Academic literature on the topic 'Criminal classes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Criminal classes"
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Boduszek, Daniel, Katie Dhingra, Camille Stander, Maria Ioannou, and Derrol Palmer. "Original article Latent classes of criminal intent associated with criminal behaviour." Current Issues in Personality Psychology 2 (2014): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2014.44305.
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Da Silva Leal, Jackson, and Gabriel Dela Bruna. "Para uma política criminal das classes subalternas." InSURgência: revista de direitos e movimentos sociais 3, no. 2 (April 14, 2018): 30–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/insurgncia.v3i2.19450.
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Este breve trabalho tem por objetivo elucidar algumas questões pertinentes a natureza do sistema (e do direito) penal, buscando ainda, determinar qual função os instrumentos repressores estatais (e em particular a prisão) historicamente executaram. Do mesmo modo, procura-se demonstrar a necessidade de transformação da atual política criminal, tendo em vista a sua percepção claramente limitada e tendenciosa sobre o fenômeno da criminalidade. Perpassando algumas das mais consagradas obras no âmbito da criminologia, a conclusão final espera ser aquela que aponte a necessidade do surgimento de uma política criminal alternativa baseada nos interesses das classes vitimas da sistemática opressão perpetrada pelo Estado moderno.
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Boduszek, Daniel, Catherine O’Shea, Katie Dhingra, and Philip Hyland. "Latent Class Analysis of Criminal Social Identity in a Prison Sample." Polish Psychological Bulletin 45, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ppb-2014-0024.
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Abstract This study aimed to examine the number of latent classes of criminal social identity that exist among male recidivistic prisoners. Latent class analysis was used to identify homogeneous groups of criminal social identity. Multinomial logistic regression was used to interpret the nature of the latent classes, or groups, by estimating the associationsto number of police arrests, recidivism, and violent offending while controlling for current age. The best fitting latent class model was a five-class solution: ‘High criminal social identity’ (17%), ‘High Centrality, Moderate Affect, Low Ties’ (21.7%), ‘Low Centrality, Moderate Affect, High Ties’ (13.3%),‘Low Cognitive, High Affect, Low Ties’ (24.6%), and ‘Low criminal social identity’ (23.4%). Each of the latent classes was predicted by differing external variables. Criminal social identity is best explained by five homogenous classes that display qualitative and quantitative differences.
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Fox, Bryanna, and Matt DeLisi. "From Criminological Heterogeneity to Coherent Classes." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 16, no. 3 (March 16, 2017): 299–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204017699257.
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Although juvenile sex offenders (JSOs) are a pressing topic among researchers and juvenile justice practitioners, empirically driven typologies of JSOs using U.S. data are lacking. Here, we develop the first statistical typology of male and female JSOs using data from the United States selected from a sample of 4,143 JSOs referred to the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice. Significant predictors of juvenile sex offending (age of criminal onset, criminal history, impulsivity, empathy, depression, psychosis, and childhood sexual abuse) derived from the literature were used as grouping covariates to develop a profile of male and female JSOs using a latent class analysis (LCA). Results of the LCA show four unique subtypes of male JSOs and two subtypes of female JSOs exist within the data. These groups had differential compositions for key features such as criminal history and onset, psychopathologies, empathy and impulsivity, and sexual abuse victimization. These differences may be critical toward developing more tailored and effective correctional and treatment responses that balance containment and therapeutic approaches depending on the individual needs of the JSOs based upon their profile. Other practical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Wahyuni, Susi Arum. "Konseling Religiusitas Untuk Meningkatan Efikasi Diri (Self Efficacy) Bagi Warga Binaan Lapas (WBL) Kelas II A Yogyakarta." Esoterik 3, no. 1 (December 15, 2017): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/esoterik.v3i1.2819.
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O’Brien, Ellen L. "“THE MOST BEAUTIFUL MURDER”: THE TRANSGRESSIVE AESTHETICS OF MURDER IN VICTORIAN STREET BALLADS." Victorian Literature and Culture 28, no. 1 (March 2000): 15–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150300281023.
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To say that this common [criminal] fate was described in the popular press and commented on simply as a piece of police news is, indeed, to fall short of the facts. To say that it was sung and balladed would be more correct; it was expressed in a form quite other than that of the modern press, in a language which one could certainly describe as that of fiction rather than reality, once we have discovered that there is such a thing as a reality of fiction.—Louis Chevalier, Laboring Classes and Dangerous ClassesSPEAKING OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE, Louis Chevalier traces the bourgeoisie’s elision of the working classes with the criminal classes, in which crime becomes either the representation of working class “failure” or “revenge” (396). Chevalier argues that working- class texts “recorded” their acquiescence to and acceptance of “a genuine fraternity of [criminal] fate” when they “described and celebrated [it] in verse” (397). Though a community of fate might inspire collective resistance, popular poetry and ballads, he confirms, reproduced metonymic connections between criminal and worker when “their pity went out to embrace dangerous classes and laboring classes alike. . . . One might almost say [they proclaimed these characteristics] in an identical poetic strain, so strongly was this community of feeling brought out in the relationship between the favorite subjects of working-class songs and the criminal themes of the street ballads, in almost the same words, meters, and tunes” (396) Acquiescence to or reiteration of worker/criminal equations established itself in workers’ views of themselves as “a different, alien and hostile society” (398) in literature that served as an “involuntary and ‘passive’ recording and communication of them” (395). Though I am investigating Victorian England, not nineteenth-century France, and though I regard the street ballads as popular texts which record resistance, not acquiescence, Chevalier’s work usefully articulates the predicament of class-based ideologies about worker and criminal which functioned similarly in Victorian England. More importantly, Chevalier acknowledges the complexity of street ballads as cultural texts..
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Resende de Mendonça, Ricardo, Daniel Felix de Brito, Ferrucio de Franco Rosa, Júlio Cesar dos Reis, and Rodrigo Bonacin. "A Framework for Detecting Intentions of Criminal Acts in Social Media: A Case Study on Twitter." Information 11, no. 3 (March 12, 2020): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11030154.
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Criminals use online social networks for various activities by including communication, planning, and execution of criminal acts. They often employ ciphered posts using slang expressions, which are restricted to specific groups. Although literature shows advances in analysis of posts in natural language messages, such as hate discourses, threats, and more notably in the sentiment analysis; research enabling intention analysis of posts using slang expressions is still underexplored. We propose a framework and construct software prototypes for the selection of social network posts with criminal slang expressions and automatic classification of these posts according to illocutionary classes. The developed framework explores computational ontologies and machine learning (ML) techniques. Our defined Ontology of Criminal Expressions represents crime concepts in a formal and flexible model, and associates them with criminal slang expressions. This ontology is used for selecting suspicious posts and decipher them. In our solution, the criminal intention in written posts is automatically classified relying on learned models from existing posts. This work carries out a case study to evaluate the framework with 8,835,290 tweets. The obtained results show its viability by demonstrating the benefits in deciphering posts and the effectiveness of detecting user’s intention in written criminal posts based on ML.
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POONKUNTRAN, SHANMUGAM, R. S. RAJESH, and PERUMAL ESWARAN. "ENERGY AWARE FUZZY COLOR SEGMENTATION ALGORITHM — AN APPLICATION TO CRIMINAL IDENTIFICATION USING MOBILE DEVICES." International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing 06, no. 05 (September 2008): 707–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219691308002604.
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Since its advent, the use of digital camera in mobile phones is getting more popular, where information retrieval based on visual appearance of an object is very useful when specific parameters for the object are not known. Though it is well-liked, it needs energy aware algorithms to carry out the various tasks such as segmentation and feature extraction. In this paper, a new energy aware fuzzy color segmentation algorithm is proposed and which has been applied for face segmentation in criminal identification using mobile devices. The criminals in the application are in three classes. They are New Criminal (NC), Suspected Criminal (SC) and Confirmed Criminal (CC). It is basically a mobile image-based content search engine that takes photographs of criminals as image queries and finds their relevant contents by matching them to the similar contents in the criminal databases. The energy aware fuzzy color segmentation is used to obtain the most significant parts of an image — facial regions of the persons and which are used in building image-based queries to the databases. Content search methodology in the application is also improved through the fuzzy modeling to make the application more flexible and simpler. Through the experiment conducted, it has been found that the proposed color segmentation algorithm is more robust and it reduces the computational time in searching process by minimizing the number of false cases. It could detect the faces in the images where the other known algorithms have failed to detect.
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Major, Andrew J. "State and Criminal Tribes in Colonial Punjab: Surveillance, Control and Reclamation of the ‘Dangerous Classes’." Modern Asian Studies 33, no. 3 (July 1999): 657–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x9900339x.
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It is not always remembered that under British rule some 150,000 Punjabis were notified under the Criminal Tribes Act as belonging to tribes and castes whose hereditary occupation was deemed to be crime. More than any other class these criminal tribes felt the harsh impact of the colonial state, which sought to control, punish and reform them. This paper traces the evolution of a Punjab criminal tribes policy and argues that the British—assisted by the indigenous elite—achieved only partial success in assimilating these people into the wider community by 1947.
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Vlasenko, Lidiia, Nataliia Lutska, Tetiana Savchenko, and Oleksandr Bohdanov. "ONTOLOGICAL MODELING OF INFORMATION DATA OF DIGITAL CRIMINAL CRIME." Cybersecurity: Education, Science, Technique 1, no. 21 (2023): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2663-4023.2023.21.211222.
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In the article, an ontological model of information data of a digital criminal offense is formed and researched. Ontological modeling made it possible to conceptualize knowledge and effectively overcome the problems of insufficient structure, ambiguity and inconsistency of data and knowledge in the field of digital forensics. On the basis of the conducted classification, five main classes (Digital Crime, Digital Traces, Types of Crimes, Criminal and Criminal Liability) were identified, which include multiple user and non-user instances, including relevant articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and international law. The user creates instances of three classes: Digital Crime, Digital Traces, and Criminal. They contain personal information about digital crime and are the main data of the user part of the ontological model as a knowledge base. The Crime Types and Criminal Liability classes are non-user and can only be modified by model support specialists. The ontology model is implemented in Protege in the OWL language, which is an informal standard for creating and sharing ontologies. Of the selected seven relationships between entities, only three are entered into the ontology by the user, the others are formed automatically based on the developed SWRL rules. Using the SPARQL query language, real-time information search, filtering, and analysis patterns are provided to help discover complex relationships between objects and generate new ontological knowledge. The results of the study highlight the importance of ontology modeling in the field of digital forensics and how SPARQL queries can be used to improve data processing, analysis and understanding of knowledge in this field.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Criminal classes"
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Stanford, Terence George. "The metropolitan police 1850-1914 : targeting, harassment and the creation of a criminal class." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2007. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/760/.
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Within Victorian society there was a public perception that within the wider field of class there were a number of levels at the bottom of which was a criminal class. This, a very diverse group growing out of the working class, was considered to be responsible for the vast majority of offences ranging from begging to murder. Following the ending of transportation in the 1850’s the Metropolitan Police were faced with a number of new problems and responsibilities. These left them open to allegations that they were so targeting sections of the community that they were creating this criminal class from within the casual poor and those already known to police. As the period progressed the police were given wider powers to deal with the changed situation as well as extra responsibility for the compilation of criminal records and the supervision of released convicts. As a result of these changes allegations were made that the police so harassed those on tickets of leave and under supervision that it impossible for many to obtain employment. In order for this to have the case it would have been necessary for the police to be able to identify those with previous criminal convictions and to target their resources against them. The way in which resources were to be used had been established in 1829 with the objective of preventing crime, by way of uniformed officers patrolling beats and concentrating on night duty. Police resources were not efficiently used and failed to adapt to changing circumstances. In particular, whilst the available evidence especially for the early years is not complete it will be argued that, despite the allocation of considerable resources, the police were very poor at a very important part of their role, that of the identification of criminals. The concept of a criminal class has been examined in two ways. There was a ‘subjective’ public perception of the situation which included all those committing offences but it is argued that in reality what happened was that there were a series of legislative changes focussing on a gradually reducing group of habitual offenders which can properly be called a criminal class. This small group was responsible for the majority of serious crime during the period. As a result the police came to be targeting a very narrowly defined group and they as the agents, the public face of the changes, were the ones against whom complaints were most commonly made. This research shows that the Metropolitan Police were very poor at some important aspects of their role and that they were given additional responsibilities without always having the proper backing of the legislative framework. It also shows that the police were very aware of the difficulties they faced in dealing with released convicts and took great pains not only to allay public fears but also made contributions to the well being of many of those released from prison.
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Preussler, Gustavo de Souza. "Criminalização secundária e justiça penal hegemônica: aspectos criminológicos no caso do Massacre de Eldorado de Carajás." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6350.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorA presente tese faz um estudo sobre a criminalização secundária e a justiça penal hegemônica a partir da análise criminológica do caso de Eldorado de Carajás. A metodologia usada é a pesquisa bibliográfica agregada à pesquisa documental. Nestas, extraiu-se o discurso das criminalizações e sua função subterrânea no Estado Policial. A metodologia empreendida na realização deste trabalho parte da perspectiva do materialismo histórico. Os processos criminalizantes secundários subterrâneos não se exaurem em um momento efêmero, mas são a continuidade histórica de uma tragédia, de uma mesma matriz massacrante, seguindo a lógica da luta de classes. Essa continuação se dá pelas violências institucionais e estruturais com matriz nos conflitos agrários antecedentes e que detêm raízes legitimantes de massacres nos discursos criminológicos que vão do pré-positivismo ao criticismo contemporâneo. A comprovação da tese ocorre pela análise da ação penal que ficou mundialmente conhecida como O Caso do Massacre de Eldorado dos Carajás. O ponto de partida é a verificação concreta do respectivo caso, avançando para uma concepção abstrata da criminalização secundária subterrânea. O papel de pulsão vingativa do Estado contra a miséria e a adesão subjetiva à barbárie pela Justiça Penal deixam claros seu caráter hegemônico e a existência de uma criminalização vitimológica (secundária e subterrânea) em razão da distribuição desigual dos bens positivos e negativos aos condenados da terra.
This thesis is a study about the secondary criminalization and the hegemonic criminal justice from the criminological analysis of the Eldorado de Carajás case. The used methodology is literature assembled with documental research from which the discourse of the decriminalization and its furtive role inside the Police State was extracted. The method undertaken to perform this work starts from the perspective of the historical materialism. The secondary and illegal criminalizing processes do not wear themselves out in a fleeting moment, but, are the historical continuity of a tragedy, from an equal massacre matrix, following the logic of the class struggle. Such continuation happens through the structural and institutional violence rooted in the previous agrarian conflicts and holds legitimizing roots of massacres in the criminological discourses that go from pre-positivism to contemporary criticism periods. The proof of the thesis happens with the analysis of the prosecution worldwide known as O Caso do Massacre de Eldorado dos Carajás. The starting point is the concrete verification of the respective case, moving towards an abstract conception of the secondary and furtive criminalization. The role of the vengeful impulse of the State against misery and the subjective adhesion by the Criminal Justice to the barbarism make clear their hegemonic character and the existence of a victimological criminalization (secondary and furtive) due to the uneven distribution of both positive and negative rights to the land wretched ones.
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Teixeira, Rosane Siqueira. "Italianos em casos de conflitos e tensões nas fazendas de café da comarca de Araraquara, 1890-1914." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2006. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1437.
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Previous issue date: 2006-03-30This study it approached cases of conflicts characterized for physical, moral, economic and racial the violence, for work questions, that involve deriving Italian immigrants of diverse regions of Italy and other ethnic groups on coffee plantations of the judicial district of Araraquara in the period of 1890-1914, using as source criminal records. The present work searched to understand the values that guided a violent behavior in the daily conflicts, investigating the solidarity possibilities between the ethnic groups in the individual actions, mainly between the Italians. In this perspective, the work evidenced that the regional differences between the Italians limited the solidarity of the group, over all of the northern ones and of central Italy in relation to the meridionals. The analysis of the criminal records also evidenced that the main values that guided a violent behavior in the daily conflicts were to receive a wage just and to have movement freedom. These values had been verified for all the ethnic groups in question.
Este estudo abordou casos de conflitos caracterizados pela violência física, moral, econômica e racial, por questões de trabalho, que envolvem imigrantes italianos oriundos de diversas regiões da Itália e outras etnias nas fazendas de café da comarca de Araraquara no período de 1890-1914, usando como fonte processos criminais. O presente trabalho buscou compreender os valores que orientavam uma conduta violenta nos conflitos cotidianos, investigando as chances de solidariedade entre as etnias nas ações individuais, principalmente entre os italianos. Nesta perspectiva, o trabalho evidenciou que as diferenças regionais entre os italianos limitavam a solidariedade do grupo, sobretudo dos setentrionais e da Itália central em relação aos meridionais. A análise dos processos também evidenciou que os principais valores que orientavam uma conduta violenta nos conflitos cotidianos eram os de receber um salário justo e de ter liberdade de movimento. Esses valores foram verificados para todas as etnias em questão.
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Alves, Enedina do Amparo. "Rés negras, judiciário branco: uma análise da interseccionalidade de gênero, raça e classe na produção da punição em uma prisão paulistana." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/3640.
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Previous issue date: 2015-04-09Brazilian Criminal Law emerges as a power apparatus that organizes social relations and is based on an ideology that is racist, patriarchal, homophobic and classist. The Brazilian State has always occupied a prominent place in the production of unfavorable historical conditions for the social development of black women. However it is in the administration of criminal justice that the focus manifests explicitly the intersection of the axes of vulnerabilities - delineated by race, class and gender and in the production of categories of punishable individuals. Incarcerated black women have a specific vulnerability: they are marked by their color and gender condition in a society structured on inequality between men and women, and led by a criminal-racial State, a producer of social suffering and reproducer of the conception of crime and penalty based on the punishment of the black body. On this basis, it is proposed an analysis of race and colonial justice as historical factors in the contemporary Brazil
O Direito Penal brasileiro surge como sistema de poder que organiza as relações sociais e fundamenta-se por uma ideologia racista, patriarcal, homofóbica e classista. Embora o Estado brasileiro tenha sempre ocupado lugar de destaque na produção das condições históricas desfavoráveis ao desenvolvimento social da mulher negra, é a administração da justiça penal o foco onde se manifesta de forma explícita a intersecção dos eixos de vulnerabilidades delineadas por raça, classe e gênero e na produção de categorias de indivíduos puníveis. As mulheres negras encarceradas possuem uma vulnerabilidade específica: são marcadas por sua condição de cor e de gênero em uma sociedade estruturada a partir de desigualdades entre homens e mulheres e conduzida por um Estado penal racial, produtor de sofrimento social e reprodutor da concepção de crime e de castigo baseado na punição do corpo negro. Propõe-se, a partir disso a análise de raça e colonialidade da justiça como fatores históricos no Brasil contemporâneo
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Shoenberger, Nicole Ann. "The Effect of Marriage and Employment on Criminal Desistance: The Influence of Race." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1339560808.
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Comley, Caliesha Lavonne. "Dismantling the Criminal Justice Empire: A Feminisms Analysis of U.S. Law, State Violence, and Resistance in the Digital Age." Thesis, Boston College, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108636.
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Thesis advisor: C. Shawn . McGuffeyThesis advisor: Zine . Magubane
This dissertation analyzes the impact of U.S. law on women of color at home and abroad, as well as the ways in which women of color respond to and resist U.S. law. In their resistance, they challenge the domestic failings of the U.S. criminal justice system as well as the systems which connect state violence internationally. The first article of this project explores the space of the sentencing hearing as a site for rhetorically reclaiming Black motherhood in the face of its pathologization. I use the case of Marissa Alexander to show how the defendant and her family resist the exclusionary politics of legal protection. The second article examines the relationship between police militarization and strategies of black digital resistance and theorizes Black Lives Matter as a cyborg feminist social movement that can serve as a base for a global, intersectional resistance against systems of state violence. The third article challenges the dominant narrative of liberal imperialism in the U.S. anti-human trafficking project which positions U.S. as sole capable leader in the fight against “modern-day slavery” and the liberation of poor women of color in the global South and East. Though each article employs a slightly different framework, my dissertation is grounded in a qualitative sociological approach to content analysis and is informed by interdisciplinary concepts from legal studies and critical rhetorical approaches. My research centers multiple feminisms, including Critical Race Feminism, cyborg feminism, and postcolonial legal feminism, and incorporates important scholarship on technology and social movements. In this project, I demonstrate affinity between feminist theoretical approaches. More broadly, I contribute to bodies of research that challenge the notion that institutions such as the criminal justice system, digital spaces, and humanitarian aid are designed to protect and provide remedies for victims of domestic and state sponsored violence. I propose framework of feminisms in dialogue for both analyzing and resisting the hegemony of U.S. law which legitimizes and reproduces interlocking systems of racism, sexism, and imperialism
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2019
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Sociology
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Marsing, Nick. "Upper-Class Adolescent Delinquency: Theory and Observation." DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/868.
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Delinquency in adolescence has captured the imagination of thinkers and researchers for generations. In this thesis, a unique segment of adolescent delinquency is examined: delinquency in upper-class adolescents. My experience working in residential treatment centers was a catalyst for this research and inspired the primary question which guides the work: "Why would upper-class adolescents commit delinquent acts?" In an attempt to answer this question, the "Big Three" (strain, control, and social learning) sociological theories of crime and delinquency are used to explore upper-class or "elite" delinquency. After examining each theory I demonstrate how none of them, individually, can adequately explain this phenomenon. Thus, I present an integrated approach to understanding upper-class or "elite" delinquency.
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Chang, Kcomt Romy Alexandra. "Constitutional function assigned to the penalty: Bases for a criminal policy plan." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116385.
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This article intends to analyze treatment and functions assigned to the penalty by our Peruvian Constitution and the way this legal institution is conducted at the prescribed basic penalty level (imposed by the legislator ineach type of criminal offence), the specific penalty level (imposed by the judge according to its individual characteristics in each case) and at the penitentiary enforcement level. Finally recommends some considerations for carrying out a possible legislative reform in accordance with a criminal policy plan within our constitutional framework.El presente trabajo busca efectuar un análisis en torno al tratamiento y las funciones que nuestra Constitución política asigna a la pena, y la manera como dicha institución se desarrolla en nuestro país con respectoa la pena abstracta (la impuesta por el legislador en cada tipo penal), la pena concreta (la impuesta por el juez luego de una individualización en cada casoconcreto), y su ejecución en el ámbito penitenciario. Finaliza proponiendo algunas consideraciones para una eventual reforma legislativa conforme conun plan de política criminal que se encuentre dentro del marco constitucional.
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Salinas, Edwards Michael Antonio. "Men at work : an ethnography of drug markets and youth transitions in times of austerity." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/men-at-work-an-ethnography-of-drug-markets-and-youth-transitions-in-times-of-austerity(62a34da2-7e2d-4911-afae-0b336993da8e).html.
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Based on six-years ethnographic research, this thesis provides an in-depth account of a contemporary British drug market. The study follows a group of twenty-five friends, termed The Lads, during their transition from late-adolescence (16-22) through to early adulthood (22-28). This was a critical stage in their life course; it was a time when many had begun advancing into the world of work and business entrepreneurship, in search of their chosen career. Yet it was during this time that two key developments occurred: bulk volumes of illicit drugs became available to The Lads through credit and the UK experienced several years of economic recession and stagnation. The economic constraints The Lads encountered during this time prompted many to become involved in the trafficking of illegal drugs. Though their entry into the markets was not necessarily motivated out of absolute need or poverty, the experience of low-paying salaries, the loss of work and income, and the inability to secure legitimate investment capital, all made drug dealing an alluring source of untaxed revenue, available as and when needed. This study assesses the practices of this cohort of closed-market drug dealers, who capitalised on their expansive social networks as a means of trafficking a variety of illegal substances at the time of these two developments. During the course of the research their involvement came to span several stages of the supply chain, including: mid-level wholesale brokerage, import/export, wholesale, and retail (i.e. to the end-users). The study addresses various structural elements of their trade, including drug purchasing and selling, the assessment and mitigation of risks in relation to law enforcement, and the use of informal credit (i.e. ‘fronting’) as one of the principle facilitating factors of The Lads’ various trade networks. A variety of data collection methods were employed over many years to garner a depth of understanding and appreciation difficult to achieve in the study of active offenders. The data comprises of life narratives, observations, interview data and economic data. The findings offer some new insight into: the kinds of people who deal drugs; what characteristics they share; how they function as traders; what motivates them to either enter or exit the trade, and what social structures influence their offending careers?These young men were not the archetypal drug dealer: they were neither predatory nor territorial. They were ambitious and hard working. Drug dealing was simply a shortcut to the lifestyle they aspired to; it was a source of capital; a means of funding their studies; a ‘means to an end’. To these young men, drug dealing was just another form of work: a bad job that paid a good salary.
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Ferreira, Carolina Costa. "Discursos do sistema penal : a seletividade no julgamento dos crimes de furto, roubo e peculato nos tribunais regionais federais do Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2010. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/7241.
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A pesquisa propõe a análise de 564 (quinhentas e sessenta e quatro) decisões judiciais proferidas pelos cinco Tribunais Regionais Federais do Brasil, sobre crimes de furto, roubo e peculato, entre os anos de 2006 e 2007. O objetivo geral é investigar a existência da reprodução, nos textos das decisões, de termos que reforçam a seletividade do sistema penal na tutela de bens públicos e privados, seguindo a linha da Criminologia Crítica e a técnica da Análise de Discurso, considerando também o conceito de habitus desenvolvido por Pierre Bourdieu. Interessam aqui, portanto, os “meandros” da decisão – a construção da narrativa, a evolução para eventuais condenações e absolvições, ações e omissões, palavras e silêncios. A dissertação traça, em seu primeiro capítulo, um breve estudo histórico sobre a estrutura do sistema penal no Brasil, para demonstrar a herança de práticas patrimonialistas, a influência do bacharelismo e as “decisões diferentes para classes diferentes”, refletindo o discurso positivista e a distinção social dos juízes. O Capítulo 2 traz os fundamentos teóricos utilizados para a realização e interpretação da pesquisa empírica, incluindo-se o paradigma da Criminologia Crítica, a construção da narrativa na decisão judicial e os princípios da Análise de Discurso. Nos capítulos seguintes, as duas formas de pesquisa utilizadas no trabalho – quantitativa e qualitativa – são explicadas com o detalhamento necessário. Os resultados encontrados indicam o uso de artifícios e práticas discursivas para a reafirmação da seletividade do sistema penal, com a clara diferença de tratamento entre os condenados por crimes contra o patrimônio e contra a administração pública, como indica a pesquisa quantitativa. Abordam-se, assim, temas um tanto incômodos para o universo jurídico: a motivação das decisões judiciais e o comportamento dos juízes, tendo como pano de fundo a difícil distinção entre público e privado que historicamente compõe nosso sistema de justiça. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
This search proposes the analysis of 564 (five hundred and sixty-four) judgments handed down by the five Regional Federal Courts of Brazil, on crimes of theft and an embezzlement case, between the years 2006 and 2007. The overall objective is to investigate the existence of reproduction in the texts of decisions, which reinforce the selectivity of the penal system in the supervision of public goods and private ones. Critical Criminology and technical of Discourse Analysis, also the concept of habitus developed by Pierre Bourdieu, will be important. It will be interesting for research the construction of narrative, the evolution towards any convictions and acquittals, actions and omissions, words and silences. This work outlines, in your first chapter, a brief historical study on the structure of the criminal justice system in Brazil, to demonstrate the inheritance of “private practices”, through "decisions differently for different classes", to reflect the positivist discourse and social distinction of judges. Chapter 2 brings the theoretical fundamentals used for the implementation and interpretation of empirical social research, including the paradigm of Critical Criminology, the construction of narrative in judicial decision and the principles of Discourse Analysis. In the following chapters, the two forms of search used at work – quantitative and qualitative – are explained with detail needed. The results found using tricks and discursive practices for the reaffirmation of the selectivity of the penal system, with the clear difference in treatment between convicted of crimes against heritage and against public administration, as indicated by the quantitative research. Address is thus difficult subjects for legal matters: the motivation of judicial decisions and the behavior of judges, in view of the difficult distinction between public and private that historically composes our justice system.
Books on the topic "Criminal classes"
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Shelden, Randall G. Controlling the dangerous classes: A history of criminal justice in America. 2nd ed. Boston: Pearson Allyn and Bacon, 2008.
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Reiman, Jeffrey H. Ther ich get richer and the poor get prison: Ideology, class, and criminal justice. 4th ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1995.
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Reiman, Jeffrey H. The rich get richer and the poor get prison: Ideology, class, and criminal justice. 9th ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2010.
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1964-, Leighton Paul, ed. The rich get richer and the poor get prison: Ideology, class, and criminal justice. 9th ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2009.
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Reiman, Jeffrey H. The rich get richer and the poor get prison: Ideology, class, and criminal justice. Boston: Pearson, 2013.
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Reiman, Jeffrey H. The rich get richer and thepoor get prison: Ideology, class, and criminal justice. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan Pub. Co, 1990.
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Reiman, Jeffrey H. --and the poor get prison: Economic bias in American criminal justice. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1996.
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McDonald, Danielle, and Alexis Miller. Race, gender and criminal justice: Equality and justice for all? San Diego, CA: Cognella, 2013.
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Reiman, Jeffrey H. The rich get richer and the poor get prison: Ideology, class, and criminal justice. 5th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1998.
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Reiman, Jeffrey H. The rich get richer and the poor get prison: Ideology, class, and criminal justice. 6th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Criminal classes"
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Oyakhire, Suzzie Onyeka. "Determining the Classes of Witnesses to Be Protected." In Witness Protection and Criminal Justice in Africa, 61–89. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003199199-4.
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Bailey, Victor. "Walter Crofton, The Criminal Classes and their Control, 1868." In Nineteenth-Century Crime and Punishment, 131–37. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429504006-18.
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Anthamatten, Eric. "Criminal Class." In Living with Class, 145–57. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137326799_15.
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Smith, M. Hamblin. "The Various Classes of Offenders." In The Psychology of the Criminal, 133–58. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203705360-5.
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"Murder, Execution, and the Criminal Classes." In Crime in Verse, 29–108. Ohio State University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv16qk32n.6.
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Forth, Aidan. "Concentrating the “Dangerous Classes”." In Barbed-Wire Imperialism. University of California Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520293960.003.0002.
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Britain assembled the foundations of its empire of camps over the course of the nineteenth century. The institutions of mass industrial society—workhouses, prisons, and factories—affirmed concentration and confinement as normative methods to discipline the vagrant and criminal poor. The military institutionalized army camps and POW camps as disciplinary technologies and disseminated them across the empire. Criminal tribe settlements in India experimented with measures of spatial and social control later used in the context of wartime counterinsurgency. Their proponents imagined such settlements to be measures of social quarantine that would protect society from the dangerous classes while curing and reforming those detained. Medical and military metaphors provided a powerful language that would frame the development of future camps across Britain’s late-Victorian empire.
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Day, David M., and Margit Wiesner. "Debates and Controversies." In Criminal Trajectories, 101–23. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479880058.003.0004.
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In spite of the tremendous growth in trajectory research over the past 25 years, the trajectory methodology is not without controversy. Debates and controversies remain a central feature of the literature. This chapter presents an overview of the major controversial issues and provides guidelines and suggestions for moving the research forward with greater clarity and reduced confusion. This chapter also picks up on the discussion of model-building considerations introduced in Chapter 2. Specifically, issues pertaining to (a) statistical criteria for class enumeration; (b) distributional issues, model misspecification, and overextraction of trajectory classes; (c) dependency on antecedents and covariates; and (d) robustness or sensitivity of trajectory solutions in relation to various methodological factors are detailed.
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Johnston, Helen. "The Criminal Classes and the ‘Habitual’ Offender." In Crime in England 1815–1880, 26–42. Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315769400-ch-2.
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Hanawalt, Barbara A. "Fur-Collar Crime: The Pattern of Crime among the Fourteenth-Century English Nobility." In ‘Of Good and Ill Repute’, 53–69. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195109498.003.0004.
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Abstract The criminal behavior of the upper classes in society has occasioned social comment for centuries. Robber barons is a term that has been applied as readily to the medieval nobles who used their castles to extort money from the countryside as to the railroad magnates of the nineteenth century. Illegal activities among the upper classes have provoked discussion because they are distinct from the crimes of other classes. Usually upper-class criminals commit crimes that are related to their control of wealth and power and that often go unpunished or are inadequately punished because their prominence in politics and the economy makes it difficult for governments to prosecute. The nature of contemporary upper-class crime was sociologically analyzed by Edwin H. Sutherland in his study, White Collar Crime. As Sutherland defined it, white-collar crime was “crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation.” In Sutherland’s study the crimes that fell within this group were violations of federal trade laws and fair employment practices and mismanagement of corporation finances. Such areas of criminal activity are obviously not applicable to the upper classes of the Middle Ages but, if allowances are made for differences in occupation between a modern executive and a medieval noble, the concept of white-collar crime may prove useful in forming a more general understanding of the pattern of crime among the elite power groups.
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Herring, Jonathan. "8. Homicide II." In Criminal Law Concentrate, 93–105. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198854982.003.0008.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. An unlawful homicide committed without the mens rea for murder is involuntary manslaughter. This chapter discusses the three classes of involuntary manslaughter: reckless manslaughter, unlawful act manslaughter, and gross negligence manslaughter. Both unlawful act manslaughter and gross negligence are notable for the low level of mens rea required. Indeed, with gross negligence manslaughter the defendant may not even have foreseen the risk of death and yet still be convicted of manslaughter.
Conference papers on the topic "Criminal classes"
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Igracki, Jasmina, Sadmir Karovic, and Teodora Zivadinovic. "THE CRIMINAL OFFENSE OF MURDER: HISTORICAL, CRIMINAL AND CRIMINOLOGY ASPECTS." In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.8.1.23.p17.
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Human life and body represent social values that have always been and remain the subject of criminal law protection. Precisely, the authors in the first part of the work point to the incrimination of the crime of murder throughout the historical era of Serbia and the neighboring countries, and also that the life and body of members of certain social classes were not subject to criminal law protection, and in certain eras the criminal law protection of life and body was not provided equally to every person. The continuous development of society and changes in all spheres led to the need for more and more contact between people, and their relationships led to various conflicts and the desire to be resolved at their own discretion. The second part of the work deals with conflict situations that led to mutual attacks in order to resolve the situations that ended with an attack and endangering the physical integrity of people. Thus, when studying the criminal offense of murder, which is one of the classics, perhaps even the oldest criminal offense which has already been discussed so much from a theoretical point of view and, at first glance, it seems that everything has already been said, there are still a lot of disputed questions that need to be discussed, in a theoretical, criminological sense, as well as to clarify the problems that arise in judicial practice. Some research indicates that a high percentage (even over 80 percent) of perpetrators of criminal acts would not have started committing criminal acts if they had known for sure that they would be discovered as perpetrators of the same. Research data indicate that violence in Serbia has increased by 74%. The third part of the work deals with the incrimination of the most serious criminal offense from the aspect of modern and international criminal law, as well as their recommendations for the purpose of prevention and repression.
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Vera, JV. "ONLINE CRIMINAL CLINIC." In The 7th International Conference on Education 2021. The International Institute of Knowledge Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/24246700.2021.7147.
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Confinement brought with it virtual classes, and that teaching channel that was once the exception, became the rule, but, what are the implications that this change produced for crime victims who seek access to justice? The main objective of this contribution is to exemplify, by sharing the results and experiences produced by the criminal clinic taught in virtual format of the Campus Puebla, how online clinical teaching, as well as a face-to-face legal clinic execution, achieves a differentiated learning in relation to the traditional methodology of teaching, that is, the development of disciplinary and transversal educational competences for criminal litigation through experiential learning. The penal clinic at the Tecnológico de Monterrey in Puebla City, Mexico, was established four years ago from the project "Voice of the Victims" in conjunction with the Arizona State University and sponsored by the Merida Initiative. The criminal clinic works with an external institution called "socio-trainer". By acquiring knowledge about the role of legal advisors to victims, and by taking an active part in the entire criminal process, students develop diverse transversal competences like professional responsibility, human sense, and professional ethics; In addition to that, this contribution aims to also showcase the online criminal clinic execution limitations and opportunities of development when compared to the face-to-face or in person clinic development. The methodology follows a format of assigning real criminal cases to students who assume the role of victim lawyers; They are guided by professors from the University and a lawyer from the Socio-trainer Institution. They are evaluated according to the procedural progress of the assigned cases, as well as activities and alternatives for access to justice such as: counseling for crime victims, preparation of briefs and guidelines for hearings. In the August-December 2020 semester, the clinic was executed online, and the methodology underwent an important transformation in its academic and practical aspects, as well as in the care and follow-up of assigned criminal cases. The process had negative implications due to the lack of constant interaction with the victims and the authorities, but this did not substantially affect the student's learning. Keywords: Victims, Criminal Cases, Criminal Process, Clinical teaching, Online Education
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Клеймёнов, М. П. "JUSTICE IN CRIMINAL LAW." In Tradicija, krivično i međunarodno krivično pravo. Srpsko udruženje za međunarodno krivično pravo, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/tkmkp24.249k.
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The article, based on comparative historical analysis, shows that the rejection of the socialist civilizational project and the restoration of capitalism destroys traditional values and turns crimi- nal law into an instrument for expressing the interests of the criminal bourgeoisie. In the new geopolitical conditions, it is necessary to aban- don the class approach in criminal policy and ensure unconditional equality of all before the law. This means the need to strengthen the position of the state in the economy, the adoption of the Federal Law on Nationalization and the Program for the Nationalization of Eco- nomic Objects that ensure the national security of Russia.
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Nikoloska, Svetlana, and Marija Gjosheva. "COMPUTER FORENSIC IN FUNCTION OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION." In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.11.01.20.p25.
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Computer forensics is increasingly finding its place in the criminal investigation of criminal offenses in order to shed light on and provide the evidence necessary to initiate criminal proceedings against the perpetrators of crimes that have misused computer technology in criminal activities. Criminal investigation is a procedure of using tactics, techniques and methods aimed at detecting, clarifying and providing evidence through legally prescribed operational-tactical measures and actions, investigative actions and special investigative measures. The Macedonian legislator in the criminal procedural legislation envisages measures and actions for providing electronic evidence which is relevant in computer crimes, but also in specific criminal situations electronic evidence has its meaning in the process of clarification of other classic and economic crimes. This paper analyzes the steps and procedures for extracting, processing and presenting electronic evidence that represent data contained in computer devices, data transmitted through computer systems and networks in order to adapt them to a form acceptable to judicial authorities based on the analysis of all evidence bases the verdicts on the perpetrators who are charged with a specific computer or other crime. An analysis of the actions of the competent investigative and judicial bodies in the process from detection to verdict is made by analyzing reported, accused and convicted perpetrators of the most committed computer crimes, but an analysis will be made for the need of electronic evidence in other crimes through analysis of case. Keywords: Computer forensics, Forensic research, Computer devices, Electronic evidence, Perpetrators of crime.
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Gemasih, Husna, Rayuwati Rayuwati, Azhari SN, and Mursalin Mursalin. "Classification of Criminal Crimes From Data Twitter Using Class Association Rules Mining." In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Multidisciplinary and Its Applications Part 1, WMA-01 2018, 19-20 January 2018, Aceh, Indonesia. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.20-1-2018.2281925.
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Rismawan, Wawan, and Tina Kurniawati. "Self Adaption Toward Stress Effect Criminal Punishment to Prisoners in Tasikmalaya Second Class Penitentiary." In 2nd Bakti Tunas Husada-Health Science International Conference (BTH-HSIC 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.200523.041.
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Milović, Marko. "KRIVIČNA DELA PROTIV POLNE SLOBODE (MORALA) U SREDNjOVEKOVNOJ SRBIJI." In MEĐUNARODNI naučni skup Državno-crkveno pravo. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of law, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/dcp23.269m.
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Provisions on crimes against sexual morality can be found in several Serbian legal sources, the most important of which are the Code of Saint Sava (Nomocanon) and Dušan's Code. In the Nomocanon, among other things, there were several provisions that protected sexual morality, especially when it came to incest, dishonor of a virgin, sodomy..., and these criminal acts that were considered a violation of the canon were under the jurisdiction of church authorities. The paper specifically reviews the provision on rape, i.e. kidnapping, which was provided for in Dušan's code and which was strictly punished, and for which it is characteristic that there was an important difference in terms of punishment, depending on the class affiliation of the perpetrator and the victim. That class difference in criminal law matters (if we can call it that!), but also in other areas of law, is nothing unusual and should be observed in the spirit of that time and, accordingly, the value system of that time. However, although the class social order of the time was protected, it was not an obstacle for this Code to be considered the most modern at that time. Also, a review was given to the second article of this Code, which punished the fornication (adultery) of a landlady, for which severe (corporal) punishments were also provided. We also pointed to several ruling charters (King Milutin, Stefan Dečanski, Dušanov) that were passed in the first half of the 14th century and in which rape is mentioned for the first time under the name of ``loom'' and ``girl's loom''. Unfortunately, there are no more detailed historical data on when and how the provisions from the aforementioned legal sources regarding sexual morality were applied
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Ashariana, Ashariana, Mansyur Achmad KM, and M. Afdhal Abdianysah M.A. "Implementation of a Special Criminal Guidance Program for Corruption Crimes at the Sukamiskin Bandung Class I Correctional Institution." In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Administration Science (ICAS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icas-19.2019.4.
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Wastuti, Sri Ngayomi Yudha, and Gusman Lesmana. "Enhancement Self Efficacy with Counseling Services Technical Self Management to Convicted Criminal in Jail Class II B Labuhan Deli 2018." In Proceedings of the 4th Progressive and Fun Education International Conference (PFEIC 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/pfeic-19.2019.20.
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