Academic literature on the topic 'Credit – Case studies'
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Journal articles on the topic "Credit – Case studies"
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O'Donnell, Jonathan, Margaret Jackson, Marita Shelly, and Julian Ligertwood. "Australian Case Studies in Mobile Commerce." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 2, no. 2 (August 1, 2007): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer2020010.
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Sixteen wireless case studies highlight issues relating to mobile commerce in Australia. The issues include: the need for a clear business case; difficulty of achieving critical mass and acceptance of a new service; training and technical issues, as well as staff acceptance issues; that privacy and security issues arise through the potential to track the location of people and through the amounts of personal data collected; difficulties in integrating with existing back-end systems; projects being affected by changes to legislation, or requiring changes to the law; and that while there is potential for mobile phone operators to develop new billing methods that become new models for issuing credit, they are not covered by existing credit laws. We have placed the case studies in a Fit-Viability framework and analyzed the issues according to key success criteria. While many organizations are keen to use the technology, they are struggling to find a compelling business case for adoption and that without a strong business case projects are unlikely to progress past the pilot stage.
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Fearfull, Anne. "Clerical workers, clerical skills: case studies from credit management." New Technology, Work and Employment 11, no. 1 (March 1996): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005x.1996.tb00063.x.
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Black, Harold A., and Robert L. Schweitzer. "The Effect of Common Bond on Credit Union Performance: The Case of Black-Controlled Credit Unions." Review of Black Political Economy 15, no. 4 (March 1987): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02903732.
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This article compares the financial characteristics of black-controlled credit unions by type of common bond. The study found that many of the operational differences of these credit unions can be attributed to institutional characteristics associated with the three distinct types of credit unions. It also found that black credit unions are viable financial institutions, regardless of type of common bond. This finding is linked to the ownership of credit unions by its membership. This unique relationship has implications for black economic development.
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Andres, Christian, André Betzer, and Markus Doumet. "Measuring changes in credit risk: The case of CDS event studies." Global Finance Journal 49 (August 2021): 100647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gfj.2021.100647.
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Damian, Camilla, Zehra Eksi, and Rüdiger Frey. "EM algorithm for Markov chains observed via Gaussian noise and point process information: Theory and case studies." Statistics & Risk Modeling 35, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2018): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/strm-2017-0021.
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AbstractIn this paper we study parameter estimation via the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm for a continuous-time hidden Markov model with diffusion and point process observation. Inference problems of this type arise for instance in credit risk modelling. A key step in the application of the EM algorithm is the derivation of finite-dimensional filters for the quantities that are needed in the E-Step of the algorithm. In this context we obtain exact, unnormalized and robust filters, and we discuss their numerical implementation. Moreover, we propose several goodness-of-fit tests for hidden Markov models with Gaussian noise and point process observation. We run an extensive simulation study to test speed and accuracy of our methodology. The paper closes with an application to credit risk: we estimate the parameters of a hidden Markov model for credit quality where the observations consist of rating transitions and credit spreads for US corporations.
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Škare, Marinko, Dean Sinković, and Małgorzata Porada-Rochoń. "FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN POLAND 1990-2018." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 25, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 103–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/tede.2019.7925.
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The aim of the paper is to study finance-economic growth nexus in Poland using a time series approach. We find evidence of the existence of the finance-economic growth link in Poland. Most empirical studies do not consider the lending structure of the financial sector (share of households’ vs firms in total credits). The obtained results show that when using the share of households and companies in total credits, the long run empirical relationship in VECM is statistically significant and larger. Empirical studies using total private credit share in the GDP or the value/volume of total credits tend to undervalue the impact of financial development on economic growth. In the case of Poland, empirical evidence that supports this hypothesis was found, and therefore policymakers and researchers should take bank lending structure into account. Furthermore, the study shows that financial series may possibly have long memory properties and that researching the financial development-growth nexus could require using fractional integration methods. The reported evidence suggests financial development plays a significant role in both economic growth and credit growth. Due to data limitation, this study focuses on a single country case – Poland with the need for further research (larger sample).
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Ricci, JA. "Alcohol-induced upper GI hemorrhage: case studies and management (continuing education credit)." Critical Care Nurse 7, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn1987.7.1.56.
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Němcová, Lidmila. "The role of Trustfulness for the Success in Finances (Case Studies of Czech Credit Cooperatives)." Acta Oeconomica Pragensia 15, no. 7 (December 1, 2007): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.aop.209.
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Carvalho, Paulo Viegas, Sayyed Sadaqat Hussain Shah, Abrish Zaheer, Mário Nuno Mata, and António Morão Lourenço. "The Effect of Inventory Leanness on Firms’ Credit Ratings: The Case of Pakistan." Risks 10, no. 12 (November 29, 2022): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks10120226.
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Inventory leanness requires that firms minimize inventory mistreatment and misuse. A firm performance deteriorates because of high inventory misuse, and because of such an issue, the effect on the firm’s credit rating can also be seen. This study examines the effect of inventory leanness on firms’ credit ratings. It aims to create an understanding of the relationship between inventory leanness and the firm’s financial performance and provides insight into the credit rating system of Pakistan. We analyze secondary Pakistan data between 2008 and 2017. Among the sixty firms on Pakistan Stock Exchange that are rated by PACRA, only thirty-eight have complete data available on their respective websites. By using panel data analysis, the results indicate that inventory leanness and credit ratings are positively related. In an added analysis, we evaluate the financial performance in the context of credit rating by using control variables (size, leverage, and capital intensity ratio) and dummy variables (loss and subordinate debt). Our results are consistent with earlier studies.
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Mansur, Hasan, and Anita Tangl. "The Perceptions of Credit Officers towards External Auditors: A Case Study from Jordan." Accounting and Finance Research 7, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v7n1p237.
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This study aimed at detecting the existence of credit officer’s perceptions in Jordanian commercial banks towards external auditors. This research is an analytical research based on analysis of previous studies and conducting semi structured interviews. This paper focused on credit officers’ perceptions who work at commercial banks towards the external auditors. It was concluded that there are high perceptions from credit officers towards external auditors, regarding the following aspects, auditor's independence and neutrality towards the entity subject to auditing; auditor's responsibility to evaluate the entity's viability; and the effect of auditing fees and remuneration on auditing quality.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Credit – Case studies"
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Bong, Kui-mein Maria, and 黃貴敏. "Characteristics of active & inactive credit cardholders: a case study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1985. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31263094.
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Sumarwan, Antonius. "How does Credit Unions’ accountability affect their performance and mission achievement? Multiple-case studies of credit unions in Indonesia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/229057/1/Antonius_Sumarwan_Thesis.pdf.
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This research investigates factors influencing accountability practices and their effects, specifically on performance and mission achievement in six Indonesian credit unions. Developing a skeletal inputs-processes-outputs framework enriched by concepts from strong structuration theory, this study employed a multiple-case study approach. Findings show that the credit unions’ accountability practices were predominantly influenced by their conjuncturally specific internal structures, with implications for credit union management’s levels of agency. Two types of accountability practices were identified (i.e., basic and comprehensive). The positive effects of the credit unions’ accountability practices included trust, participation, collective responsibility, personal, organisational development, and enhanced performance and mission achievement.
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Chan, Hui-Sang Rayson, and 陳煦生. "Governance of public enterprises in Hong Kong: a case study of the Hong Kong Export Credit InsuranceCorporation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46779437.
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Tañada, Cristina R. "The sustainability of credit assistance to the urban poor : a Philippine case study." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26340.
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Urban poverty in the Philippines is strikingly manifested with the problem of street children. The labour of children is significant because of marginal household incomes. This thesis is an assessment of the credit program of one community based Non-Government Organization in Manila. The Family and Children for Empowerment (FCED), attempts to augment household incomes through the provision of low interest loans to women for informal micro-enterprises. The study is exploratory. The results reveal that most beneficiaries have achieved an income high enough to prevent their children from working and give families the opportunity to improve their standards of living. However, limitations exist in the informal sector which hinder the expansion and stability of the enterprises. Also, the cooperative credit program itself is at a critical stage. The study finds an urgent need for the cooperative to implement measures for capital build-up if it wants to continue to subsidize and provide its low interest credit loans to urban poor petty traders and products.
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Fox, Jacqueline Frances. "The role of institutional credit in agricultural development : the case of the Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Co-operatives, Thailand." Thesis, University of Hull, 1992. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:10690.
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This thesis attempts to evaluate the lending policy of Thailand's Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC) from a developmental perspective. Firstly the question of access to institutional credit is examined in terms of the distribution of BAAC loans spatially and by the economic status of borrowers; secondly, the study uses the case study approach to analyse the farm-level effectiveness of three types of lending instrument a) short-term production loans, by scale of farming operation and access to irrigation (the "credit-only" model); b) short-term production loans with extension support (the credit extension model) and; c) long-term investment loans disbursed within the project framework (the project lending model). One of the case studies is drawn from the Central region and two from the Northeast. The results of the study indicate that for a variety of reasons, BAAC directs subsidised loans mainly towards the country's most agriculturally productive areas and most economically secure farmers. This orientation is long-established and is likely to have contributed to the problem of inequality in the distnbution of income and wealth in rural areas. Since 1975, institutional credit has been an important part of a government strategy to increase the flow of funds and provision of support services to the rural sector. The Bank has recruited large numbers of relatively poorer farmers. However, using farm-size as a measure of economic status shows that BAAC clients generally have larger farms than their neighbours. In the Northeastern region, the percentage of BAAC clients with farms below the median is only 11 per cent compared to 23 per cent for the Central and Eastern regions and 20 per cent country-wide. The bulk of loan disbursement is also directed towards medium- and large-scale farmers. Inter-provincial variations in the recruitment of and disbursement of loans to small-scale farmers, are explained in terms of varying strategies employed by branch managers to meet the terms and conditions of the Branch Evaluation Procedure, despite convincing evidence that repayment rates for this group are as good if not better than for larger-scale operators. Regardless of the Bank's economic orientation farm-level analyses of the effects of short-term borrowing show that production loans are most critical to and are used most effectively by small-scale farmers, particularly those in rainfed areas. At present, however, the farm-level effect of technical support, given in association with loans to small-scale farmers, though positive, is still weak. Improvement in the impact of the credit-extension model will depend on further development of the working relationship between BAAC and the Department of Agricultural Extension (DoAE). The effectiveness of long-term project loans, in terms of increasing the productive capacity and income-generating potential among smallscale farmers, is also limited. The challenge to the Bank is to develop projects that meet the Bank's criteria with regard to financial viability and also yield a good return to the borrower after loan repayment obligations have been met. The extent to which the BAAC can provide an equitable and effective service within the context of rural development policy as a whole, depends on active government intervention to prevent the erosion of the Bank's capital base, promotion of the type of interagency cooperation necessary to provide integrated support services to farmers, and prioritisation of planning for the small farm sector.
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LoStocco, Michael S. "How Have Community Land Trusts Used the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit? Case Studies from Athens, GA and Park City, UT." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1646.
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Public and private actors have suggested using the community land trust (CLT) model as a remedy for a number of housing related issues. This is based primarily upon the documented successes of CLT homeownership programs. Some caution that the growth of CLTs and the increased use of the CLT model beyond homeownership may stretch organizations beyond their capacity or force them to consider how to provide stewardship and community control. The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) has been used by a handful of CLTs and there are reasons to believe that more CLTs may utilize it in the future. This thesis explores the opportunities and challenges that using LIHTC may present for CLTs through case studies with two different types of organizations--a grassroots CLT in Athens, GA and a nonprofit housing developer with a CLT program in Park City, UT--that have used it as a funding source.
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Smith, Dorace F. "A study of characteristics that contribute to persistence of adult commuter students who earn 60 or more hours of college credit." Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1117654.
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Researchers report the need for attrition and persistence studies of adult college students. While adults are enrolling in colleges in record numbers, high percentages are also dropping out. The majority of studies have been completed on 18 to 21 year-old traditional students who have different views, perspectives, and needs than adult students. The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics that have contributed to the persistence of adult commuter students who have earned 60 or more semester hours of college credit.The study was conducted at a midsize midwestern commuter college. The model of Bean and Metzner (1985) was used for the study. Evidence was gathered by in-depth, structured interviews of 20 college students who had completed 60 or more hours of college credit. Using a qualitative analysis, responses were transcribed and inserted in a prestructured case outline. Contact summary sheets, clusters, a frequency network, and two matrices were constructed to weigh the evidence, the characteristics that contributed to persistence, and to note the themes and patterns.The research indicated students varied by ethnicity, social class, and gender. Conclusions were that self-reliance was a characteristic of persistent students who assumed control for selecting courses, attending classes, and studying. Social support from outside or inside the university and a time commitment to college were important. Sufficient study skills, the discipline to study alone, and time management skills were also hallmarks of the successful students. The student's perception that the student was succeeding the first year of college appeared to be important. Beginning college at risk appeared to make only a slight difference in students at 60 or more hours of college.Implications were that administrators should educate students as to what characteristics contribute to success, and, when possible, provide characteristics of success so adult students persist to degree completion. Providing characteristics of success may promote persistence more than eliminating characteristics of dropouts. Recommendations were made for further gender, ethnic, socioeconomic, and developmental studies.Department of Educational Leadership
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Damian, Camilla, Zehra Eksi-Altay, and Rüdiger Frey. "EM algorithm for Markov chains observed via Gaussian noise and point process information: Theory and case studies." De Gruyter, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/strm-2017-0021.
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In this paper we study parameter estimation via the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm for a continuous-time hidden Markov model with diffusion and point process observation. Inference problems of this type arise for instance in credit risk modelling. A key step in the application of the EM algorithm is the derivation of finite-dimensional filters for the quantities that are needed in the E-Step of the algorithm. In this context we obtain exact, unnormalized and robust filters, and we discuss their numerical implementation. Moreover, we propose several goodness-of-fit tests for hidden Markov models with Gaussian noise and point process observation. We run an extensive simulation study to test speed and accuracy of our methodology. The paper closes with an application to credit risk: we estimate the parameters of a hidden Markov model for credit quality where the observations consist of rating transitions and credit spreads for US corporations.
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Lui, W. C., and 雷永祥. "Flexible authorizations in workflow management systems." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42577135.
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Saliya, Candauda Arachchige. "Role of bank lending in sustaining income/ wealth inequality in Sri Lanka." AUT University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/824.
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The purpose of this PhD thesis is to make a contribution to existing knowledge in the field of critical accounting by studying credit mechanisms and their link to income/wealth inequality in Sri Lankan society and the role of accounting technology in facilitating such mechanisms. The literature review revealed that: a) Global inequality is aggravated by the disparity of economic development which is possible only through state intervention; b) Unemployment is considered as a dilemma for economic development in developing countries by most politicians/administrators/researchers; c) In any country, around 60-70 percent of employment is generated by small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and; d) Their major problem is access to credit. This research was designed to find out how the credit system works and why certain SMEs do not have adequate access to credit to develop their businesses; to provide employment; to increase the share of national income to the lower income groups; to narrow down the gap between the rich and poor within and between countries. A case study research approach was followed to extract data on real-life experiences of the research participants. Reliability of data was ensured by using various verification techniques and maximum efforts were made to balance the two extremes of validity of the research; internal and external. The extent of representation by the cases and the bank was tested, and judged as high, with 12-14 characteristics common to the Sri Lankan credit culture and banking industry respectively. Marxian critical theories were used for theoretical guidance throughout the research. The three case studies provide empirical evidence for the existence of the discriminatory nature of credit decision-making where two credit applicants were successful but a third credit applicant failed in obtaining credit. It is contended that the two successful applicants were powerful enough to approach a more powerful bank Chairperson and to obtain credit outside the normal credit rules with the support of accounting technology and using masks such as patriotism and social responsibility. The other applicant, who was initially accommodated with credit at the lower level, could not convince the credit decision-makers at the higher level with expensive professionally prepared accounting reports. This applicant was not from an influential social network and could not reach the powerful credit decision-makers informally was rejected through strict application of credit rules. Deep analysis of these facts supports the Marxian claim that credit and exploitation mechanisms work towards concentration of wealth and sustaining income inequality. Credit decisions supply money to influential individuals and it is argued that such economic power enhances the social powerbase of those individuals, which in turn reinforces the propensity to make preferential credit decisions, thereby making them richer. In contrast, a lack of money translates into powerlessness, deprivation and exclusion from social activities for the majority of the poor. In this process opportunities are lost to disadvantaged social groups and this necessarily results in poor people’s economic status remaining stagnant. These power-driven, discriminatory decision-making systems not only restrict the availability of financial capital for feasible projects, but also deny credit to potential enterprises. Further, wasting resources on unfeasible projects, while ignoring the need for nurturing potentially viable projects, are a double blow to efforts towards employment generation and economic development and therefore, are detrimental to the economic well-being of the general population. These findings provide insight for policy formulators for more productive financial capital mobility systems in Sri Lanka. It is suggested that suitable State intervention in regulating SME financing could remove such credit-related obstacles to economic development, and work towards a fair distribution of economic benefits to the people in Sri Lanka and beyond.
Books on the topic "Credit – Case studies"
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1950-, Tietze Uwe, and Merrikin P, eds. Fisheries credit programmes and revolving loan funds: Case studies. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1989.
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Love, Inessa. Credit reporting and financing constraints. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2003.
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Catherine, Brox Anne, Chandler Dale, Fuglesang Andreas, and Redd barna Uganda, eds. Munno Mukabi Study Group: Working papers on micro-credit. [Kampala] Uganda: Redd Barna, 1996.
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Olomola, Ade. Agricultural credit and production efficiency: A case study. Ibadan: Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1988.
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Busto, Charles del. Case studies on documentary credits under UCP 500. Paris: ICC, 1995.
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Zhongguo ren min yin hang. Jin rong yan jiu suo, ed. Zhongguo xiao e xin dai an li xuan bian: Zhongguo xiaoe xindai anli xuanbian. Beijing Shi: Zhongguo shi chang chu ban she, 2009.
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Renato, Maino, and Molteni Luca, eds. Developing, validating, and using internal ratings: Methodologies and case studies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2010.
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Wendel, Charles B. The new face of credit risk management: Chief credit officers talk about approaches to integrated risk management. Philadelphia, PA: RMA, 1999.
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H, Taryoto Andin, ed. Perkembangan perkreditan pertanian di Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia: Pusat Penelitian Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 1992.
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Srivastava, R. B. Institutional financing of agriculture in India: A case study of Rae Bareli District of Uttar Pradesh. Allahabad, India: Vohra Publishers & Distributors, 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Credit – Case studies"
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Scott-Quinn, Brian. "Case Studies in Financial Services: Success and Failures." In Commercial and Investment Banking and the International Credit and Capital Markets, 419–32. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-37048-7_27.
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Cetiner, Erkan, Vehbi Cagri Gungor, and Taskin Kocak. "Evaluation of Hybrid Classification Approaches: Case Studies on Credit Datasets." In Machine Learning and Data Mining in Pattern Recognition, 72–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96133-0_6.
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O’Shea, Peter. "Case Studies in Multilevel US-EU Policy Coordination: Credit Ratings Agencies, Accounting Standards and Credit Default Swaps Reform." In Transatlantic Financial Regulation, 133–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74855-5_6.
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Shen, Yi. "Application of Supplemental Sampling and Interpretable AI in Credit Scoring for Canadian Fintechs: Methods and Case Studies." In Advanced Data Mining and Applications, 3–14. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22064-7_1.
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Clemens, Harry, and Cor Wattel. "Rural Lending by Projects: Another Cycle of Unsustainable Interventions in Credit Markets? An Analysis of Case Studies in Central America." In Sustainable Agriculture in Central America, 210–30. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230378087_13.
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Turchi, Laura B., Elizabeth R. Hinde, Ronald I. Dorn, and Gale Olp Ekiss. "Six Credit Hours for Arizona, the United States, and the World: A Case Study of Teacher Content-Knowledge Preparation and the Creation of Social Studies Courses." In Rethinking Social Studies Teacher Education in the Twenty-First Century, 143–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22939-3_8.
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Crăciun, Daniela, Kata Orosz, and Viorel Proteasa. "Does Erasmus Mobility Increase Employability? Using Register Data to Investigate the Labour Market Outcomes of University Graduates." In European Higher Education Area: Challenges for a New Decade, 105–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56316-5_8.
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Abstract The chapter sets out to answer a question that has long been on the mind of policy-makers, university leaders, scholars and students: does international student credit mobility have a positive impact on graduate employability? Traditionally, this question has been answered using survey data where internationally mobile students self-report their employment situation at a certain point after graduation. According to these studies, international student mobility positively affects the labour market outcomes of students. For instance, the European Commission reports that: (1) students who completed an Erasmus mobility program are half as likely to face long-term unemployment; (2) the unemployment rate of Erasmus students is 23% lower five years after graduation (European Commission 2014). While these studies provide important insights about the benefits associated with the cross-border credit mobility of students, the results can be plagued by self-selection bias in reporting post-mobility employment outcomes. In order to avoid the problems associated with survey data, in this chapter we offer an analysis based on register data from university records and employment records, using as a case study the West University of Timisoara, a leading comprehensive university in Romania. Using register data offers the possibility to study population-level data and compare the employment outcomes of mobile and non-mobile students. The chapter analyses the impact of credit mobility on insertion in the labour market, income levels and occupational prestige. While the research question that the chapter is trying to answer is important, the main message of the chapter is broader: ministries and higher education institutions should release data for research purposes. Register data is readily available and helps researchers make efficient use of resources. In turn, this can encourage evidence-based policymaking.
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Ghirelli, Corinna, Samuel Hurtado, Javier J. Pérez, and Alberto Urtasun. "New Data Sources for Central Banks." In Data Science for Economics and Finance, 169–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66891-4_8.
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AbstractCentral banks use structured data (micro and macro) to monitor and forecast economic activity. Recent technological developments have unveiled the potential of exploiting new sources of data to enhance the economic and statistical analyses of central banks (CBs). These sources are typically more granular and available at a higher frequency than traditional ones and cover structured (e.g., credit card transactions) and unstructured (e.g., newspaper articles, social media posts, or Google Trends) sources. They pose significant challenges from the data management and storage and security and confidentiality points of view. This chapter discusses the advantages and the challenges that CBs face in using new sources of data to carry out their functions. In addition, it describes a few successful case studies in which new data sources have been incorporated by CBs to improve their economic and forecasting analyses.
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Nthambi, Mary, and Uche Dickson Ijioma. "Retracing Economic Impact of Climate Change Disasters in Africa: Case Study of Drought Episodes and Adaptation in Kenya." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1007–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_66.
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AbstractValuation studies have shown that drought occurrences have more severe economic impact compared to other natural disasters such as floods. In Kenya, drought has presented complex negative effects on farming communities. The main objective of this chapter is to analyze the economic impacts of drought and identify appropriate climate change adaptation measures in Kenya. To achieve this objective, an empirical approach, combined with secondary data mined from World Bank Climate Knowledge Portal and FAOSTAT databases, has been used in three main steps. First, historical links between population size and land degradation, temperature and rainfall changes with drought events were established. Second, economic impacts of drought on selected economic indicators such as quantities of staple food crop, average food value production, number of undernourished people, gross domestic product, agriculture value added growth, and renewable water resources per annum in Kenya were evaluated. Third, different climate change adaptation measures among farmers in Makueni county were identified using focused group discussions and in-depth interviews, for which the use of bottom-up approach was used to elicit responses. Findings from the binary logistic regression model show a statistical relationship between drought events and a selected set of economic indicators. More specifically, drought events have led to increased use of pesticides, reduced access to credit for agriculture and the annual growth of gross domestic product. One of the main recommendations of this chapter is to involve farmers in designing and implementing community-based climate change adaptation measures, with support from other relevant stakeholders.
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Ribeiro, Sabina Cerruto, Laércio Antônio Gonçalves Jacovine, and Mariana Barbosa Vilar. "Forest Carbon Credits Generation in Brazil: The Case of Small Farmers." In Studies in Ecological Economics, 395–417. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5176-7_20.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Credit – Case studies"
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Cetiner, Erkan, Taskin Kocak, and V. Cagri Gungor. "Credit risk analysis based on hybrid classification: Case studies on German and Turkish credit datasets." In 2018 26th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/siu.2018.8404405.
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Srisusilawati, Popon, Asep Hidayat, Nanik Eprianti, and Ajeng Nurrahmawati. "Differentiation Strategy of Ib Hashanah Card on the Decision of Selection of Sharia Credit Card Products with Analytic Hierarchy Process Method (BNI Syariah Case Study)." In The First International Conference On Islamic Development Studies 2019, ICIDS 2019, 10 September 2019, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.10-9-2019.2289365.
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Boss, Terry, Andy Drake, Keith Leewis, Bernie Selig, and John Zurcher. "The Benefits of Consensus Standards: A Pipeline Case Study." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0166.
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The pipeline industry has implemented a process for acquiring data and information necessary to support technically-based standards and regulations through techical studies and research and development (R&D). This process enabled the development of ASME B31.8S based on the technical facts gathered, drawing upon all stakeholders including Federal and State regulators, pipeline operators, manufacturers and suppliers and members of the public. This paper describes the process being used by the gas pipeline industry to develop standards such as B31.8S and provides examples of the benefits derived from standards. It examines in detail the benefits that the pipeline industry and regulators derived from the timely development of ASME B31.8S - Integrity Management of Gas Pipelines and the process used to support the standards’ development. The Office of Pipeline Safety developed a cost/benefit analysis to support the final rule on Integrity Management in High Consequence Areas. The OPS analysis indicates that the net cost for the gas pipeline industry to implement this program is now $4.7 B over the next 20 years as compared with the proposed rule based on the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2002 which they estimated to cost $10.9B over the same period. OPS has incorporated B31.8S into its regulations, which has significantly simplified them, yet through prescriptive requirements, has provided an equal or better level of safety as envisioned by Congress. While the timely development played a major role in the distillation of the regulations, B31.8S cannot take credit for the full $6.2B savings to the industry. The estimated savings provided by B31.8S to the industry will be described. Industry management and the regulators are encouraged to fully support the continuing development of standards for the pipeline industry utilizing the model developed by the gas pipeline industry.
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Raimi, Lukman, Mirela Panait, and Eglantina Hysa. "Financial Inclusion in ASEAN Countries – A Gender Gap Perspective and Policy Prescriptions." In 2nd International Conference Global Ethics - Key of Sustainability (GEKoS). LUMEN Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gekos2021/4.
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Financial inclusion is an increasingly intense issue that is of concern to the credit institutions and the public authorities. It has become topical and gained new value during this period of Covid-19 crisis. Although financial exclusion cuts across demographic categories, but certain categories of financial consumers such as women, young people, people with disabilities and those residing in rural areas have a low presence in the financial services sector. Previous studies attribute the incidence of financial exclusion of some segment of the society to low income, low level of financial education or difficult access to financial products and services generated by poor development of physical infrastructure. Is this true in the case of ASEAN region? A quantitative research approach was adopted in this study, while relying on the secondary data of the World Bank spanning 2011-2017, the UN Women ASEAN Gender Outlook report (2020 -2021), and enriched by scholarly works. The article focuses on the dimensions of the phenomenon of financial inclusion in ASEAN countries, with emphasis on the gender gap financial inclusion. The analysis of the extracted data reveals multiple differences among the countries in the region, a fact that can be explained by the different levels of financial technology development and the governmental interventions implemented to improve financial inclusion. On the strength of the findings, this paper argues that digitalization and financial innovation can also be solutions through which new consumers can be attracted to the financial system, but with these solutions come new challenges related to the protection of personal data and cyber security. For this reason, we believe that increasing financial inclusion must be approached at several levels and must involve joint efforts by public authorities, credit institutions and other categories of stakeholders.
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Amirjanyan, Armen, Tsolak Malakyan, and Jae Jo. "Sensitivity Analysis of 200 mm LOCA at Armenian NPP Unit 2." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49390.
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This paper presents the results of sensitivity analyses of a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) with equivalent diameter of 200 mm on a cold leg at Armenian Nuclear Power Plant (ANPP) Unit 2. ANPP is a six-loop WWER-440/270 model of Russian design. Analyses performed for the Technical Assignment for WWER-440/270 reactors showed that this reactor had high safety margins with 100 mm LOCA, which may allow increasing the safety level for the maximum design base LOCA. To demonstrate the adequacy of the safety margin with equivalent diameter of 200 mm using the existing high-pressure injection (HPI) system, analyses of LOCAs with break sizes of the equivalent diameter of 200mm in the primary side were previously performed with highly conservative assumptions using the RELAP5 code (Mod3.2.2β). Results of this study were reported at ICONE 11. The results of LOCA analyses with highly conservative assumptions showed that the acceptance criteria were not exceeded in the cases of a surge line break and equivalent break on a hot leg. However, calculations for a break with equivalent diameter of 200 mm on a cold leg showed that the cladding temperature reached 1235 °C, narrowly exceeding the safety limit mentioned in acceptance criteria (1204 °C), and prompted to conduct additional sensitivity studies with slightly relaxed conservative assumptions. At ANPP, there are two trains of HPI systems with two diesel generators on each train and one additional generator in the reserve state. Each train of diesel generators supplies power to two HPI pumps. However, in the current ANPP configuration, only one HPI pump in each train is automatically switched on to diesel generators in case of a station blackout. Therefore, the previous analysis of LOCA with highly conservative assumptions took credit for only two HPI pumps available after station blackout (i.e., two of diesel generators and reserve diesel generator are not available). The current ANPP modernization plan includes automatic starts of four HPI pumps. For this sensitivity analysis we took credit for one additional HPI pump (namely, three HPI pumps all together). As in the previous calculations, a loss of off-site power was assumed at the moment of accident beginning and simultaneous reactor scram: diesel generators were assumed to be available 20 seconds after the off-site power loss. The results of this sensitivity calculation of LOCA with equivalent diameter of 200 mm on a cold leg show that the cladding temperature stayed far below the safety limit. The peak cladding temperature was 850°C, well below that of the original study (1235°C) and the safety limit in the acceptance criteria (1204°C).
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Radulovic, Ana. "FINANCIAL CRISES AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ECONOMY." In 6th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2020.99.
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Economic structures are a major cause of long-term growth or stagnation. Different economic structures have different ranges of structural learning, innovation, and different effects on income distribution, which are key determinants of economic performance. Through theory about economic structures it is explained why institutions work differently in space and time. This paper shows using a case study in the United States, that the source of recent financial crises rests on the structural characteristics of the economy. Constant deindustrialization is increasing inequality, and a debt-intensive credit boom has emerged to offset the deflationary effects of this structural change. The strong application of the austerity system in Europe and other parts of the world, even after the evidence points to less frugal policies, illustrates the theory of power it has over public policy. The economic structure should be put at the center of analysis, to better understand the economic changes, income disparities and differences in the dynamics of political economy through time and space. This paper provides a critical overview of the rapidly developing comparative studies of institutions and economic performance, with an emphasis on its analytical and political implications. The paper tries to identify some conceptual gaps in the literature on economic growth policy. Emphasis is placed on the contrasting experiences of East Asia and Latin America. This paper argues that the future investments in this field should be based on rigorous conceptual difference between the rules of the game and the game, and between the political and institutional, embedded in the concept of management. It also emphasizes the importance of a serious understanding of the endogenous and distributive nature of institutions and steps beyond the narrow approach of property law relations in management and development. By providing insights from the political channels through which institutions affect economic performance, this paper aims to contribute to the consolidation of theoretically based, empirically based and relevant to policy research on political and institutional foundations of growth and prosperity.
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Singh, Kumar V., and Fazeel Khan. "Embedding Specialized Online Learning Modules in Courses." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38451.
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In recent years, online learning modules and interactive tools have been developed for integrating synergistic computational and experimental activities into several courses in the mechanical and manufacturing engineering curriculum. These modules may complement existing labs, introduce experiments to lecture-based courses, or help reinforce the understanding of concepts within a course through case studies, computational modeling and its validation through experimental data analysis. Within a given undergraduate course in engineering, the traditional approach is to cover the fundamental concepts and their applications in problem solving and design. However, often some advanced concepts pertinent to the course material cannot be included in great details due to the restrictions on total number of credit/teaching hours. The exposure to such advanced material is considered very important for establishing a broader appreciation of the relevance of the course material and potentially instilling an interest in successive classes and, most importantly, research projects. The project described in this paper has focused in the development of learning modules which can be used in various courses to introduce advanced topics, analyses and applications related to the fundamental course content. In this paper the development, implementation and assessment of two modules which feature enhanced content is presented. One module has been designed to be used as a tutorial on rotor dynamics and has been embedded in an introductory course on mechanical vibrations. The second is a module being developed for introducing the static and dynamic characterization of viscoelastic polymers. This module will be associated with an advanced mechanics of materials course, as well as the course on vibrations. These two separate concepts/topics are not formally a part of the undergraduate level courses but the underlying concepts can be easily related to the associated course learning outcomes. Such modules can, furthermore, be modified and used with various other courses as assignments and/or as a pre-requisite to a given case study. These modules can also be used for training and support of undergraduate researchers.
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Kshirsagar, J. T., and S. G. Joshi. "Investigation of Air Entrainment: A Numerical Approach." In ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45415.
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The air entrainment in sumps (Pump Intake) is a commonly observed phenomenon at low water level and high Froude number corresponding to flow rates higher than the rated flow. The air entrainment initiates with the formation of small vortex like structure on the surface with its position varying in the vicinity of Pump intake portion. Normally it calls for two-phase flow analysis (and possibly transient also) to correctly predict the air entrainment phenomenon using computational fluid dynamics approach. We at CRED, Kirloskar Brothers Limited could predict the root cause for air entrainment by studying the vortex formation well within the flow. A single-phase steady state flow was analyzed. Two test cases were studied. IOWA University had published a sump case with results from computational fluid dynamics studies. The other case was the actual sump model study carried out using experimental setup wherein the air entrainment was observed. The paper presents the comparison of the predictions with results from these two test cases.
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Crivellari, Anna, Alessandro Tugnoli, Costanza Martina, Sarah Bonvicini, and Valerio Cozzani. "Inherently Safer Choices in Early Design of Offshore Oil and Gas Installations: A Multi-Target KPI Approach." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77700.
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As offshore oil & gas activities are currently evolving towards more productive yet complex situations, the availability of efficient safety metrics has become essential in the early stages of offshore oil & gas projects to underline potential major accidents hazards and clearly communicate safety criticalities. Inherent safety has demonstrated to be a widespread concept in offshore risk management strategies, but there are few preliminary studies in the existing literature about systemic indexing to orient the conceptual and basic design stages of the project lifecycle. In the present work, a methodology for the selection of inherently safer solutions was developed as a support tool for decision-making in early design activities of offshore oil & gas installations. The expected inherent safety performance of alternative design options is assessed by means of a comprehensive set of key performance indicators (KPIs) based on the simulation of consequences of offshore accident scenarios and credit factors of the possible loss of containment events from offshore equipment. The proposed KPIs aim to capture the hazard level of single units and to address selectively multiple targets of the potential threats than personnel and process equipment on the installation, such as marine organisms on the sea environment. Moreover, overall aggregated KPIs were introduced as a sound synthetic measure of the inherent safety performance of the offshore system. The method was applied to the assessment of alternative designs of an offshore production facility, particularly characterized by environmental and safety concerns. The results from the case study evidenced the capability of the proposed method in ranking the potential and credible critical units of each alternative configuration and identifying the relative magnitude of targets contributions to the global safety profile of the installation.
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Métais, Thomas, Andrew Morley, Laurent de Baglion, David Tice, Gary L. Stevens, and Sam Cuvilliez. "Explicit Quantification of the Interaction Between the PWR Environment and Component Surface Finish in Environmental Fatigue Evaluation Methods for Austenitic Stainless Steels." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84240.
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Additional fatigue rules within the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code have been developed over the past decade or so, such as those in Code Case N-792-1 [1], which provides an acceptable method to describe the effects of BWR and PWR environments on the fatigue life of components. The incorporation of environmental effects into fatigue calculations is performed via an environmental factor, Fen, and depends on factors such as the temperature, dissolved oxygen and strain rate. In the case of strain rate, lower strain rates (i.e., from slow transients) aggravate the Fen factor which counters the long-held notion that step (fast) transients cause the highest fatigue usage. A wide range of other factors, such as surface finish, can have a deleterious impact on fatigue life, but their impact on fatigue life is typically considered by including transition sub-factors to construct the fatigue design curve from the mean behavior air curve rather than in an explicit way, such as the Fen factor. An extensive amount of testing and evaluation has been conducted and reported in References [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] and [8] that were used to both revise the transition factors and devise the Fen equations contained in Code Case N-792-1. The testing supporting the definition of Fen was performed on small-scale laboratory specimens with a polished surface finish on the basis that the Fen factor is applicable to the design curve without any impact on the transition factors. The work initiated by AREVA in 2005 [4] [5] [6] suggested, in testing of austenitic stainless steels, an interaction between the two aggravating effects of surface finish and PWR environment on fatigue damage. These results have been supported by testing carried out independently in the UK by Rolls-Royce and AMEC Foster Wheeler (now Wood Group) [7], also on austenitic stainless steels. The key finding from these investigations is that the combined detrimental effects of a PWR environment and a rough surface finish are substantially less than the sum of the two individual effects. These results are all the more relevant as most nuclear power plant (NPP) components do not have a polished surface finish. Most NPP component surfaces are either industrially ground or installed as-manufactured. The previous studies concluded that explicit consideration of the combined effects of environment and surface finish could potentially be applicable to a wide range of NPP components and would therefore be of interest to a wider community: EDF has therefore authored a draft Code Case introducing a factor, Fen-threshold, which explicitly quantifies the interaction between PWR environment and surface finish, as well as taking some credit for other conservatisms in the sub-factors that comprise the life transition sub-factor used to build the design fatigue curve . The contents of the draft Code Case were presented last year [9]. Since then, other international organizations have also made progress on these topics and developed their own views. The work performed is applicable to Austenitic Stainless Steels only for the time being. This paper aims therefore to present an update of the draft Code Case based on comments received to-date, and introduces some of the research and discussions which have been ongoing on this topic as part of an international EPRI collaborative group on environmental fatigue issues. It is intended to work towards an international consensus for a final version of the ASME Code Case for Fen-threshold.
Reports on the topic "Credit – Case studies"
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Kim, Jae-Jin, Hyoeun Kim, Sewon Kim, and Gerardo Reyes-Tagle. A Roadmap for Digitalization of Tax Systems: Lessons from Korea. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004195.
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This publication reviews the history of digitalization of tax administration in Korea dating back to the 1990s and shares the countrys experience and know-how in building an efficient e-taxation architecture. Its main emphasis is on how the Korean government managed to make the best use of a wide range of taxpayer information efficiently and securely. It highlights information security and presents three case studies of an institutional framework for using third-party data: tax schemes for credit card usage, a cash receipt system, and e-invoicing. It then lays out a range of policy implications for consideration by tax authorities in the Latin American and Caribbean region.
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Katz, Sabrina, Miguel Algarin, and Emanuel Hernandez. Structuring for Exit: New Approaches for Private Capital in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003074.
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Structured financing solutions encompass a range of investment approaches that provide liquidity to investors without the need for a traditional equity exit event, such as a strategic sale, sale to another financial investor, or public market listing. Structuring mechanisms across the debt-to-equity spectrum determine the exit terms of the deal, therefore providing considerable downside protection to investors. Structured financing solutions are an incipient but increasingly important set of tools for investors active in Latin America to address the financing gap for companies that lack access to bank financing and are not attractive targets for traditional PE and VC players. Many investors employing these strategies are in an experimental phase, reporting new lessons learned with each deal completed. Impact investors have been among the top drivers of these structuring innovations, as they have grappled with the additional limitations associated with the straight equity model for environmental or social enterprises. However, the use of structured financing is by no means restricted to the impact investing space. Fund managers have invested USD4b in private credit deals in Latin America since 2018, more than the previous ten years combined. PE and VC investors have also increasingly employed quasi-equity and debt instruments. ACON Investments, for example, has employed mezzanine structures in several deals from its latest funds. Brazil-focused venture capital firm SP Ventures has recently begun investing from its debut venture debt fund. Growing experimentation by fund managers demonstrates the opportunity for investors across ticket sizes, strategies, and the impact-to-commercial spectrum. The structures discussed and the case studies highlighted in this report contain some of the major lessons applicable to a wide group of private capital investors in Latin America targeting certain and timely exits with consistent returns.
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Mader, Philip, Maren Duvendack, Adrienne Lees, Aurelie Larquemin, and Keir Macdonald. Enablers, Barriers and Impacts of Digital Financial Services: Insights from an Evidence Gap Map and Implications for Taxation. Institute of Development Studies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2022.008.
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Digital financial services (DFS) have expanded rapidly over the last decade, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. They have been accompanied by claims that they can alleviate poverty, empower women, help businesses grow, and improve macroeconomic outcomes and government effectiveness. As they have become more widespread, some controversy has arisen as governments have identified DFS revenues and profits as potential sources of tax revenue. Evidence-based policy in relation to taxing DFS requires an understanding of the enablers and barriers (preconditions) of DFS, as well as the impacts of DFS. This report aims to present insights from an Evidence Gap Map (EGM) on the enablers and barriers, and subsequent impacts, of DFS, including any research related to taxation. An EGM serves to clearly identify the gaps in the evidence base in a visually intuitive way, allowing researchers to address these gaps. This can help to shape future research agendas. Our EGM draws on elements from the systematic review methodology. We develop a transparent set of inclusion criteria and comprehensive search strategy to identify relevant studies, and assess the confidence we can place in their causal findings. An extensive search initially identified 389 studies, 205 of which met the inclusion criteria and were assessed based on criteria of cogency, transparency and credibility. We categorised 40 studies as high confidence, 97 as medium confidence, and 68 as low confidence. We find that the evidence base is still relatively thin, but growing rapidly. The high-confidence evidence base is dominated by quantitative approaches, especially experimental study designs. The geographical focus of many studies is East Africa. The dominant DFS intervention studied is mobile money. The majority of studies focus on DFS usage for payments and transfers; fewer studies focus on savings, very few on credit, and none on insurance. The strongest evidence base on enablers and barriers relates to how user attributes and industry structure affect DFS. Little is known about how policy and politics, including taxation, and macroeconomic and social factors, affect DFS. The evidence base on impacts is strongest at the individual and household level, and partly covers the business level. The impact of DFS on the macroeconomy, and the meso level of industry and government, is very limited. We find no high-confidence evidence on the role of taxation. We need more higher quality evidence on a variety of topics. This should particularly look at enablers, constraints and impacts, including the role of taxation, beyond the individual and household level. Research going forward should cover more geographic areas and a wider range of purposes DFS can serve (use cases), including savings, and particularly credit. More methodological variety should be encouraged – experiments can be useful, but are not the best method for all research questions.
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Allen, Luke, Joon Lim, Robert Haehnel, and Ian Dettwiller. Helicopter rotor blade multiple-section optimization with performance. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41031.
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This paper presents advancements in a surrogate-based, rotor blade design optimization framework for improved helicopter performance. The framework builds on previous successes by allowing multiple airfoil sections to designed simultaneously to minimize required rotor power in multiple flight conditions. Rotor power in hover and forward flight, at advance ratio 𝜇 = 0.3, are used as objective functions in a multi-objective genetic algorithm. The framework is constructed using Galaxy Simulation Builder with optimization provided through integration with Dakota. Three independent airfoil sections are morphed using ParFoil and aerodynamic coefficients for the updated airfoil shapes (i.e., lift, drag, moment) are calculated using linear interpolation from a database generated using C81Gen/ARC2D. Final rotor performance is then calculated using RCAS. Several demonstrative optimization case studies were conducted using the UH-60A main rotor. The degrees of freedom for this case are limited to the airfoil camber, camber crest position, thickness, and thickness crest position for each of the sections. The results of the three-segment case study show improvements in rotor power of 4.3% and 0.8% in forward flight and hover, respectively. This configuration also yields greater reductions in rotor power for high advance ratios, e.g., 6.0% reduction at 𝜇 = 0.35, and 8.8% reduction at 𝜇 = 0.4.
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Rarasati, Niken, and Rezanti Putri Pramana. Giving Schools and Teachers Autonomy in Teacher Professional Development Under a Medium-Capability Education System. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2023/050.
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A mature teacher who continuously seeks improvement should be recognised as a professional who has autonomy in conducting their job and has the autonomy to engage in a professional community of practice (Hyslop-Margison and Sears, 2010). In other words, teachers’ engagement in professional development activities should be driven by their own determination rather than extrinsic sources of motivation. In this context, teachers’ self-determination can be defined as a feeling of connectedness with their own aspirations or personal values, confidence in their ability to master new skills, and a sense of autonomy in planning their own professional development path (Stupnisky et al., 2018; Eyal and Roth, 2011; Ryan and Deci, 2000). Previous studies have shown the advantages of providing teachers with autonomy to determine personal and professional improvement. Bergmark (2020) found that giving teachers the opportunity to identify areas of improvement based on teaching experience expanded the ways they think and understand themselves as teachers and how they can improve their teaching. Teachers who plan their own improvement showed a higher level of curiosity in learning and trying out new things. Bergmark (2020) also shows that a continuous cycle of reflection and teaching improvement allows teachers to recognise that the perfect lesson does not exist. Hence, continuous reflection and improvement are needed to shape the lesson to meet various classroom contexts. Moreover, Cheon et al. (2018) found that increased teacher autonomy led to greater teaching efficacy and a greater tendency to adopt intrinsic (relative to extrinsic) instructional goals. In developed countries, teacher autonomy is present and has become part of teachers’ professional life and schools’ development plans. In Finland, for example, the government is responsible for providing resources and services that schools request, while school development and teachers’ professional learning are integrated into a day-to-day “experiment” performed collaboratively by teachers and principals (Niemi, 2015). This kind of experience gives teachers a sense of mastery and boosts their determination to continuously learn (Ryan and Deci, 2000). In low-performing countries, distributing autonomy of education quality improvement to schools and teachers negatively correlates with the countries’ education outcomes (Hanushek et al., 2011). This study also suggests that education outcome accountability and teacher capacity are necessary to ensure the provision of autonomy to improve education quality. However, to have teachers who can meet dynamic educational challenges through continuous learning, de Klerk & Barnett (2020) suggest that developing countries include programmes that could nurture teachers’ agency to learn in addition to the regular content and pedagogical-focused teacher training materials. Giving autonomy to teachers can be challenging in an environment where accountability or performance is measured by narrow considerations (teacher exam score, administrative completion, etc.). As is the case in Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, teachers tend to attend training to meet performance evaluation administrative criteria rather than to address specific professional development needs (Dymoke and Harrison, 2006). Generally, the focus of the training relies on what the government believes will benefit their teaching workforce. Teacher professional development (TPD) is merely an assignment for Jakarta teachers. Most teachers attend the training only to obtain attendance certificates that can be credited towards their additional performance allowance. Consequently, those teachers will only reproduce teaching practices that they have experienced or observed from their seniors. As in other similar professional development systems, improvement in teaching quality at schools is less likely to happen (Hargreaves, 2000). Most of the trainings were led by external experts or academics who did not interact with teachers on a day-to-day basis. This approach to professional development represents a top-down mechanism where teacher training was designed independently from teaching context and therefore appears to be overly abstract, unpractical, and not useful for teachers (Timperley, 2011). Moreover, the lack of relevancy between teacher training and teaching practice leads to teachers’ low ownership of the professional development process (Bergmark, 2020). More broadly, in the Jakarta education system, especially the public school system, autonomy was never given to schools and teachers prior to establishing the new TPD system in 2021. The system employed a top-down relationship between the local education agency, teacher training centres, principals, and teachers. Professional development plans were usually motivated by a low teacher competency score or budgeted teacher professional development programme. Guided by the scores, the training centres organised training that could address knowledge areas that most of Jakarta's teachers lack. In many cases, to fulfil the quota as planned in the budget, the local education agency and the training centres would instruct principals to assign two teachers to certain training without knowing their needs. Realizing that the system was not functioning, Jakarta’s local education agency decided to create a reform that gives more autonomy toward schools and teachers in determining teacher professional development plan. The new system has been piloted since November 2021. To maintain the balance between administrative evaluation and addressing professional development needs, the new initiative highlights the key role played by head teachers or principals. This is based on assumption that principals who have the opportunity to observe teaching practice closely could help teachers reflect and develop their professionalism. (Dymoke and Harrison, 2006). As explained by the professional development case in Finland, leadership and collegial collaboration are also critical to shaping a school culture that could support the development of professional autonomy. The collective energies among teachers and the principal will also direct the teacher toward improving teaching, learning, and caring for students and parents (Hyslop-Margison and Sears, 2010; Hargreaves, 2000). Thus, the new TPD system in Jakarta adopts the feature of collegial collaboration. This is considered as imperative in Jakarta where teachers used to be controlled and join a professional development activity due to external forces. Learning autonomy did not exist within themselves. Hence, teachers need a leader who can turn the "professional development regulation" into a culture at schools. The process will shape teachers to do professional development quite autonomously (Deci et al., 2001). In this case, a controlling leadership style will hinder teachers’ autonomous motivation. Instead, principals should articulate a clear vision, consider teachers' individual needs and aspirations, inspire, and support professional development activities (Eyal and Roth, 2011). This can also be called creating a professional culture at schools (Fullan, 1996). In this Note, we aim to understand how the schools and teachers respond to the new teacher professional development system. We compare experience and motivation of different characteristics of teachers.
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2020.
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With its annual Payment Systems Report, Banco de la República offers a complete overview of the infrastructure of Colombia’s financial market. Each edition of the report has four objectives: 1) to publicize a consolidated account of how the figures for payment infrastructures have evolved with respect to both financial assets and goods and services; 2) to summarize the issues that are being debated internationally and are of interest to the industry that provides payment clearing and settlement services; 3) to offer the public an explanation of the ideas and concepts behind retail-value payment processes and the trends in retail payments within the circuit of individuals and companies; and 4) to familiarize the public, the industry, and all other financial authorities with the methodological progress that has been achieved through applied research to analyze the stability of payment systems. This edition introduces changes that have been made in the structure of the report, which are intended to make it easier and more enjoyable to read. The initial sections in this edition, which is the eleventh, contain an analysis of the statistics on the evolution and performance of financial market infrastructures. These are understood as multilateral systems wherein the participating entities clear, settle and register payments, securities, derivatives and other financial assets. The large-value payment system (CUD) saw less momentum in 2019 than it did the year before, mainly because of a decline in the amount of secondary market operations for government bonds, both in cash and sell/buy-backs, which was offset by an increase in operations with collective investment funds (CIFs) and Banco de la República’s operations to increase the money supply (repos). Consequently, the Central Securities Depository (DCV) registered less activity, due to fewer negotiations on the secondary market for public debt. This trend was also observed in the private debt market, as evidenced by the decline in the average amounts cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository of Colombia (Deceval) and in the value of operations with financial derivatives cleared and settled through the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC). Section three offers a comprehensive look at the market for retail-value payments; that is, transactions made by individuals and companies. During 2019, electronic transfers increased, and payments made with debit and credit cards continued to trend upward. In contrast, payments by check continued to decline, although the average daily value was almost four times the value of debit and credit card purchases. The same section contains the results of the fourth survey on how the use of retail-value payment instruments (for usual payments) is perceived. Conducted at the end of 2019, the main purpose of the survey was to identify the availability of these payment instruments, the public’s preferences for them, and their acceptance by merchants. It is worth noting that cash continues to be the instrument most used by the population for usual monthly payments (88.1% with respect to the number of payments and 87.4% in value). However, its use in terms of value has declined, having registered 89.6% in the 2017 survey. In turn, the level of acceptance by merchants of payment instruments other than cash is 14.1% for debit cards, 13.4% for credit cards, 8.2% for electronic transfers of funds and 1.8% for checks. The main reason for the use of cash is the absence of point-of-sale terminals at commercial establishments. Considering that the retail-payment market worldwide is influenced by constant innovation in payment services, by the modernization of clearing and settlement systems, and by the efforts of regulators to redefine the payment industry for the future, these trends are addressed in the fourth section of the report. There is an account of how innovations in technology-based financial payment services have developed, and it shows that while this topic is not new, it has evolved, particularly in terms of origin and vocation. One of the boxes that accompanies the fourth section deals with certain payment aspects of open banking and international experience in that regard, which has given the customers of a financial entity sovereignty over their data, allowing them, under transparent and secure conditions, to authorize a third party, other than their financial entity, to request information on their accounts with financial entities, thus enabling the third party to offer various financial services or initiate payments. Innovation also has sparked interest among international organizations, central banks, and research groups concerning the creation of digital currencies. Accordingly, the last box deals with the recent international debate on issuance of central bank digital currencies. In terms of the methodological progress that has been made, it is important to underscore the work that has been done on the role of central counterparties (CCPs) in mitigating liquidity and counterparty risk. The fifth section of the report offers an explanation of a document in which the work of CCPs in financial markets is analyzed and corroborated through an exercise that was built around the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC) in the Colombian market for non-delivery peso-dollar forward exchange transactions, using the methodology of network topology. The results provide empirical support for the different theoretical models developed to study the effect of CCPs on financial markets. Finally, the results of research using artificial intelligence with information from the large-value payment system are presented. Based on the payments made among financial institutions in the large-value payment system, a methodology is used to compare different payment networks, as well as to determine which ones can be considered abnormal. The methodology shows signs that indicate when a network moves away from its historical trend, so it can be studied and monitored. A methodology similar to the one applied to classify images is used to make this comparison, the idea being to extract the main characteristics of the networks and use them as a parameter for comparison. Juan José Echavarría Governor