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Journal articles on the topic 'Crime deterrence'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Schmidtz, David. "Deterrence and Criminal Attempts." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 17, no. 3 (September 1987): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1987.10716457.

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It is widely held that the proper role of criminal punishment is to ensure in a cost-efficient manner that criminal laws will be obeyed. As James Buchanan puts it,the reason we have courts is not that we want people to be convicted of crimes but that we want people not to commit them. The whole procedure of the law is one, essentially, of threatening people with unpleasant consequences if they do things which are regarded as objectionable.According to the deterrence theory of punishment, which I will here accept without argument in order to tease out some of its implications, legislators must be aware of opportunities to maximize the threat value of criminal prohibitions. By maximizing deterrence, we minimize the cost of crime. On the other hand, creating these threats, and carrying them out, is also costly. So we also wish to minimize the cost of avoiding crime. An efficient deterrent, therefore, will be one which minimizes the sum of the costs of crime and crime avoidance, where ‘cost’ is to be broadly construed.

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2

Orozco-Aleman, Sandra, and Heriberto Gonzalez-Lozano. "Immigration Enforcement, Deterrence, and Crime." AEA Papers and Proceedings 110 (May 1, 2020): 430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20201115.

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Does interior enforcement selectively deter Mexican migration? Our study shows that more aggressive enforcement increases the likelihood of having immigrants with US work experience and with jobs secured in the United States before their migration. We also look at whether having employment may be associated with lower crime incidence and shorter detention periods among immigrants. We find that employment decreases the likelihood of observing immigrants committing serious crimes and on the length of immigrant detention. By attracting quality workers, enforcement might decrease crime incidence, along with the length and costs of detention of removable immigrants in the United States.

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3

Park, MiRang. "A preliminary Study on the 1:1 Electronic Supervision System and Crime Deterrence of Sex Offenders." Korean Association of Public Safety and Criminal Justice 31, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 147–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21181/kjpc.2022.31.3.147.

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The main purpose of this study is to examine the deterrence of punishment of the 1:1 electronic supervision system. The study was conducted on all subjects of 1:1 electronic supervision, and with the cooperation of the Ministry of Justice, 20 subjects were interviewed and 21 subjects were surveyed. The deterrence of punishment perceived by the subjects of 1:1 electronic supervision was queried and investigated by dividing it into celerity, certainty, and severity. In terms of deterrence of punishment, the 1:1 electronic supervision system did not prove the special deterrece effect. However, it was proved that the deterrence of certainty is greater and clearer for the majority of sex offenders than severity or celerity. In addition, in terms of the celerity of punishment, the concern of the 1:1 electronic supervision was evident. In fact, it was recognized that the selection criteria that reflected the dynamic factor on the evaluation of the corrective effect and risk of the subject were necessary because the period of occurrence of the crime and the period of selecting the subject for 1:1 electronic supervision was too long. Although the system was started with great concerns, it was possible to partially confirm the effect of intensive probation that prioritizes human-centered and individual treatment within those concerns. In addition, it was confirmed that the unfairness of law enforcement or distrust toward the criminal justice system felt by the subjects weakened the net function of punishment. It could be confirmed once again that trust toward the criminal justice system takes precedence in order to expect the deterrent effect of punishment for special deterrence.

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4

Dušek, Libor. "Crime, Deterrence, and Democracy." German Economic Review 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 447–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2012.00571.x.

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Abstract The article provides new evidence on the effects of a major shock to deterrence on crime. The collapse of communism in the Czech Republic in 1989 was followed by sharp reductions in the probability and severity of punishment and by sharp increases in crime rates. I investigate whether deterrence was a significant contributor to the post-1989 growth in crime on a panel dataset of Czech regions. The results show strong deterrence effects for robbery, theft and intentional injury, but not for murder and rape. About 25% of the increase in robberies and 50% of the growth in thefts is accounted for by weaker deterrence.

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5

Marceau, Nicolas. "Competition in Crime Deterrence." Canadian Journal of Economics 30, no. 4a (November 1997): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/136273.

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6

Mansour, A., N. Marceau, and S. Mongrain. "Gangs and Crime Deterrence." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 22, no. 2 (January 18, 2006): 315–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewj015.

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7

Ferrante, Marcelo. "Deterrence and Crime Results." New Criminal Law Review 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 1–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2007.10.1.1.

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This article offers a comprehensive study of the merits of the legal practice of punishing accomplished crimes more severely than attempted crimes all other things being equal (differential punishment)vis-àà-vis the alternative of punishing them with equal sanctions (equal punishment).Unlike the overwhelming majority of the literature on the issue--which focuses on which practice better mirrors the offenders' relative moral deserts--the article evaluates both practices from a consequentialist, deterrence-based point of view. In particular, it shows first that traditional economic theories of the criminal law should yield the conclusion that differential punishment is not superior to equal punishment.The few arguments that the economic literature offers against such conclusion, the article shows, are mistaken. Secondly, drawing on social and psychological findings, the article advances three new arguments showing that, under some likely social and psychological conditions, differential punishment is in fact a superior alternative to equal punishment.

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8

Simpson, Sally S., William S. Laufer, N. Craig Smith, Melissa Rorie, and Natalie Schell‐Busey. "PROTOCOL: Corporate Crime Deterrence." Campbell Systematic Reviews 8, no. 1 (January 2012): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cl2.98.

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9

Hazra, Devika. "What does (and does not) affect crime in India?" International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 4 (April 2, 2020): 503–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-03-2019-0206.

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PurposeThis paper uses data from 2010 to 2016 across 32 states and union territories to investigate the determinants of crime in India. Results indicate the significance of macroeconomic, demographic, socioeconomic and deterrence factors in accounting for various categories of crime.Design/methodology/approachDue to the evidence of heteroskedasticity and cross-sectional dependence, linear regression with panel-corrected standard errors is implemented.FindingsIt has been found that among the macroeconomic factors, only GSDP per capita was found relevant in explaining total crime rates. However, the unemployment rate and price level are crucial in explaining some categories of crime. The demographic factor, that is, population density, socioeconomic factors, that is, income inequality, poverty rate, literacy rate exhibit important and significant relationship with crime rates in India. Further, out of the four deterrence factors, charge-sheeting rate, conviction rate, pendency in police cases are important in explaining various categories of crime rates in India.Originality/valueWhile implications of some socioeconomic variables are consistent with those found in previous studies, literacy rates and deterrence variables were found to have a positive association with crime. In particular, in a developing country such as India, white-collar crimes tend to increase as literacy rates increase. This calls for implementing policies that lead to greater employment opportunities for the educated masses. This paper also sheds light on the relationship between deterrence factors and crime rates in India. Deficiencies in the legal and judicial system have been detrimental to the nation's ability to curb crime rates.

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10

Pickett, Justin T. "Using Behavioral Economics to Advance Deterrence Research and Improve Crime Policy: Some Illustrative Experiments." Crime & Delinquency 64, no. 12 (March 21, 2018): 1636–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128718763136.

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Recent experiments show that offender decision making is characterized by the use of cognitive heuristics. Questions remain about what this means for deterrence research and policy. I argue that the primary task is to identify ways to leverage decision-making biases to reduce crime. I outline three avenues for future research on deterrence, and discuss their relevance for crime policy. To illustrate these lines of inquiry and stimulate additional studies, I provide initial experimental results for each topic. I report evidence that (a) pseudocertainty publicity can increase perceived arrest risk and deterrent fear, (b) the availability heuristic can help explain how target characteristics affect situational perceptions of crime benefits and costs, and (c) individuals experience declining sensitivity to increases in sanction severity.

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11

Jensen, Eric L., and Linda K. Metsger. "A Test of the Deterrent Effect of Legislative Waiver on Violent Juvenile Crime." Crime & Delinquency 40, no. 1 (January 1994): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128794040001007.

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The automatic transfer of juveniles charged with serious crimes to adult court has become an increasingly common alternative to juvenile court handling in a number of states in the past two decades. Deterrence is one of the major arguments underlying this growth in the use of legislative waiver. This research evaluated the deterrent effect of the 1981 Idaho legislative waiver statute. Analyses of arrest data using a time series design indicated that this law did not reduce violent juvenile crime.

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12

Adekoya, Adenuga Fabian, and Nor Azam Abdul Razak. "The Link Between Economic Growth, Crime and Deterrence Measures in Nigeria." Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 26, no. 4 (November 1, 2016): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sues-2016-0017.

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Abstract The level of crime in Nigeria has become devastating and in order to put more sanity into the economy and the country at large, the Government has embarked on different deterrence measures in curbing crime. Thus, this study examined the interaction of deterrence measures with crime in order to see how economic growth was affected when they were used in curbing crime at different instances. That is, the interaction of deterrence measures with crime informed us how they have helped in lowering crime in Nigeria for a better economic growth to subsist. The deterrence measures considered in this work are in line with the rational choice theory being the cost of crime imposed on the society. Furthermore, this study considered data from 1975 to 2013 with the use of autoregressive distributed lag model. Moreover, the results showed that crime dependency on deterrence measures asymmetrically constituted means of lowering economic growth in the country. Hence, this study suggested that prosecution should be well funded and in order to curb crime and improve economic growth in Nigeria. That is, this would afford the country to reduce the congestion of prison inmates and thus, it would discourage long waiting trials.

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13

Bun, Maurice J. G., Richard Kelaher, Vasilis Sarafidis, and Don Weatherburn. "Crime, deterrence and punishment revisited." Empirical Economics 59, no. 5 (September 10, 2019): 2303–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00181-019-01758-6.

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Abstract Despite an abundance of empirical evidence on crime spanning over 40 years, there exists no consensus on the impact of the criminal justice system on crime activity. We construct a new panel data set that contains all relevant variables prescribed by economic theory. Our identification strategy allows for a feedback relationship between crime and deterrence variables, and it controls for omitted variables and measurement error. We deviate from the majority of the literature in that we specify a dynamic model, which captures the essential feature of habit formation and persistence in aggregate behaviour. Our results show that the criminal justice system exerts a large influence on crime activity. Increasing the risk of apprehension and conviction is more influential in reducing crime than raising the expected severity of punishment.

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14

Mourtgos, Scott M., Richard A. Wise, and Thomas Petros. "The consequences of restricting police arrest authority: less deterrence and more crime." Policing: An International Journal 41, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-11-2016-0165.

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Purpose Past research indicates that increasing police arrests deters crime. However, little research exists on how restricting police arrests affects crime. The purpose of this paper is to test whether restrictions on police authority to arrest affects deterrence and crime rates. Design/methodology/approach The data consisted of crime statistics for 105 criminal suspects from a medium-sized police department in the western USA. A 2×4 mixed analysis of variance compared the suspects’ criminal activity for a four-month period before and after the arrest restrictions were imposed to ascertain how they affected deterrence and crime rates. Findings The restrictions on police arrests significantly increased the crime rate. Moreover, the crime rate increased the longer the restrictions on police arrest authority were in effect. In sum, the present study provides empirical support for the hypothesis that restrictions on police arrest authority decrease deterrence and increase the crime rate. Practical implications The present study suggests that restrictions on police arrest authority decreases deterrence and may significantly increase the crime rate. The restrictions may also have deleterious effects on police departments. Several states have recently imposed restrictions on police authority to arrest, and many other states are considering implementing such restrictions. Policy makers should carefully consider the results of the present study before implementing these policies. Originality/value The study fills a void in the crime literature by demonstrating that restrictions on police authority to arrest can decrease deterrence and increase the crime rate.

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15

Piliavin, Irving, Rosemary Gartner, Craig Thornton, and Ross L. Matsueda. "Crime, Deterrence, and Rational Choice." American Sociological Review 51, no. 1 (February 1986): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2095480.

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16

Dalla Pellegrina, Lucia. "Court delays and crime deterrence." European Journal of Law and Economics 26, no. 3 (September 30, 2008): 267–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10657-008-9076-4.

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17

Guan, Xin, and T. Wing Lo. "Proactive Criminal Thinking and Restrictive Deterrence: A Pathway to Future Offending and Sanction Avoidance." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 11636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811636.

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Perceived crime benefit and criminal thinking are essential factors in predicting future offending. However, less is known about how the interaction of the two influences individuals’ perception and cognition of crime. This study explores whether proactive criminal thinking mediates the effect of perceived crime benefit, and tests whether restrictive deterrence influences these pathways. Using a drug dealer sample that was drawn from the Second RAND Inmate Survey, this paper finds that proactive criminal thinking significantly mediates the effect of perceived crime benefit on future offending, criminal self-efficacy, and future sanction avoidance. Mediation pathways are enhanced when taking a heterogeneous crime strategy as a moderator, but only in the experienced drug dealer subsample. These results suggest that proactive criminal thinking is a route for channeling the effects of perceived crime benefit, and an amplifier for bringing restrictive deterrence into play. Both roles apply to experienced offenders rather than less-experienced offenders. Integrating restrictive deterrence with individuals’ perception and cognition of crime is a meaningful attempt to fit restrictive deterrence into a broader theoretical map.

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18

Rothe, Dawn, and Christopher Mullins. "Beyond the Juristic Orientation of International Criminal Justice: The Relevance of Criminological Insight to International Criminal Law and its Control A Commentary." International Criminal Law Review 10, no. 1 (2010): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181209x12584562670893.

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AbstractThis article draws attention to the relevance of criminological insight on issues of international criminal law and criminal justice. In particular, the ideology and theory of deterrence, legitimacy, and international criminal law are drawn from. After all, the deterrent effect has been touted as a solid empirical fact with the progression and development of 'international criminal justice', the international tribunals since the mid 1990s, and the International Criminal Court. Yet, the current rather blind belief in the deterrent impact of international criminal justice remains, regretfully, a bit premature. Additionally, beyond the concepts of deterrence and legitimacy, criminologists have much to contribute to international criminal justice. As noted, there are social, political, cultural, and geographical issues that play a role in not only crime commission, but in the hindrance of and/or facilitation of deterrence. Criminologists are well positioned to show how these connections may facilitate or hinder the broader goals of the legal community.

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19

Rompegading, A. Melantik. "Deterrence and Eradication of Gratification Crime." SIGn Jurnal Hukum 3, no. 2 (March 7, 2022): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37276/sjh.v3i2.161.

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This study examines the principles that can deter and eradicate gratification as part of the corruption crime. This study uses a normative juridical research method. The data was collected using literature study techniques on primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The collected legal material is then analyzed using qualitative data analysis methods, which will conclude the research's object. The results show that the deterrence and eradication of gratification crime have been regulated in Article 12 B and Article 12 C of Law No. 20 of 2001. In addition, this provision contains an encumbrance of reverse proof, which aims to simplify the process of proving illegal receipts and indications as a bribery crime for civil servants or state administrators. The principles in deterrence and eradication of gratification crime include legal certainty, transparency, accountability, public interest, proportionality, and respect for human rights. Therefore, it is recommended to CEC, civil servants or state administrators, and the community to practice the principles of deterrence and eradication of gratification crime. In this case, Indonesia can be released from the shackles of criminal acts of corruption in the future.

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20

Simpson, Sally S., Melissa Rorie, Mariel Alper, Natalie Schell‐Busey, William S. Laufer, and N. Craig Smith. "Corporate Crime Deterrence: A Systematic Review." Campbell Systematic Reviews 10, no. 1 (January 2014): 1–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4073/csr.2014.4.

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21

POGARSKY, GREG. "DETERRENCE, CONTEXT, AND CRIME DECISION MAKING." Criminology & Public Policy 7, no. 1 (February 2008): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2008.00486.x.

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22

Yeager, Peter Cleary. "The Elusive Deterrence of Corporate Crime." Criminology & Public Policy 15, no. 2 (March 21, 2016): 439–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12201.

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23

Braga, Anthony A., David Weisburd, and Brandon Turchan. "Focused Deterrence Strategies and Crime Control." Criminology & Public Policy 17, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 205–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12353.

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24

Pattnayak, Satya R. "Perceived Deterrence in Crime and War." International Studies 43, no. 2 (January 2006): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002088170504300201.

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25

Bodman, Philip M., and Cameron Maultby. "Crime, punishment and deterrence in Australia." International Journal of Social Economics 24, no. 7/8/9 (July 1997): 884–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000004335.

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26

Stef, Nicolae. "Crime deterrence role of Romanian churches." Review of Social Economy 75, no. 4 (December 23, 2016): 454–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00346764.2016.1269940.

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27

Chalfin, Aaron, and Justin McCrary. "Criminal Deterrence: A Review of the Literature." Journal of Economic Literature 55, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 5–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20141147.

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We review economics research regarding the effect of police, punishments, and work on crime, with a particular focus on papers from the last twenty years. Evidence in favor of deterrence effects is mixed. While there is considerable evidence that crime is responsive to police and to the existence of attractive legitimate labor-market opportunities, there is far less evidence that crime responds to the severity of criminal sanctions. We discuss fruitful directions for future work and implications for public policy. (JEL J64, K42)

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28

deGuzman, Margaret. "Giving Priority to Sex Crime Prosecutions: The Philosophical Foundations of a Feminist Agenda." International Criminal Law Review 11, no. 3 (2011): 515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181211x576393.

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AbstractIn light of serious resource constraints, international criminal courts are required to select a small number of crimes for prosecution, leaving others to national courts or, more often, impunity. In recent years, feminists have advocated that such courts give priority to prosecuting sex crimes even at the expense of other serious crimes, including those involving killing. Many international prosecutors have heeded this call, placing special emphasis on the prosecution of sex crimes. At the same time, empirical evidence shows that many people consider sex crimes less serious than crimes resulting in death. There is thus a need to ground the selection of sex crimes for prosecution in the purposes of international criminal law. This essay examines the four primary philosophical bases advanced for international prosecutions – retribution, deterrence, expressivism, and restorative justice – to determine how they inform decisions whether to give priority to sex crime prosecutions. It concludes that retribution and deterrence support such selections at least some of the time, and expressivism and restorative justice provide an even stronger foundation for giving priority to sex crimes.

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DECKER, SCOTT H., and CAROL W. KOHFELD. "CRIMES, CRIME RATES, ARRESTS, AND ARREST RATIOS: IMPLICATIONS FOR DETERRENCE THEORY*." Criminology 23, no. 3 (August 1985): 437–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1985.tb00349.x.

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30

Gonzalez-Navarro, Marco. "Deterrence and Geographical Externalities in Auto Theft." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5, no. 4 (October 1, 2013): 92–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.5.4.92.

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Understanding the degree of geographical crime displacement is crucial for the design of crime prevention policies. This paper documents changes in automobile theft risk that were generated by the plausibly exogenous introduction of Lojack, a highly effective stolen vehicle recovery device, into a number of new Ford car models in some Mexican states, but not others. Lojack-equipped vehicles in Lojack-coverage states experienced a 48 percent reduction in theft risk due to deterrence effects. However, 18 percent of the reduction in thefts was displaced toward unprotected Lojack models in non-Lojack states, providing new evidence of geographical crime displacement in auto theft. (JEL H76, H77, K42, O17, O18, R23)

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WHITAKER, GORDON P., CHARLES DAVID PHILLIPS, PETER J. HAAS, and ROBERT E. WORDEN. "Aggressive Policing and the Deterrence of Crime." Law & Policy 7, no. 3 (July 1985): 395–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9930.1985.tb00359.x.

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32

Garrett, Thomas A., and Lesli S. Ott. "Crime and arrests: deterrence or resource reallocation?" Applied Economics Letters 18, no. 12 (August 2011): 1171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2010.528354.

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33

Abrams, David S. "Estimating the Deterrent Effect of Incarceration Using Sentencing Enhancements." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2012): 32–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.4.4.32.

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Increasing criminal sanctions may reduce crime through two primary mechanisms: deterrence and incapacitation. Disentangling their effects is crucial for optimal policy setting. I use sentence enhancements due to the introduction of state add-on gun laws to isolate the deterrent effect of incarceration. Using cross-state variation in the timing of law passage dates, I find that the average add-on gun law results in a roughly 5 percent decline in gun robberies within the first 3 years. This result is robust to a number of specification tests and does not appear to be associated with large spillovers to other types of crime. (JEL K14, K42)

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34

Syed, Shabib Haider, and Eatzaz Ahmed. "Poverty, Inequality, Political Instability and Property Crimes in Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis." Asian Journal of Law and Economics 4, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2013): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ajle-2012-0003.

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AbstractIn a formal econometric analysis of crime statistics in Pakistan, this paper estimates five systems of equations determining crime rates against property, conviction rates and police and justice input using time series annual data. The study finds substantial empirical support for the model of crime, punishment and deterrence based on economic theory. The main conclusion of the study is that in the fight against crime Pakistan needs to divert resources from the provision of legal justice through various deterrence measures, like a large police force, conviction and punishment, towards the provision of social justice in the form of the fight against poverty, inequality and unemployment and maintenance of political stability. Resources also need to be diverted from punishments to apprehension of criminals.

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35

Schneider, Andreas. "Deterrence Theory in Paraguay: Exploring Fraud and Violation of Trust Cases." Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 13, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8010023.

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This research paper contributes to the literature of deterrence theory in general, and in particular, with respect to white-collar crime, offering valuable insight by using a unique dataset of fraud and violation of trust incidents within the jurisdiction of Paraguay. Descriptive evidence shows a clear and continuous misallocation of funds and human capital, therefore providing less efficient services for the public. Regression analysis suggests that clearance rate exerts a highly significant effect in deterring fraud, but the results are not clear for violation of trust incidents. Despite the limitations of available data, results confirm the deterrence theory in Paraguay. However, for more than two-thirds of victims, not even an attempt was made to seek justice. As a side-result, it seems that a soft-on-crime strategy, induced from the former German penal code, has led to an increasing share of pre-trial diversion, therefore enhancing white-collar crimes like fraud and violation of trust, due to impunity.

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36

Hajairin, Hajairin. "Praktik Penadahan Hasil Pencurian Sepeda Motor Di Kabupaten Bima." Jurnal Ilmiah Raad Kertha 3, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47532/jirk.v3i2.217.

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The practice of deterrence of the results of motorcycle theft in Bima Regency, actually there are different criminal acts, namely criminal detention and theft, in the criminal offense is regulated in Article 480 of the Criminal Code (KUHP) while criminal acts of theft are set in Article 362 of the Criminal Code (KUHP), besides that many people use stolen motorbikes also make it easy for anyone to steal motorbikes, because thieves have no difficulty in selling their stolen products, whereas deterrence of the results of motorcycle theft is a crime committed by a third party as a host, with the intention of benefiting from the results of motorcycle theft committed by another person. The crime of motorcycle theft in the Regency of Bima, appears as a new social problem, collectors not only collect , deviating the results of motorcycle theft in the local area in the district of Bima only, but also can receive motorbike theft and embezzlement of motorbikes in other areas such as the island of Lombok, Java and Jakarta etc. This dynamic explains the existence of structural crimes in motorcycle theft in Bima Regency, the structural can be deterrence in Bima Regency in collaboration with collectors outside Bima Regency to facilitate the deviation of the results of the motorcycle theft

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Е.Н., Яковец,, and Бражников, Д.А. "Implementing operational investigative measures to prevent crimes: problematic issues of legislation and key directions of implementation." Penitentiary Science, no. 4(60) (December 16, 2022): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2686-9764.2022.60.4.006.

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Введение: предупреждение преступлений наряду с их раскрытием является одной из важнейших задач оперативных подразделений всех субъектов оперативно-розыскной деятельности. Вместе с тем, как показывает изучение нормативной правовой базы и научной литературы, ее правовое регулирование имеет не только ряд недостатков, но и значимых пробелов. Так, например, нет однозначного понимания соотношения понятий предупреждения преступлений и профилактики преступлений, в законодательстве отсутствует возможность осуществлять оперативно-розыскные мероприятия для решения задачи предупреждения преступлений и др. Цель: на основе анализа законодательства и имеющихся научных публикаций сформулировать предложения по совершенствованию федерального закона «Об оперативно-розыскной деятельности» в части правового регулирования предупреждения преступлений, рассмотреть соотношение понятий «предупреждение преступлений» и «профилактика преступлений», а также кратко охарактеризовать основные направления, содержание профилактики преступности. Методы: сравнительно-правовой, теоретические методы формальной и диалектической логики; частнонаучные методы: эмпирический, юридикодог- матический и метод толкования правовых норм. Результаты: в статье изложены основные правовые проблемы предупреждения преступлений, сформулированы авторские предложения по их разрешению в виде проектов изменений в соответствующие статьи федерального за- кона «Об оперативно-розыскной деятельности». Даны толкования понятий «предупреждение преступлений» и «профилактика преступлений», сделан вывод об их неидентичности – профилактика преступлений является частью предупреждения преступлений. Рассмотрено со- держание общей и индивидуальной профилактики, причем внимание читателя обращено на активное использование в работе по их реализации оперативно-розыскных сил, средств и методов. Сформулировано авторское положение о первопричине совершения любого преступления, которой выступает микросоциальный конфликт лица и общества, возникший в результате социально-психологической дезадаптации человека. Выводы: профилактика преступлений является частью предупреждения преступлений и реализуется в направлении общей и индивидуальной профилактики путем выявления и устранения причин и условий, способствующих совершению преступлений, а также выявления лиц, образ жизни и поведение которых указывают на возможность совершения ими преступлений. Подчеркивается, что, хотя предупреждение преступлений предусмотрено оперативно-розыскным законодательством в качестве задачи оперативно-розыскной деятельности, средств решения этой задачи в виде оснований для проведения оперативно-розыскных мероприятий закон не содержит, результатом чего является пробел в правовом регулировании сложившейся общественно полезной правоприменительной практики. В целях устранения этого недостатка необходимо внести изменения в ст. 1 федерального закона «Об оперативно-розыскной деятельности», дополнив существующую возможность осуществления оперативно-розыскной деятельности «посредством проведения оперативно-розыскных мероприятий» словосочетанием «и иных действий». Также представляется целесообразным дополнить ст. 7 основанием для проведения оперативно-розыскных мероприятий в целях «добывания информации для выявления, предупреждения, пресечения или раскрытия подготавливаемого, совершаемого или совершенного преступления, а также о лицах, его замышляющих, подготавливающих, совершающих или совершивших». Introduction: crime prevention and solution are crucial tasks of operational units of all subjects conducting law enforcement intelligence operations. At the same time, the study of the regulatory legal framework and scientific literature shows that its legal regulation is characterized by certain shortcomings and significant gaps. So, for example, there is no unambiguous understanding of the relationship between concepts of crime prevention and crime deterrence, the legislation does not provide for the ability to carry out operational investigative measures to solve the problem of crime prevention, etc. Purpose: based on the analysis of legislation and available scientific publications, to formulate proposals for improving the Federal Law “On law enforcement intelligence operations” in terms of the legal regulation of crime prevention, consider relationship of the concepts “crime prevention” and “crime deterrence”, as well as briefly characterize key directions and the content of crime prevention. Methods: comparative legal, theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic; private scientific methods: empirical, legal-dogmatic and method of interpretation of legal norms. Results: the article outlines crucial legal problems of crime prevention, formulates proposals for their resolution in the form of draft amendments to relevant articles of the Federal Law “On law enforcement intelligence operations”. The article presents interpretations of the concepts “crime prevention” and “crime deterrence” and concludes about their non-identity – crime deterrence is part of crime prevention. The content of general and individual deterrence is considered, and the reader’s attention is drawn to the active use of operational search forces, means and methods in the work on their implementation. The author argues that the root cause of any crime commission is the microsocial conflict of a person and society, which arose as a result of socio-psychological maladaptation of a person. Conclusions: crime deterrence is part of crime prevention and is implemented in the direction of general and individual deterrence by determining and eliminating causes and conditions that contribute to the commission of crimes, as well as identifying persons whose lifestyle and behavior demonstrate possible commission of crimes. It is emphasized that, although crime prevention is fixed as a task of law enforcement intelligence operations in the operational-investigative legislation, the law does not contain the means to solve this problem in the form of grounds for conducting operational search measures. So, there is a gap in the legal regulation of the established socially useful law enforcement practice. In order to eliminate this shortcoming, it is necessary to amend Article 1 of the Federal Law “On law enforcement intelligence operations”, supplementing the existing possibility to carry out law enforcement intelligence operations “by carrying out operational investigative measures” with the phrase “and other actions”. It also seems appropriate to supplement Article 7 with the basis for conducting operational investigative measures in order to “obtain information for identification, prevention, suppression or solution of the illegal act being prepared, being committed or having been committed, as well as about the persons who are plotting, preparing, committing or have committed it”.

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Roche, Sean Patrick, Theodore Wilson, and Justin T. Pickett. "Perceived Control, Severity, Certainty, and Emotional Fear: Testing an Expanded Model of Deterrence." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 57, no. 4 (November 22, 2019): 493–531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427819888249.

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Objectives: Growing evidence indicates that criminologists should incorporate emotional states, such as fear, into standard deterrence frameworks. Within the fear of crime literature, there is empirical support for the “sensitivity to risk” model, which posits perceived victimization control and severity drive certainty perceptions, and these cognitions, in turn, drive fear of crime. We apply this logic to offender decision-making. Methods: Using a sample of young adults ( N = 829), an anonymous online survey, and path analysis, this study investigates an expanded model of deterrence. Results: Perceived control over apprehension directly reduced perceptions of the certainty of being apprehended. Perceived severity was both directly and indirectly, through perceived certainty, associated with greater fear of apprehension. Fear of apprehension is negatively associated with reported criminal propensity, and the effects of cognitive judgments of control, severity, and certainty have an indirect effect on reported criminal propensity via fear of apprehension. Conclusions: Our findings illustrate the need to better understand the psychological and emotional aspects of deterrence. Individuals do not simply consult their preformed certainty perceptions when considering crime. Identifying all of the relevant cognitions and the emotions is critical for advancing criminological theories and improving crime policies.

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Rosenberger, Jared S., and Valerie J. Callanan. "The Influence of Media on Penal Attitudes." Criminal Justice Review 36, no. 4 (December 2011): 435–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016811428779.

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This study examines the influence of crime-related media consumption on individuals’ perceptions of the most important purpose of criminal sentencing, using a statewide survey of 4,245 California residents. Consumption of various forms of crime-related media was regressed on four goals of criminal sentencing (punishment, incapacitation, deterrence, and rehabilitation) using multinomial logistic regression. The results suggest that consumption of television news and crime-based reality programs increased the odds of selecting punishment as the most important goal of criminal sentencing as opposed to rehabilitation. The more hours of television watched, irrespective of genre, the more likely respondents were to support punishment, deterrence, or incapacitation rather than rehabilitation. These results hold even after controlling for various sociodemographic characteristics and experiences with crime such as fear, past victimization, and prior arrests.

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Yamen, Ahmed, Anas Al Qudah, Ahmed Badawi, and Ahmed Bani-Mustafa. "The impact of national culture on financial crime." Journal of Money Laundering Control 22, no. 2 (May 7, 2019): 373–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-01-2018-0004.

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Purpose Despite the existence of laws, regulations and sanctions, financial crime remains widespread. The Panama leaks have proven that people from all over the world are participating in money laundering and other financial crimes. This study aims to investigate the influence of national culture on financial crimes across 78 countries. Design/methodology/approach This study uses Hofstede’s cultural framework as a basis for its hypotheses on financial crime. It also uses the Basel anti-money laundering index as a proxy for measuring the incidence of financial crime across the countries under review. Findings The findings show that countries whose cultural profiles are characterized by low uncertainty avoidance, low individualism, high masculinity and low long-term orientation have high rates of financial crime. The finding also shows that countries whose cultural profiles are characterized by individualism or positive collectivism, uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation have low rates of financial crime. Originality/value Laws, regulations and sanctions are not the only factors that can help deter the crime; governments should also take a holistic approach that includes the cultural factors that encourage deterrence.

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Nye, Joseph S. "Deterrence and Dissuasion in Cyberspace." International Security 41, no. 3 (January 2017): 44–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00266.

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Understanding deterrence and dissuasion in cyberspace is often difficult because our minds are captured by Cold War images of massive retaliation to a nuclear attack by nuclear means. The analogy to nuclear deterrence is misleading, however, because many aspects of cyber behavior are more like other behaviors, such as crime, that states try (imperfectly) to deter. Preventing harm in cyberspace involves four complex mechanisms: threats of punishment, denial, entanglement, and norms. Even when punishment is used, deterrent threats need not be limited to cyber responses, and they may address general behavior as well as specific acts. Cyber threats are plentiful, often ambiguous, and difficult to attribute. Problems of attribution are said to limit deterrence and dissuasion in the cyber domain, but three of the major means—denial by defense, entanglement, and normative taboos—are not strongly hindered by the attribution problem. The effectiveness of different mechanisms depends on context, and the question of whether deterrence works in cyberspace depends on “who and what.” Not all cyberattacks are of equal importance; not all can be deterred; and not all rise to the level of significant national security threats. The lesson for policymakers is to focus on the most important attacks and to understand the context in which such attacks may occur and the full range of mechanisms available to prevent them.

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Abdulridha, Jaafar Naser, Qusay Ali Abbas, and Salwan Jaber Hashim. "The philosophy of private deterrence in the penal code." Cuestiones Políticas 38, Especial II (December 8, 2020): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.382e.10.

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The aim of article was to discuss the philosophy of private deterrence under Iraq's penal code. The methodology adopted was the inductive approach, which helps to extrapolate legal texts with this study and the jurisprudence of legal jurists. The Legislator applies to the threat with punishment the harm and pain that will be inflicted on them if the crime is eaten by law, what is known as public deterrence speech. For its part, the special deterrent will be responsible for reforming the meaning and morality of the offender, following various means provided by the legislature and designing a method of education of the deprived of liberty, allowing them the voluntary work determined by the conditions of each penance conditions or even by the subsequent formal and informal reintegration mechanisms of ex-convictions. It is concluded that these methods and others can contribute significantly to the achievement of the deterrence objectives, which is to reform and evaluate the offender's conduct according to criminal gravity on a case-by-case basis.

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Dancy, Geoff. "Searching for Deterrence at the International Criminal Court." International Criminal Law Review 17, no. 4 (June 29, 2017): 625–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01704007.

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Does the International Criminal Court (icc) deter acts of violence in the world? To answer this question, this article first distinguishes between three phenomena that are often confusingly grouped together under the heading of ‘deterrence’. These include the termination of ongoing civil wars (compellence), the prevention of atrocity crime recidivism (specific deterrence), and the overall prevention of war and atrocity crimes (general deterrence). The article then assesses whether state commitments to the Rome Statute and icc intervention in specific contexts can promote these three aims. It presents evidence that the icc can indeed contribute to violence prevention, though not because of its ability to sanction abusive actors. Instead, the Court’s role as a ‘stigmatizer’ in the international community has likely contributed to declines in certain types of violence over time. As such, the article concludes that the icc is more important for what it is than what it does.

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ANDREOZZI, LUCIANO. "Inspection games with long-run inspectors." European Journal of Applied Mathematics 21, no. 4-5 (May 12, 2010): 441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956792510000136.

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The inspection game has been widely used as a model for crime deterrence. In this article, we shall present a broad review of the literature and an original result. The original result concerns the interaction between a single, long-run inspector and a population of short-run, boundedly rational would-be criminals. This approach gives rise to an optimal control problem that can be solved explicitly. We show that a forward-looking inspector obtains the same payoff he would obtain if he could commit to a probability of inspection. The consequences of this result for the economics of crime deterrence are also explored.

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Cooley, Will, Michelle Bemiller, Eric Jefferis, and Rose Penix. "Neighborhood by neighborhood: community policing in a rust belt city." Policing: An International Journal 42, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 226–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-01-2018-0002.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine citizen satisfaction with police services and perceived safety using survey research in two high crime neighborhoods. Problem-oriented crime deterrence strategies were used in one neighborhood, the other served as a control group. Design/methodology/approach Mixed-methods approach was used to measure the effectiveness of problem-oriented approaches in persistent high-crime areas. Pre- and post-intervention surveys were conducted by sampling addresses in both neighborhoods and analyzing results. Findings No between-neighborhood differences were reported regarding the satisfaction with police services or improvement in perceived safety. Originality/value These findings suggest that this deterrence strategy is a promising approach to reducing crime while not damaging community perceptions. However, departments must vary place-based strategies, and prevention is difficult given historical contexts, the absence of credible community partners and limited resources in a declining city.

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Braga, Anthony A., and David L. Weisburd. "The Effects of Focused Deterrence Strategies on Crime." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 49, no. 3 (September 13, 2011): 323–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427811419368.

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Rosenberg, Yale L., and David M. Gordis. "Crime, Punishment, and Deterrence: An American-Jewish Exploration." Journal of Law and Religion 17, no. 1/2 (2002): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1051417.

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Bell, Brian, Laura Jaitman, and Stephen Machin. "Crime Deterrence: Evidence From the London 2011 Riots." Economic Journal 124, no. 576 (May 2014): 480–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12137.

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Rouse, John Jay. "The Relationship between Police Presence and Crime Deterrence." Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 58, no. 2 (April 1985): 118–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032258x8505800204.

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Imai, Susumu, and Kala Krishna. "EMPLOYMENT, DETERRENCE, AND CRIME IN A DYNAMIC MODEL*." International Economic Review 45, no. 3 (August 2004): 845–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-6598.2004.00289.x.

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