Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Crime deterrence'
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Rupp, Thomas. "Meta Analysis of Crime and Deterrence : A Comprehensive Review of the Literature." Phd thesis, Norderstedt Books on Demand GmbH, 2008. http://d-nb.info/988987139/04.
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English, Diana Jane. "An historical analysis of punishment policy 1600 to 1865 /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8136.
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Meehan, Michael K. "The tools of prevention building prevention and deterrence into exercise programs /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA486358.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2006.Thesis Advisor(s): Bellavita, Christopher. "September 2006." "Change in distribution statement for Tools of Prevention: Building Prevention and Deterrence into Exercise Programs -- September 2006." Description based on title screen as viewed on October 17, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-119). Also available in print.
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Bergman, Marcelo S. "On trust, deterrence and compliance : the sociology of tax evasion in Argentina /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3029642.
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Mahoney, Thomas Gregory. "Workers' compensation claimant fraud investigations : deterring light blue-collar crime." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/workers-compensation-claimant-fraud-investigations-deterring-light-bluecollar-crime(19c674ec-0405-4631-9e3e-88de8afce7d6).html.
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Programme evaluation research examined the criminological and socio-legal issues of a Claimant Fraud Investigation Program (CFIP) operating inside the workers' compensation system. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to evaluate the programmes' choice of deterrence as an instrumental mechanism for achieving compliance. Key aspects of the programme were analysed from both criminological and socio-legal standpoints. Justice and liberty tensions were examined in reference to the programmes' deterrence mechanisms and the perceptions of fourteen participants' were thematically analysed. The study develops an analytically useful concept of light blue-collar crime that could be applied to other organisations and scenarios. The study concluded the programme is not effective and has more of a symbolic than instrumental value. It conducts itself ethically, however, there are problems with its' choice of deterrence and the study indicates there is a low probability for a deterrent effect. Recommendations are made for other actors and institutions to play non-deterrence based roles intended to achieve compliance.
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Kmiec, Marek. "Biblical standards for the death penalty." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1991. http://www.tren.com.
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Cook, Amanda Paige. "CAPITAL AND PUNISHMENT: SUPPORTING THE DEATH OF DETERRENCE." MSSTATE, 2007. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-04262007-171049/.
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Previous research has examined certainty and severity of punishment as serving a deterrent function. This research examines the effects of economic, cultural, and social capital, as well as the effects of certainty, severity, and prior punishment on likelihood of re-offending. Data collected at the Central Mississippi Correctional Facility suggest that traditional deterrence indicators are insufficient for predicting likelihood of re-offending. This research finds that prior punishment increases likelihood of re-offending, a finding completely counter to that of traditional deterrence. Re-offending may be best understood by considering the effects of punishment on increasing prison capital and decreasing real world capital. The argument is that inmates consider their potential in the real world as compared to that in a prison when reporting likelihood of re-offending. Such considerations should better explain likelihood of re-offending as compared to traditional deterrence indicators, such as certainty, severity, and prior punishment.
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Delaney, Christopher L. "The effects of focused deterrence on gang homicide : an evaluation of Rochester's Ceasefire program /." Link to online version, 2005. https://ritdml.rit.edu/dspace/handle/1850/1542.
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Tanaka, Dai. "Exploring Factors Affecting Crime Rates in Japan (1955-2012)." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1627.
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Japan has been seen as a safe country in the world. Previous studies that show societal and cultural characteristics have contributed to the comparative low crime rates. Also, the roles of criminal justice system are critical. Today, Japanese society favors a more punitive approach towards offenders. The present study examined which variables of economic factors, socio-structural factors, and deterrence factors affected Japanese crime rates (i.e., homicide, robbery, and larceny), testing for Institutional anomie theory (IAT) and deterrence theory. I conducted visual examination of co-variation with Z-scores and an ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average), with Japanese governmental data from 1955 to 2012. The results indicated homicide rates were explained by neither IAT nor deterrence variables. Robbery rates were significantly related with unemployment rates and divorce rates, supporting IAT. Larceny rates were strongly associated with clearance rates, giving support to deterrence theory. Based on the results, practical implications and limitations were discussed.
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Speziale, Nino. "Criminalità, deterrenza criminale e determinanti economiche. Analisi empirica." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/226.
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2009 - 2010La tesi, dopo un capitolo dedicato alle teorie sulla criminalità nelle scienze sociali e sui modelli economici del crimine sviluppati dalla letteratura, presenta tre analisi empiriche che studiano le determinanti criminali in Europa e nel mondo su dati nazionali e in Italia a livello regionale. L’analisi europea esamina la relazione fra criminalità, deterrenza criminale e le opportunità del mercato del lavoro nelle 27 nazioni appartenenti all’Unione Europea per il periodo 2000-2007 su dati Eurostat. Il tasso di disoccupazione viene analizzato seguendo anche una classificazione ISCED (International Standard Classification of Education) per studiare il contributo fornito dall’educazione del soggetto disoccupato nella formazione del comportamento criminale. Viene implementato un modello dinamico usando uno stimatore system GMM per controllare l’endogeneità delle determinanti criminali, la presenza degli effetti specifici nazionali non osservabili e l’errore sistematico di misurazione delle statistiche criminali. Successivamente, nell’analisi mondiale, si estende il lavoro a 50 nazioni, considerando il periodo 2003-2007 su dati UNESCO. Si investiga sulla relazione fra i crimini più violenti, il tasso di omicidi, e il fattore educativo, cioè l’impatto della popolazione con bassa e alta istruzione. Al modello dinamico viene applicato lo stimatore BC (Bias Correction) per risolvere le problematiche derivanti dalla presenza di un panel non bilanciato. Infine, l’analisi sulle regioni italiane si concentra sugli effetti della deterrenza criminale, l’impatto del mercato del lavoro e dell’abbandono scolastico su diversi tassi di criminalità. Si studia inoltre l’esistenza dei “white collar crimes” con l’uso della percentuale degli impiegati nella Pubblica Amministrazione come variabile esplicativa. La metodologia econometrica impiegata è il system GMM applicato ad una specificazione dinamica, per il periodo 1995-2004 su dati Istat. I risultati ottenuti sono in linea con quanto predetto dai modelli economici sul crimine, in più offrono diversi contributi alla materia. Nell’analisi europea i risultati mostrano, oltre all’efficacia delle politiche di deterrenza, la relazione positiva fra disoccupazione e i diversi tassi di criminalità, relazione che decresce all’aumentare del livello di istruzione ISCED nell’individuo disoccupato. L’unica relazione negativa si verifica nei furti con scasso nelle abitazioni, infatti durante i periodi di alta disoccupazione, gli individui spendono più tempo a casa, acquistando il ruolo di guardiani dei propri beni. Nell’analisi mondiale, le proxy sull’educazione catturano l’effetto civilizzazione, all’aumentare degli individui più acculturati diminuisce il fenomeno criminale. Nell’analisi italiana, la disoccupazione e l’abbandono scolastico sono positivamente correlati con i tassi criminali, mentre la relazione con i salari dipende, come nel caso europeo, dal crimine analizzato. Infine si osserva un effetto “white collar crime”. [a cura dell'autore]
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Bengtsson, Sofia, and Tobias Båvall. "Is Harsher Punishment the Solution? : A Cost-benefit Analysis of a Swedish Crime Policy." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-160261.
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In this thesis we analyse the economic effects of a policy proposal in Sweden, which implies a removal of the sentence reduction for 18- to 20-year-old offenders. We use a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) to systematically assess its effects. Our results indicate that the policy proposal is most likely beneficial to society, a conclusion which is strengthened by our sensitivity analysis. Our CBA builds upon Becker’s (1968) economic model of crime, and the extensive literature it has inspired which explores the effects of harsher punishment on crime. In order to assess how a harsher sentencing regime affects society, we use crime-punishment elasticities and costs of crime based on previous studies and own estimations. Our main contribution to the existing literature is twofold. First, we provide an economic dimension to a current political issue. Second, we employ a CBA to a research area in Sweden in which the method has been used sparingly. Knowing how an increase in punishment affects crime rates is of great importance for policy making. Hence, we encourage further analysis in this area, especially in Sweden.
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Koksal, Tamer. "The Effect of Police Organization on Computer Crime." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1248077373.
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Jungels, Amanda M. ""Just say no" a process evaluation of a johns' school /." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11272007-182831/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2007.Title from file title page. Denise Donnelly, committee chair; Dawn Baunach, Charles Gallagher, committee members. Electronic text (86 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Feb. 25, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-77).
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Mungan, Murat Can. "Optimal Procedures in Criminal Law: Five Essays." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1744.
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Thesis advisor: Hideo KonishiBecker (1968) provides a formal framework for analyzing various policies in criminal law. Within this framework there are potential criminals, who have varying benefits from committing an illegal act. They are subject to sanctions when they are caught and are found guilty for committing such acts. Accordingly, increased expected sanctions lead to greater deterrence. There are also costs associated with achieving such deterrence. Hence, there are optimal policy variables which balance costs and gains associated with increased deterrence. In my dissertation, in five independent but closely related essays, I address various issues related to criminal law by making use of optimal crime and deterrence models, which are similar to Becker (1968). First, I analyze the standard of proof in criminal trials and extend a justification as to why there are higher standards of proof in criminal trials versus civil trials. Next, I introduce the concept of mixed warning strategies, and justify the use of mixed as well as pure warning strategies in law enforcement. In a related essay, I show that it is optimal to punish repeat offenders more severely than first time offenders, provided that offenders gain experience in evading detection by committing offenses. In my fourth essay, I identify reasons as to why it is welfare improving to allow individuals to self-report conduct crimes. Finally, I propose a simple framework to incorporate the concept of remorse in the economic analysis of criminal law, and show that the Beckerian maximal fine result need not hold when some individuals feel remorse
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics
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Dickson, Megan F. "CONVICTION CELERITY, PUNISHMENT SEVERITY, AND TREATMENT COMPLIANCE AS PREDICTORS OF DUI RECIDIVISM: MEDIATION AND MODERATION MODELS OF DETERRENCE." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/sociology_etds/13.
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Driving under the influence (DUI) is one of the most frequently committed offenses in the United States and approximately one-third of DUI offenders are recidivists. Researchers have evaluated multiple DUI prevention approaches, most of which have been rooted in deterrence theory. Recently, the criminal justice system has moved away from deterrence-based approaches and begun employing various forms of rehabilitation to reduce DUI recidivism. This shift in the criminal justice system has lead researchers to begin exploring the effects of rehabilitation on DUI offenders, including an examination of offender compliance with rehabilitation programs. Although each of these areas has been investigated separately, existing studies have not incorporated deterrence-related measures, rehabilitation compliance, and offender recidivism into a single model.
Utilizing a statewide sample of Kentucky DUI offenders, the primary goal of this dissertation was to examine whether rehabilitation compliance mediates the relationship between deterrence-related variables (conviction celerity and punishment severity) and DUI offender recidivism. Second, because existing studies have produced inconclusive or mixed results regarding deterrence among DUI offenders, analyses were conducted to examine the potential moderating effects of age, gender, substance use problem severity, and location on the relationship between deterrence-related variables and DUI recidivism.
Overall, the hypothesized mediation models were unsupported. There was no direct correlation between the deterrence-related variables and DUI recidivism. In addition, while there was some evidence of moderation, the hypothesized moderation models were also largely unsupported. Despite these results, compliance was significantly related to DUI recidivism in all four models, and there was evidence of relationships between both compliance and DUI recidivism with age, gender, problem severity, and location.
Findings highlight the importance of compliance and social and environmental variables in predicting DUI recidivism, suggesting that these variables may be more accurate predictors of DUI recidivism than deterrence-based variables. Results demonstrate a need for the criminal justice system to place more emphasis on offenders’ treatment needs, treatment accessibility, and retention of DUI offenders in rehabilitation programs in order to decrease DUI recidivism.
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Wyant, Brian Ray. "Micro-level spatio-temporal relationships between firearm arrests and shootings in Philadelphia: Implications for understanding of crime, time, place, and policing." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/90460.
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Criminal JusticePh.D.
The current study examines the relationship between shootings and police firearm arrests at a more detailed spatial and temporal level than has previous work. Using data from Philadelphia during the years 2004 to 2007 two dynamics are investigated: the relationship between a shooting and subsequent police firearm arrests nearby in space and time; and the relationship between a police firearm arrest and subsequent shootings nearby in space and time. In order to simultaneously consider spatial and temporal variation at a more micro-level, the current study uses a modified version of the Knox (1964) close pair method, a spatio-temporal clustering technique first used to study contagious diseases, and later used to analyze near-repeat patterns in the study of crime. The first question explored the relationship between a shooting and subsequent police firearm arrests. Results showed elevated patterns of firearm arrests were approximately two and a half times greater than would be expected levels of firearm arrests than if shootings and subsequent firearm arrests lacked a spatio-temporal association. Greater than expected elevated patterns persisted for up to about a fifth of a mile away and about one week but the strength of these associations waned. The observed patterns suggest an immediate and geographically targeted police response to a shooting and a somewhat sustained effort. Turning attention to the next question, an initial slightly elevated level of shootings followed a firearm arrest but for only a couple of days and about one block; shooting swiftly dropped below expected levels as one moves away in time and space. The waning and eventual significant drop in shootings may arise from ecological deterrence, but any suppression of shootings was short-lived. Overall, the current work highlights the close associations in space and time between police and offenders and suggests that police and offender activity is not simultaneous as the police response to a shooting immediately whereas potential offender's response to police actions is moderately delayed. Potential implications for theory and policy regarding both police behavior/police organizational responsiveness and ecological deterrence are discussed.
Temple University--Theses
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Trigueiros, Maria da Conceição Bidarra de Melo. "Da prisão à cidade punitiva-utopia e realidade." Phd thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- UTL-Universidade Técnica de Lisboa -- -Faculdade de Arquitectura, 2000. http://dited.bn.pt:80/29108.
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Stein, Madeline. "A Philosophical Analysis of California Determinate Sentencing, Three Strikes, and Realignment." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1110.
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This thesis explores the relationship between philosophy and policy in the context of three California policies, Determinate Sentencing, Three Strikes, and Realignment. The philosophy portion includes theories of retribution, deterrence, and rehabilitation, focusing on the tensions and conflicts within them.
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Santos, João Carlos Carvalho dos. "A política prisional e a criminalidade portuguesa contemporânea." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3812.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Administração Públia na especialização na Administração da JustiçaA Escola Clássica nascida do ideário iluminista alicerçou a sua ideologia no homem delinquente, dotado da racionalidade pelo que haveria que dotar o sistema prisional dos meios adequados à sua corrigibilidade.Porém, esta política prisional falhou porque não existiam os meios necessários e suficientes e porque a racionalidade dos delinquentes era bastante limitada. Sucedeu-lhe a Escola Humanista de Lombroso associada ao Estado Providência com a ideia de que o delinquente era um doente que haveria que tratar, leia-se ressocialização, e que se manteve até há bem pouco tempo. Ainda que os resultados não tivessem o resultado desejado: reduzir a criminalidade. A partir dos anos sessenta surgiu a Nova Criminologia que procurou conciliar algumas das ideias da Escola Clássica às ideias da Escola Humanista de Lombroso na tentativa de inverter a tendência ascendente da criminalidade. A dissuasão, comum à Escola Clássica e à Nova Criminologia, surge no contexto prisional como um meio que provámos ser necessário prever na nossa política prisional como forma de tentar resolver o problema social da criminalidade.
The Classical School born from the enlightenment ideas supported their ideology on the criminal, endowed with rationality so that we would provide the system with the adequate means to their corrigibility. however, this prisional policy flailed because neither there was the necessary and sufficient meanings or because the rationality of the criminals was quite limited. Succeeded it the Lombroso Humanistic School associated to the Welfare state with the main idea that the criminal was a patient that should be treated, read it rehabilitation, and that would last until very recently. Although the results did not have the desired outcome: reduce crime. From the sixties on came out the New Criminology that sought to reconcile the ideas of the Classical School with some ideas of the Lombroso Humanistic School in an attempt to reverse the upward trend in crime. Deterrence, common to both the Classic School and to the New Criminology, happen in the prisional context as a way that we prove is necessary to take in to account in our prisional policy, in an attempt of trying to solve the social problem of criminality.
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Yarbrough, Angela. "The conditional influence of criminological constructs on juvenile delinquency : an examination of the moderating effects of self-control." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001942.
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Bourgeat, Emilie. "Penality, violence and colonial rule in Kenya (c.1930-1952)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f33d9b21-f1b4-43cb-bb38-595e5989b931.
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Within the research field of colonial violence, scholars focused on wars of conquest or independence and tended to picture counterinsurgency campaigns as an exceptional deployment of state violence in the face of peculiar threats. In colonial Kenya, the British repression of the Mau Mau uprising of the 1950s has been the object of extensive and thorough analysis, contrasting with the lack of research on colonial punishment during the preceding decades. Yet the unleashing of state violence during the 1950s actually has a much longer history, lurking in the shadows of the criminal justice system that British powers introduced in the colony in the late nineteenth century. In contrast to previous scholarship, this study shows how ordinary colonial violence - although massively scaled up during the 1950s - was progressively normalised, institutionalised and intensified throughout the colonial experience of the 1930s and 1940s, laying the ground for the deployment of a counterinsurgency campaign against Mau Mau fighters.
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Ferreira, Sandro de Freitas. "Transgressão, norma social e crime: o papel da dissuasão social nas áreas mínimas comparáveis no Brasil (1991-2010)." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2017. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/5454.
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As medidas de crimes no Brasil, particularmente violentos e fatais, têm se mantido e crescido, desde os anos de 1980, acima de dez homicídios por cem mil habitantes; limite mínimo recomendado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. A essa “poluição” social, costuma-se responder com aumento do esforço de combate e controle do aparato policial-judicial. Todavia, as autoridades estatais não conseguem monitorar ubiquamente as atividades ilegítimas sob sua jurisdição. Portanto, não podem prescindir de outros controladores. Embora sejam menos eficazes quanto aos crimes, porém mais difusos territorialmente, os controladores sociais podem atuar, como efeito dissuasório primário, mediante a socialização de crenças positivas de adesão a normas sociais e leis, de crenças negativas para sua violação e a administração de sanções. As políticas criminais, especialmente aquelas que envolvem mudanças legislativas penais não podem ignorar os efeitos que outras mudanças legislativas têm sobre as estruturas de incentivos que regem as atividades desses controladores primários. Pressupondo-se que os processos decisórios criminal e transgressivo têm natureza comum (envolvendo punição penal e social, respectivamente); que a decisão individual de entrada na atividade criminal requer informação útil e que, na ausência de mercados ilícitos organizados, recorre-se a outros canais de informação, tal como as experiências transgressivas e criminais pessoais e alheias; a densidade transgressivo-criminal poderia carregar informação sobre o custo moral dessa entrada na “indústria” proscrita. O objetivo desta Tese é avaliar o efeito qualitativo da dissuasão social como barreira primária às escolhas ilegítimas individuais. Uma vez que os níveis de transgressões podem indiretamente sinalizar o nível dessa dissuasão primária, desenvolveu-se uma estratégia metodológica que pudesse mensura-la. Além de uma avaliação preliminar da distribuição territorial e da evolução temporal de algumas transgressões, nas áreas mínimas comparáveis (AMCs) brasileiras nos anos de 1991 a 2010, executam-se Análises de Agrupamentos e Discriminante para identificar grupos de AMCs em níveis de transgressividade-criminalidade; extraem-se os fatores transgressivos comuns (definidos como “transgressividade por incapacitação”, “transgressividade familiar-religiosa” e “transgressividade educativa adulta”) da amostra do grupos de AMCs com maiores níveis de transgressões e crimes e com maiores populações, por Análise Fatorial; e averiguam-se, via Análise Comparativa Qualitativa, as relações entre esses fatores e as taxas de homicídio, como medida mais robusta do nível de criminalidade. Além da identificação de grupos de níveis alto, intermediário e baixo de transgressões e crimes, e desses três fatores, as evidências sugerem que alta transgressividade familiar-religiosa (equivalentemente, baixa coatividade familiar-religiosa) associa-se consistentemente alta taxa de homicídio; inclusive, quando combinada com alta dissuasão estatal.
Measures of crimes in Brazil, particularly violent and fatal, have been maintained and increased, since the 1980s, over ten homicides per hundred thousand inhabitants; minimum threshold recommended by the World Health Organization. To this social "pollution", it is usually answered with increased effort to combat and control the police-judicial apparatus. However, state authorities are unable to monitor illegitimate activities under their jurisdiction. Therefore, they cannot do without other controllers. Although they are less effective in crimes, but more territorially diffused, social controllers can act as a primary deterrent by socializing positive beliefs of adherence to social norms and laws, from negative beliefs to their violation and the administration of sanctions. Criminal policies, especially those involving criminal law changes, cannot ignore the effects of other legislative changes on the incentive structures governing the activities of these primary controllers. Assuming that criminal and transgressive decision-making processes have a common nature (involving criminal and social punishment, respectively); that individual decision to enter criminal activity requires useful information and that, in the absence of organized illicit markets, other information channels are used, such as personal and extraneous criminal and transgressive experiences; Transgressive-criminal density could carry information about the moral cost of such entry into proscribed industry. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the qualitative effect of social deterrence as a primary barrier to individual illegitimate choices. Since the levels of transgression can indirectly signal the level of this primary deterrence, a methodological strategy was developed that could measure it. In addition to a preliminary evaluation of the territorial distribution and the temporal evolution of some transgressions, in the brazilian comparable minimum areas (AMCs) from 1991 to 2010, Clusters and Discriminant Analysis are carried out to identify groups of AMCs at levels of transgressivitycriminality; the common transgressive factors (defined as "transgressivity by incapacitation", "family-religious transgressiveness" and "adult educational transgressiveness") are extracted from the sample of AMC groups with higher levels of transgressions and crimes and with larger populations by Factor Analysis; and, through Qualitative Comparative Analysis, the relationships between these factors and homicide rates are ascertained as a more robust measure of the level of crime. In addition to the identification of groups of high, intermediate and low levels of transgressions and crimes, and of these three factors, the evidence suggests that high family-religious transgressiveness (equivalently, low family-religious deterrence) is consistently associated with a high homicide rate; even when combined with high state deterrence.
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Colyer, Greg Warren. "Is capital punishment a deterrent to crime?" CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1720.
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Schell-Busey, Natalie Marie. "The deterrent effects of ethics codes for corporate crime a meta-analysis /." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/9289.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2009.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Dalhousie, Landi. "Crime as deterrent to sustainable tourism growth? : perspectives on the impact of crime on tourism in the Western Cape." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50309.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study analyses the impact of crime on sustainable tourism growth in the Western Cape. It investigates tourists' perceptions of crime in the province and the role of the media in creating or influencing these perceptions. This study also provides an overview of the most important government initiatives and policies that have been undertaken and implemented at local, provincial and national levels. These policies are discussed and evaluated to determine whether it has in fact brought or encouraged sustainable tourism growth in the Western Cape. A survey, with a sample size of 25 respondents was undertaken during the period of April to June 2005 and comprised 13 tour operators, eight tourism bureaus and four travel agencies, which are all based in the Western Cape. The aim of the study was to gain insight into the travel motivations and patterns of the thousands of tourists that visit the province every year and their perceptions regarding crime, from the viewpoint of these primary producers (i.e. the travel intermediaries) in the tourism production system. Crime does not only affect residents, but also has an impact on tourist behaviour and deters visitors from visiting a country, as most tourists are risk-aversive and consider such factors when deciding on a destination. Only a small number of tourists are disappointed with the crime situation when visiting the Western Cape, but the majority of tourists still regard it as a serious problem, and possible deterrent, of the province. These perceptions do have a tendency to change more positively once tourists have visited the area. Nevertheless, respondents feel obliged to warn tourists against crime or give them advice about their safety and security. The various levels of government are committed towards improving safety and security in South Africa and numerous policies and initiatives have been developed and implemented. However, most do not specifically focus on crimes against tourists. Safety and security is considered as a prerequisite for a successful tourism industry, thus both local residents and tourists should receive equal attention with regards to safety and security from the government. However, many respondents are unaware of the existence of the government's initiatives to combat crime, which raises doubts about the effectiveness of these initiatives, their implementation and their intended benefits. The government should formulate comprehensive and constructive provincial policies in order to address the potentially detrimental impacts of crime on sustainable tourism growth in the Western Cape.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie analiseer die impak van misdaad op volhoubare toerisme groei in die Wes-Kaap. Dit ondersoek toeriste se persepsies van misdaad in die provinsie en die rol van die media om hierdie persepsies te beinvloed. Die studie gee 'n oorsig oor die belangrikste regeringsinisiatiewe en -beleide wat geimplimenteer is op plaaslike, provinsiale and nasionale vlakke. Hierdie beleide word bespreek en geevalueer om vas te stel of dit daadwerklik volhoubare toerisme groei in die Wes-Kaap bewerkstellig en aanmoedig. 'n Opname met 'n steekproef van 25 respondente was onderneem gedurende April tot Junie 2005. Die steekproef sluit in 13 toer operateurs, agt toerismeburo's en vier reisagentskappe, almal gebasseer in die Wes-Kaap. Die doel van die studie was om insig te kry oor die motivering en reispatrone van die toeriste wat jaarliks die provinsie besoek, asook wat hul persepsies oor misdaad is soos waargeneem deur die primere produsente (d.w. s. reisbemiddelaars) in die toerisme produksiesisteem. Misdaad affekteer nie net inwoners nie, maar het ook 'n impak op toeriste se gedrag en kan selfs toeriste weerhou daarvan om die land te besoek, want veiligheid en sekuriteit is van die belangrikste oorwegingsfaktore wanneer daar besluit word om 'n land te besoek. Slegs 'n paar toeriste is teleurgesteld met die misdaad situasie wanneer hulle die Wes-Kaap besoek, maar die meerderheid beskou dit steeds as 'n ernstige probleem, of selfs afskrikmiddel, in die provinsie. Hierdie persepsies is geneig om te verander nadat die toeriste die area besoek het. Respondente beskou dit egter steeds as hul plig om toeriste teen misdaad te waarsku. Op verskeie vlakke van regering word daar voortdurend gestreef na veiligheid en sekuriteit in Suid-Afrika te verbeter. Verskeie regeringsbeleide en inisiatiewe is al ontwikkel en geimplimenteer, maar die meeste fokus nie spesifiek op misdaad teen toeriste nie. Veiligheid en sekuriteit word beskou as 'n voorvereiste vir 'n suksesvolle toerisme industrie, daarom moet beide inwoners en toeriste dieselfde aandag met betrekking tot veiligheid en sekuriteit van die regering ontvang. Dis egter kommerwekkend dat meeste van die respondente onbewus is van hierdie inisiatiewe om misdaad te bekamp. Die regering moet fokus daarop om 'n omvattende en konstruktiewe provinsiale beleid te formuleer om sodoende die nadelige impak van misdaad op volhoubare toerismegroei in die Wes-Kaap aan te spreek.
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Freeman, Justine A. "The deterrent effect of capital punishment on crimes of homicide in England and Wales." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30126.
Full textAbstract:
The reputed deterrent effect exerted by capital punishment, that executing convicted murderers reduces the number of homicides, is frequently cited as a justification for this penalty's employment. Considerable attention has been devoted to the deterrence hypothesis, with economists producing an impressive amount of research although with inconclusive results. However, the majority of studies focus on the USA with a major void in research relating to Britain. This thesis addresses the issue of deterrence utilising data from England and Wales. We test the robustness of an earlier study's results, reproducing Wolpin's (1987) data set and following a comparable regression analysis. As Wolpin's investigation only includes three years post-abolition data, it may have failed to capture the true deterrent effect should policy changes only modify behaviour in the long term. Consequently, this thesis extends the analysis to include the full impact of data from the post-abolition period. Additionally, we examine the series for stationarity as it has recently been demonstrated that regression analysis using non-stationary series produces inconsistent coefficient estimates, biased estimates of coefficient standard errors and invalid standard statistical inference procedures. Ultimately, we consider a more appropriate modelling technique. Contrary to previous studies the general conclusion reached in this thesis is that there is limited evidence that the death sentence exerted a significant deterrent effect on murders and manslaughters in England and Wales. Although a robust deterrent effect did not emerge using many of the models, it must be stressed that this hardly qualifies as unequivocal confirmation that capital punishment does not exert a deterrent effect, for absence of proof is not at all the same thing as proof of absence. Indeed, while a statistically significant deterrent effect could only be detected using a 'stripped down' model, the fact that such a result emanated from an extended data set and the preferred model specification does convey this finding extra weight.
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Fan, Yuefeng. "ABOLISHING THE DEATH PENALTY IN CHINA." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1151094147.
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Calabrese, Jamie Ann. "Carrots or sticks? : Libya and U.S. efforts to influence rogue states /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Sept%5FCalabrese.pdf.
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Heijne, Madeleine. "The Lisbon Treaty and EU Criminal law : A Feasibility Analysis For The Creation of Deterrent Legislation Against White-Collar Crime at EU Level." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-199671.
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The hypothesis of this thesis is that deterrent regulation could have had prevented or, arguably, at least minimised the myriad forms of fraudulent misrepresentation at the core of the economic crisis. Therefore, white-collar crime had, and has, a central position in causing the economic crisis and deterrent regulation will be essential in reducing the risk of a crisis of this scale infecting in our legal systems again. The background has been evaluated through the definition and origin of white-collar crime and Anglo-Irish bank has been used as a demonstrative example to illustrate this hypothesis. The EU’s competence in creating criminal law is examined, through primary law, with the aim of elucidating the boundaries that are provided in the Lisbon Treaty. Before this, however, an evaluation of the definition of criminal law is necessary to establish the relationship between criminal law and administrative sanctions. The relevant bases in the context of the EU’s competence are: article 83 TFEU, and article 325 TFEU and the EU’s outspoken goals for the Union in the Stockholm programme. Article 83 TFEU is examined as it gives the EU an explicit legal basis for the adoption of criminal directives, thereby ensuring the effective implementation of EU policies that have been subjected to harmonisation measures. Further, article 325 TFEU stipulates the EU’s priority in fighting “fraud and any other illegal activities”. Through The Proposed Directive on the fight against fraud to the Union’s financial interests the article is given a supranational character in creating criminal law on the area of law. The Proposed Directive on the fight against fraud to the Union’s financial interest and The Proposed directive on bank recovery and resolution have been found, through their scope and legal bases, to cover what could be argued to be different essential tools in the fight against white-collar crime. The first proposed directive presents a wide range of offences and holds both natural and legal persons liable by “deterrent” legislation i.e. minimum prison sentences. The second proposed directive is presented as a tool for the prevention of the occurrence of another economic crisis utilising the means of administrative sanctions in article 114 TFEU. However, whilst not classified as a “deterrent” (in accordance with the interpretation of deterrent found in article 325 TFEU), administrative sanctions has been given the competence to have a “punitive character” and therefore a controlling function without the competence of criminal law. However, in order to prevent and deter crimes of the magnitude of those that occurred at Anglo-Irish bank, it is argued that its legislation must be made sufficiently “deterrent” by incorporating a fear of being caught, given lengthy sentences and public shaming by thorough criminal investigations, proceedings, trials, convictions and/or a criminal records.
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Rupp, Thomas [Verfasser]. "Meta analysis of crime and deterrence : a comprehensive review of the literature / vorgelegt von Thomas Rupp." 2008. http://d-nb.info/993857264/34.
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Choi, Kyubeom Kleck Gary. "The effects of actual punishment levels on perceptions of punishment a multi-level approach /." Diss., 2005. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04152005-212024.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2005.Advisor: Dr. Gary Kleck, Florida State University, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 7, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 221 pages. Includes bibliographical references.
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Polzer, Katherine Lynn. "Issues in punishment and sentencing : a multiple venue analysis /." 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1445049781&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=10361&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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QUIRICONI, Sara. "Therapeutic jurisprudence in the work of drug courts : origins, developments and perspectives for a new approach to the law." Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/20059.
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Defence date: 12 December 2011Supervisor: Dennis Patterson
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The objective of this thesis is to present the theory of Therapeutic Jurisprudence -TJ-, as it has been developed by Professors David Wexler and Bruce Winick in the last twenty years. My interest in this “new” discipline originates in the study of the relationship between the individual before the court and the criminal system inside the punishment philosophy debate. In the first chapter, I will present the theoretical substrate of Therapeutic Jurisprudence backed by the works of Problem-Solving Courts, especially by that of Drug Courts, which is considered the best TJ theory's application so far. In the second chapter, I will focus on the main socio-legal interpretations that Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Drug Courts have received, trying to outline some of the main criticisms of the current debate on the issue. In the third chapter, I will look at two of the main tensions that Therapeutic Jurisprudence, through the work of Drug Courts, may create from a legal point of view.
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Ntshangase, David. "The role of deterrence and retribution in sentencing in South African courts." Diss., 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/15673.
Full textAbstract:
The role of Deterrence and Retribution in sentencing in South
African Courts
Since the early history of the existence of humanity punishment
has been meted out to transgressors of the laws of society.
Informal sanctions, including ostracism are imposed by members of
society for social transgressions. Formal punishment is imposed
by courts through a system of criminal justice.
This dissertation deals with the concept of punishment. It
considers the significance of the theories of punishment in the
sentencing process with particular reference to deterrence and
retribution, the philosophical rationale for their use and thus
their role in sentencing.
In this study the historical evolution of retribution is traced
and the recognition accorded particularly to retribution and
deterrence as well as reformation and prevention as penal
objectives at various periods in history is examined.
Case law has been cited to determine their recognition by
judicial practice in criminal courts.
The study also reflects on the criminal justice system's clients'
perceptions on sentencing.Criminal & Procedural Law
LL.M.
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Muthaphuli, Phumudzo. "Crime prevention and sentencing : a practical penological perspective." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/10000.
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Blanchette, Maude. "L’effet des lois sur l’évasion fiscale : une synthèse systématique des recherches évaluatives." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4057.
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Contexte et objectif. L’évasion fiscale a généré des pertes annuelles variant entre 2 et 44 milliards au Canada entre 1976 et 1995. Avec la croissance de l’évasion fiscale dans les années 1980 et 1990 plusieurs législations se sont attaquées à ce phénomène en mettant en place des mesures telles que les amnisties, les réformes fiscales et les nouvelles lois. Ces dernières reposent non seulement sur des principes théoriques distincts, mais leur efficacité même est remise en question. Bien que plusieurs auteurs affirment que les criminels en col blanc sont réceptifs aux sanctions pénales, une telle affirmation repose sur peu de preuves empiriques. L’objectif de ce mémoire est donc de réaliser une synthèse systématique des études évaluatives afin de faire un bilan des lois fiscales et d’évaluer leurs effets sur la fraude fiscale.
Méthodologie. La synthèse systématique est la méthodologie considérée comme la plus rigoureuse pour se prononcer sur l’effet produit par une population relativement homogène d’études. Ainsi, 18 bases de données ont été consultées et huit études ont été retenues sur les 23 723 références. Ces huit études contiennent neuf évaluations qui ont estimé les retombés des lois sur 17 indicateurs de fraude fiscale. L’ensemble des études ont été codifiées en fonction du type de loi et leur rigueur méthodologique. La méthode du vote-count fut employée pour se prononcer sur l’efficacité des lois.
Résultats. Sur les 17 indicateurs, sept indiquent que les lois n’ont eu aucun effet sur l’évasion fiscale tandis que six témoignent d’effets pervers. Seulement quatre résultats sont favorables aux lois, ce qui laisse présager que ces dernières sont peu efficaces. Toutefois, en scindant les résultats en fonction du type de loi, les réformes fiscales apparaissent comme une mesure efficace contrairement aux lois et amnisties.
Conclusion. Les résultats démontrent que les mesures basées sur le modèle économique de Becker et qui rendent le système plus équitable sont prometteuses. Les amnisties qui visent à aller chercher des fraudeurs en leur offrant des avantages économiques et en suspendant les peines sont non seulement inefficaces, mais menaceraient le principe d’autocotisation basé sur l’équité.Introduction and objectives. Between 1976 and 1995, tax evasion has generated losses varying between 2 to 44 billions in Canada. In order to stop the upward trend observed in tax evasion in the 1980s and 1990s, several jurisdictions introduced legal measures such as amnesties, tax reforms and new legislations. Not only these measures rest on different paradigms but their effectiveness has yet to be proven. While it is generally argued that threats of legal sanctions are effective to deal with offenders involved in economic crimes, such a claim rests on weak empirical evidence. By conducting a systematic review, the objective of this thesis is to further our understanding about the effect of tax laws on tax evasion. Method. Systematic review is referred to as the most suitable method to review a body of literature on a given subject and to determine its effect on a particular outcome. We searched 18 databases that led to the identification of 23,723 references. Overall, 8 studies containing 9 evaluations met inclusion criteria and were kept for the review. These studies assess the effect of tax laws on a total of 17 variables. All studies were assessed based on the type of law and their methodological robustness. The vote-count method was then used to identify effective measures. Results. Out of the 17 outcomes, 7 indicate that laws have no effect on tax evasion while 6 show increases in tax evasion indicators. Only 4 outcomes were in the expected direction. On the other hand, by grouping results according to the type of measures, tax reform appears as the only effective intervention. Conclusion. Our results suggest that programs based on Becker’s economic model and that promote equity are promising. Amnesties seeking to identify tax evaders by offering economic advantages and sanction immunity are not only ineffective but could compromise a system based on self-assessment, which rest on the principle of perceived equity.
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LeDoux, James. "Crime Generators, Deterrents, and Attractors in Micro-Places." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107437.
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Thesis advisor: Christopher MaxwellCriminal hotspots are heuristically understood, but seldom well-defined and empirically evaluated. In this thesis, I examine the concentration of crime into microgeographic hotspots, testing both the extent to which this occurs across major cities and the relationship between spatial features and crime. I find that roughly five percent of street segments are responsible for half of crime across major cities, with this concentration level being robust to changes in total crime rate and economic conditions over time. I also find a significant relationship between the presence of spatial features such as nearby schools, bus stops, bars, and graffiti with the crime level in microgeographic units. Through a routine activity and crime pattern theoretic interpretation, such spatial models of crime can help to identify features and facilities that attract, inspire, and deter crime. These findings have policy relevant implications for both urban planning and police strategy, offering intuition as to where crime can be expected to concentrate and how changes to local environments impact public safety
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2017
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Departmental Honors
Discipline: Economics
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Cordeiro, Andreia Patrícia Trigo. "Impacto da esquadra na criminalidade: a problemática da localização." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/37036.
Full textAbstract:
A capacidade dissuasora da Polícia é frequentemente estudada por vários autores que
referem a presença policial como capaz de dissuadir possíveis infratores e diminuir a
criminalidade. No entanto, apesar do debate relativo ao tendencial encerramento das
instalações físicas de várias forças policiais, nas quais se encontra a Polícia de Segurança
Pública, são escassas as evidências relativas ao impacto destes estabelecimentos na
criminalidade e capacidade dissuasora. De forma a verificar a sua importância, foram
estudadas diversas variáveis com influência na capacidade de dissuasão e implicações no
índice criminal, nomeadamente o tempo de resposta policial, as detenções, o efetivo policial,
os recursos logísticos e informacionais e o tipo de policiamento adotado. Para tal, procedeu se a um estudo de caso que analisou duas freguesias semelhantes entre si no concelho de
Lisboa, cuja diferença se centra na presença, ou não, de uma Esquadra dentro da sua área: a
freguesia de Avenidas Novas (com Esquadra) e a freguesia do Areeiro (sem Esquadra). Após
a análise das variáveis, através de entrevistas e recolha de dados oficiais, e sem descurar
possíveis influências devido a fatores sociais e situacionais característicos de cada freguesia,
verificamos que a freguesia de Avenidas Novas apresenta um maior índice de criminalidade,
apesar de possuir mais efetivo policial, o mesmo número de detenções, mais recursos e
estratégias de policiamento aparentemente semelhantes quando comparada com a freguesia
do Areeiro. Assim, concluímos que a localização da Esquadra pode estar parcialmente
relacionada com as diferenças significativas na criminalidade entre ambas as freguesias.The deterrent capacity of the Police is often studied by several authors who refer to the Police presence as capable of deterring possible offenders and reducing crime. However, despite the debate regarding the tendency to close the physical facilities of several police forces, including the Polícia de Segurança Pública is located, there is little evidence regarding the impact of these stations on crime and deterrence. In order to verify its importance, several variables that influence the deterrent capacity and have implications for the criminal rate were studied, including police response time, arrests, police force, logistical and informational resources and the type of policing adopted. To this end, a case study was carried out that analyzed two parishes similar to each other in the municipality of Lisbon, whose difference is centered on the presence, or not, of a Police Station within its area: the parish of Avenidas Novas (with Police Station) and the parish of Areeiro (without Police Station). After analyzing the variables, through interviews and official data analysis, and without neglecting possible influences due to social and situational factors characteristic of each parish, we found that the parish of Avenidas Novas has a higher crime rate, despite having more effective police, the same number of arrests, more resources and apparently similar policing strategies when compared to the parish of Areeiro. Thus, we conclude that the location of the Police Station may be partially related to the significant differences in crime between both parishes.
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Herbig, Friedo Johann Willem. "The illegal exploitation of certain marine species as a form of environmental crime in the Western Cape." Diss., 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/963.
Full textAbstract:
Conservation criminology as a derivative of environmental criminology is considered in this dissertation through a strategic/empirical investigation of the illegal exploitation of a cross-section of certain, essentially fiscally attractive marine resources, as a form of environmental crime in the Western Cape province.
Through primarily qualitative and quantitative interviewing techniques,
augmented by the application of a survey questionnaire, significant and pragmatic insight was obtained from knowledgeable functionaries. The study elucidates the purview and dynamics of the marine crime phenomenon by focussing specifically on issues such as modus operandi, crime scenes, causation, operational efficacy, and social/biological repercussions. Deficient policing capacity and concomitant lack of deterrence, compounded by institutional limitations, emerge as fundamental proclivities impeding
proficient marine resource conservation. It is envisaged that this study will broaden the frontiers of marine crime knowledge, contributing not only to the implementation of effective mitigation programmes but also to enriching the criminological discipline as a whole.Criminology
M.A. (Criminology)
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Wolf, Markus Johann. "Punishment and therapy : a progressive synthesis." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1021.
Full textAbstract:
The moral justification of punishment is the fundamental
concern of this thesis. It is argued that a moral response to
crime has to be a civilised response; therefore, the notion of
"civility" is defined and discussed. Punishment is then
defended in such a way that it accords with being a civilised
response to crime. It is argued that in order to be such a
response, and thereby qualify as a moral response, punishment
must have a certain structure, i.e. it must fulfil seven
necessary conditions, which, it is argued, together constitute
the sufficient condition for morally justified punishment. In
arguing for each of the necessary conditions, different onedimensional
theories of punishment are dealt with
(retributivism, utilitarianism, deterrence theory,
rehabilitationism, a paternalistic theory of punishment, and
restitutionalism}, indicating that each fulfils some of the
criteria for morally justified punishment. None of the onedimensional
theories fulfils all the necessary conditions,
however, and hence none on its own fulfils the sufficient
condition for morally justified punishment. This is not to
argue that a straightforward theory could never on its own
fulfil the conditions for morally justified punishment, but I
have not been able to conceive how this could be done. The
theory I here present is therefore a hybrid approach,
incorporating elements of all the above-mentioned theories
into a unitary theory. In doing so, it fulfils all the
necessary conditions for being a civilised response to crime,
thereby fulfilling the sufficient condition too, and hence
providing a morally defensible account of punishment.
Finally, the question of how this theory can be put into
practice is addressed. Because the objective of punishment
ought to be a civilised response, thereby benefiting both
society as a whole and those being punished and rehabilitated, the thesis may be seen as a progressive synthesis of the
various approaches examined.Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology
D. Litt. et Phil. (Philosophy)
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Shalan, Raed Ali. "The international criminal court : is it a deterrent to international crimes?" Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5213.
Full textAbstract:
The International Criminal Court (hereinafter ICC) is a new permanent
international judicial tribunal which plays an important role in combating international crimes and dispensing justice. It was established in 1998 by the international community after much effort and compromise. It is designed to be an independent international body, with the autonomy to determine its budget and control its funding. This study discusses how the ICC acts as a mechanism to create a nexus between international criminal and humanitarian law by prosecuting crimes like genocide, crimes
against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression, that fall within its jurisdiction. The study seeks to show that the international jurisdiction of the ICC is a potential safeguard against arbitrary national criminal procedures in respect of those who are accused of committing serious international crimes. The ICC's jurisdiction is complementary to that of national courts that are unable or unwilling to investigate and prosecute these crimes. National judicial systems are still required to play a primary role in combating international crimes and it is important that states, organisations and individuals assist the ICC if it is to become an effective deterrent to perpetrators of international crimes. The rationale behind the ICC's establishment is that the international community is under a legal obligation to prosecute violations of international law in either national or international courts. The study also analyses the role of the ICC in balancing the rights of the victims and the rights of the accused by applying the guarantees and safeguards for conducting fair trials set out in the Rome Treaty. In this way, it seeks to show that prosecuting and
punishing perpetrators of international crimes is an important contributing factor in the creation of a human rights' culture, while also serving as a deterrent to prospective violators of international human rights and humanitarian law.Thesis (LL.M)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2005.
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Herbig, Friedo Johann Willem. "The illegal reptile trade - a criminological perspective." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2544.
Full textAbstract:
The illegal reptile trade quandary in the Western Cape province is strategically and chronologically addressed in this thesis with the implicit intention of revealing its gamut and underlying dynamics, developing a pragmatic, parsimonious and authentic conservation crime category with clearly delineated parameters, and formulating an integrated theoretical explanation regarding its aetiology that will adequately explicate herpetological, and hopefully also other forms of natural resource, crime and deviance. The thesis, by essentially transcending traditional, stereotypical edicts, throws new light on a severely neglected and underestimated form of natural resource exploitation, highlighting the need for reptiles, as the sentinels of the state of our environmental health to be preserved and perpetuated for, in the final analysis, the benefit of human kind.
Through an essentially explorative enquiry, utilising an integrated qualitative -quantitative research approach, the concept of conservation crime, as a vanguard to an innovative and unified conservation criminology, is introduced in this thesis in the form of unambiguous adjunct of the mainstream criminological discipline. It is, furthermore, utilised as a conduit within the herpetological crime framework to enrich the criminological discipline as a whole, broaden its frontiers, promote effective and focussed intervention/mitigation initiatives, as well as stimulate interest for further investigation in this field.
Fragmented, antiquated and nebulous legislation, deficient conservation and related role-player organisational capacity and inconsistent penalties, in concert with apathetic (and decidedly generic) societal attitudes and traditional pessimistic rubric regarding reptiles, emerge as fundamental proclivities impeding the effective intercession and management of the natural resources embodied in this sphere. Injudicious manipulation of the Western Cape's scarce and specialised reptile resources and the biodiversity ramifications such exploitation realises portend the intensification and diversification potential of such criminality.
Conservation criminology, as developed and presented in this thesis, underscores the significant contribution this field of criminology can make in comprehending the illegal manipulation/exploitation of herpetological and other natural resources, expanding and enhancing its theoretical constructs and implementing justice through decisive, dedicated and holistic intervention programmes/strategies in order to defend the inherent right to the continued existence of all reptile species.Crimonology
D. Litt et Phil. (Criminology)