Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Crime and social justice'
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1
Braswell, Michael, Belinda R. McCarthy, and Bernard J. McCarthy. "Justice, Crime, and Ethics." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. http://amzn.com/0323262279.
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Justice, Crime, and Ethics, a leading textbook in criminal justice programs, examines ethical dilemmas pertaining to the administration of criminal justice and professional activities in the field. Comprehensive coverage is achieved through focus on law enforcement, legal practice, sentencing, corrections, research, crime control policy, and philosophical issues. The contributions in this book examine ethical dilemmas pertaining to the administration of criminal justice and professional activities in the field.https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1069/thumbnail.jpg
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Braswell, Michael, Belinda Rodgers McCarthy, and Bernard J. McCarthy. "Justice, Crime, and Ethics." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. http://amzn.com/1437734855.
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"The seventh edition of this criminal justice text on ethics has been updated with new case studies and exercises, new chapters on ethics in police training and interrogation, and expansions and revisions throughout. Material is grouped under sections on ethical issues in policing, ethics and the courts, ethical issues in corrections, ethical issues in crime control policy and research, and ethics and the future. Specific topics discussed include how police officers learn ethics, legally permissible but unethical conduct, guidance for lawyers, types of restorative justice programs, ethics and prison, and the Ford Pinto case. The text is geared towards undergraduates in criminology programs and offers lists of key concepts, text boxes, and discussion questions among its learning features."--SciTech Book Newshttps://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1002/thumbnail.jpg
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Castellano, Ursula Abels. "Partners in crime : nonprofits and the social production of justice /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2005. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Hil, Richard. "Essays and studies in youth justice, crime and social control." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/325195.
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The following report examines the contribution my publications have made over the course of a twenty-year career in government departments (in Britain) and academic institutions (in Australia) to advancing scholarly inquiry in the areas of Youth Justice, Young People and Social Welfare, and Criminology. In the section dealing with Youth Justice publications I have given patiicular attention to a dominant and coherent area of study under the heading Families, Crime and Juvenile Justice. The conmmon thematic content of my publications focuses on the ways in which celiain individuals and social groups perceive and experience systems of social control. Additionally, the report highlights a range of allied pUblications that have dealt with the consequences of largely state-sponsored policies and practices in relation to a range of 'subject populations'. It is argued that my contribution to advancing knowledge in the above areas has been achieved in two primary ways: (a) through a range of original pubEcations based on theoretical and empirical studies, and substantial polemical and critical work; (b) through significant engagement in scholarly debate and discussion (including citation of my work in the publications of other academics) and facilitation of reflexive discussion an10ng social welfare practitioners and policy makers. Finally, the report attempts to contextualise my publications through a detailed discussion of the personal and intellectual origins of my work over the past two decades. The latter involves a general review of the sociological, criminological and social welfare literature relating to a prevailing concern with what I have broadly tenned the 'phenomenology of social control'.
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Whitehead, John T., Kimberly D. Dodson, and Bradley D. Edwards. "Corrections: Exploring Crime, Punishment, and Justice in America." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. http://amzn.com/1437734928.
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Corrections: Exploring Crime, Punishment, and Justice in America provides a thorough introduction to the topic of corrections in America. In addition to providing complete coverage of the history and structure of corrections, it offers a balanced account of the issues facing the field so that readers can arrive at informed opinions regarding the process and current state of corrections in America. The 3e introduces new content and fully updated information on America’s correctional system in a lively, colorful, readable textbook. Both instructors and students benefit from the inclusion of pedagogical tools and visual elements that help clarify the material.https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1070/thumbnail.jpg
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Kahn, Karl. "Crime and equality, or crime and punishment? : population heterogeneity and fear of crime as determinants of redistribution preferences." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0cc102b1-c86d-4323-bfb0-3753c33baa33.
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Despite considerable research efforts, the relationship between inequality and demand for redistribution remains a highly contested topic within comparative political economy. This paper argues that a central yet widely overlooked mechanism linking macro-level income inequality to preferences for redistribution has to with the micro-level implications of certain externalities of inequality. Focusing on fear of crime, as one such externality, I argue that because (i) in- equality and crime are positively related, and (ii) because crime and fear of crime have a negative effect in individual utility, it follows that increasing in- equality should have a positive effect on support for redistribution. Importantly, however, the argument of this paper also recognises that redistribution is but one of several means through which a concern about crime can be addressed, with the most relevant alternatives being increased policing and harsher punitive measures. Drawing on literatures in criminology and political sociology, I theorise that a key determinant of this choice | between redistribution and policing/punishment as alternative approaches to dealing with crime | is the level of ethnic heterogeneity in the population. Taken together, therefore, this paper's argument implies that inequality will have differential effects on support for redistribution in different contexts: in cases where the population is homogenous, fear of crime - and by consequence inequality - will boost demand for redistribution, whilst no such effects will follow in contexts of high heterogeneity. Using a two-step statistical methodology, I analyse Eurobarometer and ESS data from 21 OECD countries and find persuasive empirical support for my theoretical expectations. Fear of crime is more strongly associated to support for redistribution when the level of population heterogeneity remains low, whilst the opposite holds true for the relationship between fear of crime and support for policing and punishment.
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Wolf, Brian Christopher. "Environmental crime and justice : the organizational composition of corporate noncompliance /." view abstract or download file of text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3181136.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-148). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Fatic, Aleksandar. "Punishment and restorative crime-handling : a social theory of trust." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/143619.
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The general aim of this work is to examine the main features of some of the
most influential contemporary theories of criminal justice, to look at their
conceptual and methodological relative advantages and shortcomings, and
to try to glean in them a direction for the devising of a more promising,
more optim ising way of accounting for crime and deviance, as well as for
prospects of successful social control. The general contention of the work is
that the key question to be asked in this respect is what value ought to lie at
the base of all such explanatory attempts. The general answer, with which
the 'restorative theory of crime-handling', espoused herein, deals, is that
this value ought to be trust. All those arrangements which can generally be
characterised as trust-enhancing appear to be optimising as well, and to
contribute in a constructive way to the resolution of conflicts. Punishment,
on the other hand, does not appear to be trust-enhancing; on the contrary, it
seems to play an essentially trust-degrading role in most contexts, and thus
creates an atm osphere and consequences which do not suggest the
possibility of both effective and humane social control mechanisms.
It has been the aim of theories of social control for decades to avoid
excessive punitiveness and maximise the consensus which is built around
the particular policies to that effect. Yet, most such theories have ended up
neglecting the role of trust, and em phasising justice instead. Another
contention of the arguments contained herein is to the effect that justice
ought not to play such a prom inent role in any theory of social control
which aspires to be trust-enhancing. Following the unavoidable directions
of argum ents advanced over decades, the argum ents herein deal with
theories such as 'retributivism ' and 'utilitarianism ', 'com m unitarianism '
and 'republicanism ', thereby bordering on political, and even on sociological theory. Yet, they do not remain on the level of presenting argum ents for
and against these theories - the value of what is argued here against such
theories, if there is any value in it, lies in its contribution to the fuller
illum ination of the real role of trust in a social theory of crime-control
which would derive strongly from the popular 'conflict-resolution' theories,
but which, at the same time, would seek to avoid some of their greatest
calam ities. To w hat extent this w ork m ight have succeeded in
accomplishing that end, however, is, of course, up to the reader to judge.
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Jackson-Cruz, Elizabeth R. "Social Constructionism and Cultivation Theory in Development of the Juvenile “Super-Predator”." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7814.
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The myth of the “super-predator” offender was adopted by newspaper media in the mid-1990s characterizing “violent”, urban, and minority juvenile offenders. The phrase originated from newspaper headlines of the 1980s and 1990s, but limited research has identified whether this con-struct predated DiIulio and Fox’s crime surge prediction. This study sampled juvenile crime news items from The Chicago Tribune, The Los Angeles Times and The New York Times (N=2,008) 1985-1995 with defined search criteria of juvenile actors, “violent” juvenile crime, and/or juvenile drug crime. A descriptive analysis of the data determined reporting trends sought for a “period effect” caused by the publicity of the prediction and searched for the pre-existence of “super-predator” construct. Finally, a series χ2 test determined the statistical independence of “super-predator” offender, the victim, and crime characteristics, from variables of news article prominence. This study found support for identifiable trends in juvenile crime reporting, no identifiable “period effect” and mixed, but ultimately null findings, in pre-establishing the super-predator media construct. The χ2 test determined the statistical independence of “super-predator” offender, the victim, and crime characteristics, found some characteristics were statically independent of variables of article prominence, but that these relationships are weak.
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McLean, Lorna R. "'Common criminals, simple justice': The social construction of crime in nineteenth century Ontario, 1840-1881." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10410.
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During the course of the nineteenth century as recently settled communities solidified, expanded and developed the nature of crime and criminal law altered in substantial ways. The thesis analyzes this process by selecting four communities at different stages of development to explore the basis for such diversity through an examination of gaol registers and case files. Investigating other sources confirmed that these differences were not only economically based but reflected a fundamental shift in ideological thinking. Overall, the evolving process of social development from a frontier/agricultural community to an urban/industrial society affected the nature and social functioning of criminal justice in surprisingly different ways. For example we consider vagrancy, the major public peace offence in rural areas, we observe that it served as a surrogate for social welfare until the end of the nineteenth century. In contrast, in urban areas patterns of prosecution and punishment for the most common crime, drunkenness, reflected the combined influences of reform movements, expansion of local municipal by-laws and police enforcement that accompanied urbanization. Together the combined impact of regulatory policies with gendered ideologies resulted in more women than men committed for public peace offences in Toronto/York between 1855 and 1865 than at any other time in the later nineteenth century. In addition, one constant that united all communities was how masculine culture contributed to both the violent disputes which erupted in public between men and the private assaults that husbands inflicted on wives. A further exploration of violence in rural areas revealed how networks of economic interdependence among family, friends and neighbours alongside practices of traditional frontier culture could, on occasion, lead to violent conflicts. Overall, the evidence indicates that frontier and rural areas fostered a greater degree of violence than in the cities. However, across all communities, the law reflected a certain ambivalence towards wife-beating in the home, with the courts reluctant, at times, to convict or pass severe penalties to limit domestic patriarchal controls. Local variations also existed among property offences. In rural areas theft often served to resolve personal disputes over ownership as neighbors and business acquaintances resorted to stealing capital goods to resolve private financial disputes. In urban areas theft generally involved individuals who stole personal goods from employers, underscoring the widening economic divisions between classes. In their occupational roles as prostitutes and servants, women comprised a large cross section of the individuals charged with theft. Overall in rural areas instances of grand larceny were charged as "petty" and under differing circumstances in urban areas petty larceny was treated as "grand." Overwhelmingly in both urban and rural communities it seems that those who laid the charges were from a higher position in the social hierarchy and in urban areas those charged were largely working class. A comparative study of criminals and crime informs us not only of the evolving nature of criminal justice, it also delineates how the particular social and economic stage of a community influences other broad social factors including the development and social meaning of crime and the criminal law. Exploring this interactive process among individuals, communities and the state assists in identifying some of the fundamental principles governing society.
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Behtz, Sarah Anne. "Justice for All?: Victim Satisfaction with Restorative Justice Conferences." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2004. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-1115104-143503/unrestricted/BehtzS121304f.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A.)--East Tennessee State University, 2004.Title from electronic submission form. ETSU ETD database URN: etd-1115104-143503 Includes bibliographical references. Also available via Internet at the UMI web site.
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So, Ka-man. "An examination of mentally retarded offenders in the Hong Kong criminal justice system." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13781182.
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So, Ka-man, and 蘇家雯. "An examination of mentally retarded offenders in the Hong Kong criminal justice system." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31977789.
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Barrett, Kimberly L. "Assessing the Relationship Between Hotspots of Lead and Hotspots of Crime." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4435.
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Numerous medical and environmental toxicology studies have established a link between lead (Pb) exposure, crime, and delinquency. In human environments, lead pollution- like crime- is unequally distributed, creating lead hot spots. In spite of this, studies of crime hotspots have routinely focused on traditional sociological predictors of crime, leaving environmental predictors of crime like lead and other neurotoxins relatively unaddressed. This study attends to this gap in the literature by asking a very straightforward research question: Is there a relationship between hotspots of lead and hotspots of crime? Furthermore, what is the nature and extent of this relationship? Lastly, is the distribution of lead across communities relative to race, class, and/or ethnicity?
To explore these issues, a series of thirteen research hypotheses are derived based on findings from previous lead and crime studies. To test these research hypotheses, data was collected from the city of Chicago's Community Areas (n = 77) in Cook County, Illinois. Information from a range of secondary sources including the U.S. Census, Environmental Protection Agency, Chicago Police Department, and City of Chicago are merged and analyzed. Cross sectional and longitudinal assessments are conducted, and results from a series of negative binomial regressions, fixed effects negative binomial regressions, and correlations are presented. Findings suggest the association between lead and crime appeared particularly robust with respect to rates of violent index crime, but less so for rates of property index crime. Contrary to what prior research suggests, the association between lead and crime appears stronger for rates of arrests for adult index crimes than rates of arrests for juvenile index crime arrests. This study concludes by discussing theory and policy implications alongside recommendations for future study.
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Disley, Emma Rose. "Challenging the boundaries of criminal justice and social policy : responses to priority offenders." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2e032dec-aad7-4fe1-9833-c128fd66f3c7.
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This thesis examines the interaction of criminal justice policy and social policy within the Prolific and Priority Offenders Scheme (PPOS), a government initiative which aims to reduce offending by persistent offenders. The research on which this thesis is based takes an interpretative approach to social inquiry and employs a qualitative methodology. It examines the operation of four PPO Schemes in the Thames Valley through semi-structured interviews with 22 practitioners and 16 offenders, and participant observation of over 45 multi-agency meetings. The interaction between crime and social policy is explored through examination of three aspects of the PPOS: the coercion of offenders within the Schemes; the working practices and roles of the police and probation officers seconded to the Schemes; and the way in which information and intelligence is used and generated within the Schemes. The central argument of this thesis is that the widely-accepted idea that social policy is being ‘criminalised’ provides an inadequate account of the relationship between criminal justice and social policy in the PPOS. Rather, this Scheme evidences a merger of criminal justice and social welfare agendas, which includes elements of the ‘socialisation’ of crime policy in addition to elements of ‘criminalisation’ of social policy. Whilst the ultimate aim of the PPOS is to reduce crime, and whilst social welfare services such as health, housing and benefits are provided in pursuance of this aim, the ways in which these services are provided accords with the ethos and values of social policy. The idea of a merger of criminal justice and social policy has relevance beyond the PPOS, providing a framework for analysis of other contemporary criminal justice policies, and contributing to broader debates in criminology which have for so long been dominated by the ‘criminalisation’ thesis.
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Fish, Jacqueline T., Larry S. Miller, Michael C. Braswell, and Edward W. Jr Wallace. "Crime Scene Investigation." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. http://amzn.com/1455775401.
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Crime Scene Investigation offers an innovative approach to learning about crime scene investigation, taking the reader from the first response on the crime scene to documenting crime scene evidence and preparing evidence for courtroom presentation. It includes topics not normally covered in other texts, such as forensic anthropology and pathology, arson and explosives, and the electronic crime scene. Numerous photographs and illustrations complement text material, and a chapter-by-chapter fictional narrative also provides the reader with a qualitative dimension of the crime scene experience.https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1085/thumbnail.jpg
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Whitehead, John T., and Steven P. Lab. "Juvenile Justice: An Introduction." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. http://amzn.com/B00TU4G0I8.
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Juvenile Justice: An Introduction, 8th edition, presents a comprehensive picture of juvenile offending, delinquency theories, and how juvenile justice actors and agencies react to delinquency. It covers the history and development of the juvenile justice system and the unique issues related to juveniles, offering evidence-based suggestions for successful interventions and treatment and examining the new balance model of juvenile court.
This new edition not only includes the latest available statistics on juvenile crime and victimization, drug use, court processing, and corrections, but provides insightful analysis of recent developments, such as those related to the use of probation supervision fees; responses to gangs and cyber bullying; implementing the deterrence model (Project Hope); the possible impact of drug legalization; the school-to-prison pipeline; the extent of victimization and mental illness in institutions; and implications of major court decisions regarding juveniles, such as Life Without Parole (LWOP) for juveniles.
Each chapter enhances student understanding with Key Terms, a "What You Need to Know" section highlighting important points, and Discussion Questions. Links at key points in the text show students where they can go to get the latest information, and a comprehensive glossary aids comprehension.https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1008/thumbnail.jpg
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De, Freitas Ruth. "Organised crime and the South African State post 1994: a social network analysis of organised criminal networks in the Western Cape." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31330.
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Crime, and the criminals that enact it, are no new phenomenon; however, the way in which we conceptualise and understand organised crime requires revision. Orthodox approaches are no longer relevant to current manifestations of crime, nor is it sufficient to fully grasp its endurance. The difficulty in understanding modern day criminal activity is exacerbated by the fact that leaders of criminal organisations are no longer merely 'criminals' distinct from ‘ordinary citizens’. They can also assume identities of state personnel, politicians, policemen and powerful businessmen. In essence, the fight against crime, but more specifically organised crime, can no longer be solely conceptualised as a fight against criminals, as they have been traditionally conceived of, but rather a fight against criminal networks. Approaches to organised crime therefore require a methodological approach that highlights the complicated relationships and networks sustaining organised crime. This thesis will ground itself in the theoretical framework of networks and social network analysis. In order to adequately understand the nature and operations of organised crime we need to start understanding organised crime as outfits of criminal networks spread across communities, cities, and countries creating webs that link a dynamic range of people, businesses and organisations that work together to sustain and profit off organised criminal activity. One of these links that has previously been ignored is the link between criminals and the State. Research shows that the relationship between State and organised crime is not always one of conflict. In many cases it has been found that the State and organised criminal entities share alliances and mutual interests. In South Africa, there are various cases revealing corruption among state officials. Reputable media outlets have reported numerous stories of corruption, which highlight a crisis that may be systemic. The question relevant to this thesis, is what is the relationship between corruption and organised crime? It is for these reasons that this thesis will explore two case studies in which to assess the theory of network and social network analysis. Following a literature review and critical analysis of organised crime, the concept of criminal networks and a shifting from conceptualizing this phenomena as a hierarchy towards a network understanding, these case studies shall be explored. The intent is to conclude what these networks look like, who is involved, how they operate and what type of relations organised criminals share with the State. It is the hope that this thesis can contribute towards current debates on organised crime, specifically on how organised crime has shifted from an understanding of hierarchy to one of a network.
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Song, Hyojong. "An Exploratory Study of Macro-Social Correlates of Online Property Crime." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6954.
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Despite the recent decreasing trend of most traditional types of crime, online property crime (OPC), referring to crime committed online with a financial orientation such as online frauds, scams, and phishing, continues to increase. According to the Internet Crime Complaint Center, the number of reported complaints about OPC have increased by approximately sixteen fold from 16,838 cases in 2000 to 288,012 cases in 2015, and referred financial losses have also increased about sixty times from $17.8 million in 2001 to $1 billion in 2015. The increase in OPC might be directly related to advanced online accessibility due to the accelerated progress of information and communication technology (ICT). Since the progress of ICT continues forward and the advanced ICT infrastructure can affect our routine activities more significantly, issues regarding OPC may become more various and prevalent.
The present study aims to explore a macro-social criminogenic structure of OPC perpetration. Specifically, this study focused on exploring probable macro-social predictors of OPC rates and examining how effectively these possible macro-social predictors account for variance in OPC perpetration rates. In addition, this study explored possible predictors of macro-level online opportunity structure, which is expected to have a direct relationship with OPC rates. It also examined how much variance in online opportunity structure was explained by the included possible predictors. With these research purposes, the current study analyzed state-level data of the fifty states in the U.S. by applying a partial least square regression (PLSR) approach.
The results indicated that predictors related to macro-social economic conditions such as economic inequality, poverty, economic social support, and unemployment had a significant association with OPC. As expected, indicators in the domain of economic inequality predicted greater OPC rates and those in the domain of economic social support were related to lower OPC rates. However, poverty and unemployment predictors were negatively associated with OPC, which is the opposite direction of the relationships between these predictors and traditional street crime. In addition, indicators of online opportunity structure were found to have a significantly positive relationship to OPC as expected. The PLSR model for predicting OPC applied in the current study accounted for approximately 50% of variance in OPC rates across states.
For predictors of online opportunity structure, the results indicated that online opportunity was associated with state-level economic and socio-demographic characteristics. States with less poverty, more urban population, and more working age adults were more likely to report more online opportunities. The PLSR model for predicting online opportunity structure explained about 80% of variance in measured online opportunity. These results may imply that some types of macro-social conditions may have an indirect effect on OPC through online opportunity structure as well as their direct effects on OPC. Future study should pay more attention to examining structural relationships of macro-social contexts, online opportunity structure, and OPC to understand macro-level criminogenic mechanism of OPC.
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Abu, Anzeh Mohammed Bara. "Le crime d'honneur en droit pénal jordanien." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL20001/document.
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Phénomène tabou et peu étudié en droit pénal, le crime d'honneur au Moyen-Orient et dans le monde arabe ne cesse d'alimenter les unes de la presse dans le monde et de relever les antagonismes existant entre les juridictions occidentales et orientales. Souvent qualifié d'inhumain ou relevant de pratiques d'un autre âge, le phénomène du crime d'honneur figure en Jordanie parmi les crimes qui retiennent le plus l'attention publique. On estime qu'un homicide sur quatre est assimilable à ce crime, dans ce pays où l'honneur familial est considéré comme la clé de voûte de l'équilibre social. Toute menace à cet équilibre serait donc le signe d'une décadence à punir afin de rétablir l'ordre originel. Les circonstances du meurtre sont autant d’éléments qui génèrent condamnation ou indulgence de l’opinion publique et de la justice. La position délicate du législateur face au traitement des affaires de crimes d'honneur mérite des éclaircissements historico-culturels et un examen précis des résolutions et des recommandations internationales rendues à l'intention des juridictions jordaniennesAs a taboo subject that has not been researched enough in the Criminal Law field, crime of honour in the Middle East and in Arab world continues to feed international press headlines and to raise up differences in views between Eastern and Western jurisdictions. Often described as inhuman or as a practice from another age, the phenomenon of honour killings appears among the crimes that attract the most public attention. In Jordan - where family honour is considered as the cornerstone of social balance - studies showed that one of four crimes is a crime of honour. Any threat to this social balance would be a sign of decadence to be punished in order to restore the original balance. The circumstances of honour murders are among elements that generate either conviction or indulgence from public and justice. The delicate legislature position to face up honour crime cases deserves cultural and historical clarifications and an accurate review of international resolutions and recommendations towards Jordan jurisdiction
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Alarid, Michael Joseph. "Caudillo Justice: Intercultural Conflict and Social Change in Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1837-1853." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1345132862.
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Verhegge, Kimberly A. "Parents, Peers, and Developmental Trajectories toward Crime." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2001. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/628.
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Across time, the influence of parents and peers appears to change. Early in life, parents have a stronger influence on the development of youth than do their peers. This, however, will change as an individual ages. Using longitudinal data from the Marion County (Oregon) Youth Survey (1964-1979), I examine the influence of parents or delinquent association, drug use and arrest. Analysis generated through latent growth curve modeling show that although parental influence appears to decrease significantly later in life, parental attachment delays the formation of delinquent peer networks, thereby indirectly reducing the total number of arrests. Even so, reductions in parental influence over time were associated with a significantly accelerated rate of acquiring delinquent peers and hence, with an increased frequency of arrest and drug use. The available evidence thus suggests that parental attachment has initial inhibitory effects on the formation of peer networks but only limited long-term developmental effects.
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Magobotiti, Chris Derby. "The contribution of social work to the prevention of crime by the criminal justice system in the Western Cape." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52500.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study deals with crime prevention within the criminal justice system in response to the current crime situation in the Western Cape. It describes the structure and function of the criminal justice system and assesses crime prevention processes with specific reference to the role of social work within the criminal justice system. It further examines the criminal justice system as practised in the Western Cape, paying specific attention to the role of the police, criminal courts and prisons in the prevention of crime. In line with the nature of the study an exploratory approach was used. The data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. Interviews and observations were the main research techniques used for gathering primary data. Secondary data + was gathered by means of a study of the literature. Structured and unstructured interviews were conducted with social workers, magistrates, police officers, prosecutors, victims, offenders, community workers and other officials of the criminal justice system. These interviews were mainly conducted at Wynberg magistrates' court, Drakenstein Prison (formerly known as Victor Verster Prison) and organisations based in the metro areas and on the Cape Flats. The study was conducted over a period of three years with the interview schedule administered between May and August 2000. A sample of 21 respondents was selected on the basis of a purposive approach and procedure. The comprehensive interview schedule consisted of mainly open-ended and a few closed questions, generating information on the profiles of respondents, crime dynamics in the Western Cape, the sentencing process and prevention strategies, matters related to the criminal justice system and corrections, and the role of community justice in the prevention of crime. The generated qualitative data was analysed and interpreted. The findings suggested the necessity for social work to make a contribution to the prevention of crime in a sensitive and proactive way. The analysis has shown that criminal justice approaches can significantly enhance the process of crime prevention, but that the criminal justice system requires combined strategies and approaches for crime prevention to be effective. It is in this context that the contribution of social work can be much more effective. The recommendations of the study have demonstrated a need for social workers to promote approaches that are premised on a broader understanding of the role of the criminal justice system in the prevention of crime. It is important to state that the study's recommendations for the prevention of .crirne can also be implemented by other role-players, particularly within the criminal justice system.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie ondersoek handeloor misdaadvoorkoming deur die strafregstelsel in reaksie tot die huidige misdaadsituasie in-die Wes-Kaap. Dit beskryf die struktuur en funksie van die stafregstelsel en beoordeel misdaadvoorkomingsprosesse met besondere verwysing na die rol van maatskaplike werk binne die strafregstelsel. Dit ondersoek verder die strafregstelsel soos beoefen in die Wes-Kaap deur veral aandag te gee aan die rol van die polisie, die howe en gevangenisse in die voorkoming van misdaad. Die aard van die ondersoek vereis dat 'n eksplorerende benadering gevolg is. Data is versamel uit primêre sowel as sekondêre bronne. Onderhoude en waarnemings + was die hoof navorsingstegnieke wat gebruik is om primêre data te versamel. Sekondêre data is weer verkry deur 'n studie van die literatuur. Gestruktureerde en ongestruktureerde onderhoude is gevoer met maatskaplike werkers, landdroste, polisie beamptes, openbare vervolgers, slagoffers, gevonnisde misdadigers, gemeenkapswerkers en ander beamptes van die strafregstelsel. Hierdie onderhoude is hoofsaaklik gevoer by die Wynbergse landdroshof, Drakenstein Gevangenis (voorheen Victor Verster Gevangenis) en organisasies werksaam in die metropolitaanse gebiede en die Kaapse Vlakte. Die ondersoek is onderneem oor 'n periode van drie jaar met die onderhoude gevoer tussen Mei en Augustus 2000. 'n Steekproef van 21 respondente is geselekteer op die grondslag van 'n doelgerigte benadering en prosedure. Die omvangryke onderhoudskedule bestaan uit oorwegend oop en 'n beperkte aantal geslote vrae, en het inligting gegenereer oor die respondent-profiel, misdaad-dinamika in die Wes-Kaap, die vonnisopleggingsproses en voorkomingstrategieë, sake rakende die strafregstelsel en korrektiewe optrede, en die rol van gemeenskapsreg in die voorkoming van suggereer die noodsaaklikheid daarvan vir maatskaplike werk om 'n bydrae te lewer ,- tot die voorkoming van misdaad op 'n sensitiewe en proaktiewe wyse. Die ontledings het aangetoon dat strafregbenaderings die proses van misdaadvoorkoming beduidend kan verhoog maar om misdaadvoorkoming effektief te laat geskied, vereis die strafregstelsel gekombineerde strategieë en benaderings. Dit is binne hierdie verband dat die bydrae van maatskaplike werk baie meer effektief kan wees. Die aanbevelings van die ondersoek wys op 'n behoefte by maatskaplike werkers om benaderings te bevorder wat gebaseer is op 'n breër begrip van die rol van die strafregstelsel in die voorkoming van misdaad. Dit is van belang om te stel dat die ondersoek se aanbevelings vir die voorkoming van misdaad ook geïmplementeer kan word deur ander rolspelers, veral binne die strafregstelsel.
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Vlugter, Roberta. "Too little, too late? : parenting orders as a form of crime prevention." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/326354.
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The development of Youth Justice in the UK since the early 1990s has been informed by the belief that the family plays a key role in youth offending. In 1998 the parenting order was introduced, based on the assumption that interventions to improve parenting will have a positive effect upon offending. The availability of the order was extended in 2005, reflecting the view that parents who do not undertake parenting support are being wilfully negligent of their responsibilities and must be made to take the help offered. In this thesis the assumptions justifying the parenting order and its extensions are questioned. Evidence suggests that although parenting is influential, it is one of many factors associated with the onset of or desistence from offending. Furthermore, as this thesis highlights, parents likely to receive parenting orders are often experiencing several personal and environmental 'stressors', creating high levels of need. These situational pressures and high level of need, this thesis argues, are likely to make it difficult for them to be effective in their role, or to gain long term benefit from attending a parenting programme. Furthermore, many parents have histories of unsuccessfully seeking assistance from 'helping agencies', refuting the assumption of wilful neglect. This thesis considers the advantages and limitations of parenting work as a form of crime prevention and specifically looks at the use of the parenting order. An argument is presented for a wider, more holistic approach to parenting work than that offered by the parenting order as a form of crime prevention and for providing assistance to families earlier.
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Sullivan, Brandon A. "Scandal and Reform: An Examination of Societal Responses to Major Financial and Corporate Crime." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1277141954.
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Ringhoff, Daniel Harold. "Clinical and Criminal Justice Outcomes in the Jail Diversion and Trauma Recovery (JDTR) Program." Scholar Commons, 2015. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5565.
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This mixed methods study evaluated clinical and criminal justice outcomes of the Florida Jail Diversion and Trauma Recovery (JDTR) program that utilized compensated veteran peer mentors. Quantitative results showed veteran participation in JDTR improved clinical outcomes, such as PTSD symptoms, function difficulty and depression scores, but not criminal justice outcomes such as re-arrest rates. Study limitations, however, prevent the drawing of conclusions regarding the potential effectiveness of veteran peer interventions improving criminal justice outcomes. Qualitative results showed participants overwhelmingly viewed their assigned veteran peer mentor as a "peer" and rated them as "very important" to their future success. Improvements in avoidance and numbing and depression symptoms also suggest peer interventions may be effective in improving responsivity to evidence-based criminal justice interventions. Overall, findings were consistent with the RNR model that views mental illness as a responsivity factor, not a criminogenic need. They were also consistent with research on "first generation" forensic mental health interventions that shows improvements in clinical outcomes do not result in reductions in recidivism. Social workers as well as other mental health clinicians and policy makers should be familiar with evidenced-based criminal justice strategies, such as RNR, that focus on reducing recidivism and should incorporate these strategies into the development, implementation and evaluation of "second generation" interventions. Future research should evaluate the fidelity of implementation of such interventions as well as the role of peer mentors and importance of the recovery model and therapeutic alliance in improving criminal justice outcomes and responsivity.
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Walker, Sharon. "Influences on Juvenile-Justice Court Dispositions: Sentencing Disparities, Race, Legal Representation, Degree of Offending, and Conflict in the Juvenile Justice System." TopSCHOLAR®, 2008. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/35.
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Meléndez, Peretó Anna. "Restorative justice and desistance. The impact of victim-offender mediation on desistance from crime." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/309139.
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El objeto principal de la tesis doctoral es conocer la capacidad de la justicia restaurativa de incidir en el desistimiento del delito e identificar los posibles mecanismos explicativos entre la participación en programas de mediación y el cese en la conducta antisocial de los implicados en los procesos restauradores. Concretamente la tesis se centra en analizar el papel que juegan en el proceso restaurativo el uso de las técnicas de neutralización por parte del infractor, concretamente en qué medida el ofensor es capaz de reconocer haber causado un daño a otra persona y mostrar la capacidad de responsabilizarse por ello. Así mismo se pretende analizar si dicho proceso permite la expresión de actitudes, emociones y sentimientos que permitan llevar al infractor a la reflexión, al arrepentimiento y a expresar vergüenza por lo sucedido.
El estudio empírico se divide en dos fases con cuatro momentos distintos. La primera fase se comprende de tres momentos. El primero se sitúa al inicio del proceso, en el que se administra un cuestionario pre-proceso, cuyo objetivo es conocer la predisposición inicial del infractor a su participación en el proceso, así como su actitud hacia el conflicto. El segundo, tiene lugar durante el transcurso del proceso restaurativo y consiste en una observación no participante de la sesión de mediación conjunta. El objetivo es observar la actitud del infractor ante la interacción con la víctima, con la presencia de un tercero facilitador. En las sesiones indirectas se observa la última sesión entre infractor y mediador. Por último, inmediatamente después de acabar la sesión conjunta se administra al infractor un cuestionario post-proceso, con el fin de recoger la perspectiva del ofensor acerca del proceso de mediación, así como su postura hacia el conflicto una vez finalizado el proceso. La segunda fase consiste en una entrevista narrativa a los infractores de los procesos observados pasados un mínimo de seis meses desde la finalización del proceso de mediación. El contenido se centra en el pasado, en el presente y en el futuro, dando cabida al análisis de la situación vital anterior a la mediación, así como a su impacto y perspectivas de futuro.This research aims to examine the capacity of restorative justice to have an influence on desistance from crime, by focusing on mediation processes in order to identify whether there is a relationship between participating in a mediation process and taking the decision to desist from crime as well as to study the offenders' stability in a pro-social life, desisting from deviant behaviour. A particular aim of the research is to explore whether the victims’ participation in the process, restoration and the process itself can promote positive changes in the offenders’ behaviour after completion of the mediation programme dealt with in this research. First, to examine to what extent the offender can reduce the use of some neutralisation techniques. Specifically, the aim is to analyse whether the offender is able to recognise that there has been a victim, to admit having injured someone and to admit rather than deny responsibility for it. Second, the aim is to analyse whether mediation enables offenders to express guilt, remorse and shame and thus lead them to change their offending behaviour. And finally, to analyse whether the process has an impact on the offender’s ability to reflect on what happened and its consequence. The empirical study has two main parts divided in four different moments. The first part of the study has three stages. The first is at the beginning of the process and offenders have to complete a self-administered pre-test questionnaire -at the end of the first individual mediation session- in order to know their expectations of the process. The second takes place immediately after the mediation, and offenders complete a self-administered pot-test questionnaire. During direct mediation -when victim and offender met together with a mediator- non-participant observation is carried out to observe the interaction between parties. In indirect mediation the last session with the mediator is observed. The second part of the study, which takes place 6 months later, consists of a final narrative interview with the offenders who had been observed during mediation in order to learn more about the offenders' life course, their experience in mediation and its possible impact on their lives in the future.
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Bogar, Alison Kimberley. "Exploring the Social Trend of Household Computer Ownership in Affecting the United States 1990's Crime Drop." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3205.
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During the 1990’s the world witnessed a crime drop throughout all categories of crime. Many researchers have sought to seek an explanation for this drop; however, there has been a lack of concrete findings to fully explain this phenomenon. The purpose of this study is to explore a further reasoning as to why this drop occurred, specifically throughout the United States. An unexplored factor to explain this phenomenon is the increase of household computer ownership during the 1990’s. During this decade, household computers and the internet became prevalent throughout the nation. This study utilized secondary data from the Uniform Crime Report and the United States Current Population survey, with support from routines activities theory, to answer the research question to find if there was a correlation between household computer use and the crime drop. The results for this study found that there was a positive correlation between household computer ownership, household internet ownership, and all realms of crime. With this, it is important to note that the social trend of household computer ownership is not the only reasoning for this phenomenon.
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Foster, Karen L. "Amphetamines and Western Australian detainees: A social profile." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2012. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/487.
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The current study utilised data collected from the Australian Institute of Criminology’s project known as Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA). The DUMA project examined detainees’ social demographics and past and present drug use, at various Australian sites. The current study examined secondary data as a subset of the DUMA data collected from the East Perth lockup in Western Australia. Three sections of the DUMA data were analysed in this study (i) changes in amphetamine use by detainees (ii) demographic profile of detained amphetamine users and (iii) offences for which they have been detained. Analyses included chi-square tests, Kendall’s tau_b, ANOVA, and descriptive statistics, which were used in order to ascertain if a change between the three main sections had occurred overtime (1999-2006). Results showed detainees’ amphetamine use increased during the ‘heroin drought’. The profile demographic of detainee amphetamine users showed some significant changes overtime; a majority were male, aged between 18 to 34 years, and most likely to be unemployed. The study also showed detainee amphetamine users were most likely to commit offences against property, rather than offences against a person. Recommendations include detainees be offered drug counselling where appropriate and have access to resources assisting with gaining long-term employment.
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Dunkley, Lisa. "DESISTANCE FROM CRIME OF SERIOUS JUVENILE OFFENDERS: EXAMINING THE SOCIAL AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/edsrc_etds/61.
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There is an overrepresentation of youths with disabilities in the juvenile justice system. As a result, each year thousands of juvenile offenders despite of the seriousness of the crimes committed, are released from incarceration with the hopes of living a successful life in society. Despite progressive research on identifying factors associated with desistance, it is still unclear what factors contribute to desistance for serious juvenile offenders and especially those with disabilities. The current study investigated the individual differences (e.g., moral disengagement, motivation to succeed and impulse control) and social factors (e.g., employment, education and maternal warmth) that are important in the process of desistance for serious juvenile offenders. The sample of 14 to 17-year-old male and female offenders (N =1354) was composed primarily of ethnically marginalized youths who have committed serious offenses. Results of the study indicated that both social and individual factors are significant predictors of desistance from crime. However, varied significance was found as it relates to Aggressive, Income Offending and desistance. Results obtained are applicable to scholarship across multiple disciplines, as well as inform policy, practice and future research on desistance from crime. Limitations of the study were also stated.
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O'Quinn, Steven Matthew. "The Effects of Higher Education on Police Officers' Attitudes toward Personnel Issues, Public Relations and Crime Fighting." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2001. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0402101-170202/restricted/oquinn0420b.pdf.
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Greening, Anthony N. "Social disorganisation theory and violent crime: A spatial-econometric analysis of Chicago and Sydney." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2022. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2528.
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The spatialisation of violent crime is explored in two large case studies, Chicago and Sydney, using spatial econometric methods and macro-sociological variables derived from Social Disorganisation Theory.
Social Disorganisation Theory (SDT) is introduced in terms of its formulation in response to highly specific conditions arising in Chicago, as well as its adoption of methodological and theoretical developments from existing traditions. This specificity belies its breadth of application and enduring presence in criminology. With “Social Disorganisation Theory” hosting a wealth of highly nuanced academic dialogue conducted under its banner, current incarnations of SDT appear as branches on an evolutionary tree. This research addresses the theoretical roots of that tree, from which two primary benefits are derived. The first is that the resulting focus on macro-structural variables permits large-scale urban studies to be conducted with existing datasets. The second is that this effectively isolates the spatial analysis from specific theoretical developments and generalises the results. The difference from the classical formulation of SDT is that an “augmented” set of five variables is used as independent variables: disadvantage, population heterogeneity, residential mobility, family disruption and urbanisation. Criminal violence forms the dependent variable.
All variables are observed to exhibit spatial autocorrelation. In response, Spatial Durbin Models are selected for each case study. This selection is supported by diagnostics, with some qualification noted. Initial results suggest a basis for further exploration. In Sydney, this leads to a fully mediated model with family disruption as the mediator. In the case of Chicago, the strong landscape of segregation leads to a model which accommodates for the resulting structural instability. This introduces a model which provides separate treatment to highly homogeneous areas.
Results indicate mixed support for SDT. With the exception of heterogeneity and - to a lesser extent - urbanisation, variables broadly align with expectations derived from SDT in the initial Sydney and Chicago studies. However, these observations are muted by other outcomes. Firstly, the spatial complexity portrayed in the results is not formally conveyed by SDT. Using the argument that methodology both enables and constrains theory development, this is to be expected. Social Disorganisation Theory is credited with founding the ecological tradition in criminology. However, concepts of criminogenic place which have evolved from it are typically intertwined with co-location models of space. This is regarded as a limitation in which spatial autocorrelation is treated as a nuisance, rather than being theoretically embraced. That gap is highlighted by spatially rich results. The second threat to SDT in results from the Sydney case study is that a more parsimonious model is derived from family disruption alone. Furthermore, when disruption is employed as a mediator, full mediation is observed. The final response to SDT is that it does not accommodate structural instability as indicated in Chicago.
The results of this exploratory study offer insights into the spatial richness of violence in urban areas from an ecological perspective. This complexity poses a challenge to SDT. The thesis closes by discussing this challenge and includes an outline of proposed future work.
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Holder, Eaven. "Political Competition and Predictors of Hate Crime: A County-level Analysis." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3491.
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Research on hate crime has tended to utilize sociological frameworks to best explain the incidence of such offending, but little research has been conducted to determine whether political factors may play a role. Although Olzak (1990) touched upon the relationship between racial violence and third-party politics during the American Progressive era (1882-1914), the research did not fully articulate how political competition may influence the commission of hate crime. The current study seeks to fill this gap, while also extending concepts associated with social disorganization theory and the defended communities perspective. It does so by utilizing a longitudinal research design to assess the impact of theoretical predictors and political competition measures on hate crime prevalence in counties across three states (Tennessee, Virginia & West Virginia) over a seven-year span (2010-2016).
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Llamas, Juan C., and Robin L. Chandler. "PRACTITIONERS' VIEWS ON SERVICE NEEDS FOR JUSTICE INVOLVED YOUTH." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/493.
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The purpose of this study was to assess practitioners’ views of service needs for juveniles involved with the justice system. In the United States, every year there are thousands of youth committed to detention institutions for delinquent acts. As a result, children as young as nine years of age up until adulthood have a difficult time integrating back into the community. In many instances, youth who have been involved with the justice system have a greater likelihood of recidivism due to their inability to adapt to their environment. Further, when youth enter the system, many times they are not receiving the adequate services necessary to decrease recidivism and in turn are faced with multiple encounters with the justice system and with untreated concerns and additional needs.
This study used a qualitative design, conducting face to face interviews with ten justice involved youth practitioners. Participants were asked to explore areas such as, service utilization, recidivism rates, effectiveness of treatment, and barriers to service utilization. The results identified mental health and substance abuse treatment services as the most important needs of justice involved youth. Themes that emerged as important factors to the utilization of treatment services were meaningful relationships, parental support, and mentorship. This study found inadequacies with the process of assessing needs and services within the juvenile justice system. The results suggest a need for better treatment services and competent practitioners to reduce the likelihood of recidivism.
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Giesler, William Jaison. "Police officers' perception of the validity of the General theory of crime." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2003. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-1028103-181301/unrestricted/GeislerJ112603f.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A.)--East Tennessee State University, 2003.Title from electronic submission form. ETSU ETD database URN: etd-1028103-181301. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via Internet at the UMI web site.
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Gomes, Mayara de Souza. "Isso é tortura? Disputas, consensos e narrativas na construção social do crime de tortura na cidade de São Paulo." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2017.
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Orientadora: Profa Dra Camila Caldeira Nunes DiasDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Humanas e Sociais, 2017.
A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo observar como o sistema de justiça criminal investiga e processa o crime de tortura na cidade de São Paulo. Para tal, utilizamos como material de análise 36 processos e procedimentos criminais findos que apuraram o crime de tortura através da lei 9.455/97 e tiveram tramitação entre os anos de 2004 - 2014. Estes documentos foram analisados com o propósito de compreender quais elementos são relevantes ao longo das etapas de incriminação desses eventos. De que modo regras, práticas e lógicas próprias do sistema de justiça criminal influenciam nas tomadas de decisões pelos atores jurídicos. Igualmente, como tais apurações levam em consideração valores e estereótipos que embora dispersos na sociedade brasileira, acabam por ser incorporados e ressignificados quando da incriminação de práticas de tortura. Além disso, como os fatos incriminados também são interpretados a partir dos atores sociais envolvidos nessas dinâmicas violentas. Assim, através da análise e interpretação dos casos pode se observar algumas regularidades, discrepâncias e a variedade de fatos que foram incriminados como crimes de tortura. Depreende-se que a observação desses múltiplos elementos quando da incriminação de eventos desse tipo constituem um ponto privilegiado para compreender as disputas de sentido e significado quanto ao uso da tortura nas relações sociais e institucionais na sociedade brasileira.
The present research aims to observe how the criminal justice system investigates and processes torture crimes in the city of São Paulo. To achieve this purpose, we use as a material for analysis 36 proceedings and ended criminal proceedings that qualified the crime of torture through the law 9.455/97, between the years 2004 and 2014. These documents were analysed aiming understand which elements are relevant along the stages of the incrimination of these events. In which ways rules, practices and logics inherents to the criminal justice system have an effect on decision-making by legal actors. Likewise, how such calculations assumes values and stereotypes which, although dispersed in brazilian society, they end up being incorporated and redefined in the incrimination of torture. In addition, how the incriminated facts are also interpreted by the social actors involved in these violent dynamics. Therefore, through the analysis and interpretation of these cases it is possible observing some regularities, discrepancies, and variety of facts that have been prosecuted as torture crimes. It appears that the observation of these multiple elements when the incrimination of events of this type consists an advantaged point to understand the sense and meaning disputes existent in the use of torture on social and institutional relationships in the brazilian society.
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Robbins, Brian. "A Study of the Implementation of Restorative Justice at a Public High School in Southern California." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/48.
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This thesis begins with an introduction and methodology that presents two major research questions: “Can restorative justice exist within a zero-tolerance framework,” and, “What are the challenges that stand in the way of implementing restorative justice ideologies fully at Glenside High School?” The author provides an autobiographical statement to give context to his positionality within this research. A comprehensive literature review highlights a brief history of restorative justice, a description of the harmful effects of punitive discipline, and results from different communities that have implemented restorative justice. The three major respondents are introduced in order to provide context to their positionality within this research. The author presents his research findings based on qualitative field notes from site visits to a public, Southern California high school in addition to responses from interviews with teachers and a restorative justice expert. The author concludes by arguing for the implementation of restorative justice in a widespread manner in individual schools, in addition to comprehensive teacher training in pre-professional programs for prospective teachers and the need to shift from “teach to the test” ideologies to holistic student development pedagogies.
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Jolly, Nicole. "Racial Reproductive Control Logics and the Reproductive Justice Movement." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2012. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1449.
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The reproductive justice movement gives a voice and representation to women of color whose experience of reproductive control is impacted by intersecting layers of oppression. This thesis uses an intersectional approach to develop the concept of racial reproductive control logics, which describes the relationship between racial logics and racial patterns of reproductive control. The study uses qualitative interviews and content analysis of organizational material to explore how the reproductive justice movement is influenced by racial reproductive control logics.
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Erbe, Carsten Ashley. "Crime, institutions and community : an exploratory analysis of criminal justice devolution in the Aboriginal settlement of Palm Island, Queensland." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1997. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/35886/1/35886_Erbe_1997.pdf.
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The thesis is an exploratory analysis and evaluation of criminal justice devolution on the Aboriginal settlement of Palm Island, Queensland. Embracing a community centric
approach, the work commences with an analysis of the historical development of the community from its inception to the modern day. Used as a starting point, the thesis then proceeds to explore the two theoretical concepts which underlie the broader devolution
movement. The institution and the goal towards its more effective and efficient operation - through the use of more grassroot, contingency-based, organizational structures; the community and the goal towards re-establishing its cohesive, collective nature - through the use and encouragement of more informal processes of human thought, interaction, and social control. The work goes on to demonstrate how this devolution process has
been manifested in the Queensland criminal justice context and in direct relation to Palm
Island itself This examination includes the police, adjudication/ court, and correction services available within the state. The general conclusion is that while the devolution process has some weaknesses it has improved the overall quality of these services. Yet,
while the process has shown some signs of early success, there are notable dangers related to its development, especially those which relate to the greater subversion of the Aboriginal people into the hands of the state. Ultimately it is concluded that the process' future success is dependent on two things. The willingness of the Aboriginal people to actively participate in these mechanisms and the state's capacity to relinquish its
institutional power. If these do not coincide, these mechanisms will fail and crime will continue to burden Palm Island and other communities like it.
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Burch, Xavier D. "Political Decisions on Police Expenditures: Examining the Potential Relationship Between Political Structure, Police Expenditures and the Volume of Crime Across US States." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7269.
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The present study was designed to examine the variations in criminal justice expenditures across states in relation to crime, measures of political party membership, and several control variables that also attempt to explain both property and violent crime. The year, 2009, was chosen for the analysis. Data in the present study were collected by Olugbenga Ajilore (2016) for the year 2009 and supplemented with other state level data. The Ajilore dataset is one of the few datasets that has reliable criminal justice expenditure data across states, which is also disaggregated by type. Criminal justice expenditure data is actually quite difficult to collect across states and is not widely available across states particularly over consecutive years/time.
The dependent variables in the current study is the crime rate, which is separated into two categories; violent and non-violent crime. Both variables are important and essential in understanding the effects of police expenditures and political influences. The independent variables are correctional direct expenditures, judicial and legal direct expenditures, police protection expenditures, state legislative composition, state control, and governor’s party. Each of these variables either measures the level of expenditures on crime control, or measures factors that may influence the level of expenditures on crime control. The control variables are imprisonment, population age, unemployment rate, poverty rate, education, and foreign born. These six control variables are utilized to accurately account for the other possible factors leading to the effect of police expenditures on crime.
An OLS regression of each criminal justice expenditure on crime was conducted in three models: expenditure/threat Hypothesis Models; expenditure/political party model, and reduced form models. Three equations were estimated for each model to help assess the effects of the independent and control variables on property and violent crime independently. The criminal justice expenditures were used in separate models due to collinearity. Models for total criminal justice expenditures were also estimated to address collinearity between individual criminal justice expenditure measures.
The study found that though Republican states increase criminal justice expenditures, this does not deter or decrease crime. The minority threat is also lightly supported in relation to politics and crime which lacks evidence to support the claim of Blalock’s minority threat hypothesis. There is an economic threat that can be seen in the reduced crime models that may indicate that there is in fact a power threat with Republican states. These findings display evidence of social control through politicians, mostly Republicans as the reduced crime models show an increase in poverty and criminal justice expenditures as crime increases. Lastly, the deterrent theory was seen to fail in this study as this research revealed that there is a positive relationship between politics and crime through criminal justice expenditures, specifically police expenditures.
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Tester, Marlys Kay. "Analysis of Selected Correlates of Spouse Abuse and the Policy Implications for the Criminal Justice System." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2135.
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Research on spouse abuse has received greater attention during the last 3 decades around the world. This research was conducted to investigate the selected correlates of alcohol use, drug use, and marital status and the effects they have on use of weapons and violent behavior. The secondary data used was from a study done in Chicago from 1995-1998, called the Chicago Community Crime Prevention and Intimate Violence Study. There were 210 domestic violence victims studied in one Chicago area. Each victim was asked a series of the same questions. It was found that 39.4% of the domestic violence cases involved an alcohol problem, and 45.1% of them involved drugs. It was found that divorced subjects had the highest percentage of the use of a weapon (67%). In the overall cross tabulations, alcohol, drug use, and marital status were not significantly related to the use of a weapon and violent behavior. It was also found that alcohol consumption and violent behavior was significant at the .10 level of significance.
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Brunet-La, Ruche Bénédicte. ""Crime et châtiment aux colonies" : poursuivre, juger, sanctionner au Dahomey de 1894 à 1945." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00979289.
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Saisir le projet pénal colonial et le dérouler dans sa mise en œuvre, depuis l'acte criminel ou délictuel jusqu'à la sanction, en passant par la poursuite et le jugement, tel est l'objet de cette recherche menée dans un territoire de l'Afrique occidentale française entre 1894 et 1945, le Dahomey. Le principe de séparation entre citoyen européen et sujet indigène sur lequel se construit le mécanisme judiciaire s'étend à tout le parcours pénal suivi par les Dahoméens, avec la perception d'une criminalité proprement indigène ou l'exécution différenciée de la sanction selon le statut du condamné. Mais ce processus répressif ségrégué reste peu réfléchi dans sa continuité. Alors que la justice indigène est de plus en plus investie par le gouvernement colonial, les extrémités de la chaîne pénale sont peu pensées en termes d'intégration à la société civile. Les polices et les prisons restent au service d'un ordre politique et économique évolutif. La police judiciaire et le fonctionnement carcéral sont donc largement laissés entre les mains des chefs locaux et des auxiliaires africains, ce qui conduit à aménager le régime répressif dans un système de " domination sans hégémonie ". La colonne vertébrale de ce système, la justice indigène, est quant à elle au cœur des critiques contre l'ordre colonial, mais elle est aussi le lieu où se renégocient les rapports de pouvoir et où s'exposent les conflits sociaux en situation coloniale. Le parcours pénal suivi par les Dahoméens au cours de la première partie du XXe siècle apparaît comme un reflet déformé, et même transformé d'un projet répressif dominé par le souci de maintien de l'ordre mais relativement informe.
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Tengwall, Emma. "State compensation as trafficking victims' recall for justice. : -A comparative study of the implementation of trafficking victims' right to state compensation in five EU-member states, as a measure of transnational justice and equality before the law." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-323773.
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State compensation is considered a complementary tool for victims of crimes’ access to restorative justice. Particular benefits with state compensation for trafficked persons is the non-involvement of the offender, which by the nature of the crime usually implies a major obstacle for their access to financial compensation. The access to compensation for cross border victims - which includes victims of trafficking - and the importance of enforcing victims of crimes’ right to justice and equality before the law, has undergone a major actualization in step with the free movement - which led to an increased mobility across EU-borders. The correlation between equality before the law -as an expression for cross border victims’ access to state compensation regardless of citizenship- and the prevailing increasement of freedom of movement in the EU will among others be analyzed down Dworkin’s perception on equality and freedom as reciprocal musts. The right to compensation for victims of trafficking is established in binding EU-acts and therefore requires compliance, particularly since Directive 2004/80/EG - which enforces cross border victims’ right to compensation - was adopted. Due to the lack of contrasting research in the area of victims’ access to state compensation in the EU-member states five different countries is hereby being analyzed, intending to compare national policies on compensation and their compliance with Directive 2004/80/EG. The member states in focus are Spain, Greece, Portugal, Malta and Italy. My conclusion asserts that the member states do comply with the EU-obligations on compensation but the protection of trafficked persons’ right - and access to- state compensation is notwithstanding beneath contempt and requires urgent progress.
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White, Charlaine Annette Cecilia. "The promise of restorative justice: An outcomes evaluation of an Orange County Victim Offender Reconciliation Program, with focus on the victim's perspective." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2000. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1957.
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Victim-offender reconciliation programs (VORPs), the hallmark of the restorative justice movement, offer an alternative to the retributive approach to crime. These programs seek to bring the victim and offender together for purposes of working out a mediated settlement agreement.
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Douthat, Cameron. "Parents' Provision of Instrumental and Emotional Support to Young Adults with Criminal Justice Contact." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu156317016279803.
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Ames, Jessica Caryn. "Restorative justice including victims, offenders and communities in criminal justice dialogue : a project based upon an independent investigation /." Click here for text online. Smith College School for Social Work website, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10090/963.
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Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2007Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Social Work. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-101).
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Dean, Jennifer Lynne. "Resources Matter: The Role of Social Capital and Collective Efficacy in Mediating Gun Violence." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5006.
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Abstract
This study explains how community activists make use of available social capital and collective efficacy while attempting to mediate gun violence. It specifically focuses on twelve in-depth interviews of activists' perspectives, processes and rationales to alleviate community gun violence, based on informal social control models. Findings suggest activists must establish trust and respect with youth they work with before mediation begins, which is established through similar life experiences or backgrounds. Once a strong bond is established with youth, activists identified five core processes to reduce violence: 1) improve the mindset, 2) provide life skills, 3) assist youth as their liaison between networks, 4) expose and provide tools to other opportunities such as college or jobs, and 5) activists challenge system policy that they feel contributes to Chicago's gun violence.
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Wiklander, Charlotte, and Melissa Ylitalo. "Attityder och metoder i polisens arbete : En kvalitativ studie om polisers bemötande från ett brottspreventivt perspektiv." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Kriminologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-33055.
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Syftet med undersökningen var att få en bredare kunskap och förståelse för hur polisen uppfattar att de bemöter människor i sitt arbete, och hur detta bemötande kan stärka polisens legitimitet och vara en del av det brottsförebyggande arbetet, samt om poliserna upplever det möjligt att arbeta brottspreventivt genom bemötande i alla situationer. Vi utgick från teorin om procedurrättvisa och vi använde oss av en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Vårt urval bestod av poliser som arbetade eller har arbetat som områdespoliser eller i polisens ingripandeverksamhet. Det viktigaste resultatet i vår undersökning är att det finns en stor medvetenhet och förståelse hos alla poliser som deltagit i studien, för hur bemötande kan påverka det brottsförebyggande arbetet på ett positivt eller negativt sätt. Det andra viktiga resultatet visar att polisen upplever att det kan finnas situationer eller faktorer som gör att det är svårare eller inte alltid möjligt, att arbeta brottspreventivt genom sitt bemötande.The purpose of our study was to gain a broader knowledge and understanding about how the police perceive their treatment when interacting with citizens in their work. How this treatment can strengthen the legitimacy of the police and be a part of the crime prevention work. If the police feel it is possible to work crime preventing through treatment in all situations. We started from the theory of procedural justice and we chose to use a qualitative survey method. Our selection consisted of police officers who worked or had worked as community police officers or with intervention. We collected empirical data through semi-structured interviews. The most important results in our study showed that there was a great awareness and understanding among the police who participated. Understanding and awareness about how treatment can affect crime prevention work in a positive or negative way. The other important result in the study showed that the police experience situations or factors that doesn’t make crime prevention possible through their treatment.
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Buyck, Margaux. "Crimes de poison dans la Bologne médiévale et moderne (XIVe-XVIIe siècle)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100121.
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Longtemps laissé dans l’ombre historiographique, l’empoisonnement fait l’objet cesdernières années d’un intérêt renouvelé de la part des historiens. Dans le sillon de ces ultimes recherches, cette thèse propose une étude sur les crimes de poison à Bologne entre le XIVe et le XVIIe siècle. Si de nombreux chercheurs défendent l’idée que l’empoisonnement est un objet historique « transpériode », aucune étude n’a encore confronté explicitement le Moyen Age à l’époque moderne souvent présentés comme antagonistes. Or, l’analyse du phénomène criminel sur près de quatre siècles permet de mieux appréhender les évolutions et surtout les permanences de l’empoisonnement criminel, de ses modalités et des réactions de la société face à celui-ci. Les archives bolonaises se sont avérées être un terrain de recherches relativement dense, fournissant un corpus de près de 180 affaires dont un nombre important de sources judiciaires inédites. Bologne constitue à ce titre un véritable carrefour pour l’histoire du droit, de la médecine, du fait de son université prestigieuse, mais aussi en ce qui concerne l’étude de la société urbaine. Cette richesse documentaire permet d’envisager une réflexion à l’intersection de l’histoire de la criminalité et de la justice, de l’histoire de la médecine et de l’histoire sociale. Cette approche plurielle de la thématique donne l’opportunité d’élargir l’éventail des témoignages sur l’empoisonnement en confrontant tour à tour doctrines, représentations culturelles et mentales de l’empoisonnement et effectivité du crime et de ses conséquences dans les actes de la pratiqueLong left in the shadow of History, poisoning is subject of a renewed interest byhistorians for the last few years. Following theirs latest researches, this thesis offers a study of poison crimes in Bologna between the XIV and XVII centuries. While many researchers stand for the idea of poison crime as an historical "trans-period" object, no study has yet explicitly faced the middle-age and the modern era often presented as antagonist. But the analysis over nearly four centuries of this criminal phenomenon is insightful on the evolution and especially the persistence of criminal poisoning, its ways and means, and the society reactions to it. The Bolognese archives proved to be a relatively dense research field, providing a corpus of nearly 180 cases, of which a large number of unprecedented/unknown judicial sources. Bologna thus constitutes a true crossroads of legal and medical History, due to its prestigious university, but also on study of urban society. This documentary wealth leads a questioning at the interface of History of crime and justice, History of medicine and social History. This multifaceted approach of the topic is an opportunity to expand the range of testimonies on poisoning and confronts, by turns, doctrine, cultural and mental perception of poisoning and the effectiveness of the crime, and practical consequences