Academic literature on the topic 'Creta romana'

Reseña de V. Bucciantini, Studio su Nearco di Creta. Dalla descrizione geografica alla narrazione storica, Studi di Storia greca e romana 11, Alessandria, Edizioni dell’ Orso, 2015, 251 pp. [ISBN 9788862746434]

The low water availability in several regions of southeastern Hellas and particularly in several islands, such as Crete, has resulted in the construction of various types of water reservoir for collection and storage of rainwater, since their very early habitation. Since then, technologies for the construction and use of several types of cisterns have been developed. In Crete during the Minoan era, water cisterns were very well practiced as a basic means for water supply in several settlements. The Minoan water cistern technologies were further developed, mainly by enlargement of the scale of water systems, at subsequent stages of the Hellenic civilizations. Furthermore, more advanced water cistern technologies were invented, with a peak during the Hellenistic period which followed Alexander the Great, during which time they spread over a geographical area from Hellas to the west and to the east. The Romans inherited the cistern technologies and further developed them mainly by changing their application scale from small to large. Characteristic paradigms of Cretan cisterns are considered which justify the significance of that technology for water supply in areas with low water availability during the whole Cretan history. Herein, nowadays climatic conditions and water resources management in Crete are presented and discussed.

LA VITA TEATRALE NELLA ROMA REPUBBLICANANell'articolo si esamina la vita teatrale in Italia, in particolare in Campania e nel Lazio dal III secolo a.C. fino alla fine della Repubblica, e si sostiene che tra queste regioni e Roma vi fosse in questo campo uno scambio maggiore di quanto normalmente si creda. Le compagnie che parlavano in greco, osco e latino venivano a Roma, e quelle romane facevano tournées fuori Roma, come dimostra un passo frainteso di Lucilio. La Campania guidava ed influenzava Roma non solo nell'architettura teatrale, ma anche sotto altri aspetti: molti autori ‘Romani’, in particolare Titinio, autore delle togatae ambientate nelle città a sud di Roma, forse non nacquero nella capitale, ma solo vi rappresentarono per la prima volta le loro commedie. Molti attori inoltre, a giudicare dal loro nome, sembrano italiani invece che latini, oppure liberti da padroni che lo erano.

Desde que, en el año 2011, el proyecto Forvm MMX comenzase a desarrollar su trabajo en el yacimiento ibero-romano de Cástulo, (Linares, Jaén), siempre ha apostado por el uso y aplicación de nuevas tecnologías, empleando un innovador sistema de registro telemático (Imilké) al que se añade el desarrollo de las aplica- ciones posibilitadas por el modelado 3D durante las fases sucesivas del proceso de excavación y el estudio de materiales. Este último conforma el objetivo princi- pal del presente artículo.Mediante las técnicas de fotogrametría, el desarrollo de modelos tridimensio- nales de cada estrato queda integrado en el sistema permitiendo su acceso de forma virtual, gracias al uso de un SIG. Mientras, las piezas tienen un recorrido por las diferentes etapas que componen el proyecto: conservación, catalogación, modelado, difusión pública y usos didácticos. En el texto desarrollamos este tra- bajo mediante dos ejemplos concretos, ambos de época romana, seleccionados a partir de las necesidades y aplicaciones empleadas durante la conservación y catalogación.Se crea así un equipo interdisciplinar que, desde diferentes ámbitos, ofrece re- sultados abiertos de modo virtual a otros investigadores y/o docentes interesados en el análisis global de toda la documentación generada durante la excavación arqueológica.

This article examines the impact of the increasing connectivity and economic change on Crete after its subjugation to the Romans, to the urban landscape of the island. The study begins with an outline of the economic developments that took place in Crete from the Hellenistic to the Roman imperial period, which affected the urban system(s) of the island; then it continues with a presentation of characteristic case-studies of cities, the archaeological investigation of which offers us adequate evidence; and it concludes with a comprehensive discussion, where an attempt is made to put the evidence from Crete in a broader context.

Atenas crea la demokratía y Roma la re publica. Ambos sistemas se sustentan básicamente en las mismas estructuras constitucionales en las que el dêmos o populus participa de la vida política en una relación más o menos estable de equilibrio con los demás órganos de poder (Senado o Areópago y magistraturas). La historia de ambas ciudades será la de la lucha por alcanzar cada vez cotas más altas de presencia y decisión del pueblo en todas las instituciones.

En este artículo pretendemos sacar a la luz los posibles topónimos de origen romano en Bizkaia, dando continuidad a trabajos, escasos, de otros autores acerca de esta materia. Nuestro estudio se centra básicamente en las poblaciones y barrios del territorio vizcaíno que han recibido su nombre, en gran cantidad, en contra de lo que se creía hasta ahora, del legado romano entre los siglos I y V.

A "seção romana" do poema Alexandra de Lícofron é uma passagem de 56 versos em que a profetiza prevê um futuro grandioso para os descendentes e, ao contrário, um funesto porvir aos próprios aqueus. A passagem tão conveniente à prespectiva da Eneida, que há quem creia tratar-se de interpolação, entre outros motivos pelo fato de ser a primeira intersecção entre o mito de Eneias e o de Rômulo e Remo. A tradução dos trímetros jâmbicos foi feita em dodecassílabos acentuados na sexta sílaba, mantendo-se anacolutos, hipérbatos, cavalgamentos, que produzem a já notória estranheza da sintaxe do poema. Procuro manter por compensação as recorrências sonoras e a logopeia.

Las catacumbas romanas, lugares de enterramiento de los cristianos de los primeros siglos, proporcionaron a partir del último tercio del siglo XVI una gran cantidad de reliquias al cristianismo, ya que se creía que las osamentas halladas en sus galerías pertenecían a santos mártires víctimas de las persecuciones del imperio romano. Este fenómeno de donación tuvo continuidad hasta finales del siglo XIX, centuria en la que generó casos de estudio de gran interés, en los que los personajes involucrados en las donaciones, las condiciones materiales y de traslado de las osamentas, y la recepción de las mismas en las poblaciones a en donde arribaron, hablan de la vigencia de una práctica asociada al culto a las reliquias que tuvo como centro a Italia como centro de exportación; y Francia y México como territorios beneficiados con numerosas donaciones. Una selección de donaciones de cada uno de los países ya mencionados, proporciona un marco de referencia para comenzar a trazar las primeras líneas de estudio de este fenómeno internacional suscitado, en varios casos, en medio de las luchas políticas y sociales que llevarían a dichas naciones a cimentarse como Estados modernos, donde a pesar de las controversias entre el poder religioso y el poder civil, la veneración a santos mártires tuvo presencia e importancia.

Gypsum in Hellas and Cyprus occurs in three different types: (a) bedded (mainly of Messinian age in Cyprus and Crete), (b) domes (mainly western Hellas and Crete), and (c) as bodies, fragments and cementing material in Triassic conglomerate formations (western Hellas). Ground failure caused by void migration to the surface, resulting from gypsum dissolution, is a common phenomenon in such areas, which are also found in other European countries (e.g., Italy, Spain, Switzerland, U.K., Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Turkey, Ukraine and Russia). In this paper three different case studies of ground failure are presented: Cyprus, Crete (Viannos) and Corfu. Engineering geological, stratigraphical, geophysical, hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical studies of these areas, revealed the direct relationship between surface runoff, and ground water circulation with the rate of gypsum dissolution, the subsequent development of karst hollows, and the associated ground failure in urban and suburban environments. Two main models were defined, according to different mechanisms of gypsum dissolution. The first model is associated with the erosion activity of surface runoff, the second with the dissolving capacity of ground water. Risks to the urban and suburban environments were assessed, and guidelines as well as mitigation measures were proposed.

2011/2012
L’unificazione politica di Creta si realizzò nel III sec. a.C. con la fondazione della «Federazione dei Cretesi» (koinon ton Kretaieon). Questa istituzione coordinava l’azione delle numerose città-stato dell’isola nei rapporti con le grandi potenze del Mediterraneo, Roma inclusa. Per quanto riguarda la politica interna, tuttavia, le città-stato mantenevano ampli margini di autonomia. Questa ricerca indaga i fattori extra-politici di coesione (etnici, culturali, religiosi) che contribuirono all’unificazione di Creta. La religione rivestì un ruolo determinante nella formazione di un polo identitario in cui i Cretesi poterono riconoscersi. Le due divinità locali principali, Zeus Kretagenés («Zeus nato a Creta») e Artemide-Diktynna, furono venerate sul piano federale dall’ellenismo fino a tutta l’epoca imperiale. Gli aspetti religiosi mostrano dunque un rilevante grado di continuità attraverso le diverse epoche. Grazie alla loro adattabilità, infatti, essi poterono essere declinati nelle diverse circostanze storiche e politiche. La storia del koinon cretese si articola in quattro fasi, ciascuna delle quali corrisponde a un capitolo della tesi: ellenismo (III sec. – 67 a.C.), epoca tardo-repubblicana (67-31 a.C.), età imperiale (31 a.C. – 297 d.C.) e tardo-antica (IV – inizio V sec. d.C.). L’istituzione ellenistica è stata recentemente definita come una mera “alleanza” per sottolineare la priorità degli interessi politico-militari delle città-stato che ne erano membri. La ricerca ha potuto mettere in evidenza alcuni aspetti in precedenza poco considerati, che indicano un livello di coesione maggiore e più profondo – se non di fatto, almeno nelle intenzioni dei Cretesi: i tentativi di sviluppare una monetazione comune, l’elaborazione di un’unità etnica attraverso l’idea di una Creta unitaria, l’esistenza di uno stadio per gli agoni federali a Gortina, la convergenza degli interessi religiosi attorno alla figura di Zeus Kretagenés già in questa fase. In epoca tardo-repubblicana si compì l’unificazione politica dell’isola, ma ciò avvenne a prezzo dell’indipendenza, poiché l’isola fu sottomessa a Roma e ridotta a provincia (67 a.C.). Il koinon fu trasformato in un’assemblea provinciale assimilabile per molti versi ad altri istituti analoghi dell’Impero. Zeus Kretagenés restò la divinità principale dell’isola e venne raffigurato su un cistoforo d’argento emesso a nome del koinon. In età imperiale si completò il processo di unificazione e di accentramento già avviato: Gortina si affermò come sede di riunione e di zecca del koinon, oltre che come capitale provinciale. L’agorà della città divenne il luogo di rappresentanza dei Cretesi e dei membri dell’amministrazione romana. Il koinon, infatti, si profila in questa fase come un organo complementare dell’amministrazione imperiale, con funzioni di rappresentanza della popolazione provinciale. Nel teatro dell’acropoli di Gortina si svolgevano le assemblee federali; le festività religiose comuni erano celebrate nel tempio (dedicato forse a Zeus) con l’annesso stadio presso il Pretorio. La fase originaria di questo tempio può essere datata all’epoca augustea e riferita alle rievocazioni imperiali della vittoria di Azio (31 a.C.). Il koinon imperiale era presieduto da un sommo sacerdote (archiereus), i cui compiti principali erano l’organizzazione delle attività di culto federale, il finanziamento di costose evergesie e la rappresentanza dei Cretesi di fronte alle autorità romane. L’esame delle immagini scelte per la monetazione del koinon dimostra una pluralità di interessi religiosi che si estendono ben oltre il culto imperiale, affondando le loro radici nella tradizione locale. Accanto alla venerazione del Divo Augusto risaltano in primo piano il culto di Zeus Kretagenés e quello di Diktynna, i cui maggiori santuari erano rispettivamente situati nella Grotta sul monte Ida e nella Creta occidentale, presso Capo Spatha nelle vicinanze di Kydonia. Nel I-II secolo emerge come santuario sovraregionale anche l’Asklepieion di Lebena. La cassa federale era probabilmente custodita nel tesoro sacro del Diktynnaion di Capo Spatha. Il culto dinastico ellenistico ebbe importanza limitata a Creta e rimase circoscritto al piano civico di singole poleis (Itanos in particolare), ma fu importante nel creare le premesse per il successivo sviluppo del culto imperiale. Dopo la morte di Augusto nel 14 d.C., fu istituito un culto federale dell’Imperatore divinizzato. Al suo santuario era associato il diritto di asilo, che era stato in precedenza abolito da Roma per i santuari locali probabilmente a causa di abusi da parte dei Cretesi durante il periodo tardoellenistico. L’aspetto delle statue di culto del Divo Augusto e di Zeus Kretagenés può essere ricostruito sulla base delle immagini monetali. Queste due divinità somme presentano diversi punti di contatto nell’iconografia, in particolare nell’associazione col motivo delle sette stelle dell’Orsa Maggiore, da leggersi come riferimento all’apoteosi imperiale e, insieme, ai miti locali connessi con la nascita di Zeus a Creta. In questo caso si può constatare uno scambio di temi tra Roma e la provincia, con una collaborazione attiva della seconda all’elaborazione della propaganda imperiale. L’Imperatore divinizzato, inserendosi nel pantheon locale, si integrava nella vita religiosa dei Cretesi, promuovendo l’articolazione della provincia nella cornice dell’Impero. Nell’epoca tardo-antica si registra un declino dell’istituzione federale, la cui iniziativa politica viene notevolmente ridimensionata e subordinata all’amministrazione provinciale. Si rilevano comunque segnali di una continuità del culto di Zeus Kretagenés. La tradizione religiosa costituisce quindi l’asse portante dell’identità regionale cretese – poi evolutasi in identità «romano-cretese» – attraverso sette secoli densi di mutamenti storico-politici.
Die vorliegende Forschung untersucht die außerpolitischen Faktoren, die zu der politischen Vereinigung und der Bildung einer regionalen Identität Kretas beigetragen haben. Darauf wirkten von Anfang an religiöse Elemente der lokalen Tradition, die nicht nur städtisch, sondern auch regional verbindend für die ganze Insel aufgefasst wurden. Zwei Gottheiten spielten dabei eine wichtige Rolle: Zeus Kratagenes und Artemis/Diktynna. Bei der Bildung der regionalen Identität sind auch mythische, ethnische und verfassungsmäßige Elemente tätig. Die politische Struktur der kretischen Einheit bildete das s.g. koinon („Bund“) der Kreter, das tatsächlich eine lockere Institution war, jedoch nicht ein rein politisch-militärisches Bündnis wie neulich behauptet worden ist. Die außerpolitischen Faktoren, die sich im Rahmen der Kulte polarisieren, unterstützten nachweislich den Zusammenhalt des Bundes. Die Geschichte der kretischen Föderation gliedert sich chronologisch in vier Phasen, jeder von denen ein Kapitel der Dissertation gewidmet ist: die hellenistiche (3. Jh. – 67 v.Chr.), die spätrepublikanische (44-31 v.Chr.), die kaiserzeitliche (31 v.Chr. – 297 n.Chr.) und die spätrömische Zeit (4. – Anfang 5. Jh.). Mit der Übergangsphase von der hellenistischen in die römische Zeit hing eine markante Umformulierung der Ziele und Kompetenzen des Bundes, der nun seine politische Unabhängigkeit zugunst der Römer einbüßte. Nach wie vor diente die Institution grundsätzlich den Repräsentationszwecken der gesamten Insel gegenüber den Großmächten des Mittelmeerraumes, und zwar früher den hellenistischen Reichen und später Rom. Diesbezüglich sind in der Arbeit die literarischen, epigraphischen und archäologischen Quellen versammelt und kritisch dargelegt, um den organisatorischen Aufbau und die Zwecke der Einrichtung festzustellen. Daraus geht hervor, dass der Bund einen eigenen politischen Handlungsspielraum besaß, der während der Römerzeit in der Macht der Provinzialverwaltung seine Grenze hatte und sich gemäß den zeitgenössischen Bedingungen entwickelte. Trotz dieser Wandlungen zeigt der religiöse Rahmen der Institution von griechischer Zeit bis in die Kaiserzeit eine verwunderliche Beständigkeit. Es hat den Anschein, dass die Religion die grundlegende identitätsstiftende Aufgabe absolvierte, während den hellenistischen Versuch, eine ethnische Identität der Kreter zu gründen, die Römer wahrscheinlich hatten platzen lassen oder jedenfalls erheblich abgebaut. Das numismatische Material stellt eine wichtige Quelle dar, weil es uns über die wirtschaftliche Initiative sowie über die Selbstdarstellung und die religiösen Prioritäten des Bundes informiert. Das höchste Amt des koinon war dasjenige des Provinzialoberpriesters, der außer der Aufsicht über die Provinzialkulte anderen rein politischen Aufgaben nachkam und für die finanzielle Unterstützung des Bundes sorgte. Was das Finanzwesen angeht, verfügten die Kreter über einen Bundesschatz, den sie mit bestimmter Selbstständigkeit verwalten konnten. Daraus ergibt sich das Bild einer organischen komplementären Zusammenarbeit der Provinzialen neben der römischen Verwaltung. Durch den Kaiserkult wurde der römische Kaiser in die lokale Religion hineinbezogen und eng mit der Hauptgestalt des kretischen Pantheons, dem Zeus Kretagenes, verbunden. Auf Dauer bahnte sich ein Wechselspiel an, indem die auf Kreta entwickelten Elemente teilweise nach Rom zurückflossen. Das enge Nebeneinander römischer und einheimischer Instanzen spiegelte sich auch topographisch in der Hauptstadt Gortyn wider. Zusammenfassend, bot die Religion den Kretern eine aussichtsreiche Integrationsmöglichkeit im römischen Reich, ohne dass sie auf ihre historichen Wurzeln verzichten müssten. Das kretische Oberpriestertum konnte nämlich das Sprungbrett für eine politische Karriere in der römischen Verwaltung bilden. Die lokale mythologische bzw. religiöse Tradition brachte durch die Übernahme römischer Elementen und insbesondere des Kaiserkultes die Macht Roms in die unmittelbare Erfahrung der Kreter hinein. Die Identität der oberhalb der einzelnen Stadtstaate erreichten politischen Vereinigung stützte sich auf den konstituierenden und zusammenhaltenden Faktor der Religion.
XXV Ciclo
1979

La ricerca si focalizza sulle espressioni artistiche a Crema durante il Cinquecento, prendendo in considerazione artisti, episodi particolari, commissioni pubbliche e private. Partendo dall’intervento di Benedetto Diana in Santa Maria della Croce, passando per la bottega di Vincenzo Civerchio, si giunge ad analizzare le figure di Aurelio Buso e Carlo Urbino, fino alla fine del secolo. Il lavoro presenta alcuni documenti inediti, quali uno che attesta la presenza di Aurelio Buso a Genova e altri che mostrano l’origine di Carlo Urbino .
This study is focused on the artistic expressions in Crema along the XVI century, considering artists, happenings, public and private commissions. Starting from the work of Benedetto Diana in Santa Maria della Croce, through the workshop of Vincenzo Civerchio, we arrive studying Aurelio Buso and Carlo Urbino, at the end of the century. This study presents come new documents, as one that certificate the journey of Aurelio Buso to Genua and others that show the origin of Carlo Urbino.

La ricerca si focalizza sulle espressioni artistiche a Crema durante il Cinquecento, prendendo in considerazione artisti, episodi particolari, commissioni pubbliche e private. Partendo dall’intervento di Benedetto Diana in Santa Maria della Croce, passando per la bottega di Vincenzo Civerchio, si giunge ad analizzare le figure di Aurelio Buso e Carlo Urbino, fino alla fine del secolo. Il lavoro presenta alcuni documenti inediti, quali uno che attesta la presenza di Aurelio Buso a Genova e altri che mostrano l’origine di Carlo Urbino .
This study is focused on the artistic expressions in Crema along the XVI century, considering artists, happenings, public and private commissions. Starting from the work of Benedetto Diana in Santa Maria della Croce, through the workshop of Vincenzo Civerchio, we arrive studying Aurelio Buso and Carlo Urbino, at the end of the century. This study presents come new documents, as one that certificate the journey of Aurelio Buso to Genua and others that show the origin of Carlo Urbino.

L’œuvre de Gaspard André est aujourd’hui régulièrement citée parmi celles des maîtres de l’Éclectisme. D’origine suisse et de religion réformée, élève de l’École des Beaux-Arts de Lyon puis de celle de Paris dont il sera l’un des plus brillants représentants, André débute sa carrière à Lyon en 1872 avec des commandes d’édifices religieux (le temple de l’Église réformée, l’église Saint-Joseph au Brotteaux) suivies de celles du théâtre des Célestins et de la fontaine de la place des Jacobins. Dès 1882, une riche clientèle d’hommes d’affaires (É. Aynard, les Gillet, F. Mangini, H. Germain) lui confie la construction de leurs villas, de banques ou d’usines. Il sera simultanément un ardent promoteur des arts décoratifs assez vite chargé de positions officielles importantes. Les dernières années (1889-1896) sont marquées par une certaine forme de simplicité stylistique alors qu’il entame une seconde carrière en Suisse romande (Université de Lausanne). Son style est caractérisé par des ordonnances originales (écoles de la rue Tronchet) et des formules plastiques inédites (formes pures et dissymétriques des derniers projets). Plusieurs de ses écrits révèlent comment sa pensée a pu s’enrichir au contact des principales tendances de la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle, et l’importance accordée alors à la réflexion et aux débats sur les origines du classicisme et ses transformations. À l’opposé, ses dernières œuvres et leur étonnante sobriété constructive et formelle – qui influencera vraisemblablement des architectes comme Tony Garnier ou Paul Cret –, nous révèlent parfaitement la nature des forces et des tensions qui ont favorisé l’émergence du Mouvement Moderne en Europe
The work of Gaspard André features regularly nowadays amongst those of the masters of Eclecticism. Born into a Protestant family from Switzerland, a student of the École des Beaux-Arts in Lyons and later in Paris – where he would be one of the most brilliant amongst his peers - André began his career in Lyons in 1872, with commissions for religious buildings (the Protestant temple and the Church of Saint-Joseph). These were followed by further commissions for the Théâtre des Célestins and the fountain in the Place des Jacobins. From 1882 onwards, a wealthy clientele of businessmen (É. Aynard, the Gillets, F. Mangini, H. Germain) entrusted him with the task of building their villas, banks and factories. He would simultaneously be an ardent promoter of the decorative arts whilst he reached significant official positions. His final years (1889-96) were marked by a particular form of stylistic simplicity while he started a second new career in Switzerland (University of Lausanne). His style is characterised by unusual designs (schools in the Rue Tronchet) and never-before-seen plastic formulae (pure and asymmetric forms of his final projects). His writings reveal how his train of thought was enhanced by his close study of the main architectural trends of the second half of the 19th century, and the importance attached then, to the discussions and the debates on the origins of Classicism and its transformations. Conversely, his final works and their surprising constructive and formal sobriety – which have likely influenced architects like Tony Garnier or Paul Cret - clearly demonstrate the nature of the forces and tensions that favoured the emergence of the Modern Movement

Alors que les recherches sur la Crète romaine connaissent un nouveau dynamisme depuis une vingtaine d’années et que les fouilles conduites jusqu’à récemment en Cyrénaïque fournissent de plus en plus d’informations sur la période du Haut-Empire romain, le cadre administratif dans lequel vivaient ces deux régions de l’Orient hellénophone a paradoxalement été mis de côté. La double province de Crète-Cyrénaïque, créée à l’époque de Pompée et qui existe jusqu’à la Tétrarchie, a en effet très peu suscité l’attention des historiens, en raison de son caractère périphérique et de sa marginalité supposée. Cette thèse souhaite réévaluer le rôle historique de la Crète-Cyrénaïque au sein de l’Empire romain et analyser la façon dont les sociétés locales ont réagi à la domination de Rome. La première partie de la recherche s’intéresse à l’histoire administrative de la province, en étudiant la chronologie de sa création et les raisons qui ont conduit Rome à privilégier l’union des deux régions. Les fastes complets des promagistrats en poste en Crète-Cyrénaïque (proconsuls, légats, questeurs, procurateurs) sont établis ; l’organisation interne de la province est ensuite étudiée. Les deuxième et troisième parties se concentrent sur la vie des élites crétoises et cyrénéennes sous domination romaine à partir d’une analyse prosopographique. Sont d’abord proposés les portraits des grandes élites impériales : sénateurs crétois et cyrénéens, archontes du Panhellènion et grands-prêtres du culte des empereurs. On discute ensuite de l’évolution du milieu des notables locaux, en mettant en avant ce que l’entrée dans l’imperium romanum a changé pour eux, ainsi que les modifications de leurs modes de représentation et de leurs stratégies de domination sociale. De nombreux stemmata de grandes familles provinciales sont établis pour mieux rendre compte des réalités des élites locales de la période
The last twenty years or so have seen a dramatic increase in the interest on Roman Crete, while long-standing archaeological excavations in Cyrenaica (when they were still possible) brought to light lots of information on the Roman period. However, the administrative setting which the two areas lived in during the High Empire remains almost completely unknown because of the historians’ disinterest in this double province of the Roman Empire. Created by Pompey and still a reality during the Tetrarchy, the province of Crete and Cyrene is often thought as a marginal and unsuccessful administrative entity, far away from Rome. The thesis aims at re-evaluating the historical role of the province in the Roman Empire and at analyzing the way local societies reacted to the Roman domination. The first part focuses on the administrative history of the province. The chronology of its creation is studied along with the reasons why Rome chose the administrative solution of the union. The fasti of the Roman magistrates in charge of the province are established and the internal organization of the province is analyzed. In the second and third parts, the life and evolution of local societies under Roman domination are discussed through a prosopographical analysis. Portraying the senators originating from Crete and Cyrenaica as well as the archontes of the Hadrianic panhellenic league and the high priests of the imperial cult gives valuable information on how local elites reached the superior strata of Roman society. But most of the aristocrats were only active locally and never got beyond their own city-states. Several stemmata of local families help to understand how the Roman Empire change the way of representing themselves and alter their strategies of social domination

Ce travail propose d’étudier l’un des nombreux textes médiévaux portant sur le mythe de la guerre de Troie. Transmis à l’Occident médiéval non pas par le biais d’Homère mais par celui des classiques latins et de certains auteurs de l’Antiquité tardive, ce mythe connut un immense succès en Europe durant tout le Moyen Âge, malgré l’ignorance du grec et de l’Iliade. Nous avons choisi d’éditer partiellement et de commenter l’un des plus importants monuments de la matière troyenne médiévale, texte presque inédit aujourd’hui, car totalement délaissé depuis la Renaissance et le retour aux textes anciens. Dans une introduction, nous avons exposé les principes de notre travail d’édition, c'est-à-dire listé les différents manuscrits utilisés par l’éditeur précédent (Nathaniel Griffin), puis surtout présenté notre manuscrit de base, le Cod. Bodmer 78, absent de la liste des manuscrits collationnés par Griffin. Puis nous avons consacré un chapitre à la langue du texte, un latin médiéval très lisible quoiqu’empreint de « modernismes », notamment au niveau du lexique. Puis, après avoir présenté le texte, sa langue et notre méthode d’édition, nous avons exposé le peu d’éléments que nous avions sur notre auteur, sa vie, son œuvre et le contexte intellectuel au milieu duquel il évolua dans la Sicile du XIIIe siècle, ainsi que l’engouement européen pour la matière troyenne qui explique son choix de reprendre ce grand mythe dans son Historia. Enfin il nous a fallu évoquer les nombreuses sources utilisées par Guido delle Colonne, ses sources directes, indirectes ou inavouées. En dernier lieu, nous avons offert un résumé de chaque livre édité et traduit. Suit une bibliographie détaillée sur les manuscrits et éditions anciens de ce texte, des manuels, le contexte culturel et historique en Europe et en Sicile au Moyen Âge, les textes grecs, latins et vernaculaires se rapportant à la guerre de Troie et ayant influencé notre auteur de près ou de loin, les ouvrages critiques sur le traitement de cette matière troyenne dans l’Antiquité et au Moyen Âge, et enfin les quelques éléments bibliographiques portant sur Guido et sur son œuvre. Vient ensuite notre édition-traduction. La traduction est accompagnée d’un double apparat : un apparat des sources et réminiscences ainsi qu’un apparat critique qui prend en compte et compare les leçons contenues dans notre manuscrit de base avec les variantes citées par l’éditeur précédent dans les quelques manuscrits qu’il a utilisés. Au bas de la traduction, figurent des notes d’érudition destinées aux noms ou des faits cités dans le texte et qui méritent une explication. Après cette partie introduction philologique et édition, la deuxième grande partie de cette thèse consiste en un commentaire et des annexes. Dans notre commentaire, nous avons souhaité interroger notre texte dans ses aspects narratologiques, thématiques, génériques, linguistiques et idéologiques. C’est pourquoi nous avons consacré un premier chapitre à l’étude narratologique du texte, son contenu, son agencement, ses techniques narratives, son utilisation des sources et ses principales thématiques. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons abordé le genre et le ton de cette Historia, qui se veut un texte historique quoique traitant une matière fictionnelle puisque mythologique à une époque où les genres littéraires ne sont pas encore définis et encore moins cloisonnés ; nous avons en outre longuement commenté et illustré le choix de l’écriture en prose et en latin à une époque où la mode est au vers et au vernaculaire. Enfin, notre troisième chapitre porte sur le contenu scientifique, politique et idéologique de ce texte truffé de parenthèses érudites et morales. En dernier lieu, nous avons proposé une édition diplomatique de la partie non éditée ni traduite du manuscrit, ainsi que des annexes sur les manuscrits et le vocabulaire, et bien sûr des index des noms propres et un glossaire des mots rares ou surprenants
This work proposes to explore one of the many medieval texts on the myth of the Trojan War. Transmitted to medieval Europe not through Homer but by the Latin classics and some authors of late Antiquity, this myth was a huge success in Europe during the middle Ages, despite the ignorance of the Greek and the Iliad. We chose to partially edit and comment on one of the most important monuments of the medieval Trojan material, almost unpublished text today because totally abandoned since the Renaissance and the return to the ancient texts. In an introduction, we exposed the principles of our editing work, that is to say, listed the various manuscripts used by the original publisher (Nathaniel Griffin) and especially presented our basic manuscript, Cod. Bodmer 78, absent from the list of manuscripts collated by Griffin. Then we have a chapter on the language of the text, a medieval Latin highly readable although full of "modernism", particularly in terms of vocabulary. Then, after introducing the text, the language and our editing method, we exposed the little things we had on our author, his life, his work and the intellectual context in which he evolved in thirteenth century Sicily, and the European craze for the Trojan material explains his choice to take this great myth in his Historia. Then, we had to mention the many sources used by Guido delle Colonne, its indirect or direct or unacknowledged sources. Lastly, we provided a summary of each book published and translated. Then follows a detailed bibliography on manuscripts and old editions of this text, textbooks, historical and cultural context in Europe and Sicily in the Middle Ages, the Greek texts, Latin and vernacular related to the Trojan War and that influenced our author near or far, the critical works on the treatment of this Trojan material in antiquity and the Middle Ages, and finally some bibliographic elements on Guido and his work. Then comes our edition-translation. The translation is accompanied by a double pageantry: one for the sources and reminiscences, and a critical apparatus that considers and compares the lessons contained in our manuscript with basic variants cited by the previous editor in some manuscripts that he used. At the bottom of the translation include scholarly notes for names or facts mentioned in the text and deserve an explanation. After this introduction and part philological edition, the second major part of this thesis consists of a comment and annexes. In our review, we wanted to examine our text in its narratological, thematically, linguistic, generic and ideological aspects. That is why we have devoted the first chapter to the narratological study of the text, its content, its layout, its narrative techniques, use of sources and its main themes. In a second part, we discussed the type and tone of the Historia, which intends to be a historical text while attending a fictional material since mythological, at a time when genres are not yet defined and less compartmentalized; we have also commented extensively and illustrated the choice of writing in prose and Latin at a time when fashion is to poetry and vernacular. In the end, our third chapter focuses on the scientific, political and ideological content of this text peppered with parentheses and moral scholars. Finally, we proposed a diplomatic edition of the unedited or translated part of the manuscript, as well as appendices on manuscripts and vocabulary, and of course the name index and a glossary of rare or surprising words

The contrast between Rome’s difficult and bloody conquest of Crete on the one hand and the absence of any conflicts after the island’s integration into the Roman imperium on the other has not escaped the notice of modern scholars. It has often led to the suspicion that the conquerors had, from the start, disempowered the institutional idiosyncrasies of the conquered. However, careful scrutiny of the literary and epigraphic sources allows for the development of a more complex picture. That picture depends partly on the density of political, military, and institutional events that befell Crete in the last third of the first century BCE, and partly on the interaction between Roman legal culture and a Dorian mentality profoundly rooted in the island’s population. From the artificial creation of a provincia Creta-Cyrenaica (following a twofold military campaign and a conflict between Q. Metellus and Cn. Pompeius) to the experience of the confederative Creta libera, led by a Kretarchas, under the triumvirate; from the conservation of the ‘Gortyn code’ at the turn of the first century CE to the syssitia of Lyttos at the end of the second; from the introduction of the Campanian factor on the territory of Cnossos by Octavian to the persistent memory of a semi-proprietary system for the agricultural exploitation of the Messara plain: the composition of the Cretan legal landscape in the time of the Late Republic and the Principate is reminiscent of a Mediterranean fresco. This composition will be outlined in this chapter in order to give a more nuanced picture of Crete’s legal culture.

Greek tragedy and comedy re-emerge in late sixteenth-century Crete, now based on Renaissance neo-classical prescriptions. Besides ‘pure’ examples of the genres we also find a tragedia di lieto fine (the biblical drama Abraham’s Sacrifice) and a pastoral idyll with a tragic outcome (The Shepherdess), while Kornaros’ verse romance Erotokritos plays with the possibility of a tragic ending before settling for the outcome proper to romance. This intermingling of the tragic and the comic – of tears and laughter – is common in Cretan Renaissance literature, and most fully realised in the new hybrid genre of tragicommedia pastorale, which seems to have been popular in Crete around 1600. Taking Panoria by Georgios Chortatsis as its main textual focus, this chapter explores the interaction of tears and laughter both at a textual level and in plot structure. While the theoretical bases of tragicomedy, as propounded by Guarini, clearly underpin works like Panoria, in the case of works belonging to other genres other factors are involved: Petrarchising tropes, which are common in Cretan literature, and the antithetical structures characteristic of the folk tradition. Panoria, set on Mount Ida, is thoroughly Cretan and at the same time thoroughly imbued with late-Renaissance poetics.

The purpose of the article is to examine the surprisingly extensive and varied evidence of Cretan finds in the archaeological record of the PCMA UW excavations at the site of the ancient Graeco-Roman harbor in Marina el-Alamein on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt and to propose an interpretation going beyond the usual and obvious, for this period and place, trade exchange. The evidence includes pottery, mainly amphorae, a numerous group of so-called Cretan or Ivy-leaf terracotta oil lamps, a tentative Cretan-sourced custom of using gold plaques with Orphic symbolism placed into the mouths of initiates in preparation for burial, as well as a female name in Doric Greek carved on one of the pillar tombs, which could have belonged to a woman of Cretan origin. The distribution of the Cretan amphora in Egypt, as reviewed by Majcherek, merits attention in the light of what it says about consumers and their individual and collective preferences. In turn, the Cretan lamps, which are otherwise not found in Egypt and the bulk of which were found as grave goods in burials, were most probably valued possessions of a specific group, a mark of cultural belonging, a memento of home, perhaps even a religious attribute. The finds from Marina el-Alamein must be considered in the context of Crete's bilateral relations with Egypt—political, cultural and commercial—and the integration of Crete in the pan-Mediterranean economic system of Roman times. The conclusion is that the assemblage in question rests well within the frame of this overall picture of mutual contacts, but one could go further and propose to view the finds as proof of tentative Cretan colony, whether mercenaries/veterans with their families or merchants and their agents.

Abstract The history of water supply and wastewater engineering in Crete, Greece dates back more than ca. 5,000 years, to the early Bronze Age. One of most advanced achievements in Minoan palaces and other settlements was the architectural and hydraulic functions of water supply and sewerage systems. Minoan hydro-technologies were diffused to Greek mainland, where more advanced sophisticated hydro-technologies were invented, with a peak during the Classical and Hellenistic periods, when they spread over from Greece to India in east and Egypt in the south. The Roman Empire, which replaced Greek rule in most of this area, inherited the hydro-technologies and further developed them, thereby changing their scale of application. Urban water and waste- and storm-water management in Crete were very little improved in both in principle and in scale, during the Byzantine and Venetian periods; however, those constitute the underpinning of modern achievements in water engineering and management practices. The scope of this chapter is to present the most characteristic examples of ancient hydraulic works and related hydro-technologies and their uses through Cretan civilizations.

Crete is the largest and most southerly of all the Greek islands. It is also one of the most visited, due to both its beauty and its famous ancient sites. By far the best-known of these attractions is the spectacular Palace of Knossos, reconstructed over a period of thirty-five years by its discoverer, Sir Arthur Evans, who put more than a million dollars of his own money into the work. Scholars have criticized his reconstruction as a fanciful and not altogether accurate representation of the original, but millions of tourists delight in being able to see more at an ancient site than foundations, scattered stones, and a few columns. But Knossos is not the only dramatic ruin of antiquity on the island. Gortyna and Phaistos should not be missed, and for Christians the harbor of Kaloi Limenes (called Fair Havens in the New Testament) is a place of importance in the life of the Apostle Paul. Likewise, the Basilica of St. Titus at Gortyna commemorates the ministry of Titus, a Greek convert who was a disciple of Paul (Gal 2:3), as described in the New Testament book of Titus. Furthermore, Iraklion possesses an archaeological museum second only to the National Museum in Athens. The only site on Crete mentioned in the Bible, though Crete itself was said to be the place of the ministry of Titus (Titus 1:5), is the harbor of Kaloi Limenes (Good Harbor), referred to in the Book of Acts as Fair Havens (Acts 27: 8). After two thousand years, the site is known by the same name today. Even in New Testament times the place was distinguished only as the harbor for the nearby city of Lasea, a flourishing commercial city in the Roman period. Today the tranquil bay in its remote location harbors nothing more than sunbathers who visit its beaches to enjoy the beautiful waters of the Mediterranean. The site can be reached best by automobile, or by taking a bus from Iraklion to Moires/Mires.

În prezentul studiu se analizează modul în care Eugen Ionescu urmează modelul Caragiale în special după ce începe să scrie teatru și e obsedat de căutarea unui mecanism complicat al discursului artistic, bazat pe nonsensuri. Dramaturgul francez de origine română făcea în acest sens următoarea automărturisire: „La logique se révèle dans l’illogisme de l’absurd dont [l’humour] a pris conscience”. Teatrul lui Ionescu a urmărit ceea ce dramaturgul însuși denumește „spargerea limbajului”, „producerea haosului limbajului”. Se ajunge, astfel, după cum spune în Jurnal, la „ruinele realului aparent, la frontiera indicibilului, la abis”. Autorul studiului demonstrează că a crea nonsensuri înseamnă a te juca cu realitatea, a o sfida, că Eugen Ionescu, influențat de Caragiale, pune un semn de identitate între Adevăr și Iluzie, că folosește expresii proverbiale, ziceri tipice, alunecări în obscuritate și confuzie. Personajele ionesciene reprezintă „o lume stranie”, „o lume pe dos”.