented approach to criminal investigation: implementation issues and challenges." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2876/.
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As a proactive, information-based policing approach, problem-oriented policing emphasizes the use of crime analysis techniques in the analysis of the underlying causes of the problems that police deal with. In particular, analysis applications can be powerful tools for criminal investigation, such as crime reconstruction, profiling, IAFIS, VICAP, and CODIS. The SARA Model represents a problem-solving strategy of problemoriented policing. It aims to address the underlying causes of the problems and create substantial solutions. However, implementing problem-oriented policing requires a significant change in both the philosophy and structure of police agencies. Not only American policing but also the Turkish National Police should consider problem-oriented policing as an alternative approach for solving criminal activities.
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Coelho, Emerson Ghirardelli. "Investigação criminal constitucional." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7042.
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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2016-03-07The crisis affecting the Brazilian criminal justice system is often attributed to the inefficiency of the Judiciary Police and the ineffectiveness of the police investigation as a means of investigation of criminal acts. However, the problem takes another relevance when we analyze the criminal investigation in depth in accordance with the democratic principles and constitutional values. We pass, then, to realize that the shortcomings of the investigation procedures are not structural in nature but rather due to interpretive paradigms built under the aegis of political exception regimes. This reveals the need to put in place a contemporary criminal procedure hermeneutics, in which proper criminal investigation, constitutional and legally produced, is regarded as fundamental rights protection instrument, unfolding as real tool for promoting human dignity. Grounded on these assumptions should follow the doctrinal and jurisprudential construction and legislative reforms aiming to improve the extra-judicial phase of the criminal prosecution, consolidating the police investigation as true procedural criminal procedure of a garantista nature, aimed at achieving the constitutional ideal of due process, a principle of the Democratic State of Law
A crise que acomete o sistema de Justiça Criminal brasileiro muitas vezes é imputada à ineficiência da Polícia Judiciária e à ineficácia do inquérito policial como meio de apuração de fatos delituosos. Contudo, a problemática toma outro relevo quando analisamos a fundo a investigação criminal à luz dos princípios e valores constitucionais democráticos. Passamos, então, a perceber que as deficiências do procedimento investigatório não são de cunho estrutural, mas sim decorrentes de paradigmas interpretativos edificados sob a égide de regimes políticos de exceção. Isso nos revela a necessidade de colocar em prática uma hermenêutica processual penal contemporânea, em que a devida investigação criminal, constitucional e legalmente produzida, seja encarada como instrumento de proteção de direitos fundamentais, desvelando-se como verdadeira ferramenta de promoção da dignidade humana. Alicerçadas nessas premissas devem seguir as construções doutrinárias e jurisprudenciais e as reformas legislativas que visem aprimorar a fase extrajudicial da persecução criminal, consolidando o inquérito policial como verdadeiro procedimento processual penal de cunho garantista, voltado a concretizar o ideal constitucional de processo justo, princípio este basilar do Estado Democrático de Direito
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Valiér, Claire Elizabeth. "Looking for the criminal : forensic science, criminal investigation, and subjectivity." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620966.
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Kayani, Ahsan Ul Haq. "Governance and the rule of law in road safety institutions in Pakistan: Exploring legal, social and cultural factors relating to crash involvement, enforcement, and legal processes." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/228733/8/Ahsan%20Ul%20Haq_Kayani_Thesis.pdf.
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This project adopted a mixed-method approach to investigate the characteristics of legal institutions of governance in Pakistan that are related to road safety and associated enforcement. Importantly, legal, social, and cultural factors are critical (but unacknowledged) barriers to governance excellence, effective traffic law enforcement, road crash investigations, and the judicial processes for dealing with offences. This research produced evidence-based recommendations to promote best practices, policies, and interventions to improve governance in road safety, and which are potentially relevant to other areas of institutional governance in Pakistan, and to countries with similar legal, cultural, social, and governance characteristics.
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Patrick, Christopher John. "The validity of lie detection with criminal psychopaths." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27507.
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The idea that psychopaths may be able to "beat" a standard polygraph ("lie detector") test remains a controversial issue. The one published study to date that has addressed this question directly (Raskin & Hare, 1978) has been challenged on the grounds that: 1) the polygraph testing situation lacked a 'realistic threat component, and 2) the examiner's decisions were not based on blind chart analyses (Lykken, 1978). The present study re-assessed the accuracy of the polygraph with psychopaths using a revised procedure, in response to Lykken's criticisms. Subjects were 24
psychopathic and 24 nonpsychopathic male prison inmates (aged 18-54) selected on the basis of psychopathy checklist scores (Hare, 1980) and DSM-III ratings within each diagnostic sample, equal groups of "guilty" and "innocent" subjects were tested regarding their involvement in a mock theft by experienced professional polygraphers using control question procedures. Methodological innovations included: a) a "group contingency threat" manipulation which produced a realistic motivational; atmosphere for the polygraph test, b) simultaneous recordings of physiological activity on field and laboratory polygraph instruments, and c) blind numerical analyses of the field polygraph charts. Consistent with Raskin and Hare's results, the guilty psychopaths in the present study were detected just as easily as the guilty nonpsychopaths, and the majority of guilty subjects (87%, excluding inconclusives ) were correctly identified, even when the decisions were based on blind chart analyses. However in contrast to Raskin and Hare's 91% accuracy figure for innocent subjects, the overall hit rate for innocent subjects in the present study was only 56%. Quantitative analyses of the laboratory polygraph recordings revealed few meaningful differences between psychopaths and nonpsychopaths, and the results for guilty and innocent subjects closely matched those obtained with the field polygraph. The findings were discussed in terms of their implications for the field validity of the control question test and the responsivity of psychopaths to threat.Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate
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Alderson, Karl Law Faculty of Law UNSW. "Powers and responsibilities: reforming NSW criminal investigation law." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Law, 2001. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/19056.
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The thesis is a historical study from a socio-legal perspective of debates about, and developments in, criminal investigation law in NSW since 1945. In that period, the NSW parliament has enacted extensive criminal investigation powers and safeguards. This can be seen as the result of the increasing political sensitivity of 'law and order'. Politicians have sought to exercise (and demonstrate) greater control over the criminal justice system. Legislation has been employed to provide a framework for police actions, and to define a role for others, including judges, magistrates and the Ombudsman. Political focus on law and order has also reversed the incentive structure for the police hierarchy. In the 1950s, there were strong incentives not to push for extra powers, lest policing practices and effectiveness receive unwanted scrutiny. In the 1970s, police were dragged into debate about their powers, in the face of the 'authorise and regulated' model suggested by numerous inquiries. More recently, police organisations have often initiated calls for new powers, in part to explain past failings. Another important factor driving debate and reform in recent decades has been the proliferation of oversight agencies, and academic insights that have debunked the 'rotten apple' paradigm. The Federal Government and Parliament have also been increasingly active in what would once have been considered purely State/Territory realms of criminal justice law and politics. These major influences have been coupled with a host of others, including the impact of a series of Royal Commission and law reform reports, the ongoing war on drugs, and the campaign against police verbals in the 1970s and 1980s. The examination of the forces that have influenced debate and reform yields other insights. For example, the complexity of the phenomenon of 'non-reform' is apparent from an examination of debates about policing in the 1950s. Prevailing trends in law and order politics (eg, that populist politics supports additional powers) can be seen to be anchored in the contemporary political context rather than being timeless truths. The multiple roles of law, in governing relationships between state agencies and actors, not just between police and suspects, are also highlighted.
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Taylor, Christopher William. "Detectives and disclosure : an analysis of the implementation of the disclosure provisions of the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 by CID officers, based on a study of operational procedure in two police force areas." Thesis, Durham University, 2002. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4156/.
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The Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 introduced new procedures for the handling of unused material in criminal cases. Defective treatment of such material has been a central aspect of many of the most notorious miscarriages of justice of the past 25 years. This work seeks to present an overview of the first three years of disclosure under the new provisions, by reference to a study of disclosure practice within two police force areas. In addition, by examining the process of investigation and file preparation, it is possible to identify the operational and cultural factors within the police service which continue to impede the effective treatment of unused material. Central to this process are the working practices of the CID and the way in which they interface with other elements of the criminal justice system. This thesis presents an ethnographic analysis of the reasoning and strategies employed by those involved in the process of disclosure, in an attempt to highlight weaknesses in the current regime for the handling of unused material. Having identified those aspects of police working practice which militate against the effective operation of the 1996 Act, the study concludes with consideration of the most recent Government proposals in relation to disclosure in order to assess their likely success.
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Garforth, Tayne. "Serial robbery: An investigation into the variations of offence behaviour and implications for inferring offender characteristics." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2007. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/252.
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This research investigates whether and to what extent the thematic structure of robbery offence behaviours identified in L. Alison, W. Rockett, S. Deprez & S. Watts, 2000 is replicated for an Australian sample of serial robbers. Offence variables representing variations in the degree of planning (proactive-reactive) and self-control (rational-impulsive) were examined from a sample of offences obtained from 91 serial robbery offenders using data obtained from police Offence Reports in Western Australia. A Smallest Space Analysis (SSA) tended to support the relevance of these psychological processes to robbery behaviour and considered to offer a meaningful basis for distinguishing between robbery offences according to three narrative themes. However, the thematic structure of the "Amateur" robber (identified in previous research as "Bandits") differed in some respects from that proposed by Alison et al. (2000). This research further aimed to evaluate the hypothesis that proposes the consistency of these themes as a function of narrative roles. Overall, a total of 78 cases (85. 7%) were found to exhibit the same 'pure' or hybrid theme across at least two of the three offences committed in the series and considered to provide some support to the hypothesis that the SSA structure represents the dominant themes underlying robbery behaviour and the utility of narrative theory as a useful framework in explaining variations in offence behaviour. Whilst results indicated that offence behaviour of individual robbers were consistent with the themes underlying differences in robber styles, the examination of specific offence variables using Cochran' s Q tests and frequency analysis suggests that some caution must be incorporated into investigative strategies involving the use of single behavioural indicators in the identification of serial offenders and offence linking. Whilst these results have implications for research methods that focus on identifying clusters of behaviours that reflect meaningful aspects of "personality", the nature of behavioural consistency suggests that this robber typology may be improved with further investigation of situational factors influencing crime scene behaviour in order to achieve the development of a more productive model for contemporary offender profiling.
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Chan, Wai-man Jimmy, and 陳偉文. "An analysis of criminal investigation training in the Hong Kong policeforce." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31966743.
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Leary, Richard Maurice. "Evidential reasoning in criminal pre-trial fact investigation." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417954.
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Naicker, Kevin. "The recruitment and management of agents in undercover drug trafficking criminal investigations." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22909.
Full textAbstract:
Text in EnglishThe organized and sophisticated way in which criminal targets conduct the crime of drug trafficking, necessitates the use of undercover agents in undercover drug trafficking criminal investigations. The goal of this research was to determine how agents should be recruited and managed for undercover drug trafficking criminal investigations. The correct recruitment and management processes when dealing with agents in undercover drug trafficking criminal investigations, which enable investigators to follow a logical sequence, was explored by the researcher. The entire recruitment process of agents in undercover drug trafficking criminal investigations was discussed, from studying the criminal target, identification of a suitable agent and then the recruitment process itself. Legal aspects and administrative processes to be utilized to manage agents were discussed. The researcher utilized national and international literature sources to gather new and current information on the recruitment of agents in undercover drug trafficking investigations. Interviews were conducted with retired and experienced former South African Police Service (SAPS) officials who managed and recruited agents during their employment in the SAPS. The general purpose of this research was to provide practical recommendations on the best practices for the recruitment and management of agents in undercover drug trafficking criminal investigations.
Police Practice
M.Tech. (Forensic Investigation)
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陳昱齊. "Practical Legal Issues in criminal investigations of immigrants." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gkc8ug.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東吳大學
法律學系
105
The number of foreign immigrants in Taiwan has increased rapidly as a result of transnational investment, trade, work, travel, marriages, as well as the introduction of migrant workers and other needs. After the establishment of NATIONAL IMMIGRATION AGENCY in 2007, the foreign affair police has reduced its manpower. However, this also degraded the capability of immigrant-related crime investigation. Further more,The immigration inspection and criminal investigation are obstructed due to the amendment to the law. The writers served in the foreign affair police for more than 9 years, seeing the ever increasing number of illegal immigrants, and the number of crimes and practices are relatively increased, the number of arrests falls far behind the growth rate of illegal immigrants. This study reflects the difficulties encountered by some practitioners, and provides personal views to be used as a reference for legislative amendments for legislators and other government agencies, in order to formulate a better and more comprehensive immigration policy, and eliminates the negative impacts to the society and security posed by foreign immigrants. This study provides an in-depth understanding of immigrant-related crimes through the official crime statistics, the number of immigrants in Taiwan and the crime analysis, and analyzes the social and security issues caused by absconded migrant workers and overdue foreigners, hoping to formulate specific countermeasures to amend the relevant laws and regulations, and provides supports to the judicial police to reduce the possibility of immigration crime in Taiwan.
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Alzaidy, Rabeah. "Criminal Network Mining and Analysis for Forensic Investigations." Thesis, 2010. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/7509/1/Alzaidy_MASc_S2011.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Criminal network analysis tools are widely used by law enforcement, mainly in cases of organized crime. The data required for a majority of these tools are police records and databases. In many cases, forensically collected data contains valuable information about the suspect’s social network. This information is normally obtained by manual inspection of the collected documents using forensic tools’ queries and other basic search features. The information is then manually entered in the police database. There are no known tools that provide methods to automatically extract social networks from raw documents on behalf of the investigator add them to a knowledge base and then analyze them. In this thesis, we propose a method that is capable of performing these tasks. In our proposed system, we claim three distinct contributions to cyber forensics investigations. The first is by constructing the social network of one or multiple suspects from documents in a file system. Secondly, we provide an analysis of the interactions and structures of these social networks and the communities comprising them. Thirdly, potential evidence and leads are identified by extracting conceptual links between members of the social network across the document set.
Finally, the proposed method is implemented and experimental results are obtained to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.