Journal articles on the topic 'Credit – Case studies'
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O'Donnell, Jonathan, Margaret Jackson, Marita Shelly, and Julian Ligertwood. "Australian Case Studies in Mobile Commerce." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 2, no. 2 (August 1, 2007): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer2020010.
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Sixteen wireless case studies highlight issues relating to mobile commerce in Australia. The issues include: the need for a clear business case; difficulty of achieving critical mass and acceptance of a new service; training and technical issues, as well as staff acceptance issues; that privacy and security issues arise through the potential to track the location of people and through the amounts of personal data collected; difficulties in integrating with existing back-end systems; projects being affected by changes to legislation, or requiring changes to the law; and that while there is potential for mobile phone operators to develop new billing methods that become new models for issuing credit, they are not covered by existing credit laws. We have placed the case studies in a Fit-Viability framework and analyzed the issues according to key success criteria. While many organizations are keen to use the technology, they are struggling to find a compelling business case for adoption and that without a strong business case projects are unlikely to progress past the pilot stage.
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Fearfull, Anne. "Clerical workers, clerical skills: case studies from credit management." New Technology, Work and Employment 11, no. 1 (March 1996): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005x.1996.tb00063.x.
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Black, Harold A., and Robert L. Schweitzer. "The Effect of Common Bond on Credit Union Performance: The Case of Black-Controlled Credit Unions." Review of Black Political Economy 15, no. 4 (March 1987): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02903732.
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This article compares the financial characteristics of black-controlled credit unions by type of common bond. The study found that many of the operational differences of these credit unions can be attributed to institutional characteristics associated with the three distinct types of credit unions. It also found that black credit unions are viable financial institutions, regardless of type of common bond. This finding is linked to the ownership of credit unions by its membership. This unique relationship has implications for black economic development.
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Andres, Christian, André Betzer, and Markus Doumet. "Measuring changes in credit risk: The case of CDS event studies." Global Finance Journal 49 (August 2021): 100647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gfj.2021.100647.
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Damian, Camilla, Zehra Eksi, and Rüdiger Frey. "EM algorithm for Markov chains observed via Gaussian noise and point process information: Theory and case studies." Statistics & Risk Modeling 35, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2018): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/strm-2017-0021.
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AbstractIn this paper we study parameter estimation via the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm for a continuous-time hidden Markov model with diffusion and point process observation. Inference problems of this type arise for instance in credit risk modelling. A key step in the application of the EM algorithm is the derivation of finite-dimensional filters for the quantities that are needed in the E-Step of the algorithm. In this context we obtain exact, unnormalized and robust filters, and we discuss their numerical implementation. Moreover, we propose several goodness-of-fit tests for hidden Markov models with Gaussian noise and point process observation. We run an extensive simulation study to test speed and accuracy of our methodology. The paper closes with an application to credit risk: we estimate the parameters of a hidden Markov model for credit quality where the observations consist of rating transitions and credit spreads for US corporations.
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Škare, Marinko, Dean Sinković, and Małgorzata Porada-Rochoń. "FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN POLAND 1990-2018." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 25, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 103–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/tede.2019.7925.
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The aim of the paper is to study finance-economic growth nexus in Poland using a time series approach. We find evidence of the existence of the finance-economic growth link in Poland. Most empirical studies do not consider the lending structure of the financial sector (share of households’ vs firms in total credits). The obtained results show that when using the share of households and companies in total credits, the long run empirical relationship in VECM is statistically significant and larger. Empirical studies using total private credit share in the GDP or the value/volume of total credits tend to undervalue the impact of financial development on economic growth. In the case of Poland, empirical evidence that supports this hypothesis was found, and therefore policymakers and researchers should take bank lending structure into account. Furthermore, the study shows that financial series may possibly have long memory properties and that researching the financial development-growth nexus could require using fractional integration methods. The reported evidence suggests financial development plays a significant role in both economic growth and credit growth. Due to data limitation, this study focuses on a single country case – Poland with the need for further research (larger sample).
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Ricci, JA. "Alcohol-induced upper GI hemorrhage: case studies and management (continuing education credit)." Critical Care Nurse 7, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn1987.7.1.56.
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Němcová, Lidmila. "The role of Trustfulness for the Success in Finances (Case Studies of Czech Credit Cooperatives)." Acta Oeconomica Pragensia 15, no. 7 (December 1, 2007): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.aop.209.
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Carvalho, Paulo Viegas, Sayyed Sadaqat Hussain Shah, Abrish Zaheer, Mário Nuno Mata, and António Morão Lourenço. "The Effect of Inventory Leanness on Firms’ Credit Ratings: The Case of Pakistan." Risks 10, no. 12 (November 29, 2022): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks10120226.
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Inventory leanness requires that firms minimize inventory mistreatment and misuse. A firm performance deteriorates because of high inventory misuse, and because of such an issue, the effect on the firm’s credit rating can also be seen. This study examines the effect of inventory leanness on firms’ credit ratings. It aims to create an understanding of the relationship between inventory leanness and the firm’s financial performance and provides insight into the credit rating system of Pakistan. We analyze secondary Pakistan data between 2008 and 2017. Among the sixty firms on Pakistan Stock Exchange that are rated by PACRA, only thirty-eight have complete data available on their respective websites. By using panel data analysis, the results indicate that inventory leanness and credit ratings are positively related. In an added analysis, we evaluate the financial performance in the context of credit rating by using control variables (size, leverage, and capital intensity ratio) and dummy variables (loss and subordinate debt). Our results are consistent with earlier studies.
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Mansur, Hasan, and Anita Tangl. "The Perceptions of Credit Officers towards External Auditors: A Case Study from Jordan." Accounting and Finance Research 7, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v7n1p237.
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This study aimed at detecting the existence of credit officer’s perceptions in Jordanian commercial banks towards external auditors. This research is an analytical research based on analysis of previous studies and conducting semi structured interviews. This paper focused on credit officers’ perceptions who work at commercial banks towards the external auditors. It was concluded that there are high perceptions from credit officers towards external auditors, regarding the following aspects, auditor's independence and neutrality towards the entity subject to auditing; auditor's responsibility to evaluate the entity's viability; and the effect of auditing fees and remuneration on auditing quality.
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Akudugu, Mamudu Abunga. "Agricultural productivity, credit and farm size nexus in Africa: a case study of Ghana." Agricultural Finance Review 76, no. 2 (July 4, 2016): 288–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-12-2015-0058.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the connections of agricultural productivity, access to credit and farm size in Africa using Ghana as a case study. Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs mixed methods – quantitative and qualitative strategies for data collection and analyses. The hierarchical competitive model was used for the quantitative analyses supplemented with qualitative analyses using key informant interviews, focus group discussions and household case studies. Findings – The results show that there is significant relationship between credit from formal and informal sources and agricultural productivity. Thus access to formal and informal credit increases farm household agricultural productivity by about 0.10 (p=0.05) and 0.45 (p < 0.01), respectively. The quadratic terms of formal and informal credit as well as farm size were found to significantly influence agricultural productivity. The implication of this is that the relationships between formal credit, informal credit and farm size on one hand and agricultural productivity on the other are non-linear in nature. The interactions of formal credit with informal credit; informal credit with farm size; and formal and informal credit with farm size have significant relationships with agricultural productivity. The amount of remittance received by farm households has negative and insignificant influence on agricultural productivity. Market access is also an insignificant determinant of agricultural productivity in Ghana. Originality/value – This paper provides new insights on whether the scale of production (farm size as proxy) and access to financial services (credit as a proxy) matter in promoting agricultural productivity in Africa using Ghana as a case study. Thus the paper is of relevance to policy-makers and practitioners in Africa and Ghana in particular who are seeking to make informed policy decisions on effectively incorporating credit provision into the agricultural transformation agenda of the continent.
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Jitha, T. J. "Mediating Production, Re-powering Patriarchy: The Case of Micro Credit." Indian Journal of Gender Studies 20, no. 2 (June 2013): 253–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971521513482219.
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Le, Tan Nghiem, Long Hau Le, Bich Tuyen Duong, Viet Thanh Truc Tran, and Thi Thanh Tam Nguyen. "Accessibility to consumer credit by individual customers in financial companies: A case in the Mekong Delta." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 10, no. 2 (February 2023): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2023.02.012.
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Consumer credit has grown rapidly in recent years with a variety of products from banks and financial companies. However, previous studies in Vietnam only approached factors affecting consumer lending decisions and credit access at commercial banks. The aim of this study is to determine the factors affecting the accessibility of consumer loans to individual customers at financial companies in the Mekong Delta. Data were collected by directly interviewing 200 people who applied for loans at financial companies (not banks). A pre-designed questionnaire and a random sampling method were used. According to the analysis results of the binary Logit regression model, male borrowers will have more difficulty in accessing consumer credit at financial companies. This result is in contrast to the results shown in some studies conducted at commercial banks. On the other hand, the positive impact on individuals' access to consumer loans of the variables of education level, income, and form of receiving income reinforces the results of previous studies on this topic. Besides, the higher the loan amount, the lower the probability of loan approval. From there, the author has proposed recommendations to improve access to consumer loans at financial companies and improve consumer credit products in the Mekong Delta.
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Charnvitayapong, Kovit. "Thrift and Credit Cooperative Lending Channels under Prolonged Low-Interest Rates: The Case of Thailand." 11th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 11, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2020.11(1).
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Since the global financial crisis of 2007–08, the United States, Japan, and the European Union (EU) have heavily stimulated their economies with expansionary monetary policy. World finance has been affected by this policy conduct. Interest rates in most open economies were pushed to very low levels and have remained low ever since. Nevertheless, monetary stimulation has not improved the economic situation to a satisfactory level as of the end of 2019. Several studies such as Claudio Borio and Boris Hofmann (2017) and Nasha Ananchotikul and Dulani Seneviratne (2015) attempted to examine the inefficiency of expansionary monetary policy by looking at bank lending channels. Koot and Walker (1980) studied monetary policy effectiveness through credit union lending channels. They found that at first, credit unions responded well to expansionary monetary policy, but after prolonged easy money policy, the response died down. Keywords: Fixed effects, Lending channel, Prolonged low interest rates, Thrift and credit cooperatives (TCCs), Transmission mechanism.
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Khatun, MA, MA Islam, and S. Majumder. "Why some poor women in Bangladesh do not opt for micro-credit?" Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 11, no. 2 (August 10, 2014): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v11i2.19927.
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Despite many positive impacts of micro-credit, some studies found that micro-credits are not reaching the extreme poor. This study is designed to find out the major causes why rural women do not join micro-credit programme. The present study conducted case studies on ten dropped out members, three non-NGO/MFI members and five NGO/MFI officials. The important causes for dropout are high interest rate, poor management of loan money by clients, management of default cases by NGO/MFI officials, starting time of repayments of instalment, improper utilisation of loan money, husbands unacceptable interference, lack of training to utilise the money and difficulty in getting large amount of loan. On the other hand, worry of failure to repay the instalment, unwillingness to take loan and husbands opposition are the main reasons for non-membership of micro-credit programmes. Tough membership criteria set by the NGOs/MFIs restricts the access to micro-credit option for many of the poor families. Though some NGOs/MFIs have some programmes to support the ultra poor, the coverage is limited. One important hurdle to overcome is the psychological poverty. There are many poor people who are not motivated to get involved in the process despite many NGOs/MFIs are operating at their doorsteps. Appropriate actions are needed to increase the coverage of the micro-credit programme to fight against poverty. NGOs/MFIs should focus not only on the profit but also on the true achievement in poverty alleviation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v11i2.19927 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 11(2): 285-292, 2013
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Murthy, Uma, and Paul Anthony Mariadas. "Factors Affecting Fresh Graduate Bankruptcy at Young Age: The Case of Fresh Graduates in Kota Damansara." International Journal of Business and Management 12, no. 12 (November 20, 2017): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v12n12p194.
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The paper studies the relationship between factors affect fresh graduate bankruptcy at young age and with credit card, bank policies, poor financial planning and attitude towards money. This study has also employed the multiple regression method to examine the studies to test the relationship and to test the hypothesis. Furthermore, the data was analyzed with the software known as Statistical package for Social Science, for short SPSS using 130 questionnaire. The results show indication that there is positive relationship between fresh graduate bankruptcy with credit card, bank policies, poor financial planning and attitude towards money.
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Mushtaq, Afia, Noman Arshed, and Muhammad Shahid Hassan. "Sources of Banking Sector Development: Case of Pakistan." Journal of Finance and Accounting Research 1, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 72–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/jfar/0102/04.
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Banking sector development is one of the key elements benchmarking economic growth. Several empirical studies for several instances have indicated a positive relationship between banking sector development and economic growth. This study intends to examine the sources of banking sector development of Pakistan, using capital formation, interest rate, trade deficit, general price level and remittances as the proposed indicators. There is a lack of studies which investigated the impact of investment and trade deficit on banking sector development. The empirical data for the study is taken from world development indicators for 38 years. For the reliable estimates, ARDL cointegration technique has been used to estimate the long run determinants of banking sector development. Domestic credit to private sector has been used as a proxy for the banking sector development because of its market orientation. The results show that increase in the investment, imports and general price level leads to increase in the provision of domestic credit which leads to banking sector development.
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Di Biasi, Paolo, Rita Gnutti, Andrea Resti, and Daniele Vergari. "Machine Learning for Credit risk: three successful Case Histories." Risk Management Magazine 17, no. 2 (August 25, 2022): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47473/2020rmm0108.
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As the financial services landscape witnesses an unprecedented change, banks can use machine learning (“ML”) to expand their databases through alternative sources providing unstructured and semi-structured information, such as transaction data and digital footprint data. However, ML algorithms also suffer from several potential shortcomings, as they may overfit sample data and prove unstable over time, they may quickly become obsolete and need re-estimation, and they may prove hard to interpret. This paper joins the debate on ML in banks by providing three case studies that highlight the benefits of machine learning, while showing how its drawbacks can be minimised: a rating model developed within the IRB framework, a challenger model used to validate a bank’s main model for retail PDs, and an early warning system based on transaction data.
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Ankrah Twumasi, Martinson, Yuansheng Jiang, Frank Osei Danquah, Abbas Ali Chandio, and Wonder Agbenyo. "The role of savings mobilization on access to credit: a case study of smallholder farmers in Ghana." Agricultural Finance Review 80, no. 2 (December 26, 2019): 275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-05-2019-0055.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of savings mobilization on access to credit among smallholder farmers’ in the Birim central municipality of Ghana. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional primary data set was used to estimate the factors influencing smallholder farmers’ access to credit and size of loan to be borrowed using the IV-Probit and IV-Tobit model. Findings The results of the study revealed that savings mobilization has a positive significant impact on access to credit and the total amount of credit one can borrow as well. Other control variables such as transaction cost and farm size depicted a negative significant impact on access to credit. Land ownership, member of an association, household size, years of farming experience and education also showed a positive significant impact on access to credit. Research limitations/implications The paper only examined the savings effect on credit accessibility among smallholder farmers in one of the municipality’s in the Eastern region of Ghana. Future research should consider all or many municipality for an informed generalization of findings. Practical implications This paper provides evidence that smallholder farmers knowledge on the financial market is poor and it would require the policymakers or NGOs to organize financial management training programs so that the farmers high ignorance of the financial market will significantly reduce. Originality/value Although existing studies have examined smallholder farmers’ access to credit, the unique contribution of this paper is the analysis of the impact of saving mobilization on credit accessibility in Ghana, a major access to credit determinant in the financial market. In addition, those researchers who factored in savings as an access to credit determinant did not also consider the casual relationship between these two variables, thus, the present of endogeneity of which this paper does.
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Kurwijila, Rosebud, and Jean M. Due. "Credit for Women's Income Generation: A Tanzanian Case Study." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 25, no. 1 (1991): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/485558.
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Kurwijila, Rosebud, and Jean M. Due. "Credit For Women's Income Generation: A Tanzanian Case Study." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 25, no. 1 (January 1991): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.1991.10803880.
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An, Byeongchan, Robert Bushman, Anya Kleymenova, and Rimmy E. Tomy. "Social Externalities of Bank Enforcement Actions: The Case of Minority Lending." Finance and Economics Discussion Series, no. 2022-036 (June 2022): 1–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2022.036.
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This paper studies the role banking supervision plays in improving access to credit for minorities by investigating how enforcement decisions and orders (EDOs) affect the bank borrower base. We find that, after an EDO’s termination, banks significantly increase residential mortgage lending to minorities, even when the enforcement order is not issued for violations of fair lending laws. Our findings suggest that improvements in banks’ internal credit assessment and compliance due to the enforcement process are associated with the expansion in lending to minority borrowers. Our findings highlight the indirect social benefits of bank enforcement and supervision.
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An, Byeongchan, Robert Bushman, Anya Kleymenova, and Rimmy E. Tomy. "Social Externalities of Bank Enforcement Actions: The Case of Minority Lending." Finance and Economics Discussion Series, no. 2022-036 (June 2022): 1–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2022.036.
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This paper studies the role banking supervision plays in improving access to credit for minorities by investigating how enforcement decisions and orders (EDOs) affect the bank borrower base. We find that, after an EDO’s termination, banks significantly increase residential mortgage lending to minorities, even when the enforcement order is not issued for violations of fair lending laws. Our findings suggest that improvements in banks’ internal credit assessment and compliance due to the enforcement process are associated with the expansion in lending to minority borrowers. Our findings highlight the indirect social benefits of bank enforcement and supervision.
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Jatmiko, Sugeng, and Mohamad Fiqri Saifulloh. "THE ROLE OF FIDUSIAN SECURITY LAWS IN PROTECTING ONLINE OJECT WHEN MAJOR SCALE OF SOCIAL RESTRICTIONS APPLY IN FROM CREDIT REMEDY CASE STUDY IN DKI JAKARTA." IBLAM LAW REVIEW 1, no. 01 (January 31, 2021): 57–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.52249/ilr.v1i01.3.
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The Financial Services Authority (OJK) issued OJK Regulation (POJK) No. 11 / POJK.03 / 2020 concerning National Economic Stimulus as a Countercyclical Policy on the Impact of the Spread of Corona Virus Disease 2019 which regulates that debtors affected by the Coronavirus get credit restructuring, especially for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the tourism, transportation, hospitality and other sectors. One of the points is related to relaxation of postponement of installments of up to one year and a reduction in credit interest for borrowers in the informal sector, micro-businesses, workers who are paid per day and run businesses in productive fields. The problem is how the role of OJK regulations in easing Ojek Online credit? And how is the legal protection for online motorcycle taxis when the Large-Scale Social Restrictions take effect in the context of credit relief based on Law Number 42 of 1999 concerning Fiduciary Security? The method used is normative juridical research. The conclusion is the role of OJK regulations in relieving online motorcycle taxi credit, namely by calling two online motorcycle taxi transportation companies to apply for credit relief which are carried out collectively so that they can provide driver data and vehicle data such as engine numbers and numeric numbers to make submissions easier. This is in accordance with the rules for credit leniency stipulated in OJK Regulation (POJK) Number 11 / POJK.03 / 2020 concerning Economic Stimulus as a Countercyclical Policy. These online transportation drivers are included in the credit easing category for one year due to the impact of the corona virus pandemic or Covid-19.
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Greulich, Erica, and John M. Quigley. "Housing subsidies and tax expenditures: The case of mortgage credit certificates." Regional Science and Urban Economics 39, no. 6 (November 2009): 647–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2009.06.003.
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Zhang, Fang, Jian Lu, and Xiaojian Hu. "Optimal Tradable Credit Scheme Design with Recommended Credit Price." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (July 1, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6688803.
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As an interesting research topic in transportation field, tradable credit scheme (TCS) has been extensively explored in the latest decade. Existing studies implicitly assumed that travelers are clear about the equilibrium credit price and make their trips accordingly. However, this may not be the case in reality, since the credit price is endogenously determined by the credit-trading behavior, especially in the early stages after the implementation of a TCS. Considering travelers’ uncertainty on the equilibrium credit price, this paper aims to investigate the impacts of perception error on credit price and how to accommodate such errors by an appropriate scheme design. Transferring the perception error on credit price to a given and fixed value released by central authority, we first investigate the impacts of recommended credit price under a given TCS. The numerical results imply that it is necessary to simultaneously consider the choice of recommended credit price and charging scheme in TCS design. Regarding this, we combine the goals of social welfare and public acceptance of the scheme and propose a bilevel biobjective programming (BLBOP) model, by which the net economic benefit is maximized while the gap between the recommended and realized credit prices is minimized. Through two numerical examples, it is found that the rise in perception variance could intensify the contradiction effect between the two objectives. Additionally, a nonnegligible price gap must be allowed to occur to maintain the effectiveness of a TCS.
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Moalla, Hanen, and Rahma Baili. "Credit ratings and audit opinion: evidence from Tunisia." Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies 9, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 103–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaee-03-2018-0022.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine whether credit ratings issued by Fitch predict auditor’s opinion for the Tunisian financial companies. It studies the association between Fitch’s credit rating and the audit opinion. Design/methodology/approach The whole population was analyzed. It is composed of 35 banks, leasing companies and factoring companies in Tunisia. The hand-collected data over 11 years (2005–2015) were used and a multiple-ordered logistic regression was performed. Findings The findings show that firms with a high short-term grade, a high long-term grade or a positive outlook are more likely to receive an unqualified audit opinion. In addition, companies with a stable outlook are more likely to receive an explanatory paragraph, a qualification or a going-concern opinion. Originality/value Studies examining the relationship between credit ratings and audit opinion are rare. This piece of research adds to knowledge about the relationship between different components of agency ratings and the auditor’s opinion in a developing country. Previous studies have investigated the case of developed countries and have been interested in the only impact of the long-term credit rating. This study analyzes three components of credit rating, namely long-term credit rating, short-term credit rating and rating outlook. In addition, it sheds light on the effect of various rating grades issued by rating agencies on the audit opinion. It gives a broader view of the relationship between credit ratings and audit opinion.
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Morar, Ioana, Laurence L. Motiuk, and Leslie Anne Keown. "Characteristics of Offenders Participating in the Romanian Prison Service Credit System." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 27, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 242–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-02703004.
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Correctional assessment strategies and standards of practice should help to identify those offenders who are “good candidates” for earlier or conditional release while incarcerated. Several studies conducted on the Romanian prison population showed that a restricted set of items could accurately identify potential for early release decision-making and post release outcomes. Among a variety of relevant predictors identified was offender participation in a credit scheme with accompanying rewards and penalties. The Romanian Prison Service’s automated database was used to identify groups of offenders who had either earned (total, social reintegration activities or work) or lost credits for analytical purposes. These groups were used to make comparisons on a variety of case specific variables such as criminal history, sentence length, offence type and education. The present study extends previous research on prediction by unpacking offender participation in the credit scheme in relation to two outcome measures; early release from custody as well as subsequent returns to custody after early release.
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Pontiggia, Dario, and Petros Stavrou Sivitanides. "House prices and credit cycles: the case of Cyprus." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 38, no. 6 (April 27, 2020): 539–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-02-2020-0022.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess whether the rapid accumulation of bank deposits before the global financial crisis and their subsequent drastic reduction was the main driving force of the Cyprus house price cycle over the period 2006–2015.Design/methodology/approachTo this aim we estimate a three-equation model in which house prices are determined by housing loans, among other factors, and housing loans are determined by bank deposits. All equations are estimated using partial adjustment model specifications.FindingsOur findings indicate that housing loans, which capture the effect of credit availability on housing demand, had the smallest effect on house prices, thus providing little support to our proposition of a deposits-driven cycle in house prices.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitation of the study is the use of the housing loan stock instead of the actual volume of housing loans in each period due to lack of such data. As a result our econometric estimates may not accurately capture the magnitude of the effect of housing loans on house prices.Practical implicationsThe study has important practical implications for policy makers as it highlights the importance of availability of credit in supporting effective demand for housing during periods of economic growth. Furthermore, it highlights the key role of house price increases in combination with the collateral effect in driving the house price cycle.Originality/valueThis is among the few studies internationally and the first study in Cyprus that attempts to link econometrically the credit and house price cycles that were caused by the global financial crisis.
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Dean, Gary J., Jan P. Eriksen, and Sherie A. Lindamood. "ADULTS IN MID-CAREER CHANGE: CASE STUDIES FOR ADVISORS." NACADA Journal 7, no. 1 (March 1, 1987): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12930/0271-9517-7.1.16.
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Adults are making mid-career changes more frequently today than ever before. According to Arbeiter et al., over 40,000 Americans are engaging in or anticipating a career change at some time in the future.1 Of these, 60% desire educational and career services. The National Center for Education Statistics reports that over 14,000,000 adults are currently enrolled in two- and four-year college credit courses.2 Three trends have i weased the importance of rumtraditional student programs in many universities across the country: 1) the increase in numbers and visibility of the adult, non-traditional college student population, 2) the stabilization or decrease in the size of the traditional, younger student population, and 3) the expanded services and offerings of programs and courses geared to nontraditional students.3 Thus, academic advisors must be able to understand the needs and motivations of adult learners and to develop advising skills and programs in response to these needs. The purpose of this paper is to outline some of the motivations and needs of both full-time and part-time adult learners who are in transition from work to school and to offer suggestions to academic advisors on how to meet those needs.
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Prayogo, Hilda Febianne. "PERSEPSI ANALIS KARTU KREDIT TENTANG RESIKO KARTU KREDIT PADA BANK KONVENSIONAL DAN BANK SYARIAH." Jurnal Akuntansi Indonesia 3, no. 1 (November 14, 2016): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jai.3.1.59-70.
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This study aimed to compare the perception of risk analysts credit card at conventional banks and Islamic banks , case studies on the BNI and BNI Syariah in Semarang which includes the process of risk management application, credit card risk identification and appearing stagnant credit card. This study was measured using a questionnaire method is to assess the perception of risk analysts credit card at conventional banks and Islamic banks . Then to compare the perception of risk analysts credit card at conventional banks and Islamic banks performed different tests using the Mann - Whitney test because the data presented is not normal , by ten respondents . The results of the research analyst ‘s perception of the risk of credit card shows that on each item tested on conventional banks aresuperior to Islamic banks when viewed from the mean rank in Mann Whitney rank output , but this difference was not significant , so that could be said about the credit card analyst perception risk credit card at conventional banks and Islamic banks are the same .
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Kusnandar, Acu. "Credit Risk in Islamic Banking." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 11, no. 3 (August 17, 2022): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v11i3.1547.
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The application of sharia principles in banking, which does not involve the elements of interest (riba), betting (qimar), and uncertainty (gharar) is unique and draws attention, resulting in an increase in popularity of this type of banking. Financing products have also emerged with a variety of services. Although Islamic banking does not involve those three elements, it is still faced with the risk of disbursed financing. This issue is important to observe considering its relationship with growth and competitiveness in the banking industry. Credit risk that arises can be caused by two factors, including unsystematic and systematic factors or those that cannot be eliminated or controlled. Several previous studies have described the elements that can put a bank’s credit at risk, particularly in the case of Islamic banking. Therefore, this research using a literature study aimed to classify factors that can indicate credit risk, both systematic and unsystematic in Islamic banking.
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Dranka, Géremi Gilson, and Paula Ferreira. "Electric Vehicles and Biofuels Synergies in the Brazilian Energy System." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 27, 2020): 4423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174423.
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Shaping a secure and sustainable energy future may require a set of transformations in the global energy sector. Although several studies have recognized the importance of Electric Vehicles (EVs) for power systems, no large-scale studies have been performed to assess the impact of this technology in energy systems combining a diverse set of renewable energies for electricity production and biofuels in the transportation sector such as the case of Brazil. This research makes several noteworthy contributions to the current literature, including not only the evaluation of the main impacts of EVs’ penetration in a renewable electricity system but also a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) that estimates the overall level of CO2 emissions resulted from the EVs integration. Findings of this study indicated a clear positive effect of increasing the share of EVs on reducing the overall level of CO2 emissions. This is, however, highly dependent on the share of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in the power system and the use of biofuels in the transport sector but also on the credits resulting from the battery recycling materials credit and battery reuse credit. Our conclusions underline the importance of such studies in providing support for the governmental discussions regarding potential synergies in the use of bioresources between transport and electricity sectors.
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Nehrebecka, Natalia, and Aneta Dzik-Walczak. "Collateral and Bank Credit – a Puzzle." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 7, no. 1 (January 21, 2017): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v7i1.p179-198.
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The impact of firms characteristics on bank debt financing has always been a field of conflicts among economists (e.g. trade-off theory vs. pecking order theory). The pecking order theory predicts that firms holding more tangible assets are less prone to asymmetric information problems and reduce the agency cost. Generally, the supply of bank loans is expected to be higher for firms with higher collateral. In the empirical literature, this relationship is not always confirmed. We analyse this phenomenon from three points of view: meta-analysis of literature, country level data and case of Poland. This study provides a systematic analysis of the empirical literature on the usage of bank debt by conducting a meta-analysis. In particular, the problem of publication selection bias is discussed. We explore the sources of heterogeneity among studies including moderator variables in random- and fixed effects regressions. Our results indicate that there is an evidence of publication selection. Based on country level data we conclude that the impact of collateral on bank credit is negative. For Polish case we find that the impact of collateral on debt is positive, except for the subsample of large enterprises.
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Fejza, Doris, Dritan Nace, and Orjada Kulla. "The Credit Risk Problem—A Developing Country Case Study." Risks 10, no. 8 (July 22, 2022): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks10080146.
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Crediting represents one of the biggest risks faced by the banking sector, and especially by commercial banks. In the literature, there have been a number of studies concerning credit risk management, often involving credit scoring systems making use of machine learning (ML) techniques. However, the specificity of individual banks’ datasets means that choosing the techniques best suited to the needs of a given bank is far from straightforward. This study was motivated by the need by Credins Bank in Tirana for a reliable customer credit scoring tool suitable for use with that bank’s specific dataset. The dataset in question presents two substantial difficulties: first, a high degree of imbalance, and second, a high level of bias together with a low level of confidence in the recorded data. These shortcomings are largely due to the relatively young age of the private banking system in Albania, which did not exist as such until the early 2000s. They are shortcomings not encountered in the more conventional datasets that feature in the literature. The present study therefore has a real contribution to make to the existing corpus of research on credit scoring. The first important question to be addressed is the level of imbalance. In practice, the proportion of good customers may be many times that of bad customers, making the impact of unbalanced data on classification models an important element to be considered. The second question relates to bias or incompleteness in customer information in emerging and developing countries, where economies tend to function with a large amount of informality. Our objective in this study was identifying the most appropriate ML methods to handle Credins Bank’s specific dataset, and the various tests that we performed for this purpose yielded abundant numerical results. Our overall finding on the strength of these results was that this kind of dataset can best be dealt with using balanced random forest methods.
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Bouasria, Mohamedou, Arvind Ashta, and Zaka Ratsimalahelo. "Bottlenecks to Financial Development, Financial Inclusion, and Microfinance: A Case Study of Mauritania." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13100239.
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The objective of the study was to enhance our knowledge on institutional bottlenecks for financial development, financial inclusion, and microfinance, using Mauritania as a case study. We used a mixed-methods’ methodology that combines analysis of secondary data and an expert interview. First, a logit model with dummy independent variables was used to investigate the factors that impact the households’ access to credit, the main advantage of this model being to avoid confounding effects by analyzing the association of all variables together. Our study found that access to financial services is equal in Mauritania between men and women, but that access to credit is higher for public sector employees, educated people, and households with smaller families. Second, using principal components’ analysis, we found that the different regions of Mauritania can be divided based on unemployment, income, literacy, financial inclusion, and population density into two main dimensions, yielding four quadrants: Attractive, industrious, moderate, and resource cursed. We expected that sparsely populated countries would have less access to credit. Counterintuitively, we found that within a low-density country, people in the lowest-density regions have higher odds of getting credit. Third, based on an interview with an expert, we noted the key challenges that microfinance is facing in Mauritania and provided recommendations to overcome these. As in most case studies, external validity was limited.
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Canfield, Carlos Eduardo. "Determinants of default in p2p lending: the Mexican case." Independent Journal of Management & Production 9, no. 1 (March 2, 2018): 001. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v9i1.537.
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P2P lending is a new method of informal finance that uses the internet to directly connect borrowers with on-line communities. With a unique dataset provided by Prestadero, the largest on-line lending platform with national presence in Mexico, this research explores the effect of credit scores and other variables related to loan and borrower´s traits, in determining default behavior in P2P lending. Moreover, using a logistic regression model, it tested whether investors might benefit from screening loan applicants by gender after controlling for loan quality. The results showed that information provided by the platform is relevant for analyzing credit risk, yet not conclusive. In congruence with the literature, on a scale going from the safest to the riskiest, loan quality is positively associated with default behavior. Other determinants for increasing the odds of default are the payment-to-income ratio and refinancing on the same platform. On the contrary loan purpose and being a female applicant reduce such odds. No categorical evidence for differential default behavior was found for gender´s case-discrimination, under equal credit conditions. However it was found that controlling for loan quality, women have longer loan survival times than men. This is one of the first studies about debt crowdfunding in Latin America and Mexico. Implications for lenders, researchers and policy-makers are also discussed.
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Furió, Antoni. "Rents instead of land. Credit and peasant indebtedness in late medieval Mediterranean Iberia: the kingdom of Valencia." Continuity and Change 36, no. 2 (August 2021): 177–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416021000138.
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AbstractThe literature on the rural economy of the high and late Middle Ages has long established a close correlation between three significant features of the period: the spread of rural credit, the dynamism of the peasant land market and the expropriation of peasant land by the creditors, usually yeomen or urban landowners. There has even been talk for some countries (northern Italy) of a deliberate strategy of territorial conquest, insofar as the credit provided by urban lenders would aim at the expropriation of land from insolvent debtors. This article studies for the Mediterranean Spain of the late Middle Ages, and in particular for the old kingdom of Valencia, other objectives of rural credit and other alternatives to peasant expropriation in case of insolvency. Based on the rich archival holdings of the region, mainly notarial and judicial records, the article studies the dissemination of rural credit, the different modalities (short and long term), the motivations of creditors and debtors, the types of interest, the guarantors and the goods given as collateral for the loans, their confiscation in case of delay or insolvency. It concludes that, unlike elsewhere, the creditors, rather than in land, were interested in rents, that is, in the annuities paid to them by the debtors as interest on the loans obtained. The spread of long-term credit, therefore, not only did not threaten or subvert but also strengthened a system of land ownership, tenure and management based on regular rents extraction.
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Kenjebaev, Nurbek. "Sharīʿah-Compliant Credit Cards: An Analysis of Underlying Structures." ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance 4, no. 1 (June 15, 2012): 129–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.55188/ijif.v4i1.138.
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The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of various structures retail clients today. The paper discusses case studies from several jurisdictions to show that various Sharīʿah-compliant contracts or combinations of contracts are being used to structure Islamic credit cards so that customers enjoy similar benefits to those derived from conventional credit cards. It is submitted that Sharīʿah-compliant credit cards which encourage excessive spending (isrāf) should not be promoted on the basis that they counter the basic Sharīʿah principle of moderation and avoiding wastage. Furthermore, the recent financial crises highlighted that the structure of the product will provide little benefits if other factors, such as stringent credit screening processes, need-based analysis and customer’s interests, are ignored or given secondary importance.
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Shaikh, Ali Akbar, Subhash Chandra Das, Asoke Kumar Bhunia, and Biswajit Sarkar. "Decision support system for customers during availability of trade credit financing with different pricing situations." RAIRO - Operations Research 55, no. 2 (March 2021): 1043–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2021015.
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This study introduces an inventory system with a non-instantaneous deteriorating product with credit facility and variable demand depending on the selling price. Two different selling prices are considered in the deterioration and non-deterioration periods. Shortages are partially backlogged and dependent on the length of the customers’ waiting time upto the arrival of fresh lot. Alternative trade-credit policy is applied herein, and several cases, sub-cases and situations are investigated. The corresponding optimization problems of different cases, sub-cases and situations are solved using an interval-oriented multi-section technique with the help of interval mathematics and interval order relations. A numerical example with three different credit periods is studied and solved to validate the said problem. Also, two different case studies are investigated. Then to investigate the effect of changes of several system parameters on the optimal policy, post optimality analyses are performed.
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Saliya, Candauda Arachchige. "Dynamics of credit decision-making: a taxonomy and a typological matrix." Review of Behavioral Finance 12, no. 4 (November 27, 2019): 357–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rbf-07-2019-0092.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to broaden understanding as to how certain social/personal dynamics influence credit decisions in Sri Lanka, elucidating them through a taxonomy and a conceptual typological matrix. Design/methodology/approach This research is an exploratory case study. The primary data collection methods are interviews and reconstruction of experiences. The data are complemented by documentary analysis and post-research events. Findings The research findings propose that credit officers and customers are influenced by six dynamics under three dimensions: the evaluation procedures (systematic/formal or heuristics); the relationship between customers and bank officers (personal or role relationship); and justification of credit (rational or irrational/situational). Based on the above results, a taxonomy of influential tactics and personality traits and a typological matrix are developed to classify credit decision-makers, who are labelled as BOSS, ROBOT, REBEL and BUDDY. Research limitations/implications These case studies are from a private bank in Sri Lanka, hence it could affect the generalization of findings. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to investigate the plausibility of the findings in diverse cultural backgrounds. Practical implications Credit decision-makers and credit applicants could make use of these typological matrix and the taxonomy to understand each other and employ more influential approaches and appropriate influential techniques to make effective credit decisions. It also provides more insight into understanding the nature of credit-decisions and decision-makers and, provokes further research. Originality/value To the author’s best knowledge, this is the first study in Sri Lanka that considers certain influencing factors of credit decision-making and proposes a conceptual typology to understand those factors.
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Tran, Minh Chau, Christopher E. C. Gan, and Baiding Hu. "Credit constraints and their impact on farm household welfare." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 8 (August 8, 2016): 782–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-11-2014-0243.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify factors affecting formal credit constraint status of rural farm households in Vietnam’s North Central Coast (NCC) region. Design/methodology/approach – Using the direct elicitation method (DEM), the authors consider both internal and external credit rationing. Findings – Empirical evidences confirm the importance of household head’s age, gender and education to household’s likelihood of being credit constrained. In addition, households who have advantages in farm land size, labour resources and non-farm income are less likely to be credit constrained. Poor households are observed to remain restricted by formal credit institutions. Results from the endogenous switching regression model suggest that credit constraints negatively impact household’s consumption per capita and informal credit can act as a substitute to mitigate the negative influence of formal credit constraints. Research limitations/implications – One limitation arises from the usage of the DEM to identify credit constrained households. The method cannot detect effective and ineffective constraints. Another limitation is the inability of cross-section data to capture long-term impacts of credit constraints on household welfare. Finally, causes of credit constraints from the lender’s view cannot be observed. Practical implications – The results suggest that it is necessary to enhance the credit allocation regime to reduce the transaction cost and provide target households with sufficient credit. It should be emphasized that high transaction cost and the mismatch between credit demand and supply stemming from information asymmetry. The government can help formal financial institutions to reduce information cost by encouraging the active role of social organizations such as Women Unions, Youth Unions and Veteran Unions in bridging rural farm households with formal lenders. Originality/value – There are limited studies focusing on determinants of credit constraints and their impacts on rural farm households. To the best of the knowledge, there is no study evaluating the impact of credit constraints on rural farm household welfare particularly in Vietnam. In addition, the studies related to credit constraints only considered full quantity rationing (households applied for the loan but were rejected), omitting the case of partly quantity rationing (loan obtained by the borrowers is less than their demand) and self-rationing.
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Dulina, Nadezhda, Dar'ja Moiseeva, Eugeniya Anufrieva, and Vera Paramonova. "Credit Culture of Students as the Object of Sociological Analysis." Logos et Praxis, no. 1 (June 2019): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lp.jvolsu.2019.1.8.
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Growth of volume in crediting to individuals in the Russian Federation during 2008-2018 and problems of debt maintenance have actualized the need of studying changes in the sphere of Russian crediting culture. The aim of the paper is to study credit attitude of modern student youth. At the first stage of the study the authors analyzed the correlation between key options: "credit culture", "credit attitude", "credit behavior", "financial culture", "financial attitude", "financial behavior". The investigators carried out the review of foreign and Russian research works aimed at studying the credit culture and credit behavior of students. They revealed features of foreign studies of credit culture / behavior, on this basis they conclude that this subject is poorly developed in Russia not only by individual socio-demographic groups, but also by the population generally. The working hypothesis of the research has been put forward: it is the change in the credit attitude of young people who do not have their own credit experience, which is the evidence of serious changes in the credit culture. At the second stage, the pilot study "Credit behavior of the population" (December 2017 -January 2018, Volgograd, accidental sampling (n = 404), the sample representation task was not set, the method of collecting information: on-line questioning) has been implemented. The results of the study let the authors to describe the credit culture of Volgograd Universities' students. The strong savings orientation among students has been defined. They are prone to saving money in a difficult situation and are ready to provide financial assistance, but they would not like to resort to it themselves in case of difficulties. Students realize the need of improving their level of financial literacy for building their own effective financial strategies. In the minds of students there is a necessity to correlate risk and result, but not all of them are ready to risk. Analysis of differences in the responses of full-time and extra-mural students has confirmed the working hypothesis. Credit attitude of students, in our point of view, testify the rootedness of the youth credit culture. The correlation between the results of estimating the impact of credit practice on credit culture and the modern scale of crediting to Russians makes it possible to hypothesize that there will be a strong transformation of the credit culture of Russians in the next 20 years. The authors plan to test this hypothesis in their further studies.
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Zabala, Craig Anthony, and Jeremy Marc Josse. "Shadow credit in the middle market: the decade after the financial collapse." Journal of Risk Finance 19, no. 5 (November 19, 2018): 414–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-02-2017-0033.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the continued development of the “shadow banking” market in the USA, namely, lending to the private middle market, defined as financings of $5-100m to non-public, unrated operating entities or pools of assets with not more than $50m in earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. Design/methodology/approach The analysis includes a continued review of an innovative segment of the financial markets and primary evidence from direct participation in four actual cases of private, non-bank lending between 2013 and 2015 and theoretical observations around that data. Findings Although there have been considerable challenges, historically, in providing credit for small and mid-sized businesses in the USA, the authors show further evidence that private middle market capital is growing (post credit crisis) at a dramatic pace, in part because of excessive constraints placed on the regulated depositary institutions. The authors also explain the nature of the shadow banking innovation and how it is intrinsically linked to “arbitraging” often excessively restrictive banking regulation. The growing US shadow banking market, while providing an important service to middle market companies, may pose a new systemic risk post 2007-2008 credit crisis in the USA. Research limitations/implications Any generalization is limited because of the difficulty in extrapolating from a small number of specific case studies and the absence of adequate survey data for the US capital markets and the limited examples examined. Practical implications This research calls for additional case studies, including participant observation research that offers a unique close-up view of financial behavior that is often beyond the view of regulators and the public. Data obtained may be useful in providing a deeper, more timely understanding of credit market behavior and contribute to efforts at formal financial modeling as well as the development of practical regulatory regimes. Social implications The shadow credit market is a key source of funding for the global financial system, thus contributing to job creation and economic growth. The authors demonstrate the value of financial innovations and show that shadow credit fills a void left by depository financial institutions, shifting much of the risk from the public to investors. This research increases transparency in the operation of this market, which is extremely important for the industry, the government and the public. The authors offer a modest attempt at understanding credit behavior to avoid a repeat of the 2007/2008 financial crisis. Originality/value Direct participation is unique to the firms studied. Value is in developing a general framework to analyze an emerging credit market in advanced economies.
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Joullié, Jean-Etienne, and Robert Spillane. "“Physics envy” in organisation studies: the case of James G. March." Journal of Management History 28, no. 2 (October 11, 2021): 236–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-08-2021-0042.
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Purpose This article aims to propose a critical review of James G. March’s research in and particular its consistency with its epistemological and psychological underpinnings. Design/methodology/approach The paper proposes a textual and conceptual analysis of James G. March’s study. Findings The article argues first that March’s study exemplifies the “physics envy” typical of management and organisation studies scholars since the early 1960s. Second, evidence is presented that March’s conclusions, irrespective of their legacy on management and organisation studies, were not developed along and were not consistent with the foundations that March espoused and advocated during most of his career. As a result, the implications of his conclusions are uncertain. To his credit, however, there are reasons to believe that, towards the end of his career, March came to recognise the limitations of his scholarship. Further, he indicated an alternative avenue for organisation studies which eschews the shortcomings of positivist and post-modern research. Research limitations/implications Although centred on March’s work, the argument presented is relevant to psychology, organisations, choice, the nature of knowledge, the limitations of positivism and post-modernism. Originality/value The paper balances the perspective offered by recent celebratory reviews of March’s study.
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Turaeva, Rano, and Zarina Adambussinova. "Relations of Debt and Credit Networks in Post-Soviet Uzbekistan, Russia and Kazakhstan." Journal of Extreme Anthropology 6, no. 1 (July 25, 2022): 26–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/jea.9320.
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Any relations and practices of debt within credit networks include not only pure economic exchange, such as barter or non-monetary exchange, but diverse kinds of social relations of debt. In this article, we consider case studies embedded in the particular context of early and late post-Soviet economic and political crisis, in which economic informalization was characterised by ‘wild capitalism’ or the absence of cash and livelihoods. We observe the coping strategies and mechanisms of economic survival adopted by ordinary people in response to these crises and to the absence of state social and economic institutions. We portray people’s concrete experiences of debt, solidary social relations, and economic exchange based on debt relationships in post-Soviet economies. The case studies are drawn from ethnographic material from Uzbekistan, Russia and Kazakhstan. Our case studies reveal that debt relations are not about two individuals who owe money but serve as the basis for debt-based trade, survival, and socializing networks, as well as part of moral economies. The article builds on scholarly works related to informal economies and survival mechanisms in post-Soviet space, to anthropology of debt, as well as discussion of (dis)trust.
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Oh, Dong-Min, and Cheol-Soo Kim. "Dispute Case Studies and its Implications on Acceptable Requirements of Commercial Invoice in Documentary Credit Transactions." Journal of Korea Research Association of International Commerce 18, no. 4 (August 31, 2018): 77–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.29331/jkraic.2018.08.18.4.77.
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Bianchi, Nicola, Umberto Filotto, and Xenia Scimone. "Credit intermediaries’ regulation and profitability: The Italian case of D.Lgs. No. 141/2010." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 10, no. 2 (2020): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv10i2p6.
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This work studies the effect of Italian regulation D.Lgs. No. 141/2010 (Law 141), introduced to transpose Directive 2008/48/EC of the European Parliament into the performance of credit intermediaries. Law 141’s entry into force provides an opportunity to study the effect of greater market entry barriers on sector profitability. The Italian case is particularly significant because it is characterized by strict application of the directive, a low level of financial literacy, and a distribution model that, for some kinds of personal loans, allows agents and brokers a significant role (Canales & Nanda, 2012). We study a panel of Italian agents and credit brokers, using a panel and difference-in-differences regression. The results show that, from 2009 to 2017, firm profitability was driven not by the increase in market entry requirements introduced by Law 141 but, rather, by firms’ size, efficiency, and business model.
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Fermina Julian Ade Purwanto, Endang Kartini Panggiarti, and Agustina Prativi Nugraheni. "Upaya Peningkatan Profitabilitas Dalam Pengelolaan Kredit Di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Pada BPR." Akuntansi dan Manajemen 17, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 40–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/jam.v17i1.175.
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The purpose of this study is to find out the bad credit management implemented by PT. BPR BKK Muntilan (Perseroda), to find out the credit management mechanism of PT. BPR BKK Muntilan (Perseroda), to find out the profits obtained and efforts to increase profitability. Collection techniques by means of observation in the field of credit and the field of funds, interviews conducted by 2 speakers in the field of credit and the field of funds and 1 resource person in the field of marketing, documentation with several employees related to profitability in credit management and literature studies. This type of case study research approach with qualitative descriptive analysis that explains and describes actual events without being engineered in narrative form. The results showed that the management of bad loans implemented by PT BPR BKK Muntilan (Perseroda) in accordance with the applicable provisions and its application was good, but there were obstacles in the management of bad loans so that it carried out several elements of internal control, credit management mechanisms implemented and profits obtained based on profitability ratios and efforts made to increase profitability during the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Xu, Yilan. "Mandatory savings, credit access and home ownership: The case of the housing provident fund." Urban Studies 54, no. 15 (November 16, 2016): 3446–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016676158.
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Several Asian countries have established savings and loan programs called housing provident funds, which comprise of a voluntary or mandatory savings account and eligibility for discounted mortgage loans. This study evaluates the impact of a mandatory housing provident fund in China on home ownership using the China Health and Nutrition Survey from 1989 to 2009. The empirical results indicate that households enrolled in the program were more likely to own a home since the housing provident fund loans became available in 1998, and such difference was fully explained by the length of the enrolment history which was related to the housing provident fund loan benefits by program design. The success of the housing provident fund was in part attributable to its program designs that feature behavioural economics theories, such as automatic enrolment, mental accounting, and self-discipline. The empirical findings have implications for designing effective housing policies to promote home ownership.