Relevant bibliographies by topics / Credit – Germany

Academic literature on the topic 'Credit – Germany'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Credit – Germany"

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Logemann, Jan. "Americanization through Credit? Consumer Credit in Germany, 1860s–1960s." Business History Review 85, no. 3 (2011): 529–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680511000791.

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This study of the American impact on German consumer credit reveals that the notion of post–World War II Americanization emerging through credit-induced consumption is more complicated than has been previously acknowledged. The postwar debate in Germany over consumer credit as an American import had antecedents in a longer, previously overlooked, history of consumer credit. Moreover, the concept of Americanization remains misleading from a comparative perspective: First, examples of indigenous German institutional consumer lending predate the postwar period. Second, differences in both the forms and quantitative weight of consumer lending defy the notion of convergence. Third, different social and political contexts prevented a wholesale adoption in Germany of an American model of credit financing, despite repeated transatlantic transfers.
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Hiltrud, Nehls,, and Schmidt, Torsten. "Credit Crunch in Germany?" Credit and Capital Markets - Kredit und Kapital 37, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 479–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/ccm.37.4.479.

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Klimiuk, Zbigniew. "Stosunki gospodarcze i handlowe ZSRR – Niemcy w latach 1918–1940 (część 2)." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 9, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.2999.

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The author analyzes in his paper the economic and trade relations between Germany and the Soviet Union in the period of 1918–1944. During this period trade relations with Germany constituted a continuation of relations between Tsarist Russia and Germany before World War I. The German-Soviet Economic Agreement of October 12, 1925, formed special conditions for the mutual trade relations between the two countries. In addition to the normal exchange of goods, German exports to the Soviet Union were based, from the very beginning, on a system negotiated by the Soviet Trade Mission in Berlin under which the Soviet Union was granted loans for financing additional orders from Germany. Trade with the Soviet Union, promoted by the first credit-based operations, led to a dynamic exchange of goods, which reached its highest point in 1931. In the early 1930s, however, Soviet imports decreased as the regime asserted power and its weakened adherence to the disarmament requirements of the Treaty of Versailles decreased Germany’s reliance on Soviet imports. In addition, the Nazi Party’s rise to power increased tensions between Germany and the Soviet Union. In the mid-1930s, the Soviet Union made repeated efforts at reestablishing closer contacts with Germany. The Soviets chiefly sought to repay, with raw materials the debts which arose from earlier trade exchange, while Germany sought to rearm, therefore both countries signed a credit agreement in 1935. That agreement placed at the disposal of the Soviet Union until June 30, 1937 the loans amounting to 200 million Reichsmarks which were to be repaid in the period 1940–1943. The Soviet Union used 183 million Reichsmarks from this credit. The preceding credit operations were, in principle, liquidated. Economic reconciliation was hampered by political tensions after the Anschluss in the mid-1938 and Hitler’s increasing hesitance to deal with the Soviet Union. However, a new period in the development of Soviet-German economic relations began after the Ribbetrop–Molotov Agreement, which was concluded in August of 1939.
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Eickmeier, Sandra, Andreas Worms, and Boris Hofmann. "Macroeconomic Fluctuations and Bank Lending: Evidence for Germany and the Euro Area." German Economic Review 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2009): 193–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2008.00455.x.

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Abstract This paper analyzes the dynamic response of loans to the private sector and of economic activity to aggregate supply, demand and monetary policy shocks in Germany and the euro area based on a standard macroeconomic VAR using sign restrictions to identify the structural shocks. The main results of this analysis are that (i) with the exception of the response to the supply shock in Germany, the response of loans to the three macroeconomic shocks is rather weak and in most cases insignificant; (ii) the 2000-05 credit slowdown and weak economic performance in Germany were primarily driven by adverse supply shocks; and (iii) the marked slowdown in credit creation in Germany over this period actually represents a realignment of the outstanding stock of loans with its deterministic level. In order to assess the role of bank lending in the transmission of macroeconomic shocks, we further perform counterfactual simulations and analyze the dynamic responses of German loan subaggregates in order to test the distributional implications of potential credit market frictions. These exercises do not indicate that credit market frictions play an amplifying role in the transmission of macroeconomic fluctuations.
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Klimiuk, Zbigniew. "Stosunki gospodarcze i handlowe ZSRR – Niemcy w latach 1918–1940 (część 1)." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.3364.

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The author analyzes in his paper the economic and trade relations between Germanyand the Soviet Union in the period of 1918–1944. During this period trade relations withGermany constituted a continuation of relations between Tsarist Russia and Germany beforeWorld War I. The German-Soviet Economic Agreement of October 12, 1925, formed specialconditions for the mutual trade relations between the two countries. In addition to the normalexchange of goods, German exports to the Soviet Union were based from the very beginningon a system negotiated by the Soviet Trade Mission to Berlin under which the Soviet Union wasgranted loans for financing additional orders from Germany. Trade with Soviet Union, promotedby the first credit-based operations, led to a dynamic exchange of goods, which reached itshighest point in 1931. In the early 1930s, however, Soviet imports decreased as regime assertedpower and its weakened adherence to the disarmament requirements of the Treaty of Versaillesdecreased Germany’s reliance on Soviet imports. In addition, the Nazi Party’s ascent to powerincreased tensions between Germany and the Soviet Union. In the mid-1930s, the Soviet Unionmade repeated efforts at reestablishing closer contacts with Germany. The Soviets chieflysought to repay, with raw materials, the debts which arose from earlier trade exchange, whileGermany sought to rearm, therefore both countries signed a credit agreement in 1935. The saidagreement placed at the disposal of the Soviet Union until June 30, 1937, the loans amountingto 200 million Reichsmarks, to be repaid in the period 1940–1943. The Soviet Union used183 million Reichsmarks from this credit. The preceding credit operations were, in principle,liquidated. Economic reconciliation was hampered by political tensions after the Anschluss inmid-1938 and Hitler’s increasing hesitance to deal with the Soviet Union. However, a new periodin the development of Soviet–German economic relations began after the Ribbetrop–MolotovAgreement, which was concluded in August of 1939.
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Machauer, Achim, and Dirk Schiereck. "Church-based Credit Cooperatives in Germany." Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 75, no. 2 (June 2004): 319–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8292.2004.00254.x.

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Spoz, Anna, and Anna Dąbkowska. "Availability of Credit for Microenterprises in Germany." Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H, Oeconomia 51, no. 6 (April 13, 2018): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/h.2017.51.6.421.

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Golitsyn, Yu P., and A. S. Sokolov. "German Bank of Soviet Russia (Activity of the German-Volga Bank of Agricultural Credit in the 1920s)." Modern History of Russia 11, no. 3 (2021): 638–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.305.

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The transition of Soviet Russia from “war communism” to a new economic policy required the restoration of commodity-money exchange, the financial and tax system, credit and other market institutions. The need for rapid recovery and development of all branches of the national economy predetermined a certain departure from the “communist” views on banking and in the early 1920s. in the country, along with the State Bank, special banks appeared. These banks, being under the control of the relevant economic commissariats, ensured the implementation of the necessary financial and credit policy in this branch of the national economy. The article examines the activity of the German-Volga Agricultural Credit Bank in the ASSR of the Volga Germans during the period of the new economic policy. Special attention is paid to the bank’s issuance of a bond loan intended for placement, primarily on the foreign market. The bank bonds were supposed to be placed in Germany and among the German diasporas of the United States and Latin America. The article analyzes the activities of Nemvolbank in attracting foreign currency funds. The source base was the documents stored in the Russian State Archive of Economics in the funds of the Ministry of Finance of the USSR and the Ministry of Foreign Trade of the USSR: correspondence between the leadership of the ASSR of the Volga Germans about the issue of the loan and the terms of its placement, Regulations on the issue of bonds, etc. The role of the bank in the development of Soviet- German financial and economic relations within the framework of the diplomatic rapprochement of the two countries is traced. Shown activity Newalliance for the return of German colonists, immigrants back in the Volga region. It is concluded that the German-Volga Bank conducted quite active foreign trade activities.
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Kercher, Jan, and Nicole Rohde. "German Students Abroad." International Higher Education, no. 75 (March 17, 2014): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2014.75.5434.

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Increasing the number of German graduates who have spent time abroad during their studies is a key objective of Germany's higher education policy. Available data shows that the development of internationally mobile German students depends on the type of mobility, i.e. degree or credit mobility. While there has been a marked increase in degree mobility since 1991, credit mobility quotas have stabilized at about a third of all German graduates since 2000. Thus, Germany has surpassed the Europe-wide target which states that 20% of all graduates should spend a study or training period abroad by 2020. Meanwhile, the Joint Science Conference (GWK) of the federal and state governments considers 50% of graduates who gained study-related experience abroad as a mid-term goal.
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Belina, Bernd. "What's the Matter with Germany? On Fetishizations of the Euro Crisis in Germany's Public Discourse, and Their Basis in Social Processes and Relations." Human Geography 6, no. 2 (July 2013): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861300600203.

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I use hegemonic German interpretations of the current crisis of the Euro as my point of departure to discuss why ideological interpretations of the crisis prevail in Germany. As such worldviews are rooted in social processes and relations, I discuss some that are relevant to the present conjuncture: uneven development and circuits of trade and credit/debt within the Eurozone, the history and scalar construction of the EU and the Euro, and the role of German export oriented capital. I focus on three fetishizations that structure interpretations favoring the interests of capital over those of the working classes: the fetishization of credit/debt, the fetishization of competitiveness, and the fetishization of territory.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Credit – Germany"

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Seigner, Christine Birgit. "Competencies of credit cooperatives : an empirical study on a credit cooperative in germany." Universidade de Fortaleza, 2009. http://dspace.unifor.br/handle/tede/81815.

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Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-29T23:28:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-25
Competencies of organisations are of vital importance to them, because they represent the drivers of competitiveness of organisation. Resource-based theory as the underlying theory and competence-based-view in particular highlight competencies´ problem-solving attribute. This is especially relevant for banks, confronted with challenges, linked to technological developments. Currently, banks are faced considerable difficulties due to the financial and economic crisis. Credit cooperatives, on the other hand, have successfully handled the challenges posed by technological developments and also seem to be dealing with the current Finally, the results of each step and the rationale of the identified competencies, including the so-called ´activation power´, are presented. Because of this research´s intensity and extension, a valuable framework to identify, analyse and describe the competencies of credit cooperatives can be proposed. Furthermore, the profound insights into the area of investigation, combined with the interesting aspects, linked to the case-study-bank, allowed the researcher to develop additional correlated propositions. Managers of credit cooperatives as well as of other banks can profit from this study. Understanding the basic rules may enhance the possibility of transfetring the results and consequently to discover thus far unexplored potentials and new ideas for navigating through the current challenging situation. crisis rather well. This study, therefore, aims at identifying, analysing and describing competencies of a credit cooperative, that may potentially contribute to ´solve the problems´, banks are continuously faced with. The complexity and difficulty of identifying competencies necessitates the application of an interpretive paradigm to this study, which enables the researcher, as well as managers of CCs and banks to ´dig deeper into´ and better understand the area of investigation and thus identify, analyse and describe competencies. An extensive literature research, including the elucidation of specific aspects, was conducted and subsequently, a concept developed that facilitated the structuring of the data gained from the empirical study. This empirical study builds on a comprehensive case study, which involved an especially interesting credit cooperative in Germany. The concept, developed from the theoretical research derived from the literature, was applied to the collected data. The applied research technique resulting from the interpretive paradigm supports the significance of the results, as it allows to a step-by-step and thus better understanding of the ´rules of the game´ prevalent in the case-study bank.
As competências de organizações são de importância vital para elas porque representam o motor de competitividade da organização. A ´resource-based theory´(teoria fundamentado aos recursos) como a teoria subjacente e a ´competencebased-view´ (visão fundamentado aos competências) em particular, destacam o atributo de solução do problema de competências.Isto é especialmente relevante para os bancos, que enfrentam desafios ligados aos desenvolvimentos tecnológicos. Atualmente, os bancos estão enfrentando dificuldades consideráveis devido à crise financeira e econômica.As cooperativas de crédito, por outro lado, têm tido êxito em manipular os desafios impostos pelos desenvolvimentos tecnológicos e também parecem estar lidando com a crise atual muito bem.Este estudo, portanto, pretende identificar, analisar e descrever as competências de uma cooperativa de crédito, que pode potencialmente contribuir para ´resolver os problemas´, que os bancos continuamente enfrentam. A complexidade e dificuldade de identificar as competências, exige a aplicação de um paradigma interpretativo para este estudo, que capacita o pesquisador, assim como os gestores das cooperativas de crédito e dos bancos, a ´cavar mais fundo´ e melhor compreender a área de investigação e assim identificar, analisar e descrever competências.Uma extensa pesquisa de literatura, incluindo a elucidação de aspectos específicos,foi conduzida e subseqüentemente, um conceito foi desenvolvido que facilitou a estrutura dos dados obtidos no estudo empírico.Este estudo empírico baseia-se num estudo de caso abrangente, que envolveu uma cooperativa de crédito especialmente interessante na Alemanha. O conceito,desenvolvido da pesquisa teórica derivada da literatura, foi aplicado aos dados coletados. A técnica aplicada de pesquisa resulta do paradigma interpretativo apóia a importância dos resultados, assim como permite um passo a passo e assim um melhor entendimento das ´regras do jogo´ predominante no banco estudado.Finalmente, os resultados de cada passo e compreensão das competências identificadas, inclusive o assim chamado ´poder de ativação´, são apresentados.Devido à intensidade desta pesquisa, uma estrutura valiosa para identificar, analisar e descrever as competências das cooperativas de crédito pode ser proposta. Além do mais, as introspecções profundas na área de investigação, combinadas aos aspectos interessantes, ligado ao estudo de caso do banco, permitiu que o pesquisador desenvolvesse propostas correlacionadas adicionais. Gestores de cooperativas de crédito assim como de outros bancos podem se beneficiar deste estudo. A compreensão das regras básicas pode aumentar a possibilidade de transferência de resultados e, portanto, descobrir possíveis até aqui inexplorados e novas idéias para lidar com a situação de desafios atual.
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Oeing, Alexander [Verfasser]. "Dependency and Trade Credit : Empirical Evidence from Manufacturing Firms in Germany / Alexander Oeing." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1122044666/34.

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Kramer, Dirk [Verfasser]. "Credit Guarantee Schemes for Small Businesses: between Euphoria and Scepticism : Concepts and Experiences with Institutional Structures in Europe and Latin America – with Case Illustrations from Germany and Brazil / Dirk Kramer." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1045859184/34.

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Steinbrück, Katharina [Verfasser]. "Changing Consumer Law in the United Kingdom after Brexit? : A Study in Laws governing Consumer Credit and Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts in the United Kingdom, Germany, Norway and Switzerland / Katharina Steinbrück." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1237168465/34.

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Bachner, Thomas. "Creditor protection in private companies : Anglo-German perspectives after Centros." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614034.

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Ari, Alparslan, and Micha J. Bolte. "The Influence of Credit Ratings on the Choice of Payment in the German Merger & Acquisition market." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-105724.

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Nagler-Nitzschner, Ursa. "Development of a working memory test for the German Bundeswehr’s online assessment." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22529.

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Wie die meisten westlichen Streitkräfte, bewegt sich die Bundeswehr im Spannungsfeld zwischen hohem Personalbedarf und Fachkräftemangel. Durch ein Onlineassessment kann der Bewerbungsprozess dahingehend optimiert werden, dass fähiges Personal schneller gebunden wird. Onlineassessment hat diverse Vorteile, gleichzeitig sind damit jedoch Herausforderungen verbunden. Die wahrscheinlich größte ist es, Betrug zu minimieren, da Onlineassessment in einer weitestgehend unkontrollierten Umgebung stattfindet. Zur Entgegnung dieser Problematik dienen verschiedene Ansätze, wie beispielsweise große Itempools, wodurch einer Verbreitung der Lösung im Internet entgegengewirkt werden kann. Dieser Ansatz ist jedoch mit hohen Kosten verbunden. Automatische Itemgenerierung hingegen ermöglicht es, kostengünstig und zeiteffizient psychometrisch hochwertige Items zu erstellen. Aus diesem Grund wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit zwei Arbeitsgedächtnistests mit automatischer Itemgenerierung für das Onlineassessment der Bundeswehr entwickelt und evaluiert, mit dem Ziel einer hohen prädiktiven Validität auf die Diagnostik vor Ort. In der ersten Studie (N = 330) wurde gezeigt, dass automatische Itemgenerierung für die entwickelten Arbeitsgedächtnistests eingesetzt werden kann. Hierbei wurden zudem zwei verschiedene zeitliche Varianten untersucht, wobei sich diejenige mit der längeren Stimulusrepräsentationszeit als vorteilhafter erwies. In der zweiten Studie (N = 621) wurden Nachweise für Reliabilität und Validität erbracht. Die Tests zeigten eine gute konvergente und diskriminante Validität. Zudem konnte einer der beiden Tests eine sehr gute prädiktive Validität aufweisen. Unter Gesamtberücksichtigung der Testgütekriterien wurde dieser Test schließlich für das Onlineassessment der Bundeswehr vorgeschlagen. Somit steht der Bundeswehr nun ein wissenschaftlich fundierter Arbeitsgedächtnistest für das Onlineassessment zur Verfügung.
Like most Western armed forces, the Bundeswehr faces both high personnel requirements and a shortage of skilled personnel. Online assessment can optimize the application process to ensure that capable personnel are retained more quickly. Online assessment has various advantages, but also challenges associated with it. Probably the biggest of these challenges is minimizing cheating, as online assessment takes place in a largely unsupervised environment. Various approaches are used to counter this problem, such as large item pools, which can be used to counter the dissemination of solutions on the Internet. However, this approach is associated with high costs. Automatic item generation, on the other hand, makes it possible to create psychometrically high-quality items in a cost-effective and time-efficient manner. For this reason, two working memory tests with automatic item generation for the German Armed Forces’ online assessment were developed and evaluated in the present study, with the aim of matching the high predictive validity of on-site diagnostics. The first study (N = 330) demonstrated that automatic item generation can be used for the developed working memory tests. Two different temporal variants were also investigated, with the longer stimulus presentation time proving to be more beneficial. The second study (N = 621) provided reliability and validity evidence. The tests showed good convergent and discriminant validity. In addition, one of the two tests demonstrated very good predictive validity. Taking into account the overall test quality criteria, this test was ultimately proposed for use in the German Armed Forces’ online assessment. Thus, the Bundeswehr now has a scientifically-grounded working memory test available for its online assessment.
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Schlicht, Christian Rainer. "Die kumulative Schuldübernahme in der Rechtsprechung des Reichsgerichts und in der zeitgenössischen Literatur /." Frankfurt a. M. [u.a.] : Lang, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/397620772.pdf.

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Schlag, Jenny Melanie. "Tort law liability of directors and officers towards third party creditors : a comparative study of common and civil law with special focus on Canada and Germany." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81234.

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Where individuals standing outside of the corporation have been harmed by the acts of one of its directors or officers, the question becomes whether they have only a claim against the corporation or whether they may have also a personal claim against the executive inflicting the harm on them.
The issue of how far it should be possible to hold directors and officers personally liable for tort has been a contested one and even courts within one and the same jurisdiction provide different solutions. On the one hand, there is the general basic principle that individuals causing harm to others should be held responsible. On the other hand, the fact that directors and officers act as agents on behalf of the corporation might call for an exception to this basic tort law principle.
This thesis will compare the solutions proposed by Common law (with focus on the law of Ontario) and German law as an example of a Civil law jurisdiction. An attempt will be made to see in how far the proposed solutions are consistent with legal principles like the separate legal entity of the corporation and the concept of limited liability as well as with arguments related to economic efficiency.
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Bär, Alida Lucia. "Recent Developments in South African Consumer Insolvency Law - An analysis of the National Credit Amendment Act 7 of 2019 and its possible impact on the economy, taking into account the experiences of the British, New Zealand and German legal systems." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32199.

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A key challenge of the present is the growing number of consumer debtors, often caused by easy access to credit. Especially for people on low incomes, even an unforeseen event can lead to a situation in which credit rates can no longer be serviced. The result is insolvency. However, in the past many jurisdictions were not prepared for the challenges of low income insolvency. It was not until more recent times that legislators began to develop special insolvency procedures tailored to people with low incomes. This comparative research presents the insolvency proceedings of South Africa, in particular the recently introduced low income insolvency proceedings, and compares them with those of New Zealand, Great Britain and Germany, whereby Germany is the only one of these countries without a low-income insolvency procedure. It is established that each of these proceedings has advantages and disadvantages. It is also noted that despite the existence of insolvency proceedings, the number of consumer debtors continues to rise. Therefore, in addition to a proposal for insolvency proceedings combining the feasible aspects of each of the legal systems presented, it is also proposed to teach financial literacy at school in order to prevent over-indebtedness.
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Books on the topic "Credit – Germany"

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Guender, Alfred V. The credit channel of monetary policy: The case of Germany. Washington D.C: American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, 1996.

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Theis, Manfred. Die Rating-Erstellung der Sparkassen: Analyse der Rating-Erstellung im Kontext individueller Entscheidungspräferenzen. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2009.

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Chittenden, Francis. Trade credit, cash-flow and SMEs in the UK, Germany and France. Manchester: Manchester Business School, 1995.

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Rechnungslegung und Kreditfinanzierung: Zum Zusammenhang von Ausschüttungsbegrenzung, bilanzieller Gewinnermittlung und vorsichtiger Rechnungslegung. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1996.

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Die Bewertung von Konsumentenkreditforderungen im Jahresabschluss der Kreditinstitute. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1988.

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Kabey, Daniel. Der Tatbestand des verbundenen Vertrags im Sinne des [Paragraphen] 358 III 1, 2 BGB: Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Restschuldversicherungen. Frankfurt, M: Lang, 2010.

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Beachy, Robert. The soul of commerce: Credit, property, and politics in Leipzig, 1750-1840. Leiden: Brill, 2005.

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Kuttner, Klaus. Mittel- und langfristige Exportfinanzierung: Besondere Erscheinungsformen in der Aussenhandelsfinanzierung. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 1988.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Tax convention with the Federal Republic of Germany: Report of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, on Treaty document 101-10, 101st Congress, 2d session, Tax convention with the Federal Republic of Germany. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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Olaf, Gast, ed. Sozialistische Schulden nach der Revolution: Kritik der Altschuldenpolitik : ein Beitrag zur Lehre von Recht und Unrecht. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Credit – Germany"

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Kotz, Hans-Helmut, and Hans-Georg Welkenbach. "Germany." In Handbook of Public Credit in Europe, 173–215. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59692-6_7.

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Belvederesi-Kochs, Rebecca. "Moral or Modern Marketing? Sparkassen and Consumer Credit in West Germany." In The Development of Consumer Credit in Global Perspective, 41–62. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137062079_3.

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Rosenhaft, Eve. "Gold, Ink, and Tears: The Hazards of Credit and the Indebted Widow in Eighteenth-Century Germany." In Women and Credit in Pre-Industrial Europe, 203–26. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.eer-eb.5.115754.

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Frohman, Larry. "Virtually Creditworthy: Privacy, the Right to Information, and Consumer Credit Reporting in West Germany, 1950–1985." In The Development of Consumer Credit in Global Perspective, 129–54. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137062079_7.

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Duemmler, Tobias, and Stephan Kienle. "User Costs of Housing when Households Face a Credit Constraint: Evidence for Germany." In Housing Markets in Europe, 213–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15340-2_10.

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Burdekin, Richard C. K., and Paul Burkett. "Money, Credit and the Wage-Price Spiral in Post-World War I Germany." In Distributional Conflict and Inflation, 79–104. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230371736_5.

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Gürtler, Marc, Dirk Heithecker, and Sven Olboeter. "Credit Risk of Collaterals: Examining the Systematic Linkage between Insolvencies and Physical Assets in Germany." In Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization, 531–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70981-7_61.

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8

Pohle, Monika. "Credit Institutions and Securities Markets." In German Yearbook on Business History 1987, 143–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73930-9_11.

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Mura, Jurgen. "The Development of Savings Banks to Full-Service Credit Institutes." In German Yearbook on Business History 1987, 139–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73930-9_10.

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Schulte-Mattler, Hermann. "Regulatory Framework for the Risk Management of German Credit Institutions." In Contributions to Economics, 245–57. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58272-1_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Credit – Germany"

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Sosa, Sebastián, Priscila Rivera, Cristhian Aldana, Yesenia Saavedra, Luis Trelles, and Gustavo Mendoza. "Credit classification using regulation techniques on the Credit German database." In Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2022) Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100994.

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The development of microfinance, as well as microcredit, has generated greater competition among financial institutions to attract customers in this business segment. For this reason, the development of credit scoring models is highly required by these financial institutions. In this sense, to ensure that no overfitting is generated in the use of prediction techniques and in case of difficulty with collinearity, it will not be possible to obtain reliable estimates and predictions through common statistical techniques such as least squares; for this reason, it is significant and necessary to apply regularized regression methods such as Ridge, Lasso and Elastic Net. The present research determined the optimal credit scoring model for the Credit German database using the Ridge, Lasso, and Elastic Net regulation techniques. This dataset was initially analyzed with the Logit model, finding that this model has an accuracy of 37.2%; on the other hand, the Lasso model presented an accuracy of 76.7%, the Ridge model of 75.6%, and the Elastic Net model of 69.2%. Finally, the Lasso model evidenced the best prediction of the credit rating of Credit German future clients, with an accuracy in the training data of 82.9% and for the test data of 76.7%, being superior to the proposed models.
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Cetiner, Erkan, Taskin Kocak, and V. Cagri Gungor. "Credit risk analysis based on hybrid classification: Case studies on German and Turkish credit datasets." In 2018 26th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/siu.2018.8404405.

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Geçimli, Meryem, and Ruşen Yamaçlı. "GREEN BUILDING CERTIFICATION SYSTEMS: COMPARISON OF TURKEY AND BULGARIA." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b2/v2/31.

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Sustainability is defined as it meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generation’s needs. Today the topic of sustainability has the urgent importance. Especially buildings consume large amount of energy and resources. Construction sector has great impact on environment. During construction process, occupancy, renovations and/or restorations and demolition, buildings consume energy, water and sources. They are also generating waste and emit harmful atmospheric emissions. Since 1990’s countries had issued a series green building assessment scheme. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) developed by United States of America, Building Research Establishment’s Assessment Method (BREEAM) developed by United Kingdom and German Sustainable Building Council (DGNB) developed by Germany are the most commonly used. There is now a proliferation of standards, rating and certification systems to assistance in order to deliver sustainable building in the marketplace. It is estimated that there are nearly 600 green certifications around the world. Green building rating programs vary in their approach with some outlining prerequisites and optional credits. Turkey and Bulgaria have some historical partnerships. So it can be useful to compare current situation of two countries in terms of green building certification. The comparison includes certification systems used in two countries. Bulgaria mainly depends on DGNB which is originally German evaluation system. Besides this some projects took LEED and BREEAM, as in Turkey. But the important difference in two countries is that Turkey has been developing its local system that is called Turkish Green Building Council (BEST). Thus in this paper the comparison mainly depends on BEST and DGNB. And also the certified projects in two countries are compared quantitatively. The benchmarks of two systems are compared in terms of similarities and differences. The characteristics of either standard system were summarized and some suggestions for improving Turkey’s evaluation standard for green building were proposed
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D’hondt, Pierre, Peter Baeten, Leo Sannen, Daniel Marloye, Benoit Lance, Alfred Renard, and Jacques Basselier. "The REBUS Experimental Programme for Burn-Up Credit." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49164.

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An international programme called REBUS for the investigation of the burn-up credit has been initiated by the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK-CEN and Belgonucle´aire with the support of EdF and IRSN from France and VGB, representing German nuclear utilities and NUPEC, representing the Japanese industry. Recently also ORNL from the U.S. joined the programme. The programme aims to establish a neutronic benchmark for reactor physics codes in order to qualify the codes for calculations of the burn-up credit. The benchmark exercise investigates the following fuel types with associated burn-up: reference fresh 3.3% enriched UO2 fuel, fresh commercial PWR UO2 fuel and irradiated commercial PWR UO2 fuel (54 GWd/tM), fresh PWR MOX fuel and irradiated PWR MOX fuel (20 GWd/tM). The experiments on the three configurations with fresh fuel have been completed. The experiments show a good agreement between calculation and experiments for the different measured parameters: critical water level, reactivity effect of the water level and fission-rate and flux distributions. In 2003 the irradiated BR3 MOX fuel bundle was loaded into the VENUS reactor and the associated experimental programme was carried out. The reactivity measurements in this configuration with irradiated fuel show a good agreement between experimental and preliminary calculated values.
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D’hondt, Pierre, Klaas van der Meer, Peter Baeten, Daniel Marloye, Benoit Lance, and Jacques Basselier. "The REBUS Experimental Programme for Burn-Up Credit." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22022.

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An international programme called REBUS (REactivity tests for a direct evaluation of the Burn-Up credit on Selected irradiated LWR fuel bundles) for the investigation of the burn-up credit has been initiated by the Belgian Nuclear Research Center SCK•CEN and Belgonucle´aire with the support of USNRC, EdF from France, VGB, representing German nuclear utilities and NUPEC, representing the Japanese industry. The programme aims to establish a neutronic benchmark for reactor physics codes. This benchmark will qualify the codes to perform calculations of the burn-up credit. The benchmark exercise investigates the following fuel types with associated burn-up: • Reference 3.3% enriched UO2 fuel; • Fresh commercial PWR UO2 fuel; • Irradiated commercial PWR UO2 fuel (51 GWd/tM); • Fresh PWR MOX fuel; • Irradiated PWR MOX fuel (20 GWd/tM). Reactivity effects are measured in the critical facility VENUS. Fission rate and flux distributions in the experimental bundles will be determined. The accumulated burn-up of all rods is measured non-destructively in a relative way by gross gamma-scanning, while some rods are examined by gamma-spectrometry for an absolute determination of the burn-up. Some rods will be analyzed destructively with respect to accumulated burn-up, actinides content and TOP-19 fission products (i.e. those non-gaseous fission products that have most implications on the reactivity). Additionally some irradiated rods have undergone a profilometry and length determination. The experimental implementation of the programme has started in 2000 with major changes in the VENUS critical facility. Gamma scans, profilometry, length determination and gamma-spectrometry measurements on the MOX fuel have been performed. In the course of October 2001 the first fresh fuel configuration will be investigated. In the same period the commercial irradiated fuel will arrive at the SCK•CEN hot cells and will be refabricated into fuel rodlets of 1 meter length.
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Krüger, Stefan, Hannes Hatecke, Andreas Rinke, and Klaus Tammen. "Analysis of the German Navy Stability Standard BV 1030 With Respect to Operability in Heavy Weather." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23390.

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The stability standard of the German Navy — the BV 1030 — was developed in the mid-sixties of the last century in close cooperation with the German Navy Authorities (now BAIINBw) and the University of Hamburg. Other than the stability standards used for commercial shipping, the BV 1030 is based on righting and heeling lever balances for each individual loading condition of each individual ship. Different types of heeling moments have to be assumed in several combinations and they have to be balanced against the righting levers of the ship. Not only the still water stability curve is subject to this lever balance, but also wave crest and wave trough situations are subject to the stability analysis. The BV 1030 stability standard further requires a minimum stability if the ship is on the wave crest. Since this stability standard is in force, the German Navy never experienced a stability accident. The development of new hull forms with the focus on fuel efficiency has widely brought up new problems in heavy weather, for example the vulnerability for parametric rolling. It was therefore of interest for the German Authorities (BAIIN) whether the existing stability standard has sufficient safety to cover also these phenomena connected to more modern hull forms. Therefore an analysis was carried out in close cooperation between BAIINBw, MARS and TUHH where the operability of several ships of the German Navy was analyzed with numerical sea keeping computations. The nonlinear sea keeping code E4ROLLS was used which allows the computation of time series of the ship motions in irregular, short crested seas. From these computations, operational limits could be derived, or, vice versa, the required stability to guarantee a certain operability. The results showed that the concept of the German BV 1030 stability standard provides a significantly higher safety level compared to IMO standard for commercial ships. The results did also show that for modern hull forms, some adjustments to the existing safety standard were found to be useful to better cope with righting arm fluctuations in longitudinal waves.
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Peng, Zhong, Tim Raaijmakers, and Peter Wellens. "Nonlinear Wave Group Impact on a Cylindrical Monopile." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10838.

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The ComFLOW wave model has been employed to study the impact of nonlinear wave groups on cylindrical monopiles. Four nonlinear wave groups are selected from fully nonlinear waves generated by a 2D ComFLOW model, representing wave groups with the largest or the second largest crest heights, the largest wave height and a wave group consisting of consecutive large waves. These four wave groups are used to investigate the wave loads on the foundation and the platform in a 3D ComFLOW model. Model results show that the maximum wave loads on the foundation and the platform by nonlinear wave groups are determined by their individual wave crest height. This study presents a relationship between platform level and wave impact on the platform, as the vertical force on the platform is the combination of buoyancy force (if inundated) and wave impact force due to wave run-up. Results also show that wave loads on the foundation and wave impact on the platform decrease as the wave period increases from 13s to 16s (typical wave period at German Bight). A wave group can cause a larger wave load on the foundation and the platform than regular waves, considering a regular wave height equal to the maximum wave height, regardless of the associated wave period (period of individual wave or peak period).
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Sterndorff, Martin J. "Large-Scale Model Tests With Wave Loading on Offshore Platform Deck Elements." In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28624.

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The present paper concerns a detailed large-scale experimental study of wave loading on offshore platform decks. A series of model tests with wave loading on different types of deck elements have been performed in the large wave channel (GWK) at Forschungszentrum Kiiste in Hannover, Germany. The following types of deck elements have been considered: tubular elements, plate profiles, and HEB beam profiles. The tests have been performed with individual elements and arrays of elements. Tests have also been performed with an array of beam elements covered with deck plating. A large range of different wave types, air gaps, and inundation’s have been tested. Regular waves with wave height ranging from 1.4 m to 1.8 m, irregular waves and wave packages with crest heights ranging from 0.9 m to 1.6 m have been tested. During the tests the following parameters were measured: wave elevations, deck element inundation’s, wave kinematics profile, and wave forces on the individual deck elements. The model test results will be analysed to provide hydrodynamic load coefficients to a wave-in-deck load programme based on the concept of change of fluid momentum. The results will also be used to verify a CFD code based on the Volume of Fluid method.
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Reports on the topic "Credit – Germany"

1

Emmons, William R., and Willi Mueller. Conflict of Interest between Borrowers and Lenders in Credit Cooperatives: The Case of German Co-operative Banks. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.1997.009.

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