Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Credit – Germany'

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Competencies of organisations are of vital importance to them, because they represent the drivers of competitiveness of organisation. Resource-based theory as the underlying theory and competence-based-view in particular highlight competencies´ problem-solving attribute. This is especially relevant for banks, confronted with challenges, linked to technological developments. Currently, banks are faced considerable difficulties due to the financial and economic crisis. Credit cooperatives, on the other hand, have successfully handled the challenges posed by technological developments and also seem to be dealing with the current Finally, the results of each step and the rationale of the identified competencies, including the so-called ´activation power´, are presented. Because of this research´s intensity and extension, a valuable framework to identify, analyse and describe the competencies of credit cooperatives can be proposed. Furthermore, the profound insights into the area of investigation, combined with the interesting aspects, linked to the case-study-bank, allowed the researcher to develop additional correlated propositions. Managers of credit cooperatives as well as of other banks can profit from this study. Understanding the basic rules may enhance the possibility of transfetring the results and consequently to discover thus far unexplored potentials and new ideas for navigating through the current challenging situation. crisis rather well. This study, therefore, aims at identifying, analysing and describing competencies of a credit cooperative, that may potentially contribute to ´solve the problems´, banks are continuously faced with. The complexity and difficulty of identifying competencies necessitates the application of an interpretive paradigm to this study, which enables the researcher, as well as managers of CCs and banks to ´dig deeper into´ and better understand the area of investigation and thus identify, analyse and describe competencies. An extensive literature research, including the elucidation of specific aspects, was conducted and subsequently, a concept developed that facilitated the structuring of the data gained from the empirical study. This empirical study builds on a comprehensive case study, which involved an especially interesting credit cooperative in Germany. The concept, developed from the theoretical research derived from the literature, was applied to the collected data. The applied research technique resulting from the interpretive paradigm supports the significance of the results, as it allows to a step-by-step and thus better understanding of the ´rules of the game´ prevalent in the case-study bank.
As competências de organizações são de importância vital para elas porque representam o motor de competitividade da organização. A ´resource-based theory´(teoria fundamentado aos recursos) como a teoria subjacente e a ´competencebased-view´ (visão fundamentado aos competências) em particular, destacam o atributo de solução do problema de competências.Isto é especialmente relevante para os bancos, que enfrentam desafios ligados aos desenvolvimentos tecnológicos. Atualmente, os bancos estão enfrentando dificuldades consideráveis devido à crise financeira e econômica.As cooperativas de crédito, por outro lado, têm tido êxito em manipular os desafios impostos pelos desenvolvimentos tecnológicos e também parecem estar lidando com a crise atual muito bem.Este estudo, portanto, pretende identificar, analisar e descrever as competências de uma cooperativa de crédito, que pode potencialmente contribuir para ´resolver os problemas´, que os bancos continuamente enfrentam. A complexidade e dificuldade de identificar as competências, exige a aplicação de um paradigma interpretativo para este estudo, que capacita o pesquisador, assim como os gestores das cooperativas de crédito e dos bancos, a ´cavar mais fundo´ e melhor compreender a área de investigação e assim identificar, analisar e descrever competências.Uma extensa pesquisa de literatura, incluindo a elucidação de aspectos específicos,foi conduzida e subseqüentemente, um conceito foi desenvolvido que facilitou a estrutura dos dados obtidos no estudo empírico.Este estudo empírico baseia-se num estudo de caso abrangente, que envolveu uma cooperativa de crédito especialmente interessante na Alemanha. O conceito,desenvolvido da pesquisa teórica derivada da literatura, foi aplicado aos dados coletados. A técnica aplicada de pesquisa resulta do paradigma interpretativo apóia a importância dos resultados, assim como permite um passo a passo e assim um melhor entendimento das ´regras do jogo´ predominante no banco estudado.Finalmente, os resultados de cada passo e compreensão das competências identificadas, inclusive o assim chamado ´poder de ativação´, são apresentados.Devido à intensidade desta pesquisa, uma estrutura valiosa para identificar, analisar e descrever as competências das cooperativas de crédito pode ser proposta. Além do mais, as introspecções profundas na área de investigação, combinadas aos aspectos interessantes, ligado ao estudo de caso do banco, permitiu que o pesquisador desenvolvesse propostas correlacionadas adicionais. Gestores de cooperativas de crédito assim como de outros bancos podem se beneficiar deste estudo. A compreensão das regras básicas pode aumentar a possibilidade de transferência de resultados e, portanto, descobrir possíveis até aqui inexplorados e novas idéias para lidar com a situação de desafios atual.

Wie die meisten westlichen Streitkräfte, bewegt sich die Bundeswehr im Spannungsfeld zwischen hohem Personalbedarf und Fachkräftemangel. Durch ein Onlineassessment kann der Bewerbungsprozess dahingehend optimiert werden, dass fähiges Personal schneller gebunden wird. Onlineassessment hat diverse Vorteile, gleichzeitig sind damit jedoch Herausforderungen verbunden. Die wahrscheinlich größte ist es, Betrug zu minimieren, da Onlineassessment in einer weitestgehend unkontrollierten Umgebung stattfindet. Zur Entgegnung dieser Problematik dienen verschiedene Ansätze, wie beispielsweise große Itempools, wodurch einer Verbreitung der Lösung im Internet entgegengewirkt werden kann. Dieser Ansatz ist jedoch mit hohen Kosten verbunden. Automatische Itemgenerierung hingegen ermöglicht es, kostengünstig und zeiteffizient psychometrisch hochwertige Items zu erstellen. Aus diesem Grund wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit zwei Arbeitsgedächtnistests mit automatischer Itemgenerierung für das Onlineassessment der Bundeswehr entwickelt und evaluiert, mit dem Ziel einer hohen prädiktiven Validität auf die Diagnostik vor Ort. In der ersten Studie (N = 330) wurde gezeigt, dass automatische Itemgenerierung für die entwickelten Arbeitsgedächtnistests eingesetzt werden kann. Hierbei wurden zudem zwei verschiedene zeitliche Varianten untersucht, wobei sich diejenige mit der längeren Stimulusrepräsentationszeit als vorteilhafter erwies. In der zweiten Studie (N = 621) wurden Nachweise für Reliabilität und Validität erbracht. Die Tests zeigten eine gute konvergente und diskriminante Validität. Zudem konnte einer der beiden Tests eine sehr gute prädiktive Validität aufweisen. Unter Gesamtberücksichtigung der Testgütekriterien wurde dieser Test schließlich für das Onlineassessment der Bundeswehr vorgeschlagen. Somit steht der Bundeswehr nun ein wissenschaftlich fundierter Arbeitsgedächtnistest für das Onlineassessment zur Verfügung.
Like most Western armed forces, the Bundeswehr faces both high personnel requirements and a shortage of skilled personnel. Online assessment can optimize the application process to ensure that capable personnel are retained more quickly. Online assessment has various advantages, but also challenges associated with it. Probably the biggest of these challenges is minimizing cheating, as online assessment takes place in a largely unsupervised environment. Various approaches are used to counter this problem, such as large item pools, which can be used to counter the dissemination of solutions on the Internet. However, this approach is associated with high costs. Automatic item generation, on the other hand, makes it possible to create psychometrically high-quality items in a cost-effective and time-efficient manner. For this reason, two working memory tests with automatic item generation for the German Armed Forces’ online assessment were developed and evaluated in the present study, with the aim of matching the high predictive validity of on-site diagnostics. The first study (N = 330) demonstrated that automatic item generation can be used for the developed working memory tests. Two different temporal variants were also investigated, with the longer stimulus presentation time proving to be more beneficial. The second study (N = 621) provided reliability and validity evidence. The tests showed good convergent and discriminant validity. In addition, one of the two tests demonstrated very good predictive validity. Taking into account the overall test quality criteria, this test was ultimately proposed for use in the German Armed Forces’ online assessment. Thus, the Bundeswehr now has a scientifically-grounded working memory test available for its online assessment.

Where individuals standing outside of the corporation have been harmed by the acts of one of its directors or officers, the question becomes whether they have only a claim against the corporation or whether they may have also a personal claim against the executive inflicting the harm on them.
The issue of how far it should be possible to hold directors and officers personally liable for tort has been a contested one and even courts within one and the same jurisdiction provide different solutions. On the one hand, there is the general basic principle that individuals causing harm to others should be held responsible. On the other hand, the fact that directors and officers act as agents on behalf of the corporation might call for an exception to this basic tort law principle.
This thesis will compare the solutions proposed by Common law (with focus on the law of Ontario) and German law as an example of a Civil law jurisdiction. An attempt will be made to see in how far the proposed solutions are consistent with legal principles like the separate legal entity of the corporation and the concept of limited liability as well as with arguments related to economic efficiency.

A key challenge of the present is the growing number of consumer debtors, often caused by easy access to credit. Especially for people on low incomes, even an unforeseen event can lead to a situation in which credit rates can no longer be serviced. The result is insolvency. However, in the past many jurisdictions were not prepared for the challenges of low income insolvency. It was not until more recent times that legislators began to develop special insolvency procedures tailored to people with low incomes. This comparative research presents the insolvency proceedings of South Africa, in particular the recently introduced low income insolvency proceedings, and compares them with those of New Zealand, Great Britain and Germany, whereby Germany is the only one of these countries without a low-income insolvency procedure. It is established that each of these proceedings has advantages and disadvantages. It is also noted that despite the existence of insolvency proceedings, the number of consumer debtors continues to rise. Therefore, in addition to a proposal for insolvency proceedings combining the feasible aspects of each of the legal systems presented, it is also proposed to teach financial literacy at school in order to prevent over-indebtedness.

L’œuvre de Gaspard André est aujourd’hui régulièrement citée parmi celles des maîtres de l’Éclectisme. D’origine suisse et de religion réformée, élève de l’École des Beaux-Arts de Lyon puis de celle de Paris dont il sera l’un des plus brillants représentants, André débute sa carrière à Lyon en 1872 avec des commandes d’édifices religieux (le temple de l’Église réformée, l’église Saint-Joseph au Brotteaux) suivies de celles du théâtre des Célestins et de la fontaine de la place des Jacobins. Dès 1882, une riche clientèle d’hommes d’affaires (É. Aynard, les Gillet, F. Mangini, H. Germain) lui confie la construction de leurs villas, de banques ou d’usines. Il sera simultanément un ardent promoteur des arts décoratifs assez vite chargé de positions officielles importantes. Les dernières années (1889-1896) sont marquées par une certaine forme de simplicité stylistique alors qu’il entame une seconde carrière en Suisse romande (Université de Lausanne). Son style est caractérisé par des ordonnances originales (écoles de la rue Tronchet) et des formules plastiques inédites (formes pures et dissymétriques des derniers projets). Plusieurs de ses écrits révèlent comment sa pensée a pu s’enrichir au contact des principales tendances de la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle, et l’importance accordée alors à la réflexion et aux débats sur les origines du classicisme et ses transformations. À l’opposé, ses dernières œuvres et leur étonnante sobriété constructive et formelle – qui influencera vraisemblablement des architectes comme Tony Garnier ou Paul Cret –, nous révèlent parfaitement la nature des forces et des tensions qui ont favorisé l’émergence du Mouvement Moderne en Europe
The work of Gaspard André features regularly nowadays amongst those of the masters of Eclecticism. Born into a Protestant family from Switzerland, a student of the École des Beaux-Arts in Lyons and later in Paris – where he would be one of the most brilliant amongst his peers - André began his career in Lyons in 1872, with commissions for religious buildings (the Protestant temple and the Church of Saint-Joseph). These were followed by further commissions for the Théâtre des Célestins and the fountain in the Place des Jacobins. From 1882 onwards, a wealthy clientele of businessmen (É. Aynard, the Gillets, F. Mangini, H. Germain) entrusted him with the task of building their villas, banks and factories. He would simultaneously be an ardent promoter of the decorative arts whilst he reached significant official positions. His final years (1889-96) were marked by a particular form of stylistic simplicity while he started a second new career in Switzerland (University of Lausanne). His style is characterised by unusual designs (schools in the Rue Tronchet) and never-before-seen plastic formulae (pure and asymmetric forms of his final projects). His writings reveal how his train of thought was enhanced by his close study of the main architectural trends of the second half of the 19th century, and the importance attached then, to the discussions and the debates on the origins of Classicism and its transformations. Conversely, his final works and their surprising constructive and formal sobriety – which have likely influenced architects like Tony Garnier or Paul Cret - clearly demonstrate the nature of the forces and tensions that favoured the emergence of the Modern Movement

L’exécution forcée est une pierre essentielle à l’effectivité d’un système juridique. Ce constat, conjugué à l’omniprésence du compte bancaire dans les différents patrimoines a motivé cette étude sur l’état de la saisie en compte bancaire dans trois principaux modèles juridiques européens : la France, l’Allemagne et l’Angleterre. Un amalgame de convergences et de spécificités nationales en est ressorti, articulé autour d’une balance abstraite pesant les intérêts respectifs du créancier et du débiteur. A la confrontation entre droit à l’exécution du créancier et droit de l’exécution, qui garantit le respect des droits fondamentaux du débiteur, s’est ajoutée la prise en compte de différents intérêts susceptible d’être également présents : intérêt général, créanciers saisissants concurrents, collectivité de créanciers lors d’une procédure collective, etc. De plus, la protection spécifique de l’intérêt du débiteur-personne physique démontre la recherche des droits nationaux à protéger l’individu et sa dignité. Ce partage d’une philosophie de l’exécution interroge avec le phénomène d’européanisation des relations entre créancier et débiteur du au marché intérieur de l’Union européenne. Face au maintien de la fragmentation d’un espace juridique, coordonné par la politique de l’espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice, l’Union a déjà posé la première pierre grâce à la procédure d’ordonnance européenne de saisie conservatoire. Grâce aux analyses des droits nationaux étudiés et à celle du droit européen, l’élaboration en deux temps d’une saisie d’exécution européenne en compte bancaire fut permise afin de bâtir une procédure européenne d’exécution forcée
Enforcement is essential for the effectiveness of a legal system. This observation, combined with the omnipresence of the bank account in the different patrimonies, motivated this study on the bank account attachment in three main European legal models: France, Germany and England. An amalgam of convergences and national specificities emerged, based on an abstract balance weighing the respective interests of the creditor and the debtor. In addition to the conflict between the creditor's right to performance and the civil enforcement proceedings, which guarantees respect for the debtor's fundamental rights, various interests that may also be present were also taken into account : public interest, competing between creditors, collective creditors in collective proceedings, etc. The balance between the creditor's right to performance and the right to enforcement was also taken into account. Moreover, the specific protection of the debtor's interest as a natural person demonstrates the search for national rights to protect the individual and his dignity. This sharing of a philosophy of enforcement raises questions with the phenomenon of the europeanisation of relations between creditor and debtor due to the internal market of the European Union. Faced with the continuing fragmentation of a legal area coordinated by the area of freedom, security and justice, the Union has already laid the first stone with the European attachment order procedure. Thanks to the analysis of the national laws studied and the analysis of European law, the development in two stages of a European attachment order for bank accounts was made possible in order to build a European enforcement procedure

Defence date: 15 November 2006
Examining board: Prof. Giovanni Federico (supervisor) ; Prof. Harold James ; Prof. Carsten Burhop ; Prof. Caroline Fohlin
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

Classificação JEL: G1 General Financial Markets, G14 Information and Market Efficiency, Event Studies
As Agências de Rating têm sido severamente criticadas pelo seu papel nas crises financeiras recentes. Durante estas situações, elas têm sido um elemento de pânico. Esta tese procura concluir se as reavaliações de ratings e outlooks por parte das Agências de Rating são relevantes no preço das acções dos índices Alemão e Português, DAX-30 e PSI-20. Estas economias foram escolhidas devido às suas díspares condições de crédito durante o período testado, de 2004 e 2014. Os retornos anormais para a janela de evento à volta da mudança de um rating ou outlook foram analisados usando o Modelo de Mercado como metodologia do estudo de evento. As conclusões seguiram a literatura: para a Alemanha os ratings e outlooks negativos apresentaram uma reacção substancial no preço das acções. As positivas não apresentaram uma reacção significativa. Em Portugal, nenhum dos tipos de evento teve relevância no preço das acções.
Credit Rating Agencies (CRA) have been severely criticized on their role in recent financial crisis. During these situations, they have been an element of panic. This study assesses if CRA rating and outlook changes are relevant in the stock prices of Germany and Portugal Indices, DAX-30 and PSI-20. These economies were chosen based on their contrasting credit conditions during the time range studied, from 2004 to 2014. The abnormal returns for the event window around a rating or outlook changes were analyzed using the Market Model as event study methodology. The conclusions followed the literature: for Germany negative rating and outlook changes had significant effect, while positive had not. In Portugal, no change type had significant effect.

The theses explore the options for credit rating consultancy by the tax advisory branch in Germany. In terms of method in follow-up to introduction and definition, the subject is split into four partial theses. The theses explore in the theoretical part the options provided by the law of tax advisors for credit rating advisory services by tax advisors and training and education options to gain professional competence in credit rating consultancy. In the research part in two surveys, insights are sought on the need for credit rating advisory services and its current implementation status by the tax advisory branch. The discussion expIores the relevant market potential and respective income potential in fees. A novel aspect this approach entails is exploring the offer side for credit rating advisory services by tax consultants and the resulting insights for the tax advisory branch and individual tax consultancies.

This dissertation collects three essays which deal with financial development in emerging markets. Owing to the appliance of different econometric methods on several data sets, insights in the behavior of and the impacts from financial markets are generated. Usually, the financial markets in emerging countries are characterized by the presence of credit constraints. In the first chapter it is shown that the financial development in 19th century Germany generally affected the economy in a positive way. Additionally, when different economic sectors are under investigation, it is revealed that the reaction due to financial development is not homogeneously across the sectors. A structural vector autoregression (VAR) framework is applied to a new annual data set from 1870 to 1912 that was initially compiled by Walther Hoffmann (1965). With respect to the literature, the most important difference of this analysis is the focus on different sectors in the economy and the interpretation of the results in the context of a two-sector growth model. It is revealed that all sectors were affected significantly by shocks from the banking system. Interestingly, this link is the strongest in sectors with small or non-tradable-goods-producing firms, such as construction, services, transportation and agriculture. In this regard, the growth patterns in 19th century Germany are reminiscent to those in today's emerging markets. The second chapter deals with the integration of the stock markets of mainland China with those of the United States and Hong Kong. Market integration and the resulting welfare gains as risk sharing, increasing investment and growth benefits has become a central topic in international finance research. This chapter investigates stock market integration after stock market liberalization which is assessed by spillover effects from Hong Kong and the United States to Chinese stock market indices. Dividing the sample in pre- and post-liberalization phases, causality in variance procedure is applied using four mainland China stock market indices, two indices of the stock exchange in Hong Kong and the Dow Jones Industrials index in the main part. Evidence of global and regional integration is found, but no evidence for increasing integration after the partial opening of the Chinese stock markets, neither with Hong Kong nor with the United States. Based on the idea presented in the first chapter, the third chapter examines one of today's emerging markets. As China is experiencing remarkable economic growth in the recent decades, it is analyzed if and to what extent the ongoing deregulations in the financial system contribute to this development. Structural VARs for gross domestic product as well as for sectoral output data in conjunction with two different bank lending variables are applied. It is indicated that China is positive affected by financial development and that all sectors benefit from domestic bank lending enlargements but to different degrees. Especially in the sectors where mainly state-owned enterprises are represented - such as construction, trade and transportation - shocks in bank lending have a strong positive influence while sectors where private enterprises are prevalent, seem to be more credit constrained.

A importância do impacto do crédito no crescimento económico tem vindo a tornar-se um tópico de grande relevância. O estudo e debate acerca desta relação tornou-se particularmente necessário devido às recentes crises económicas e financeiras. Verificou-se, no período que antecedeu a crise, um crescente nível de endividamento público e privado, bem como o aumento de desequilíbrios externos em determinados países. A literatura parece concordar quanto à relação positiva entre as variáveis, contudo alguns estudos empíricos já demonstraram as diferenças significativas do impacto do crédito no crescimento económico entre países com um nível de dívida equilibrado e países com níveis de dívida excessivo. Por esse motivo, este estudo empírico propõe analisar e comparar os efeitos do crédito para o governo e do crédito atribuído ao setor privado no crescimento económico num país devedor, Portugal, e num país credor, a Alemanha. Para tal, são utilizadas metodologias para análise de séries temporais, nomeadamente os modelos VAR e VECM no período entre o último trimestre de 1998 e o segundo trimestre de 2019. Os resultados obtidos revelam que o crédito atribuído ao setor privado e ao governo contribuem de forma positiva, a longo prazo, para o crescimento económico na Alemanha. Em Portugal, os resultados obtidos revelam não existir causalidade entre o crédito atribuído ao setor privado e o PIB. Quanto ao crédito para o governo, este tem um impacto negativo, no longo prazo, no crescimento económico português.
The importance of credit’s impact on economic growth has become a topic of great relevance. The research and debate about this relationship became particularly necessary due to the recent economic and financial crisis. In the period leading up to the crisis, there was an increasing level of public and private indebtedness, as well as an increase in external imbalances in certain countries. The literature on this topic seems to agree on the positive relationship between these variables, however some empirical studies have demonstrated the significant differences in the impact of credit on economic growth between countries with balanced debt levels and countries with excessive debt levels. This empirical study proposes to analyze and compare the effects of credit to the general government and credit to the private sector on economic growth in a debtor country, Portugal, and in a creditor country, Germany. To this end, methodologies for the study of time series are used, namely VAR and VECM models, in the period between the last quarter of 1998 and the second quarter of 2019. The results obtained reveal that the credit attributed to the private sector and to the general government in Germany contributes positively to economic growth, on the long run. In Portugal, the results reveal that there is no causality between credit attributed to the private sector and GDP. As for credit to the general government, it is associated with a negative impact on Portuguese economic growth, in the long run.

碩士
銘傳大學
財務金融學系碩士在職專班
107
Different from commercial banks or other financial institutions, credit cooperatives have the spirit of mutual assistance and inclusive finance, and help to meet the needs of financial services such as grassroots people and small and medium-sized enterprises. Therefore, they have the value and significance of existence, but the overall industry faces internal / external threats and challenges which impact the future development of credit cooperatives. As an important part of grassroots finance, credit cooperatives urgently need to confirm their positioning. Through policy support and regulatory adjustments, credit cooperatives will have a sound and healthy development space in the management, financial and business aspects. This study is conducted through symposium materials and / or expert interviews -- to summarize the current status and challenges of the development of domestic credit cooperatives; to refer to the origin of the cooperative financial institutions - Germany, and Japan, the origin of Taiwan's cooperative financial system -- the changes of economic and financial environment in recent years, the credit cooperative organization's positioning and development experiences, as domestic credit reference agency positioning, development strategy reference and revision suggestions. Since the establishment of the "Taipei Credit Portfolio" in 1910, Taiwan's modern credit cooperation system has developed over 100 years. This study proposes to revise and open relevant regulations and restrictions in the short term, and strengthen the cooperation between the national federation of credit cooperatives and the other financial institutions. The medium and long-term policies include opening up non-member business and relaxing restrictions on the establishment of branches, and proposing the upper structure design of the credit unions and the revision of credit cooperative law. we hope, with the German and Japanese experience, to assist the credit cooperatives in Taiwan, so that the industry can improve its competitiveness, operate steadily, and lay a foundation for the next hundred years of development.

碩士
國立中央大學
財務金融學系碩士在職專班
99
This study aims to estimate the Greek sovereign debt crisis how to influence the USA and Germany government ten years bond yield. According to the previous literature, there are few focuses on sovereign debt crisis and government bonds yield. In here, we are use Event studies to illustrate how the USA and Germany government ten years bond yield are influenced by the Greek sovereign debt crisis. The empirical results show that both USA and Germany government ten years bond yield have negative abnormal returns by Greek government announced the fiscal deficit and government debt to GDP ratio will exceed the convergence criteria regulations. Ahead of EU and IMF are degreed the relief for Greek, USA government ten years bond yield have positive abnormal returns, but both USA and Germany government ten years bond yield have negative abnormal returns when relief plan passed.

The aim of the thesis is an analysis of Czech university study programs for teaching German language at the 2nd grade basic schools and comparison of the results. Information about development of Czech educational policy since 1989 is summarized in the theoretical section, where I also presented the most important documents affecting current educational policy as well as the language policy. The practical part is dedicated to the study itself. All universities keep their study programs in line with the Bologna process, conceived as structured. The subject of my analysis is Bachelor's degree and follow-up master's degree study. I have chosen only a specific part of the field, which is devoted to preparing students for German language teaching at basic schools. Emphasis is placed on the comparison of offered subjects, thematic composition of subjects and the way of obtaining didactic knowledge and teaching skills.