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Journal articles on the topic 'Criminal databases'
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1
Fredy, Humberto Troncoso Espinosa. "Cohesion index for investigate criminal organizations in criminal big databases." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 15, no. 16 (April 27, 2022): 750–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v15i16.2042.
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Aftab Ahmad, Dr Aftab Ahmad. "DNA Fingerprints Facial Prints and Other Digital Forensics as Evidence in Criminal Investigation and Court Proceedings." International Journal for Electronic Crime Investigation 2, no. 1 (March 8, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/ijeci.2018.02018.
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The purpose of this paper is to focus on the legitimacy and importance of digital evidence such as fingerprints, DNA, polygraph, auto-radiography, and facial-prints and their admissibility in investigations and court proceedings. The extracts from criminal databases are also relevant in this context. The modus operandi of criminals, particularly in case of repetition of similar type of offence is also of immense significance. Normally, the criminals operate adopting a specific manner or method. The killers have their own way or mode of committing the offence. The modus operandi changes from person to person or groups to groups in committing the offences. It may determine that the offence is committed by a group or an individual. In view of its impotence, the modus operandi must be included in criminal databases as a separate column. The criminal images sketched by artists on the bases of description of witnesses present on scene of offence have relevance and must be included in the criminal databases for future reference and use.
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Schneider, Peter M., and Peter D. Martin. "Criminal DNA databases: the European situation." Forensic Science International 119, no. 2 (June 2001): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00435-7.
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Erbaş, Rahime. "DNA Databases for Criminal Justice System: A Pathway towards Utopian or Dystopian Future?" Age of Human Rights Journal, no. 18 (June 23, 2022): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17561/tahrj.v18.6592.
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Abstract: DNA evidence has increasingly become a widespread instrument in solving crime as well as crime prevention. As such, creation of DNA databases or expanding the existing ones have been on the rise in the world. On the one side, storing DNA profiles serves as a pivotal tool in crime solving, but on the other, privacy based on genome concerns occur. DNA databases appears as an example of biotechnology today and in the future that are argued in a spectrum ranging from utopia to dystopia. This methodical approach, of course, is nothing new or novel for a DNA database-related study. This study, however, aims to analyse the matter from the standpoint of criminal law and to discuss whether the modus operandi of criminal procedure on the use of DNA databases paves the way towards utopian or dystopian vision for future. As such, after introducing theme and indicating scope of the study (I), it provides an overview regarding the involvement of DNA as evidence and respectively database in criminal justice system in the world (II). Whether databases established for criminal justice system serve for dystopian.
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Doleac, Jennifer L. "The Effects of DNA Databases on Crime." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 165–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20150043.
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Every US state has a database of criminal offenders' DNA profiles. These databases receive widespread attention in the media and popular culture, but there has been no rigorous analysis of their impact on crime. This paper intends to fill that gap. I exploit the details and timing of state DNA database expansions in two ways, first to address the effects of DNA profiling on individuals' subsequent criminal behavior and then to address the aggregate effects on crime rates. I show that DNA databases deter crime by profiled offenders, reduce crime rates, and are more cost-effective than traditional law enforcement tools. (JEL H76, K42)
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POONKUNTRAN, SHANMUGAM, R. S. RAJESH, and PERUMAL ESWARAN. "ENERGY AWARE FUZZY COLOR SEGMENTATION ALGORITHM — AN APPLICATION TO CRIMINAL IDENTIFICATION USING MOBILE DEVICES." International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing 06, no. 05 (September 2008): 707–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219691308002604.
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Since its advent, the use of digital camera in mobile phones is getting more popular, where information retrieval based on visual appearance of an object is very useful when specific parameters for the object are not known. Though it is well-liked, it needs energy aware algorithms to carry out the various tasks such as segmentation and feature extraction. In this paper, a new energy aware fuzzy color segmentation algorithm is proposed and which has been applied for face segmentation in criminal identification using mobile devices. The criminals in the application are in three classes. They are New Criminal (NC), Suspected Criminal (SC) and Confirmed Criminal (CC). It is basically a mobile image-based content search engine that takes photographs of criminals as image queries and finds their relevant contents by matching them to the similar contents in the criminal databases. The energy aware fuzzy color segmentation is used to obtain the most significant parts of an image — facial regions of the persons and which are used in building image-based queries to the databases. Content search methodology in the application is also improved through the fuzzy modeling to make the application more flexible and simpler. Through the experiment conducted, it has been found that the proposed color segmentation algorithm is more robust and it reduces the computational time in searching process by minimizing the number of false cases. It could detect the faces in the images where the other known algorithms have failed to detect.
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Ram, Natalie, Christi J. Guerrini, and Amy L. McGuire. "Genealogy databases and the future of criminal investigation." Science 360, no. 6393 (June 7, 2018): 1078–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aau1083.
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Ayres, Robert. "Databases for criminal intelligence analysis: Knowledge representation issues." AI & Society 11, no. 1-2 (March 1997): 18–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02812436.
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Awofisayo, Oladoja Abosade, and Olorunfemi Abraham Eseyin. "Establishment of criminal/profile DNA database and use of forensic intelligence to combat nationwide insecurity issues in Nigeria." Bio-Research 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 1513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/br.v20i2.2.
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Criminal activity is on the rise in Nigeria. The nefarious activity of bandits is on the increase with kidnapping of students and attack on farmers. This creates fear in the terrorized communities. Armed robbery as well as rape of citizens going about their normal duties is also on the increase. The road is becoming increasingly unsafe for the citizenry as well as government officials. The government has mandated individuals to register in the National Identification Number NIN which is linked to the Bank Verification Number (BVN) (a database established to curb crime in the banking sector) and the Subscriber Identity module (SIM). The Establishment of such databases is pertinent however the NIN, BVN, SIM-NIN linkage and fingerprints may not be sufficient in solving criminal cases without DNA profiling of convicted individuals, establishment of forensic laboratories and the creation of criminal DNA profile database CRODER – a Criminal offender DNA Exert Repertoire. The role of DNA profiling as an additional measure is to keep a record of all convicted individuals and the CRODER will be an additional useful measure in profiling criminals and individuals can be adopted as a forensic tool in addition to the captured databases of NIN, BVN and NIN-SIM and will be on the watch list of security operatives. The CRODER forensic tool can be done stepwise by availability of an emergency number to dial for emergency, a dispatch personnel to respond to the call, and vigilante groups or other adhoc security officer in the vicinity of the emergency call to get to the vicinity and preserve the crime scene environment for investigators and detectives to work on. CRODER Forensic tool can then be adopted to solve the crime. Offenders trying to escape enroute the airport, can be checked via CRODER and fingerprint compared and matched with the collection in the database. The CRODER may be a necessary stride to bring kidnappers, bandits, and armed robbers to book in record time and curb the rise in criminal activity, insurgency, banditry, and insecurity in general. If properly done, Nigeria will be a haven for citizens and would-be investors.
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Caudill, Jonathan W., Chad R. Trulson, James W. Marquart, and Matt DeLisi. "On Gang Affiliation, Gang Databases, and Prosecutorial Outcomes." Crime & Delinquency 63, no. 2 (July 9, 2016): 210–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128714541203.
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Technological advances have enabled criminal justice organizations to collect and share offender data. Accompanying these advances are concerns about how various segments of the criminal justice system utilize these data. Specifically, scholars have expressed concerns about the legal consequences of being included in gang databases. This study explored the use of gang affiliation indicators on prosecutorial outcomes by using a sample of 5,111 urban juvenile cases. Using three binary measures of gang affiliation, multinomial logistic regression analysis suggested indicators of gang affiliation influenced prosecutorial outcomes (dismissal, pre-adjudication informal supervision, deferred prosecution, or petition), but in an unanticipated manner. Confirmed gang affiliates, instead of suspected or non-gang affiliates, were significantly more likely to experience pre-adjudication informal supervision over other forms of case outcomes: case dismissal, deferred prosecution, or court petition. Policy implications focus on the inter-connectedness of the criminal justice system.
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Blindenbach, Jacob A., Karthik A. Jagadeesh, Gill Bejerano, and David J. Wu. "Avoiding genetic racial profiling in criminal DNA profile databases." Nature Computational Science 1, no. 4 (April 2021): 272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43588-021-00058-3.
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McKinley, Jennifer. "How useful are databases in environmental and criminal forensics?" Geological Society, London, Special Publications 384, no. 1 (2013): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp384.9.
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Guillen, M. "Ethical-legal problems of DNA databases in criminal investigation." Journal of Medical Ethics 26, no. 4 (August 1, 2000): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.26.4.266.
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Tupman, W. A. "Cross‐national criminal databases: The ongoing search for safeguards." Information & Communications Technology Law 4, no. 3 (January 1995): 261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600834.1995.9965725.
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Gaensslen, R. E. "Should Biological Evidence or DNA Be Retained by Forensic Science Laboratories after Profiling? No, except under Narrow Legislatively-Stipulated Conditions." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 34, no. 2 (2006): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2006.00042.x.
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DNA profiling and databasing have become commonplace in criminal investigation and prosecution. There is a body of both state and federal legislation enabling the establishment and operation of profile databases for law enforcement purposes. Most legislation is specific as to who (or what evidence) may be profiled for inclusion in a database. The majority of state laws permit DNA profile databasing of offenders convicted of certain defined crimes, of missing persons and their relatives, and of DNA profiles from criminal-case evidence where the depositor is unknown. More recently, a few states have acted to permit databasing profiles of suspects of certain types of crimes, and there appears to be a trend toward wider adoption of this practice. The legislation adopted or proposed thus far defines whose DNA profiles can be databased, and under what circumstances. Less attention has been given to the matter of specimen retention following profiling and databasing.
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Smith, Michael E. "Let's Make the DNA Identification Database as Inclusive as Possible." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 34, no. 2 (2006): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2006.00044.x.
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Wherever we go, we leave behind skin cells containing copies of our DNA molecule – unless we go forth hermetically sealed. This makes construction and maintenance of DNA identification databases enormously useful to crime investigators. DNA databases, linking numerical representations of a tiny portion of individuals' DNA with their names and other identifying information, are useful to identify suspects directly by matching DNA found at a crime scene with a DNA profile in a DNA identification database. They are useful indirectly too, because criminal investigations proceed by a process of elimination; and identifying the person whose DNA was found at a crime scene can make it unnecessary to continue investigating others. When the incriminating crime scene sample does not match the DNA of a “person of interest,” that person is freed from the hassles and risks of criminal investigation, including the risk of false conviction.
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Simoncelli, Tania, and Barry Steinhardt. "California's Proposition 69: A Dangerous Precedent for Criminal DNA Databases." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 33, no. 2 (2005): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2005.tb00494.x.
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On November 2, 2004, California voters approved Proposition 69, “The DNA Fingerprint, Unsolved Crime, and Innocence Protection Act” by a margin of approximately 60 to 40 percent. Given the limited amount of information provided to voters during the initiative process, it is unclear how many of the yea-sayers were apprised of the full implications of this measure. Indeed, by voting “yes” on Proposition 69, California has elected to house the most radical and costly state criminal DNA database in the country. This dangerous expansion of California's database poses tremendous threats to civil liberties and social justice while offering little, if anything, by way of increasing the safety of its citizens.Prior to November 2, California law required the permanent retention of DNA samples from felons convicted of serious, violent crimes. The new law expands the database to include DNA samples from all felons and individuals with past felony convictions - including juveniles - and, beginning in five years, all adults arrested for any felony offense.
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Simoncelli, Tania, and Barry Steinhardt. "California's Proposition 69: A Dangerous Precedent for Criminal DNA Databases." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 34, no. 2 (2006): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2006.00027.x.
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On November 2, 2004, California voters approved Proposition 69, “The DNA Fingerprint, Unsolved Crime, and Innocence Protection Act” by a margin of approximately 60 to 40 percent. Given the limited amount of information provided to voters during the initiative process, it is unclear how many of the yea-sayers were apprised of the full implications of this measure. Indeed, by voting “yes” on Proposition 69, California has elected to house the most radical and costly state criminal DNA database in the country. This dangerous expansion of California's database poses tremendous threats to civil liberties and social justice while offering little, if anything, by way of increasing the safety of its citizens.Prior to November 2, California law required the permanent retention of DNA samples from felons convicted of serious, violent crimes.
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Smith, Marcus. "Universal forensic DNA databases: Balancing the costs and benefits." Alternative Law Journal 43, no. 2 (June 2018): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x18765222.
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The article considers the potential costs and benefits from the implementation of a universal forensic DNA database in Australia. In particular, it considers the impact that a database of this type would have on current issues associated with the use of DNA evidence in criminal investigation and prosecution, along with the relevant individual rights considerations. The article discusses the potential impact such a database would have on privacy rights, and balances these impacts against possible benefits, such as making investigations more targeted and efficient. The development of a database of this type is also discussed in light of the development of DNA and other biometric databases in Australia and other jurisdictions around the world.
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Ficara, Annamaria, Lucia Cavallaro, Francesco Curreri, Giacomo Fiumara, Pasquale De Meo, Ovidiu Bagdasar, Wei Song, and Antonio Liotta. "Criminal networks analysis in missing data scenarios through graph distances." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): e0255067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255067.
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Data collected in criminal investigations may suffer from issues like: (i) incompleteness, due to the covert nature of criminal organizations; (ii) incorrectness, caused by either unintentional data collection errors or intentional deception by criminals; (iii) inconsistency, when the same information is collected into law enforcement databases multiple times, or in different formats. In this paper we analyze nine real criminal networks of different nature (i.e., Mafia networks, criminal street gangs and terrorist organizations) in order to quantify the impact of incomplete data, and to determine which network type is most affected by it. The networks are firstly pruned using two specific methods: (i) random edge removal, simulating the scenario in which the Law Enforcement Agencies fail to intercept some calls, or to spot sporadic meetings among suspects; (ii) node removal, modeling the situation in which some suspects cannot be intercepted or investigated. Finally we compute spectral distances (i.e., Adjacency, Laplacian and normalized Laplacian Spectral Distances) and matrix distances (i.e., Root Euclidean Distance) between the complete and pruned networks, which we compare using statistical analysis. Our investigation identifies two main features: first, the overall understanding of the criminal networks remains high even with incomplete data on criminal interactions (i.e., when 10% of edges are removed); second, removing even a small fraction of suspects not investigated (i.e., 2% of nodes are removed) may lead to significant misinterpretation of the overall network.
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Safronov, A. Yu. "ELECTRONIC DATABASES AS A SOURCE OF OBTAINING DATA FOR THE CIRCUMSTANCES TO BE PROVEN IN A CRIMINAL CASE." Russian-Asian Legal Journal, no. 4 (December 28, 2021): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/ralj(2021)4.8.
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The article provides an analysis of the sources of obtaining evidentiary and other information necessaryfor the investigation body, the prosecutor (state prosecutor) and the court to implement the provisions on theconfiscation of property under Art. 104.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. With examples fromthe judicial practice of the federal court and the positions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation,set out in the Resolution of the Plenum, the issue of obtaining information from electronic databases aboutthe property status of a participant in criminal proceedings is considered. The possibilities of GAS “Justice” ofPI “Judicial record-keeping” on the issues under consideration are revealed. The conclusion is substantiatedthat the conclusion that electronic databases can and should be used as a source of obtaining data for thecircumstances to be proved in a criminal case. Taking into account the provisions of Articles 73 and 74 of theCriminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, the place and type of information received, using theseelectronic databases, in the evidence system in a criminal case, is determined. The conclusion is substantiatedthat the list of compositions (articles) of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, according to which itis possible to apply confiscation by a conviction of a court, is practically unlimited, and, to be more precise,is limited only to the list of articles of the Special Part of the said code.
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Basilio, Marcio Pereira, Valdecy Pereira, and Gabrielle Brum. "Identification of operational demand in law enforcement agencies." Data Technologies and Applications 53, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 333–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dta-12-2018-0109.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology for knowledge discovery in emergency response service databases based on police occurrence reports, generating information to help law enforcement agencies plan actions to investigate and combat criminal activities. Design/methodology/approach The developed model employs a methodology for knowledge discovery involving text mining techniques and uses latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) with collapsed Gibbs sampling to obtain topics related to crime. Findings The method used in this study enabled identification of the most common crimes that occurred in the period from 1 January to 31 December of 2016. An analysis of the identified topics reaffirmed that crimes do not occur in a linear manner in a given locality. In this study, 40 per cent of the crimes identified in integrated public safety area 5, or AISP 5 (the historic centre of the city of RJ), had no correlation with AISP 19 (Copacabana – RJ), and 33 per cent of the crimes in AISP 19 were not identified in AISP 5. Research limitations/implications The collected data represent the social dynamics of neighbourhoods in the central and southern zones of the city of Rio de Janeiro during the specific period from January 2013 to December 2016. This limitation implies that the results cannot be generalised to areas with different characteristics. Practical implications The developed methodology contributes in a complementary manner to the identification of criminal practices and their characteristics based on police occurrence reports stored in emergency response databases. The generated knowledge enables law enforcement experts to assess, reformulate and construct differentiated strategies for combating crimes in a given locality. Social implications The production of knowledge from the emergency service database contributes to the government integrating information with other databases, thus enabling the improvement of strategies to combat local crime. The proposed model contributes to research on big data, on the innovation aspect and on decision support, for it breaks with a paradigm of analysis of criminal information. Originality/value The originality of the study lies in the integration of text mining techniques and LDA to detect crimes in a given locality on the basis of the criminal occurrence reports stored in emergency response service databases.
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Dehtiarova, Olha. "Ensuring information security in criminal proceedings." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.2.2020.78.
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The scientific article considers the issue of information protection during the investigation of criminal proceedings, informationsecurity. The position of researchers and practitioners on information security at the stage of pre-trial investigation of criminal procee -dings is studied.The provisions of the Law of Ukraine «On Information», the Strategy for the Development of the System of the Ministry of InternalAffairs of Ukraine until 2020, the Regulations on the Procedure for Maintaining the Unified Register of Pre-trial Investigations toEnsure Information Security in Proceedings are analyzed.The introduction of information technology in criminal procedure has become an urgent issue, and their application has necessitatedthe need to address the issue of information security in criminal proceedings. When investigating proceedings, the investigatorsuse databases and enter into these databases information that must be securely protected. Information in criminal proceedings needsspecial protection, as it is subject to encroachment by interested parties on its disclosure and transmission.Ensuring information security is to create appropriate conditions for the storage, processing and exchange of information that inany way relates to the investigation of criminal proceedings. Interference in the activities of pre-trial investigation bodies through informationsystems is an undermining of the principle of independence of the law enforcement system. It is important not only to combatunauthorized interference, but also to increase the degree of responsibility for such actions. Because all data collected in criminal proceedingsare protected by law and are a secret of the investigation.Information security in criminal proceedings is the protection of the information environment of electronic criminal proceedingswith the help of means and methods of information storage, which ensures the proper functioning of criminal proceedings and facilitatesthe implementation of its tasks.
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Alqudah, Fayyad. "The Legal Protection of Databases: a Study of Jordanian Law." Arab Law Quarterly 22, no. 4 (2008): 359–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157302508x374401.
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This article deals with the legal protection of databases under Jordanian law. Section 1, on protection afforded under international conventions and agreements, discusses four international conventions: i.e., the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement, World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty (WCT) and Arab Convention on Copyright. Section 1.1. discusses the legal base in Jordan for such protection under international conventions. According to Jordanian law and court practice, international conventions to which Jordan is party have supremacy over the provisions of local law. In Section 1.2., the scope of protection, including exceptions and limitations, is discussed. Databases are protected under these conventions if the selection and arrangement of their content can be shown to be intellectual property. Section 1.3. is devoted to the remedies these conventions offer. It is shown that the TRIPS Agreement includes detailed provisions that afford administrative, precautionary, as well as civil and criminal protection to authors of databases. Section 2.1., on protection under Jordanian law, shows that Jordanian Copyright Law (JCL) provides a legal base for protection of databases in its provisions, as discussed in Section 1.1. The scope of protection, including exceptions and limitations, is presented in Section 2.2. In addition to protecting the author's traditional rights to the database created, JCL has introduced legal measures to protect the technology used to prevent illegal access to databases. Section 2.3. discusses the remedies afforded under local law, i.e., administrative, precautionary measures as well as civil and criminal protection. Also, Jordanian courts have upheld such protection in all areas. Thus, one may conclude that databases are protected under the Jordanian legal system to the same degree upheld in the TRIPS Agreement and in compliance with international standard.
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Jurga, Anna, and Jakub Mondzelewski. "Functioning of DNA Database in Poland." Issues of Forensic Science 297 (2017): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34836/pk.2017.297.2.
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Forensic DNA databases that operate in the zone forming an interface between science and law have the purpose of gathering and processing DNA profiles for the needs of law enforcement and judicial authorities responsible for preventing and combating crime. Therefore, their appropriate functioning is important. On one hand, it improves efficiency of police work and, on the other hand, it has to play a required role in protecting citizen rights and personal data. The National DNA Database has functioned in Poland since 2007. Its effectiveness is correlated with the number of stored profiles. Despite small collection the Database has on numerous occasions proven its high usefulness in solving criminal cases. The possibility of carrying out searches in other countries databases, as well as legislative and organisational undertakings aiming at improvement of the Database operation are gradually bringing effects and result in an increased detective potential of this tool.
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Prodanchuk, M. G., G. M. Balan, O. P. Kravchuk, P. G. Zhminko, I. M. Maksymchuk, and N. P. Chermnykh. "To substantiation of the list of hazardous highly toxic chemicals that are subject to special control regarding handling, storage, use and disposal. Part II (arsenic compounds and cyanide)." Ukrainian Journal of Modern Toxicological Aspects 91, no. 2 (September 15, 2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-4570-2021-91-2-5-12.
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The Aim of the Research. To identify a group of highly toxic chemicals which over the past decades are most often used in deliberate criminal and suicidal incidents, sabotage, and terrorist act; the handling, storage, use and disposal of which must be especially carefully monitored by law enforcement agencies. In this part of the article arsenic compounds and cyanide are considered. Materials and Methods. An analytical review of scientific publications was carried out using the abstract databases of scientific libraries Pub Med, Medline and text databases of scientific publishing houses Elsevier, Pub Med, Central, BMJ group as well as other VIP databases. Methods of systemic, comparative, and content analysis were used. Results and Conclusions. Scientific publications that contain information on highly toxic arsenic compounds and cyanides, which pose a threat to human life and health, were analyzed. Recently, in particular for more than a quarter of a century, they have become a real weapon in the hands of criminals, delinquents, and terrorists all over the world. Suicidal incidents, which also take place along with intentional criminal, terrorist, and sabotage acts, should not be concealed. Based on the analysis of the toxicity, clinical and morphological expression of intoxication when exposed to these chemicals, considering various routes of entry into the body, the need to include them in the List of hazardous highly toxic chemicals, the handling, storage, use, and disposal of which require stricter control of law enforcement agencies, is justified. Key Words: arsenic compounds, cyanide, health risk, acute poisoning.
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Kim, Han-Kyun. "Digitalization of the Criminal Procedure and Criminal Justice Data." Korean Association of Criminal Procedure Law 14, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34222/kdps.2022.14.4.1.
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This essay aims to review the criminal justice data from the point of digitalization of the criminal justice process and electronic criminal trial, which is to be put into practice by the year of 2024.
The Act on Promotion of the Digitalization of the Criminal Justice System of 2010, amended in 2021 has been enacted to achieve promptness, fairness and transparency in a criminal justice procedure by promoting the digitalization of the criminal justice procedure and to contribute to the extension of citizens’ rights and interests by improving services to citizens in the area of criminal justice. In related to the 2020 Act, the new Act on the Use of Electronic Documents in the Criminal Justice System of 2021 was enacted to implement electronic criminal trial.
The term “criminal justice information” means any information that is generated, acquired, or managed by a criminal justice agency through a criminal justice information system in relation to the conduct of criminal justice affairs, and that is expressed in the form of codes, letters, voice, sound, images by means of electronic processing, and the term “criminal justice information system” means an electronic management system built on combining hardware, software, databases, networks, security components, etc. for the use by a criminal justice agency to generate, acquire, store, transmit, or receive criminal justice information. When the criminal justice information are digitalized, they will be “Criminal Justice Data”, which will be the basis of digital criminal justice.
For the digitalization of criminal justice process, criminal justice agencies have both duty to cooperate for stable operation of systems, and duty to cooperate in joint use of information. The keys to the successful implementation of digital criminal justice system and the development of the future electronic criminal trial are the organization of cooperative system for the Criminal Justice Information System, and the promotion of attentionability to human rights and security in the matters of criminal justice data.
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Torres Estrada, Pedro Rubén. "Municipalities as Part of the System to Control Criminal Assets in Mexico." Mexican Law Review 13, no. 2 (January 5, 2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iij.24485306e.2021.2.15335.
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Within a national system of control of criminal assets, the role of municipalities is strategic. According to their constitutional faculties, munici¬palities should develop and feed databases containing relevant information that contributes to the control of the criminal patrimonial and economic structures. An analysis of primary and secondary sources of information was used to identify the databases that are generated or that should be generated by the municipalities, considering the functions and powers that the constitution, laws, and regula¬tions assign to each of the dependencies that integrate the municipal government. Although some municipal agencies keep track of their activities using databases, they do not have a structure that allows the exploitation of information. Moreo¬ver, some municipalities do not have structured public policies aimed at combating the patrimonial and economic structures of crime. Finally, municipalities are an important source of information that can contribute to law enforcement structu¬res in the development of investigations aimed at weakening the financial and patrimonial structures of crime. This article shows the importance and utility of municipalities in the combat against assets generated by crime and the need to implement public policies intended to weaken the economic and patrimonial criminal structures. Currently, there are no previous studies on this subject in the national literature.
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Rothstein, Mark A., and Meghan K. Talbott. "The Expanding Use of DNA in Law Enforcement: What Role for Privacy?" Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 34, no. 2 (2006): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2006.00024.x.
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DNA identification methods are such an established part of our law enforcement and criminal justice systems it is hard to believe that the technologies were developed as recently as the mid-1980s, and that the databases of law enforcement profiles were established in the 1990s. Although the first databases were limited to the DNA profiles of convicted rapists and murderers, the success of these databases in solving violent crimes provided the impetus for Congress and state legislatures to expand the scope of the databases with little critical examination of each expansion's value to law enforcement or cost to privacy and civil liberties.We are now entering a new stage of DNA forensics, in which successive database expansions over the last decade have raised the possibility of creating a population-wide repository. In addition, new applications of DNA profiling, including familial and low stringency searches, have been added to DNA dragnets, the use of medical samples for forensic analysis, and other measures to create a series of crucial, yet largely unexplored, second-generation legal and policy issues.
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van Laer, Conrad J. P. "Open Access for International Criminal Lawyers." International Criminal Law Review 16, no. 6 (November 23, 2016): 1117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01606004.
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This study investigates to what extent Open Access is useful for international criminal lawyers. Free reuse and distribution may be particularly advantageous for the audience in less resourceful countries. And individual authors need visibility to promote their academic reputation. However, many publishers share commercial interests that are not fully consistent with Open Access. This study also explores the extended coverage of Open Access sources pertaining to international criminal law. The inventory of various publishing channels noted in this study shows the great potential of Open Access to users with different interests. In particular, through the availability of a couple of first-rate Open Access journals and free databases supported by international organisations, evidence is found that Open Access is significant in the field of international criminal law.
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Akhtyrska, N. "Legal regulations of national registers of human biological data." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 69 (April 15, 2022): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.69.65.
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The article is devoted to issues related to the formation of information databases used to identify individuals and identify those involved in crimes. Fingerprint and DNA identification are increasingly used both at the national level and within the framework of international cooperation in criminal proceedings. The United Nations has called for new scientific approaches to be used in criminal investigations. However, the creation of national registers (collection, accumulation, storage, transfer to other states on request) requires adequate legal support, which allows to strike a balance between ensuring the security of society and the state from criminal encroachment and human rights standards. In Ukraine, there is currently no proper legal regulation of the functioning of national fingerprint registers, genetic profiles, etc. In Ukraine, there is currently no proper legal regulation of the functioning of national fingerprint registers, genetic profiles, etc. In accordance with international standards and proper cooperation in the fight against transnational crime, in particular, the following databases should be created. The registered draft Law of Ukraine “On State Registration of Human Genomic Information” needs to be analyzed in detail, taking into account the experience of other states and the practice of the European Court of Human Rights. Ukraine has a number of databases that are regulated differently. Fingerprints are digitized in the case of obtaining a passport of a citizen of Ukraine for travel abroad, and if desired, for a domestic passport, which is regulated by law. At the same time, there is a database of fingerprints, the procedure for its creation and use is regulated by an order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which directly contradicts the position of the ECtHR (this should be a law or government document); the grounds for the selection of traces must be clearly defined (the current order stipulates that the Ministry of Internal Affairs may expand the list of crimes by its decision); it is necessary to provide a method of independent verification of the grounds for storage of biological traces, which is not currently provided in Ukraine. The concept of biological traces must be defined in accordance with the position of the ECtHR, according to which DNA, fingerprints and voice are as follows. It is expedient to adopt a law regulating the creation of the National Database of Human Biological Traces and not to leave the fingerprint database out of the legal field.
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Mowlabocus, Sharif. "‘Y’all need to hide your kids, hide your wife’: Mobile applications, risk and sex offender databases." New Media & Society 18, no. 11 (July 10, 2016): 2469–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444815593280.
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This article reflects upon recent developments in sex offender tracking and monitoring. Taking as its focus a suite of mobile applications available for use in the United States, the author explores the impact and consequences of remediating the data held by State offender databases. The article charts the recent history of techno-corrections as it applies to this category of criminal, before then undertaking an analysis of current remediation of this legally obtained data. In doing so, the author identifies how the recontextualizing of data serves to (re)negotiate the relationship between the user, the database and registered sex offenders. The author concludes by arguing that the (mobile) mapping of offender databases serves to obscure the original intentions of these recording mechanisms and might hinder their effectiveness in reducing sex offending.
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Machado, Helena, Rafaela Granja, and Nina Amelung. "Constructing Suspicion Through Forensic DNA Databases in the EU. The Views of the Prüm Professionals." British Journal of Criminology 60, no. 1 (August 27, 2019): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azz057.
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Abstract This article explores the fluid and flexible forms of constructing suspicion, which take shape in transnational governance of crime through forensic DNA databases. The empirical examples are the views of professionals engaged with the so-called Prüm system. This technological identification system was developed to enable DNA data exchange across EU Member States in the context of police and judicial cooperation to control cross-border crime and terrorism. We argue that suspicion is constructed through forms of deterritorializing and reterritorializing assumptions about criminality linked to the movements of suspect communities across the European Union. Transnational crime management is configured through narratives of global expansion of criminal mobility, technical neutrality of DNA identification and the reliance on criminal categorizations of particular national populations.
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Stupar, Davor. "Criminal intelligence as a prerequisite for quality crime forecasting." Zurnal za bezbjednost i kriminalistiku 3, no. 2 (2021): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zurbezkrim2101057s.
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Crime forecasting in studying new and adapting one's own methods, and as a part of criminalistic strategy in combating crime as a preliminary stage, must gain a wider knowledge of the same. For any crime forecasting, it is necessary to have crime data, which are systematically processed in their form and structure and stored in records and databases, while data collection is an essential part on which criminal intelligence activity is based. Criminal intelligence activity precedes criminal intelligence analysis, which can be defined as a system in the process of collecting, processing and presenting data to achieve police goals and thus quality crime forecasting. Basically, this task can be described as data collection and storage through criminal intelligence activity, which are then analytically processed in order to shed light on crimes in the tactical sense, and crime forecasting in the strategic sense. This paper addresses the role of data collection through criminal intelligence and criminal intelligence system as a prerequisite for quality crime forecasting.
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Voynova, Ralitsa. "Legal Balance between the Human Rights Protection and the Effectiveness of the Criminal Investigation." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2020-0086.
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AbstractIn a digital age when national borders are not a barrier to offenders, access to electronic databases, often located in several countries, is required for a thorough criminal investigation and the correct resolution of a large number of criminal cases. The collection of information stored by cloud and telecommunication service providers for criminal prosecution purposes inevitably addresses issues of personal rights and freedoms. The CJEU has clarified that any restriction on the right to private life and data protection must be consistent with the requirements of legality, necessity and proportionality provided for in EU law. This study analyzes the compliance of the latest EU legislative instruments on a transnational collection of electronic data tothe European human rights standards and the principles of criminal justice.
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Prodanchuk, M. G., G. M. Balan, O. P. Kravchuk, P. G. Zhminko, I. M. Maksymchuk, and N. P. Chermnykh. "To substantiation of the list of hazardous highly toxic chemicals that are subject to special control regarding handling, storage, use and disposal. Part III (bipyridyl herbicides paraquat and diquat)." Ukrainian Journal of Modern Toxicological Aspects 91, no. 2 (September 15, 2021): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-4570-2021-91-2-22-30.
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The Aim of the Research. To identify a group of highly toxic chemicals which over the past decades are most often used in deliberate criminal and suicidal incidents, sabotage, and terrorist act; the handling, storage, use and disposal of which must be especially carefully monitored by law enforcement agencies. In this part of the article bipyridyl herbicides paraquat and diquat are considered. Materials and Methods. An analytical review of scientific publications was carried out using the abstract databases of scientific libraries Pub Med, Medline and text databases of scientific publishing houses Elsevier, Pub Med, Central, BMJ group as well as other VIP databases. Methods of systemic, comparative, and content analysis were used. Results and Conclusions. Analytical review of literature data and research carried out at the State Enterprise Scientific Centre of Preventive Toxicology, Food and Chemical Safety named after Academician L.I. Medved of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, showed that highly toxic bipyridyl herbicides paraquat and diquat can pose a threat to human life and health. Recently, in particular for more than a quarter of a century, they have become a real weapon in the hands of criminals, delinquents, and terrorists all over the world. Suicidal incidents, which also take place along with intentional criminal, terrorist, and sabotage acts, should not be concealed. Based on the analysis of the toxicity, clinical and morphological expression of intoxication when exposed to these chemicals, considering various routes of entry into the body, the need to include them in the List of hazardous highly toxic chemicals, the handling, storage, use, and disposal of which require stricter control of law enforcement agencies, is justified. Key Words: bipyridyl herbicides, paraquat, diquat, health risk, acute poisoning.
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Lorente, J. A., Carmen Entrala, J. C. Alvarez, Miguel Lorente, Blanca Arce, Beatriz Heinrich, Félix Carrasco, Bruce Budowle, and Enrique Villanueva. "Social benefits of non-criminal genetic databases: missing persons and human remains identification." International Journal of Legal Medicine 116, no. 3 (June 1, 2002): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004140100255.
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Goldenbaum, Donald M., Myra Christopher, Rollin M. Gallagher, Scott M. Fishman, Richard Payne, David Joranson, Drew Edmondson, Judith McKee, and Arthur Thexton. "Physicians Charged with Opioid-Analgesic Prescribing Offenses." Journal of Medical Regulation 94, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30770/2572-1852-94.3.21.
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ABSTRACT Objective. To provide a “big-picture” overview of the characteristics and outcomes of recent criminal and administrative cases in which physicians have been criminally prosecuted or charged by medical boards with offenses related to inappropriate prescribing of opioid analgesics. Design: We identified as many criminal and administrative cases of these types as possible occurring between 1998 and 2006. Cases were identified using a wide variety of sources, including organizational and government-agency databases, published news accounts and websites. Factual characteristics of these cases and their outcomes, and of the physicians involved, then were further researched using additional sources and methods. Setting: Study findings are intended to apply to practicing U.S. patient care physicians as a whole. Patients or other participants: There were no patients or participants in this study. Outcome measures: We analyzed the numbers and types of cases and physicians involved, criminal and administrative charges brought, case outcomes and sanctions, specialties and other characteristics of the physicians involved. Results: The study identified 725 doctors, representing an estimated 0.1 percent of practicing patient care physicians, charged between 1998 and 2006 with criminal and/or administrative offenses related to prescribing opioid analgesics. A plurality of these (39.3 percent) were general practice/family medicine physicians, compared with 3.5 percent who were self-identified or board-certified pain specialists. Physicians in this sample were more likely to be male, older and not board certified (P<0.001). DEA criminal and complaint investigations averaged 658 per year (2003–2006) and “for cause” surrenders of DEA registrations averaged 369.7 (2000–2006). Conclusions: Criminal or administrative charges and sanctions for prescribing opioid analgesics are rare. In addition, there appears to be little objective basis for concern pain specialists have been “singled out” for prosecution or administrative sanctioning for such offenses.
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Kaye, D. H. "Who Needs Special Needs? On the Constitutionality of Collecting DNA and other Biometric Data from Arrestees." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 34, no. 2 (2006): 188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2006.00026.x.
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For years, the collection of DNA samples from individuals arrested for criminal misconduct has been advocated by police officials and endorsed by politicians. Louisiana, Virginia, California, and South Dakota have adopted laws to add DNA profiles derived from these samples to their DNA databases. Texas provides for DNA to be taken after indictment but before conviction. Although the U.S. Department of Justice initially shied away from the issue, the DNA Fingerprint Act of 20055 authorizes the collection of DNA from individuals arrested for violations of certain federal criminal laws, and the inclusion in the national DNA database of all profiles from states that type DNA prior to conviction.But are these laws constitutional? In an article in a previous issue of this journal, and reprinted in this issue, Professor Tracey Maclin concludes that fidelity to precedent should lead the Supreme Court to strike down the Louisiana and Virginia laws as violations of the Fourth Amendment.
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Basilio, Marcio Pereira, Gabrielle Souza Brum, and Valdecy Pereira. "A model of policing strategy choice." Journal of Modelling in Management 15, no. 3 (February 24, 2020): 849–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jm2-10-2018-0166.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a method for the discovery of knowledge in emergency response databases based on police incident reports, generating information that identifies local criminal demands that allow the selection of the appropriate policing strategies portfolio to solve the problem. Design/methodology/approach The developed model uses a methodology for the discovery of knowledge involving text mining techniques using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) integrated with the ELECTRE I multicriteria method. Findings The developed method allowed the identification of the most common criminal demands that occurred from January 1 to December 31, 2016, in the policing areas studied. One of the crimes does not occur homogeneously in a particular locality. In this study, it was initially observed that 40 per cent of the crimes identified in the Integrated Public Safety Area 5, or AISP-5, (historical city center of RJ) had no correlation with AISP-19 (Copacabana - RJ), and 33 per cent of crimes crimes in AISP-19 were not identified in AISP-5. This finding guided the second part of the method that sought to identify which portfolio of policing strategies would be most appropriate for the identified demands. In this sense, using the ELECTRE I method, eight different scenarios were constructed where it can be identified that for each specific criminal demand set there is a set of policing strategies to be applied. Research limitations/implications The collected data represent the social dynamics of neighbourhoods in the central and southern zones of the city of Rio de Janeiro during the specific period from January 2013 to December 2016. This limitation implies that the results cannot be generalised to areas with different characteristics. Practical implications The developed methodology contributes in a complementary way to the identification of criminal practices and their characteristics based on reports of police occurrences stored in emergency response databases. The knowledge generated through the identification of criminal demands allows law enforcement decision makers to evaluate and choose among the available policing strategies, which best suit the reality they study, and produce the reduction of criminal indices. Social implications It is possible to infer that by choosing appropriate strategies to combat local crime, the proposed model will increase the population’s sense of safety through an effective reduction in crime. Originality/value The originality of the study lies in the integration of text mining techniques, LDA and the ELECTRE I method for detecting crime in a given location based on crime reports stored in emergency response databases, enabling identification and choice, from customized policing strategies to particular criminal demands.
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Bergin, Tiffany. "How and Why Do Criminal Justice Public Policies Spread Throughout U.S. States? A Critical Review of the Diffusion Literature." Criminal Justice Policy Review 22, no. 4 (September 7, 2010): 403–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403410381443.
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Why do some criminal justice public policies spread rapidly throughout U.S. states, and other policies never take hold? To answer this question, this article presents the first review specifically of studies that have examined the diffusion of criminal justice policies throughout U.S. states. After a comprehensive review of key research databases, 23 studies are identified. The key findings of these studies are analyzed in great depth, with particular reference to cross-study differences in how three variables from the general policy literature—geographic proximity, political ideology, and media attention—were operationalized. The article identifies important gaps in current knowledge about the factors that affect the diffusion of criminal justice policies and suggests several directions for future research in this area.
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Gorbachev, V. I., E. S. Netesin, Vladimir I. Gorbacheva, S. A. Sumin, and N. N. Utkin. "Criminal cases against doctors - anesthesiologists-reseanimators under articles: 109, 118, 238, 290, 293 of the criminal code of the Russian Federation: observational study." Annals of critical care, no. 3 (2021): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21320/1818-474x-2021-3-80-87.
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Introduction. In the past few years, there has been a steady increase in citizens' appeals to law enforcement agencies regarding inadequate and unsatisfactory medical care, which has led to an increase in the number of criminal cases brought against anesthesiologists-resuscitators. Objectives. Conduct an analysis of criminal cases against anesthesiologists-resuscitators initiated under Articles 109, 118, 238, 290 and 293 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation over the past 5 years. Materials and methods. In observational study performed analysis of court decisions on various articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation against anesthesiologists-resuscitators for the period from January 2016 to December 2020, available in open databases. Results. The most significant and frequently committed defects in the provision of medical care related to the manipulations carried out, the main types of punishments under the presented articles are determined. The most illustrative examples from court decisions on criminal cases against anesthesiologists-resuscitators are given. Conclusions. Certain proposals were made on the procedure for conducting a forensic medical examination and conducting court records in relation to medical workers.
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Granja, Rafaela, and Helena Machado. "Ethical Controversies of Familial Searching: The Views of Stakeholders in the United Kingdom and in Poland." Science, Technology, & Human Values 44, no. 6 (February 4, 2019): 1068–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243919828219.
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Familial searching is a technology that detects genetic relatedness. The term is generally used to refer to searches conducted in criminal DNA databases to identify criminal suspects through their connection with relatives. Beyond criminal investigation purposes, familial searching might also be used for the identification of unknown bodies and missing persons. The United Kingdom and Poland are cases that illustrate the variability of familial searching meanings, uses, and regulations. In the United Kingdom, familial searching is regulated by exceptionality and is mainly used for the identification of suspects in serious criminal cases. In Poland, familial searching is regulated within the framework of expanding the scope of its application to the search and/or identification of missing persons. Drawing on interviews with diverse key stakeholders in the United Kingdom and Poland, we address the ethical controversies of familial searching in the field of criminal investigation and in the domain of missing persons together. We argue that the views of stakeholders about the ethical controversies of familial searching lead to prescribing specific notions of social risks, public good, and the accountability of the state.
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Stepaniuk, R. L., and V. V. Kikinchuk. "Directions for improving the legal regulation of forensic DNA analysis in Ukraine in the context of integration into the European Union." Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 97, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 234–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2022.2.21.
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An analysis of European standards and main trends in the field of legal regulation of forensic DNA analysis has been carried out. It has been established that the general European legislation defines recommendations on the general principles of using DNA analysis within the framework of the criminal justice system, establishes the obligation of each state to create and maintain a national DNA database, exchange information based on DNA databases, take measures to protect personal data, store DNA profiles of persons convicted of sexual offenses against children, to accredit forensic laboratories to ensure the proper quality of molecular genetic research. Taking into account the experience of European countries, it can be seen that a comprehensive approach to the improvement of domestic legislation, namely the implementation of the law on the national DNA database, the introduction of amendments and additions to the current Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine, other laws and departmental regulations regarding the use of DNA analysis in criminal proceedings, is a necessary prerequisite for bringing this area of law enforcement to a new qualitative level.
Together with the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On the State Registration of Human Genomic Information”, it is necessary to introduce changes and additions to the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine in order to harmonize the provisions of these normative legal acts, which primarily concern the improvement of the procedure for obtaining samples for molecular genetic research. It has been substantiated that the experience of Germany and the Netherlands regarding the legal regulation of mass DNA testing at the stage of pre-trial investigation of serious and especially serious crimes can be useful for Ukraine. Taking into account the rapid development of forensic DNA analysis technologies and the introduction of the latest methods, which are characterized by a much greater degree of interference in the personal and family life of a person, compared to traditional methods of STR profiling, there is a need for a legislative definition of the permissible limits of forensic DNA research within the framework of criminal proceedings in Ukraine.
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Vargas-Díaz, Raquel, and Jorge A. Huete-Pérez. "DNA Database of the Nicaraguan Population: Allele Frequencies of Importance in Forensic Genetics." Encuentro, no. 87 (December 9, 2010): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/encuentro.v42i87.251.
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Scientific-technical development in the field of natural science, specifically the discovery of human DNA polymorphism, has allowed us to identify people by their genetic fingerprint, i.e. their DNA, unique to every individual on earth. Its use in criminal investigations and forensic medicine has brought about the creation of DNA databases for discrete groups, populations and entire nations. In Nicaragua, the Molecular Biology Center of the Universidad Centroamericana has been a pioneer in this area of research, providing support for criminal investigations and resolving innumerable cases of paternity disputes. In this report we present the achievements of ten years of research, highlighting the technical aspects and, in particular, the application of the AmpFlSTR Identifiler system, as well as future prospects for scientific investigation in this area.
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de Farias, Adriana M. Guimaraes, Marcos E. Cintra, Angelica C. Felix, and Danniel L. Cavalcante. "Definition of Strategies for Crime Prevention and Combat Using Fuzzy Clustering and Formal Concept Analysis." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 26, no. 03 (May 30, 2018): 429–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488518500216.
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Public security has always been an important research topic. In this sense, machine learning algorithms have been used to extract knowledge from criminal databases, which usually maintain records in order to generate statistics. The automatic extraction of knowledge from such databases allows the improvement and planning of strategies to prevent and combat crimes. Accordingly, in this work different models related to public security are presented. Such models are based on clustering algorithms, on the analysis of formal concept techniques, and on the analysis of crime record data collected in the city of Mossoro, Brazil. The two types of models generated are: (i) concept lattices with crime patterns; (ii) criminal hot spot maps. We also produced a ranking of dangerousness for neighbourhoods of Mossoro. The Fuzzy K-Means clustering algorithm was used to obtain criminal hot spots, which indicate locations with high crime incidence. Formal concept analysis was used for extracting visual models describing patterns that characterize criminal activities. Such models have the form of conceptual lattices that provide graphical displays which can be used for defining strategies to combat and prevent crime. The models were first empirically evaluated and then analysed by public security experts, who provided positive feedback for their practical use. The advantages of the automatically generated models presented in this paper are many, including the short time to produce such models, the variety of different models that can be generated for specific regions and periods of days, months, or years, the graphical characteristic of such models that allow a fast analysis of them, as well as the use of large amounts of data, which are infeasible activities to be done by human experts.
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Anker, Anne Sofie Tegner, Jennifer L. Doleac, and Rasmus Landersø. "The Effects of DNA Databases on the Deterrence and Detection of Offenders." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 13, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 194–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20190207.
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This paper studies the effects of adding criminal offenders to a DNA database. Using a large expansion of Denmark’s DNA database, we find that DNA registration reduces recidivism within the following year by up to 42 percent. It also increases the probability that offenders are identified if they recidivate, which we use to estimate the elasticity of crime with respect to the detection probability and find that a 1 percent higher detection probability reduces crime by more than 2 percent. We also find that DNA registration increases the likelihood that offenders find employment, enroll in education, and live in a more stable family environment. (JEL J22, J24, K42)
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Purssell, Roy A., Mark Yarema, Jean Wilson, Ming Fang, Richard Simons, Sharon Kasic, Riyad B. Abu-Laban, Jeffrey Brubacher, and Ioana Lupu. "Proportion of injured alcohol-impaired drivers subsequently convicted of an impaired driving criminal code offence in British Columbia." CJEM 6, no. 02 (March 2004): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1481803500009039.
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ABSTRACT Background: Alcohol is a frequent contributing factor to motor vehicle collision injuries. Our objective was to determine the proportion of intoxicated drivers hospitalized following motor vehicle crashes who were subsequently convicted of an impaired driving criminal code offence. Methods: We reviewed British Columbia Trauma Registry records from Jan. 1, 1992, to Mar. 31, 2000, and identified drivers of motor vehicles who were hospitalized for treatment of crash-related injuries. Patient identifiers were then used to link with the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia’s (ICBC) contraventions database and the ICBC Traffic Accident System collisions database. Results: Of 6067 patients identified in the Trauma Registry, 4042 had not been administered a blood ethanol test, 209 had no driver’s licence match in the relevant databases and 119 died, leaving 1697 eligible patients. Mean age was 34 years, and 79.6% were male. The average Injury Severity Score was 20, the average hospital stay was 14 days and, among ethanol-positive patients, the mean ethanol level was 34.0 mmol/L (156.4 mg/dL). In patients with levels >17.3 mmol/L, the police had listed ethanol as a contributing factor in 70.6% of cases. Despite this, only 11.0% were convicted of impaired driving and 8.4% of another criminal offence; 10.7% received a 24-hour roadside prohibition, 3.9% received a 90-day administrative driving prohibition and 25.0% were convicted of a contravention of the Motor Vehicle Act. Forty-one percent were not convicted of any offence at all. Conclusions: Intoxicated drivers in British Columbia requiring hospitalization as a result of alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes are seldom convicted of impaired driving or other criminal code offences.
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Miranda, Diana. "Criminal Investigation Through the Eye of the Detective: Technological Innovation and Tradition." Surveillance & Society 13, no. 3/4 (October 26, 2015): 422–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v13i3/4.5403.
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Technological elements and scientific knowledge are steadily transforming both the traditional image of the detective and the nature of contemporary police work. However, despite the potential utility of scientific methods and new technologies in criminal investigations, there are many barriers surrounding their application. We explore these barriers through a qualitative and comprehensive methodology, utilising a set of semi-structured interviews and informal conversations with criminal investigators.We use theoretical contributions from social studies of science and technology, surveillance studies and policing research to analyse how soft and hard forms of surveillance are applied in the practices of the Portuguese Criminal Investigation Police (Polícia Judiciária). The technological artefacts are both shaped by and shape how criminal investigators work. Consequently, it is necessary to explore how the collectives of human and non-human elements are constituted. By analysing the fusion of traditional methods of criminal investigation (hard surveillance) with new technologies of collection and use of information (soft surveillance) we see a hybrid figure of the contemporary detective emerging; a product of both the past and the present. In a context where innovation is sometimes constrained, traditional methods continue to endure. Nevertheless, the expansion of computerisation and police databases has had significant impact on how police information is collected and recorded.
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Papalia, Nina, James R. P. Ogloff, Margaret Cutajar, and Paul E. Mullen. "Child Sexual Abuse and Criminal Offending: Gender-Specific Effects and the Role of Abuse Characteristics and Other Adverse Outcomes." Child Maltreatment 23, no. 4 (July 8, 2018): 399–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559518785779.
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This study sought to enhance knowledge of the link between child sexual abuse (CSA) and long-term criminality by investigating gender-specific effects and the role of index sexual abuse characteristics, revictimization, and serious mental health problems. An Australian sample of 2,759 documented cases of sexual abuse and 2,677 community controls were linked to statewide police records and public mental health service databases, with a follow-up period of 13–44 years. Four key findings emerged from the analysis: (1) CSA victims were more likely than controls to engage in all types of criminal behaviors including violent, sexual, and other offending; (2) gender moderated the relationship between CSA and criminal offending, with stronger associations found among females for general and violent offending, and among males for sexual offending; (3) certain features of the index sexual abuse (i.e., developmental period, number of perpetrators, relation to perpetrator), further victimization experiences, and the development of serious mental health problems were all associated with an increased likelihood of criminal behavior among CSA victims; (4) CSA victims who engaged in criminal offending were more likely to present with cumulative risks than victims not engaging in criminal offending. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed.