Journal articles: 'Creep – Measurement'

1

Sagawa, Hirofumi. "Creep Test Measurement System." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 51, no. 2 (1997): 319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.51.319.

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Sullivan, J. L. "MEASUREMENT OF COMPOSITE CREEP." Experimental Techniques 15, no. 5 (September 1991): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.1991.tb01210.x.

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Reznicek, Martin, David Manas, Michal Stanek, Martin Ovsik, Vojtech Senkerik, Adam Skrobak, and Petr Kratky. "Creep Test Evalutation." Advanced Materials Research 1025-1026 (September 2014): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.270.

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Many methods of result interpretation were developed while testing materials. We can often see evaluation using graphs, tables, numerical expression with effort to present the results of research as clearly as possible to the reader. One of the factors that can negatively affect this interpretation is the number of tested samples. With sufficient number of samples, ordinary arithmetic average is used and standard deviation is used to express uncertainty of measurement. But what to do when we only have small number of measurements? Can big deviation affect the results of the experiment? This article will try to answer this question.

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Padevět, Pavel, and Petr Bittnar. "Creep of Cement Pastes with Content of Fly Ash one Year Old." Applied Mechanics and Materials 732 (February 2015): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.732.385.

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The paper discusses the creep cement pastes with addition of fly ash. The evolution of the creep was observed in age of one year, for length one month. The size of the creep is influenced by the amount the creep physically bound water. The material properties depend on the ratio of components from which the cement paste is composed. The paper presents the results of creep measurement for the ratio of cement and fly ash 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50. The basic creep and creep of the saturated cement paste were calculated from measurements.

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Yakushev, P. N. "Creep rate measurement with laser interferometer." Optical Memory and Neural Networks 18, no. 4 (December 2009): 328–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1060992x09040122.

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Padevět, Pavel, and Petr Bittnar. "Creep of the Four Month Old Cement Paste with Content of Fly Ash." Applied Mechanics and Materials 827 (February 2016): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.827.251.

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The paper presents research in area of the measurement of cement paste creep. The propertiesof four month cement paste mixed with fly ash are presented. The creep and shrinkage are measuredinto the lever mechanism. The basic creep and creep of the saturated cement paste are calculatedfrom data of measurement. Finally, creep of four months old specimens is discussed.

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Garcia-Granada, A. A., V. D. Lacarac, P. Holdway, D. J. Smith, and M. J. Pavier. "Creep Relaxation of Residual Stresses Around Cold Expanded Holes." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 123, no. 1 (June 2, 2000): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1310305.

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The cold expansion of fastener holes in aircraft components is a standard technique to improve fatigue life. There is concern that the beneficial residual stresses arising from cold expansion may relax due to creep. This paper describes experimental measurement and finite element prediction of cold expansion residual stresses and their redistribution after creep, with and without additional mechanical load. Experimental measurements of near-surface stresses used an X-ray diffraction technique while average through-the-thickness stresses were measured using a new method based on Sachs’ boring. This new method allowed non-axisymmetric residual stresses to be measured, as was the case when creep relaxation occurred with mechanical load. Axisymmetric and three dimensional finite element analyses were used to predict the stress distribution through the thickness of the component showing good agreement with measurement. Creep relaxation of residual stress does indeed occur, but some benefit of the cold expansion remains, particularly when creep relaxation is combined with the application of mechanical load.

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KIM, CHUNG SEOK, CHANG YOUNG HYUN, and KYOUNG YOUNG JHANG. "CREEP CHARACTERIZATION OF SUPERALLOY IN-738 USING ULTRASONIC NONLINEARITY MEASUREMENT." International Journal of Modern Physics B 25, no. 10 (April 20, 2011): 1385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979211100011.

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The higher harmonic generation technique has been presented to investigate the creep characteristics of nickel-based superalloy. The primary γ′ precipitates became coarsened preferentially in the direction perpendicular to the applied stress axis during the creep deformation and the Vickers hardness decreased with creep time due to loss of interfacial strain between γ matrix and γ′ precipitate. The increase in ultrasonic nonlinearity with increasing creep time is discussed in relation to the directional coarsening of the γ′ precipitates, which was closely related to the scattering and distortion of the ultrasonic wave.

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Padevět, Pavel, and Petr Bittnar. "Creep of Cementitous Materials with Addition of Fly Ash in Time." Advanced Materials Research 742 (August 2013): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.742.182.

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The cement paste forms the basis of a concrete composite. This article is focused on the analysis of the creep of cement paste with fly ash based on experimental measurements. Measurement results of creep-dried and water saturated pastes are presented. The ratio of cement to fly ash of 1:1 was used for the production of the mixture. Experimental measurements were carried out on material age of 4 months.

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Pin, S., A. Guédon-Gracia, J. Y. Delétage, and H. Frémont. "Creep measurement and choice of creep laws for BGA assemblies' reliability simulation." Microelectronics Reliability 88-90 (September 2018): 1172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2018.07.029.

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Padevět, Pavel, and Petr Bittnar. "The Cement Paste Creep with Addition of Fly Ash in Time and Ratio of Parts 60/40." Applied Mechanics and Materials 486 (December 2013): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.486.341.

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The article solves the comparing of the resize of cement paste creep with addition of fly ash in time. Creep was observed in the one monthly measurement for 4 and 10 months. The cement paste was prepared with fly ash in the ratio of the components 60/40 in favor of the cement components. Development of basic creep and creep was observed in water-saturated material. The measurement results are used as input data for the simulation of creep by the mathematical model and determine the values of the creep coefficient of cement paste. Results and comparison of q coefficients are presented.

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12

Saucedo-Muñoz, Maribel L., Shin-Ichi Komazaki, Toru Takahashi, Toshiyuki Hashida, and Tetsuo Shoji. "Creep property measurement of service-exposed SUS 316 austenitic stainless steel by the small-punch creep-testing technique." Journal of Materials Research 17, no. 8 (August 2002): 1945–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2002.0288.

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The creep properties for SUS 316 HTB austenitic stainless steel were evaluated by using the small-punch creep test at 650 °C for loads of 234, 286, 338, 408, and 478 N and at 700 °C for loads of 199 and 234 N. The creep curves, determined by means of the small-punch creep test, were similar to those obtained from a conventional uniaxial creep test. That is, they exhibited clearly the three creep stages. The width of secondary creep stage and rupture time tr decreased with the increase in testing load level. The creep rupture strength for the service-exposed material was lower than that of the as-received material at high testing loads. However, the creep resistance behavior was opposite at relatively low load levels. This difference in creep resistance was explained on the basis of the difference in the creep deformation and microstructural evolution during tests. It was also found that the ratio between the load of small-punch creep test and the stress of uniaxial creep test was about 1 for having the same value of creep rupture life.

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13

He, X. Y., J. Xia, C. Quan, C. J. Tay, and S. D. Tu. "Creep deformation measurement using quartz optical fiber." Optics Communications 190, no. 1-6 (April 2001): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-4018(01)01044-6.

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14

Gao, Guang Xing, Shan Shan Shao, Gong Tian Shen, Fa Kun Zhuang, and Zhi Feng Li. "Experimental Study on High Temperature Creep Damage of 1Cr5Mo Steel Based on Magnetic Parameters." Key Engineering Materials 795 (March 2019): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.795.194.

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Aiming at the evaluation of creep damage at elevated temperature of ferromagnetic materials in engineering application, the hysteresis loop measurement technology was adopted to study the creep damage behaviour of 1Cr5Mo steel. The creep testing at 600°C/90MPa of 1Cr5Mo steel were carried out to prepare specimens with various degrees of creep damage. The variation of magnetic parameter including coercivity (HC) and remanence (Br) with creep damage was analyzed. The microstructure evolution of 1Cr5Mo steel with different degrees of creep damage was observed by optical microscope. The results show that the coercivity and remanence show certain regularity with creep damage at elevated temperature. Moreover, the regularity is repeatable which indicates that the measurement technology based on magnetic parameters can be used for the evaluation of high temperature creep damage.

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15

Lee, Sang Guk. "A Study on the Evaluation of Creep Degradation of High Temperature Pipeline Steel by Non-Destructive Test." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 1945–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.1945.

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In this paper, artificial creep degradation test and ultrasonic measurement for their creep degraded specimens (Cr-Mo alloy steel) were carried out for the purpose of evaluation for creep damage. Absolute measuring method of quantitative ultrasonic measurement for material degradation was established, and long-term creep degradation tests using creep life prediction formula were carried out. As a result of ultrasonic tests for crept specimens, we conformed that both the sound velocity decreased and attenuation coefficient linearly increased in proportion to the increase of creep life fraction (fc). In frequency and noise analysis, it was conformed that the high frequency side spectra and central frequency components shift to low frequency band, and bandwidths decrease as increasing creep damage in backwall echo. And also, the ultrasonic noise linearly increased in proportion to the increase of creep degradation.

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16

Padevět, Pavel, and Petr Bittnar. "The Creep of the Cement Mortar with Relation of Cement and Sand in Same Relation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 769 (June 2015): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.769.285.

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The paper is focused on the measurement of creep and shrinkage and on the describing of measuring data reconstruction. The cement mortar was prepared from Portland cement and sand in relation 1:1. The cement mortar was tested in water saturated and dried conditions [1]. The tested specimens were four months old. The raw data were damaged by power outages. Evaluation of creep measurements of the reconstructed data was carried out and is presented.

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17

van Rooyen, Melody, Thorsten Hermann Becker, Johan Ewald Westraadt, and Genevéve Marx. "Measurement of creep deformation of ex-service 12% Cr steel using digital image correlation." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 55, no. 3-4 (March 10, 2020): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309324720904517.

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The effective operation of ageing coal-fired power plants requires routine damage assessment of critical component materials throughout their service history. Traditional post-exposure mechanical testing typically requires large amounts of material for each testing condition. This study introduces an accelerated (high stress and temperature) creep testing technique that employs digital image correlation for strain measurement over a non-uniform temperature field generated by a thermomechanical tester. When applied to different ex-service (exposed to service conditions within a power plant) 12% Cr piping steels, multiple accelerated creep curves at temperatures ranging from 550°C to 600°C are measured from a single specimen for each material condition. Higher creep damage in the steel due to longer service exposure and higher void densities is revealed by shorter rupture times, faster creep rates and tertiary-dominated creep curves when compared to the lower creep damage state. Microstructural study via quantitative electron microscopy confirms the dislocation creep-driven growth of subgrains in the specimen gauge regions relative to the grips. Larger subgrains and a weakening of precipitate distributions for the high damage material were also noted. Digital image correlation–measured strains are in good agreement with traditional techniques of creep testing with standard extensometry. On a comparative basis, the technique is shown to be a plausible form of damage assessment of 12% Cr piping steels with varying levels of service exposure and serve as a suitable mechanical complement to the traditional void replica methodology.

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18

Zeng, H., and W. N. Sharpe. "Biaxial Creep Strains at Notch Roots—Measurement and Modeling." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 119, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2805972.

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Biaxial strains were measured at the roots of single notches in zirconium alloy specimens under loading and creep conditions (up to 1200 hours) at 250°C. A laser-based interferometric technique was used; details of the measurement procedures are given in another paper. Here, the Bodner model is incorporated into the ABAQUS finite element code and used to predict the biaxial strains at the notch root during loading and for a creep duration of 100 hours. The strains during loading agree quite well with the measured ones while the predicted creep strains are smaller. This discrepancy is attributed to the lack of precision in determining the constants for the Bodner model from smooth-specimen tests. Both the measurement technique and the Bodner model are well-suited for studies of notch response.

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19

Tang, B., and A. H. W. Ngan. "Accurate measurement of tip–sample contact size during nanoindentation of viscoelastic materials." Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 5 (May 2003): 1141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2003.0156.

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Polypropylene (PP) and amorphous selenium (a-Se) were used as prototype materials at room temperature to explore the problems that may exist in the accurate measurement of the reduced modulus of viscoelastic materials using depth-sensing nanoindentation. As has been reported previously by others, we observed that a “nose” in the load-displacement curve may occur during unloading, indicating significant creep effects at the onset of unloading. To accurately measure the elastic modulus in viscoelastic materials like PP or a-Se, both the contact stiffness and the contact area at the onset of unloading must be determined accurately. The issue of removing the influence of creep on the measurement of the contact stiffness using the Oliver-Pharr method has been addressed in a previous paper by Feng and Ngan. In this work, the effect of creep on contact-depth measurement is considered. Removal of creep effects in both contact stiffness and contact-area measurement leads to satisfactory prediction of the reduced moduli in PP and a-Se.

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20

Li, Zhe, Shihao Yan, Lulu Liu, Baosen Dai, and Wenjing Dong. "Long-Term Deformation Analysis of Recycled Construction Waste Subgrade Filler." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (September 18, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5891759.

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The application of construction waste to subgrade has important economic and environmental significance. In order to study the long-term deformation characteristics of recycled construction waste filler, a series of laboratory tests and field measurement have been carried out. Through compaction, sieving, and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests, the gradation and CBR value of recycled construction waste filler meet the requirements of expressway subgrade. Long-term deformation tests include laboratory creep tests and field settlement measurement. The creep tests were carried out for about 500 days by a self-made consolidation creep instrument, the creep type of recycled construction waste filler under the test load is stable creep, as the load increases, not only the creep deformation increases but also the time to reach creep stability is longer, and the breakage and compaction of particles are the main reasons for long-term deformation. Through measurement and analysis, it is found that the settlement stability of the construction waste subgrade takes a long time; after the operation of road, the settlement of the subgrade has grown rapidly. Furthermore, the Burgers model can be used to predict the deformation of creep tests, and the maximum settlement of construction waste subgrade can be predicted. The research can provide reference for the application of recycled construction waste filler, and it is conducive to the promotion of construction waste subgrade.

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21

Barragán-Pérez, O., J. B. Pascual-Francisco, A. Michtchenko, O. Susarrey-Huerta, and And A. Martínez-García. "Shearography as a tool to measure creep strain in sealing elastomers." Revista Mexicana de Física 65, no. 5 Sept-Oct (September 2, 2019): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.65.583.

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In this work, a new application of digital speckle pattern shearing interferometry (shearography) for strain measurement is proposed. This optical technique is implemented to measure strain in elastic materials. Three different sealing elastomers were tested in short-term creep tests in order to assess creep compliance, which is an important mechanical property for viscoelastic materials. The creep tests were carried out applying a constant tensile load to a specimen. An in-plane shearography setup was implemented to measure the creep strains in the polymers. Results of creep strains were compared with that obtained with a commercial equipment of digital image correlation (DIC). Although some limitations were found for shearography, it was possible to verify the adaptability of this technique for strain measurement in elastomers.

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22

Peterson, K. A., I. Dutta, and M. W. Chen. "Measurement of creep kinetics at Al–Si interfaces." Scripta Materialia 47, no. 10 (November 2002): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(02)00262-2.

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23

Corcoran, Joseph, Paul Hooper, Catrin Davies, Peter B. Nagy, and Peter Cawley. "Creep strain measurement using a potential drop technique." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 110 (May 2016): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2016.03.015.

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Mitchell, M. R., R. E. Link, Luboš Kloc, and Petr Mareček. "Measurement of Very Low Creep Strains: A Review." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 37, no. 1 (2009): 101475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte101475.

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Huimin, X., Z. Daqing, D. Fulong, Z. Wei, P. Dietz, and A. Schmidt. "The Creep Measurement of 475°C Pipeline Using Moire Interferometry." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 120, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842232.

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In this study, a new experimental method for measuring the creep of pipeline using moire interferometry was proposed. Curved-surface-deformed grating replicating technique was combined with the high-temperature-resistant grating and moire interferometry method, and was applied to measure the creep of a 475°C main steam pipeline in the Qinghe Power Plant for 3600 h. The measuring principle and experimental techniques are described. The measuring error and experimental results are discussed in detail.

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26

Chen, Dan Yang, Qiu Kun Zhang, Jian Feng Zhong, Shun Cong Zhong, Jin Quan Guo, Tian Xue Yang, and Li Gang Yao. "Non-Contact Creep Measurement Based on Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 1156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.1156.

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A non-contact Fourier-domain optical coherence creep tomography (OCCT) is developed and employed in real-time non-contact creep measurement. Experiments on thermal deformation were carried out by using the self-developed OCCT to measure a high-temperature structure. In the OCCT system, a high-performance spectrometer, and a thermal light are, respectively, employed as the detector and the light source. Due to the broadband of the spectrometer and light source, the system provided high robust performance with an excellent deformation measurement resolution of sub-millimeter scale. Due to the energy leakage effect of FFT, a spectrum correction technique was employed to enhance the resolution of the OCCT system. From the experimental results, the self-developed OCCT has great potential applications in non-contact real-time creep measurement of high-temperature structures.

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Wang, Shijia, Shibo Wang, and Wanli Liu. "Longwall Retreat and Creep Measurement Based on UWB Radar Imaging Method." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (May 11, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4056246.

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The measurement of longwall retreat and creep displacements is of great significance for the safety production of a coal mine. In order to reliably and accurately obtain the longwall retreat and creep displacements, this paper proposes an ultrawideband (UWB) radar imaging method. The bolt plates fixed in the roadway coal wall are imaged as the target points. First, a signal model is built, and a modified nonlinear chirp scaling (NLCS) imaging algorithm is designed to obtain the high-resolution image. Then, the retreat and creep displacements are estimated based on the imaging results. Finally, simulation and experiment are performed. The simulation results show that the radar imaging method is theoretically feasible to measure the retreat and creep displacements. The measurement errors in the experiment are 0.058 m and 0.040 m, respectively. In the experiment, the radar velocity fluctuation and signal attenuation cause the target azimuth and range errors in the imaging results, which makes the measurement errors in the experiment larger than that in the simulation. This method requires no additional roadway information except for the bolt plates fixed in the coal wall. In addition, the signal propagation of UWB radar is rarely affected by the dust and moisture in the harsh environment.

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SHEWELL, P. C., J. D. NANCARROW, and F. FATAH. "Quantifying Interdigital Web Morphology." Journal of Hand Surgery 17, no. 2 (April 1992): 198–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-7681(92)90088-j.

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A new method for the measurement of the interdigital webs of the hand is described and is shown to be reproducible. Measurements are taken from photographs and the method would be suitable for the comparison of post–operative appearances in the evaluation of “web creep” after surgery.

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29

Zieliński, A., G. Golański, J. Dobrzański, and M. Sroka. "Creep Resistance of VM12 Steel." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 1635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0265.

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Abstract This article presents selected material characteristics of VM12 steel used for elements of boilers with super- and ultra-critical steam parameters. In particular, abridged and long-term creep tests with and without elongation measurement during testing and investigations of microstructural changes due to long-term impact of temperature and stress were carried out. The practical aspect of the use of creep test results in forecasting the durability of materials operating under creep conditions was presented. The characteristics of steels with regard to creep tests developed in this paper are used in assessment of changes in functional properties of the material of elements operating under creep conditions.

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Zhong, Ying Ying, Shu Fang Xu, Xin Ming Zhang, Tian Cai Guo, and Yun Lai Deng. "Measurement of Press Creep Stress Exponent of ZM6 Alloy at Room Temperature." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 509–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.509.

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Nano-indentation technique was used to survey creep stress exponent of ZM6 (Mg-2.8Nd-0.7Zn-0.6Zr) alloy at room temperature. The results showed that average press creep stress exponent of ZM6 alloy was about 89.75, and independent of strain rate and hardness, which has been verified by linear relationship of the double logarithmic plots between strain rate ( ε& ) and hardness (H ) measured by a nano-indentation equipment with constant load of 500mN.

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Woodford, David A. "Stress Relaxation Testing of Service Exposed IN738 for Creep Strength Evaluation." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 122, no. 3 (May 15, 2000): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1287345.

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Standard size and miniature specimens of IN738 were taken from a service exposed turbine blade and vane for comparative stress relaxation testing at 800C, 850C, and 900C. Base data taken from root section material were used to construct stress versus creep rate parametric curves which could be used directly in design. Up to five decades in creep rates were obtained at each temperature from tests lasting less than one day. The data were also presented in the form of stress versus predicted times to 0.5 percent creep which compared well with available long time creep data. Differences were noted in specimens taken from different locations in the airfoil regions which probably resulted from differences in grain size or orientation. Based on these measurements it was concluded that there was no significant effect of section size on creep strength as defined by this test, and that the alloy was quite insensitive to prior deformation and thermal exposures. A life management procedure, using a combination of creep strength evaluation based on the stress relaxation test and a separate fracture evaluation measurement, is outlined in which end of useful life is defined in terms of minimum acceptable performance levels. [S0742-4795(00)01803-2]

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Igarashi, Masaaki, Koji Moriguchi, Seiichi Muneki, Fujio Abe, and Yasuharu Shirai. "Analysis of Creep Deformation Process of Heat Resistant Steels Using Positron Annihilation Lifetime." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 2233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.2233.

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Creep deformation mechanism of the steels with a different matrix, α (ferrite), α’ (martensite) and γ (austenite), and precipitates such as MX and M23C6 has been analyzed using positron annihilation lifetime measurement. The positron annihilation lifetime has been found to be a very useful tool for evaluating the characteristic creep damage of the steels with different microstructure and the corresponding microstructural evolution during creep deformation. The creep deformation process of the α steel is heterogeneous, while the α’+M23C6 steel exhibits gradual changes in the creep rate in both transient and acceleration creep regions with the largest off-set strain, implying the homogeneous creep deformation. The α’+M23C6+ MX steel is in between the α and α’+M23C6 steels. The homogeneous creep deformation takes place in the γ steel.

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Tu, Shan-Tung, Jian-Ming Gong, Xiang Ling, and Xiao-Yuan He. "Measurement of Local Creep Deformation in Cross-Weld Specimen by Optical Fiber Marking and Remote Monitoring." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 124, no. 1 (August 2, 2001): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1425808.

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Creep deformation localization is a common occurrence generally found in high temperature components, typically at weldments and geometrical discontinuities. The deformation in a small region cannot be measured by a conventional displacement gage. A new technique for measuring long-term local creep deformation was developed. It uses quartz optical fiber marking, remote monitoring, and image processing. Long-term measurements of the creep deformations of base metal, weld metal, and heat-affected zone in cross-weld specimens were performed at high temperature, which verify the new technique. Strain distributions and evolutions in the weldments are obtained.

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KISHIMOTO, Satoshi, Norio SHINYA, Shojiro MATSUMOTO, and Hiroaki FUKUHARA. "Evaluation of creep cavity by measurement of ultrasonic velocity." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 39, no. 442 (1990): 1043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.39.1043.

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35

Woodford, D. A., D. Van Steele, M. J. Hyder, and M. Kitagawa. "Measurement of creep damage in 2·25Cr–1Mo steel." Materials Science and Technology 8, no. 5 (May 1992): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1992.8.5.443.

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36

Lu, H., B. Wang, J. Ma, G. Huang, and H. Viswanathan. "Measurement of Creep Compliance of Solid Polymers by Nanoindentation." Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials 7, no. 3/4 (2003): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:mtdm.0000007217.07156.9b.

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37

Culling, W. E. H. "Steady State Distributions in the Measurement of Soil Creep." Geographical Analysis 15, no. 3 (September 3, 2010): 212–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1983.tb00783.x.

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38

Petersen, DR, RE Link, X. Ling, and S.-t. Tu. "Measurement of Creep Damage by the Natural Frequency Method." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 30, no. 3 (2002): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte12313j.

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39

Kaigle, A. M., M. Magnusson, M. H. Pope, H. Broman, and T. Hansson. "In vivo measurement of intervertebral creep: a preliminary report." Clinical Biomechanics 7, no. 1 (February 1992): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0268-0033(92)90013-t.

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40

Wei, Ya, Jingsong Huang, and Siming Liang. "Measurement and modeling concrete creep considering relative humidity effect." Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials 24, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11043-019-09414-3.

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41

Kaigle, Allison M., Marianne Magnusson, Malcolm H. Pope, Holger Broman, and Tommy Hansson. "In-vivo measurement of intervertebral creep: A preliminary report." Journal of Biomechanics 25, no. 6 (June 1992): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(92)90125-k.

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42

Robson, D. J. "The measurement of tensile creep in thin wood strips." Wood Science and Technology 23, no. 3 (1989): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00367736.

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Estok, Daniel M., Charles R. Bragdon, Gordon R. Plank, Anna Huang, Orhun K. Muratoglu, and William H. Harris. "The Measurement of Creep in Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene." Journal of Arthroplasty 20, no. 2 (February 2005): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2004.08.008.

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Cane, B. J., and P. F. Aplin. "Creep life assessment methods." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 29, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247v293225.

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Over the past ten years significant progress has been made towards reliable methods for creep life assessment. Through development and application, methods are now at a stage at which their technical viability is established and the cost benefits are proven at the plant operation, maintenance, and strategic planning levels. This paper reviews creep life assessment methods with particular reference to those based on component strain measurement. It is concluded that, through validation, standardization, and data/knowledge banking, consolidation of the substantial amount of information now available must be an objective for the next 5–10 years, whilst not curtailing innovative development.

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45

Kim, Bumjoon, Sung-jin Song, Hak-joon Kim, and Byeongsoo Lim. "P-05 Non-destructive evaluation of creep-fatigue life in P92 alloy by focused ultrasound measurement." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2007.6 (2007): _P—05–1_—_P—05–5_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2007.6._p-05-1_.

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Ovsik, Martin, Michal Stanek, Adam Dockal, Miroslav Manas, and Lenka Hylova. "Measurement of Modified Surface Properties (Micro-Creep) of Polyamide by Modern Indentation Method." Materials Science Forum 952 (April 2019): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.952.163.

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Good quality of surface layer is an important aspect for correct function and longevity of final product. Surface layer was modified by beta radiation with differing intensity. Radiation caused creation of three dimensional spatial network, that directly leads to improvements of the tested polymer’s (PA11, PA12) surface properties. Surface properties (micro-creep) were measured by micro-indentation test on MHT3 machine. Goal of this paper is to modify the surface layer (by using several different intensities of beta radiation) in a way, that causes increase in resistance against long term stress (micro-creep) in the final product, which is an important property that ensures correct function of the product. The changes in micro-creep were compared and afterwards confirmed by the use of gel test, that showed us what percentage of the whole part was crosslinked.

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Golub, V. P. "Towards the solution of creep problems of thin-shelled tubular elements in isotropic nonlinear viscoelastic materials." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Physics and Mathematics, no. 1 (2019): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1812-5409.2019/1.8.

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A new approach to the creep strains analysis of thin-shelled tubular elements in isotropic nonlinear viscoelastic materials under combined loading with uniaxial tension and torsion has been proposed. The system of equations that is constructed according to the deviators proportionality hypothesis has been chosen as the creep constitutive equations the nonlinearity of viscoelastic properties in which is given with respect to the creep strain intensity and volumetric strain by the Rabotnov type models. The kernels of creep strain intensity and volumetric strain are given by the relations that establish the relationships between these kernels and one-dimensional creep kernels determined from a system of base experiments. One-dimensional tension with the measurement of longitudinal and transverse strains as well as one-dimensional tension and pure torsion with the measurement of longitudinal and shearing strains have been considered as base experiments. The functions of nonlinearity of viscoelastic properties are given by smoothing cubic splines. The problems of the analysis of longitudinal, transverse and shearing strains of thin-shelled tubular specimens made of “high density polyethylene PEHD” have been solved and experimentally approved.

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Lin, J., D. R. Hayhurst, and B. F. Dyson. "The standard ridged uniaxial testpiece: Computed accuracy of creep strain." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 28, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247v282101.

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The creep rupture behaviour and the accuracy of the measured strains for the uniaxial tensile testpiece with extensomenter ridges have been studied by use of the Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM)-based creep finite element solver, DAMAGE XX. Multi-axial creep constitutive equations with multi-damage state variables were used in the computer modelling process. The procedure models the development of failed regions of the testpiece due to the stress concentration in the transition regions from the parallel portion to the extensometer ridges. The accuracy of the creep strain measurement for the testpiece was investigated with the variation of time, gauge length, and stress levels. The computer modelling results show that although the error of the creep strain measurement is a fuction of time, it is dependent upon the stress sensitivity of the material law. For power-law material the maximum error is invariant of the normalized stress, but dependent upon the value of n; and for the sinh-based material law the maximum error is dependent upon the magnitude of the applied stress.

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Jablonski, Gregory A., and Albert Sacco. "Laser interferometric measurement of the surface tension of thin foils." Journal of Materials Research 6, no. 4 (April 1991): 744–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1991.0744.

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A technique has been developed to measure the surface tension of thin foils under their own vapor pressure. The zero creep method of surface tension measurement is used in conjunction with laser interferometry. This technique allows very small sample strains to be measured. Sample length changes of the order of 0.3 μm were measured with the laser interferometer. The sensitivity of the laser interferometer/zero creep system allows the surface tension to be measured much closer to the Tammann temperature, which is approximately one-half the melting temperature (≍1/2 Tm) of the material. The system has been tested on thin Sn foils in air, and on thin Al and Ni foils under their own vapor pressure (vacuum).

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Li, Zhenrong, Chunlei Ma, Sugui Tian, Liqing Chen, and Xianghua Liu. "Microstructure and Creep Property of Isothermal Forging GH4169G Superalloy." High Temperature Materials and Processes 33, no. 5 (September 29, 2014): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2013-0063.

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AbstractBy means of direct aging, microstructure observation and creep property measurement, the microstructure and creep behaviors of GH4169G superalloy are investigated. Results show that, after direct aging, the grain size is inhomogeneous in the alloy, and some δ precipitates discontinuously distribute in the grain and along the boundaries, which may improve the bonding strength of the boundaries. Under the experimental conditions, the creep activation energy of the alloy during steady-state creep are calculated to be Q = 594.7 kJ/mol. During creep, the deformation features of the alloy are twinning deformation and dislocations slipping in the matrix. As creep goes on, deformed dislocations pile up near the boundary regions to induce stress concentration for promoting the initiation and propagation of cracks along boundaries.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Creep – Measurement'

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