Journal articles: 'CRD5'

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Zahari, R., N. Halimoon, M. F. Ahmad, and S. K. Ling. "Antifungal Compound Isolated fromCatharanthus roseusL. (Pink) for Biological Control of Root Rot Rubber Diseases." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8150610.

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Rigidoporus microporus, Ganoderma philippii,andPhellinus noxiusare root rot rubber diseases and these fungi should be kept under control with environmentally safe compounds from the plant sources. Thus, an antifungal compound isolated fromCatharanthus roseuswas screened for its effectiveness in controlling the growth of these fungi. The antifungal compound isolated fromC. roseusextract was determined through thin layer chromatography (TLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. EachC. roseusof the DCM extracts was marked as CRD1, CRD2, CRD3, CRD4, CRD5, CRD6, and CRD7, respectively. TLC results showed that all of theC. roseusextracts peaked with red colour at Rf = 0.61 at 366 nm wavelength, except for CRD7. The CRD4 extract was found to be the most effective againstR. microporusandG. philippiiwith inhibition zones of 3.5 and 1.9 mm, respectively, compared to that of other extracts. These extracts, however, were not effective againstP. noxius.The CRD4 extract contained ursolic acid that was detected by NMR analysis and the compound could be developed as a biocontrol agent for controllingR. microporusandG. philippii.Moreover, little or no research has been done to study the effectiveness ofC. roseusin controlling these fungi.

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Waidner, Barbara, Klaus Melchers, Frank Nils Stähler, Manfred Kist, and Stefan Bereswill. "The Helicobacter pylori CrdRS Two-Component Regulation System (HP1364/HP1365) Is Required for Copper-Mediated Induction of the Copper Resistance Determinant CrdA." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 13 (July 1, 2005): 4683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.13.4683-4688.2005.

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ABSTRACT Here we describe that the Helicobacter pylori sensor kinase produced by HP1364 and the response regulator produced by HP1365 and designated CrdS and CrdR, respectively, are both required for transcriptional induction of the H. pylori copper resistance determinant CrdA by copper ions. CrdRS-deficient mutants lacked copper induction of crdA expression and were copper sensitive. A direct role of CrdR in transcriptional regulation of crdA was confirmed by in vitro binding of CrdR to the crdA upstream region. A 21-nucleotide sequence located near the crdA promoter was shown to be required for CrdR binding.

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Connolly, Sarah A., Daniel J. Landsburg, Andrea Carfi, Don C. Wiley, Roselyn J. Eisenberg, and Gary H. Cohen. "Structure-Based Analysis of the Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein D Binding Site Present on Herpesvirus Entry Mediator HveA (HVEM)." Journal of Virology 76, no. 21 (November 1, 2002): 10894–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.21.10894-10904.2002.

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ABSTRACT Binding of herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope glycoprotein D (gD) to a cell surface receptor is an essential step of virus entry. We recently determined the crystal structure of gD bound to one receptor, HveA. HveA is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family and contains four characteristic cysteine-rich domains (CRDs). The first two CRDs of HveA are necessary and sufficient for gD binding. The structure of the gD-HveA complex reveals that 17 amino acids in HveA CRD1 and 4 amino acids in HveA CRD2 directly contact gD. To determine the contribution of these 21 HveA residues to virus entry, we constructed forms of HveA mutated in each of these contact residues. We determined the ability of the mutant proteins to bind gD, facilitate virus entry, and form HveA oligomers. Our results point to a binding hot spot centered around HveA-Y23, a residue that protrudes into a crevice on the surface of gD. Both the hydroxyl group and phenyl group of HveA-Y23 contribute to HSV entry. Our results also suggest that an intermolecular β-sheet formed between gD and HveA residues 35 to 37 contributes to binding and that a C37-C19 disulfide bond in CRD1 is a critical component of HveA structure necessary for gD binding. The results argue that CRD2 is required for gD binding mainly to provide structural support for a gD binding site in CRD1. Only one mutant, HveA-R75A, exhibited enhanced gD binding. While some mutations influenced complex formation, the majority did not affect HSV entry, suggesting that most contact residues contribute to HveA receptor function collectively rather than individually. This structure-based dissection of the gD-HveA binding site highlights the contribution of key residues within HveA to gD binding and HSV entry and defines a target region for the design of small-molecule inhibitors.

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Jian, Jinlong, Shuai Zhao, Qingyun Tian, Elena Gonzalez-Gugel, Jyoti Joshi Mundra, Sardar MZ Uddin, Ben Liu, Brendon Richbourgh, Ryan Brunetti, and Chuan-ju Liu. "Progranulin directly binds to the CRD2 and CRD3 of TNFR extracellular domains." FEBS Letters 587, no. 21 (September 23, 2013): 3428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2013.09.024.

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Posa, Andreas, Izabela Niśkiewicz, Alexander Emmer, Frank Hanisch, and Malte E. Kornhuber. "Complex Repetitive Discharges: A Sign of Motor Axonal Reinnervation?" Brain Sciences 10, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10060349.

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Complex repetitive discharges (CRDs) are poorly understood phenomena in needle electromyography (EMG) recordings. The data presented here suggest that CRDs may mainly be a sign of motor unit reinnervation. EMG “video” data of 108 CRDs from neurogenic (ND, n = 39) and myogenic (MD, n = 14) disorders were retrospectively analyzed for cycle duration, potential-free time intervals, spike components (SC), maximum amplitudes, blockade, and increased jitter. CRD-SC in ND disorders (9.3 ± 7.8) outnumbered those in MD disorders (6.3 ± 6.2). The CRD cycle duration was correlated with SC and silent periods (p each < 0.000001). Blockade was observed in 36% and increased jitter in 27% of the CRDs. A higher number of CRD-SC in ND vs. MD fits the known differences in motor unit dimensions. Blockade and increased jitter are known features of diseased neuromuscular junctions, such as during reinnervation. The SC patterns of single CRD cycles resemble reinnervation potentials. Thus, CRDs may result from myo-axonal re-excitation in sprouting motor units. The purpose of this investigation was to better understand the circumstances under which CRDs may occur and eventually to contribute to the understanding of their pathogenesis.

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Liu, Rui, Shan Liu, Yu-Rong Zeng, and Lin Wang. "Optimization model for the new coordinated replenishment and delivery problem with multi-warehouse." International Journal of Logistics Management 28, no. 2 (May 8, 2017): 290–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-11-2015-0217.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate a new and practical decision support model of the coordinated replenishment and delivery (CRD) problem with multi-warehouse (M-CRD) to improve the performance of a supply chain. Two algorithms, tabu search-RAND (TS-RAND) and adaptive hybrid different evolution (AHDE) algorithm, are developed and compared as to the performance of each in solving the M-CRD problem. Design/methodology/approach The proposed M-CRD is more complex and practical than classical CRDs, which are non-deterministic polynomial-time hard problems. According to the structure of the M-CRD, a hybrid algorithm, TS-RAND, and AHDE are designed to solve the M-CRD. Findings Results of M-CRDs with different scales show that TS-RAND and AHDE are good candidates for handling small-scale M-CRD. TS-RAND can also find satisfactory solutions for large-scale M-CRDs. The total cost (TC) of M-CRD is apparently lower than that of a CRD with a single warehouse. Moreover, the TC is lower for the M-CRD with a larger number of optional warehouses. Practical implications The proposed M-CRD is helpful for managers to select the suitable warehouse and to decide the delivery scheduling with a coordinated replenishment policy under complex operations management situations. TS-RAND can be easily used by practitioners because of its robustness, easy implementation, and quick convergence. Originality/value Compared with the traditional CRDs with one warehouse, a better policy with lower TC can be obtained by the new M-CRD. Moreover, the proposed TS-RAND is a good candidate for solving the M-CRD.

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Molland, Katrina L., Anoop Narayanan, John W. Burgner, and Dinesh A. Yernool. "Identification of the structural motif responsible for trimeric assembly of the C-terminal regulatory domains of polycystin channels PKD2L1 and PKD2." Biochemical Journal 429, no. 1 (June 14, 2010): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20091843.

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Polycystin 2-type cation channels PKD2 and PKD2L1 interact with polycystin 1-type proteins PKD1 and PKD1L3 respectively, to form receptor–cation-channel complexes. The PKD2L1–PKD1L3 complex perceives sour taste, whereas disruption of the PKD2–PKD1 complex, responsible for mechanosensation, leads to development of ADPKD (autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease). Besides modulating channel activity and related signalling events, the CRDs (C-terminal regulatory domains) of PKD2 and PKD2L1 play a central role in channel oligomerization. The present study investigates the aggregation state of purified full-length PKD2L1-CRD as well as truncations of CRDs from PKD2 channels. Far- and near-UV CD spectroscopy show that the full-length PKD2L1 CRD (PKD2L1-198) and the truncated PKD2 CRD (PKD2-244) are α-helical with no β-sheet, the α-helix content agrees with sequence-based predictions, and some of its aromatic residues are in an asymmetric environment created at least by partially structured regions. Additionally, the CRD truncations exhibit an expected biochemical function by binding Ca2+ in a physiologically relevant range with Kd values of 2.8 μM for PKD2-244 and 0.51 μM for PKD2L1-198. Complimentary biophysical and biochemical techniques establish that truncations of the PKD2 and PKD2L1 CRDs are elongated molecules that assemble as trimers, and the trimeric aggregation state is independent of Ca2+ binding. Finally, we show that a common coiled-coil motif is sufficient and necessary to drive oligomerization of the PKD2 and PKD2L1 CRD truncations under study. Despite the moderate sequence identity (39%) between CRDs of PKD2 and PKD2L1, they both form trimers, implying that trimeric organization of CRDs may be true of all polycystin channels.

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Agostino, Mark, and Sebastian Öther-Gee Pohl. "Wnt Binding Affinity Prediction for Putative Frizzled-Type Cysteine-Rich Domains." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 17 (August 26, 2019): 4168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20174168.

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Several proteins other than the frizzled receptors (Fzd) and the secreted Frizzled-related proteins (sFRP) contain Fzd-type cysteine-rich domains (CRD). We have termed these domains “putative Fzd-type CRDs”, as the relevance of Wnt signalling in the majority of these is unknown; the RORs, an exception to this, are well known for mediating non-canonical Wnt signalling. In this study, we have predicted the likely binding affinity of all Wnts for all putative Fzd-type CRDs. We applied both our previously determined Wnt‒Fzd CRD binding affinity prediction model, as well as a newly devised model wherein the lipid term was forced to contribute favourably to the predicted binding energy. The results obtained from our new model indicate that certain putative Fzd CRDs are much more likely to bind Wnts, in some cases exhibiting selectivity for specific Wnts. The results of this study inform the investigation of Wnt signalling modulation beyond Fzds and sFRPs.

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Hatamihanza, Hamide, Seyed Ebrahim Alavi, Hasan Ebrahimi Shahmabadi, and Azim Akbarzadeh. "Preparation, Characterization and Immunostimulatory Effects of CRD2 and CRD3 from TNF Receptor-1 Encapsulated into Pegylated Liposomal Nanoparticles." International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics 26, no. 2 (June 26, 2019): 745–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10989-019-09882-8.

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Cattaneo, Valentina, María V. Tribulatti, and Oscar Campetella. "Galectin-8 tandem-repeat structure is essential for T-cell proliferation but not for co-stimulation." Biochemical Journal 434, no. 1 (January 27, 2011): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20101691.

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Gal (galectin)-8 is a tandem-repeat Gal containing N-CRDs (Nterminal carbohydrate-recognition domains) and C-CRDs (C-terminal carbohydrate-recognition domains) with differential glycan-binding specificity fused by a linker peptide. Gal-8 has two distinct effects on CD4 T-cells: at high concentrations it induces antigen-independent proliferation, whereas at low concentrations it co-stimulates antigen-specific responses. Associated Gal-8 structural requirements were dissected in the present study. Recombinant homodimers N–N (two N-terminal CRD chimaera) and C–C (two C-terminal CRD chimaera), but not single C-CRDs or N-CRDs, induced proliferation; however, single domains induced co-stimulation. These results indicate that the tandem-repeat structure was essential only for the proliferative effect, suggesting the involvement of lattice formation, whereas co-stimulation could be mediated by agonistic interactions. In both cases, C–C chimaeras displayed higher activity than Gal-8, indicating that the C-CRD was mainly involved, as was further supported by the strong inhibition of proliferation and co-stimulation in the presence of blood group B antigen, specifically recognized by this domain. Classic Gal inhibitors (lactose and thiodigalactoside) prevented proliferation but not co-stimulatory activity, which was inhibited by 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-arabinose. Interestingly, Gal-8 induced proliferation of naïve human CD4 T-cells, varying from non- to high-responder individuals, whereas it promoted cell death of phytohaemagglutinin or CD3/CD28 pre-activated cells. The findings of the present study delineate the differential molecular requirements for Gal-8 activities on T-cells, and suggest a dual activity relying on activation state.

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Riggle, Perry J., and Carol A. Kumamoto. "Role of a Candida albicans P1-Type ATPase in Resistance to Copper and Silver Ion Toxicity." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 17 (September 1, 2000): 4899–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.17.4899-4905.2000.

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ABSTRACT Copper ion homeostasis is complicated in that copper is an essential element needed for a variety of cellular processes but is toxic at excess levels. To identify Candida albicans genes that are involved in resistance to copper ion toxicity, a library containing inserts of C. albicans genomic DNA was used to complement the copper sensitivity phenotype of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cup1Δ strain that is unable to produce Cup1p, a metallothionein (MT) responsible for high-level copper ion resistance. A P1-type ATPase (CPx type) that is closely related to the human Menkes and Wilson disease proteins was cloned. The gene encoding this pump was termed CRD1 (for copper resistance determinant). A gene encoding a 76-amino-acid MT similar to higher eukaryotic MTs in structure was also cloned, and the gene was termed CRD2. Transcription of the CRD1 gene was found to increase upon growth with increasing copper levels, while the CRD2 mRNA was expressed at a constant level. Strains with the CRD1gene disrupted were extremely sensitive to exogenous copper and failed to grow in medium containing 100 μM CuSO4. Thesecrd1 strains also exhibited increased sensitivity to silver and cadmium, indicating that Crd1p is somewhat promiscuous with respect to metal ion transport. Although strains with the CRD2 gene disrupted showed reduced growth rate with increasing copper concentration, the crd2 mutants eventually attained wild-type levels of growth, demonstrating that CRD2 is less important for resistance to copper ion toxicity. Crd1p is the first example of a eukaryotic copper pump that provides the primary source of cellular copper resistance, and its ability to confer silver resistance may enhance the prevalence of C. albicans as a nosocomial pathogen.

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Paromita, Progga, Hasina Akhter Chowdhury, Cinderella Akbar Mayaboti, Shagoofa Rakhshanda, A. K. M. Fazlur Rahman, Md Rizwanul Karim, and Saidur Rahman Mashreky. "Assessing service availability and readiness to manage Chronic Respiratory Diseases (CRDs) in Bangladesh." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): e0247700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247700.

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Introduction Chronic Respiratory Diseases (CRDs) are some of the most prevailing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) worldwide and cause three times higher morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) than in developed nations. In Bangladesh, there is a dearth of data about the quality of CRD management in health facilities. This study aims to describe CRD service availability and readiness at all tiers of health facilities using the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) tool. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2017 to June 2018 in a total of 262 health facilities in Bangladesh using the WHO SARA Standard Tool. Surveys were conducted with facility management personnel by trained data collectors using REDCap software. Descriptive statistics for the availability of CRD services were calculated. Composite scores for facility readiness (Readiness Index ‘RI’) were created which included four domains: staff and guideline, basic equipment, diagnostic capacity, and essential medicines. RI was calculated for each domain as the mean score of items expressed as a percentage. Indices were compared to a cutoff of70% which means that a facility index above 70% is considered ‘ready’ to manage CRDs at that level. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS Vr 21.0. Results It was found, tertiary hospitals were the only hospitals that surpassed the readiness index cutoff of 70%, indicating that they had adequate capacity and were ready to manage CRDs (RI 78.3%). The mean readiness scores for the other hospital tiers in descending order were District Hospitals (DH): 40.6%, Upazila Health Complexes (UHC): 33.3% and Private NGOs: 39.5%). Conclusion Only tertiary care hospitals, constituting 3.1% of sampled health facilities, were found ready to manage CRD. Inadequate and unequal supplies of medicine as well as a lack of trained staff, guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of CRDs, equipment, and diagnostic facilities contributed to low readiness index scores in all other tiers of health facilities.

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Fukuda, Yosuke, Tetsuya Homma, Shintaro Suzuki, Takahiro Takuma, Akihiko Tanaka, Takuya Yokoe, Tsukasa Ohnishi, Yoshihito Niki, and Hironori Sagara. "High burden of Aspergillus fumigatus infection among chronic respiratory diseases." Chronic Respiratory Disease 15, no. 3 (March 8, 2018): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479972318761654.

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Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) is a ubiquitous fungus in our environment and causes severe airway disorders. Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are a series of chronic airway and lung diseases. Although both are chronic disorders, however, the relationships between AF and CRDs are still unclear. Therefore, we examined 104 Aspergillus species (spp.) isolated samples in our hospital during three consecutive years to further elucidate the relationships between Aspergillus spp. and CRDs. Based on sample isolates, we then grouped these into two groups, AF and non-AF, to retrospectively analyse the clinical features and to clarify the relationships between AF and CRDs. Importantly, the manifestation of CRD was more frequent in the AF group than in the non-AF group ( p = 0.035). Among CRDs, lung fibrosis was more evident in the AF group ( p = 0.025). Moreover, diabetes mellitus was tended to be evident in AF group than non-AF group ( p = 0.035). In conclusion, CRDs, especially lung fibrosis, were highly prevalent in AF group than non-AF group.

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Parsons, Andrew. "CRDF Global." Impact 2017, no. 4 (May 8, 2017): 64–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2017.4.64.

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Willett, Brian J., Elizabeth L. McMonagle, Francesca Bonci, Mauro Pistello, and Margaret J. Hosie. "Mapping the Domains of CD134 as a Functional Receptor for Feline Immunodeficiency Virus." Journal of Virology 80, no. 15 (August 1, 2006): 7744–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00722-06.

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ABSTRACT The feline homologue of CD134 is the primary binding receptor for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), targeting the virus preferentially to activated CD4+ helper T cells. However, strains of FIV differ in utilization of CD134; the prototypic strain PPR requires a minimal determinant in the first cysteine-rich domain (CRD1) of feline CD134 to confer near-optimal receptor function, while strains such as GL8 require additional determinants in the CD134 CRD2. We map this determinant to a loop in CRD2 governing the interaction between the receptor and its ligand; the amino acid substitutions S78N-S79Y-K80E restored full viral receptor activity to the CDR2 of human CD134 in the context of feline CD134, with tyrosine-79 appearing to be the critical residue for restoration of receptor function.

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KISHORE, Uday, Jiu-Yao WANG, Hans-Jürgen HOPPE, and Kenneth B. M. REID. "The α-helical neck region of human lung surfactant protein D is essential for the binding of the carbohydrate recognition domains to lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids." Biochemical Journal 318, no. 2 (September 1, 1996): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3180505.

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We have expressed the carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) of human lung surfactant protein D (SP-D) in Escherichia coli as a trimeric structure held together by the α-helical neck region of the molecule. The DNA sequence coding for the neck-region peptide and the CRD of SP-D was subcloned and expressed as a fusion protein containing the E. coli maltose binding protein (MBP). After removal of the MBP, the recombinant structure, containing three CRDs of SP-D, was found to be comparable to native SP-D in terms of carbohydrate binding specificity, the binding to lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of Gram-negative bacteria, and interaction with phospholipids. The CRD of SP-D, without the neck region peptide, was also expressed and shown to behave as a monomer that showed a very weak affinity for maltose-agarose, LPSs and phospholipids. The α-helical neck region on its own showed affinity for phospholipids and thus might contribute to the binding of SP-D to these structures. However, the possibility that hydrophobic patches, which are exposed only in the isolated neck region and not in the intact SP-D, plays a role in neck region–phospholipid interaction, cannot be excluded. The results confirm the importance of the neck region as a trimerizing agent in bringing together three CRDs and suggest that multivalency is important in the strong binding of SP-D to carbohydrate targets.

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Jakubinek, Michael, Zhaoguo Tong, Sergei Manzhos, and Hans-Peter Loock. "Configuration of ring-down spectrometers for maximum sensitivity." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 82, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 873–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v04-038.

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Cavity ring-down (CRD) spectrometers used for analytical applications frequently have design requirements different from spectrometers used for gas-phase spectroscopic applications. A formalism that allows for maximization of the relative sensitivity by adapting the cavity length and absorption path through the sample is presented. These experimental configurations may not reduce the detection limit but do allow for a high sensitivity of the ring-down time measurement in the concentration range of interest. The formalism is applied to two common CRDS experimental configurations and to a fiber-loop ring-down experiment.Key words: cavity ring-down (CRD), absorption, detector, fiber-loop, sensitivity, detection limit.

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HITCHEN, Paul G., Nicholas P. MULLIN, and Maureen E. TAYLOR. "Orientation of sugars bound to the principal C-type carbohydrate-recognition domain of the macrophage mannose receptor." Biochemical Journal 333, no. 3 (August 1, 1998): 601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3330601.

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The extracellular region of the macrophage mannose receptor, a protein involved in the innate immune response, contains eight C-type carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs). The fourth of these domains, CRD-4, is central to ligand binding by the receptor, and binds mannose, fucose and N-acetylglucosamine by direct ligation to Ca2+. Site-directed mutagenesis combined with NMR and molecular modelling have been used to determine the orientation of monosaccharides bound to CRD-4. Two resonances in the 1H NMR spectrum of CRD-4 that are perturbed on sugar binding are identified as a methyl proton from a leucine side chain in the core of the domain and the H-2 proton of a histidine close to the predicted sugar-binding site. The effects of mutagenesis of this histidine residue, a nearby isoleucine residue and a tyrosine residue previously shown to stack against sugars bound to CRD-4 show the absolute orientation of sugars in the binding site. N-Acetylglucosamine binds to CRD-4 of the mannose receptor in the orientation seen in crystal structures of the CRD of rat liver mannose-binding protein. Mannose binds to CRD-4 in the orientation seen in the CRD of rat serum mannose-binding protein and is rotated by 180 ° relative to GlcNAc bound to CRD-4. Interaction of the O-methyl group and C-1 of α-methyl Fuc with the tyrosine residue accounts for the strong preference of CRD-4 for this anomer of fucose. Both anomers of fucose bind to CRD-4 in the orientation seen in rat liver mannose-binding protein.

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Shah, Rohit, and Neha Adsul. "“I am tired of the disease and eating too many medicines”: seeking adolescent’s lived experiences about chronic renal disease." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 3988. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20204365.

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Background: Chronic renal disease (CRD), results from a range of conditions that cause irreversible damage to the kidneys and is a recognised major medical problem worldwide. CRD in children and adolescent’s is an enervating condition requiring lifelong treatment in order ‘to survive’. Several researchers have criticised the research on children with CRD as most of these studies rely on standardized tools which seem to be grounded in objectivity and quantification.Methods: In this milieu, this Indian study adopts a qualitative approach underpinned by the philosophy of Husserlian phenomenology with descriptive phenomenology as a method. The primary purpose of the study was to delve into the lives of adolescents suffering from CRDs to understand their perceptions about how this challenging condition affects and changes their lives.Results: CRD is a chronic condition that confines the lives of these adolescents by demanding a major shift to more prescribed and restrictive lifestyle.Conclusions: The lives of the adolescent participants conveyed a paradoxical nature in terms of suffering; struggling to cope with the stringent lifestyle changes and yet trying to be adapting to the disease to moving forward in life.

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Okada, Tomoyo, Chang-Deng Hu, Tai-Guang Jin, Ken-ichi Kariya, Yuriko Yamawaki-Kataoka, and Tohru Kataoka. "The Strength of Interaction at the Raf Cysteine-Rich Domain Is a Critical Determinant of Response of Raf to Ras Family Small GTPases." Molecular and Cellular Biology 19, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 6057–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.19.9.6057.

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ABSTRACT To be fully activated at the plasma membrane, Raf-1 must establish two distinct modes of interactions with Ras, one through its Ras-binding domain and the other through its cysteine-rich domain (CRD). The Ras homologue Rap1A is incapable of activating Raf-1 and even antagonizes Ras-dependent activation of Raf-1. We proposed previously that this property of Rap1A may be attributable to its greatly enhanced interaction with Raf-1 CRD compared to Ras. On the other hand, B-Raf, another Raf family member, is activatable by both Ras and Rap1A. When interactions with Ras and Rap1A were measured, B-Raf CRD did not exhibit the enhanced interaction with Rap1A, suggesting that the strength of interaction at CRDs may account for the differential action of Rap1A on Raf-1 and B-Raf. The importance of the interaction at the CRD is further supported by a domain-shuffling experiment between Raf-1 and B-Raf, which clearly indicated that the nature of CRD determines the specificity of response to Rap1A: Raf-1, whose CRD is replaced by B-Raf CRD, became activatable by Rap1A, whereas B-Raf, whose CRD is replaced by Raf-1 CRD, lost its response to Rap1A. Finally, a B-Raf CRD mutant whose interaction with Rap1A is selectively enhanced was isolated and found to possess the double mutation K252E/M278T. B-Raf carrying this mutation was not activated by Rap1A but retained its response to Ras. These results indicate that the strength of interaction with Ras and Rap1A at its CRD may be a critical determinant of regulation of the Raf kinase activity by the Ras family small GTPases.

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Waidner, Barbara, Klaus Melchers, Igor Ivanov, Hannes Loferer, Klaus W. Bensch, Manfred Kist, and Stefan Bereswill. "Identification by RNA Profiling and Mutational Analysis of the Novel Copper Resistance Determinants CrdA (HP1326), CrdB (HP1327), and CzcB (HP1328) in Helicobacter pylori." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 23 (December 1, 2002): 6700–6708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.23.6700-6708.2002.

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ABSTRACT Mechanisms involved in maintaining cytoplasmic metal ion homeostasis play a central role in the adaptation of Helicobacter pylori to the changing gastric environment. An investigation of the global regulatory responses to copper ions by using RNA profiling with a threshold factor of 4.0 revealed that copper induces transcription of 19 H. pylori genes and that only the ferritin gene pfr is repressed. The 57-fold copper induction identified the HP1326 gene encoding an H. pylori-specific protein as a candidate for a novel copper resistance determinant. The HP1326 gene is expressed as a monocistronic unit, and two small HP1326 mRNAs are copper induced. The HP1326 protein is secreted and is required for copper resistance maintained by cytoplasmic copper homeostasis, as H. pylori HP1326 mutants were copper sensitive and displayed increased copper induction of HP1326 transcription as well as elevated copper repression of ferritin synthesis. The clear copper-sensitive phenotype displayed by H. pylori HP1327 and HP1328 mutants provides strong evidence that the HP1326 protein, together with the signal peptide site of the H. pylori-specific protein HP1327, whose gene is located downstream from that encoding HP1326, and the CzcB and CzcA metal efflux system component homologs HP1328 and HP1329, constitutes a novel type of copper efflux pump, as discussed below. The HP1329 gene could not be inactivated, but the 14-fold transcriptional copper induction determined by RNA profiling points towards a function of the encoded CzcA homolog in copper resistance. In summary, results from RNA profiling identified the novel H. pylori-specific copper resistance determinants CrdA (HP1326) and CrdB (HP1327), which are required for adaptation to copper-rich environmental conditions.

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Nile, Aaron H., Susmith Mukund, Karen Stanger, Weiru Wang, and Rami N. Hannoush. "Unsaturated fatty acyl recognition by Frizzled receptors mediates dimerization upon Wnt ligand binding." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 16 (April 4, 2017): 4147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618293114.

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Frizzled (FZD) receptors mediate Wnt signaling in diverse processes ranging from bone growth to stem cell activity. Moreover, high FZD receptor expression at the cell surface contributes to overactive Wnt signaling in subsets of pancreatic, ovarian, gastric, and colorectal tumors. Despite the progress in biochemical understanding of Wnt–FZD receptor interactions, the molecular basis for recognition of Wnt cis-unsaturated fatty acyl groups by the cysteine-rich domain (CRD) of FZD receptors remains elusive. Here, we determined a crystal structure of human FZD7 CRD unexpectedly bound to a 24-carbon fatty acid. We also report a crystal structure of human FZD5 CRD bound to C16:1 cis-Δ9 unsaturated fatty acid. Both structures reveal a dimeric arrangement of the CRD. The lipid-binding groove exhibits flexibility and spans both monomers, adopting a U-shaped geometry that accommodates the fatty acid. Re-evaluation of the published mouse FZD8 CRD structure reveals that it also shares the same architecture as FZD5 and FZD7 CRDs. Our results define a common molecular mechanism for recognition of the cis-unsaturated fatty acyl group, a necessary posttranslational modification of Wnts, by multiple FZD receptors. The fatty acid bridges two CRD monomers, implying that Wnt binding mediates FZD receptor dimerization. Our data uncover possibilities for the arrangement of Wnt–FZD CRD complexes and shed structural insights that could aide in the identification of pharmacological strategies to modulate FZD receptor function.

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Branschädel, Marcus, Andrew Aird, Andrea Zappe, Carsten Tietz, Anja Krippner-Heidenreich, and Peter Scheurich. "Dual function of cysteine rich domain (CRD) 1 of TNF receptor type 1: Conformational stabilization of CRD2 and control of receptor responsiveness." Cellular Signalling 22, no. 3 (March 2010): 404–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.10.011.

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Hartshorn, Kevan L., Mitchell R. White, and Erika C. Crouch. "Contributions of the N- and C-Terminal Domains of Surfactant Protein D to the Binding, Aggregation, and Phagocytic Uptake of Bacteria." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 11 (November 2002): 6129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.11.6129-6139.2002.

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ABSTRACT Collectins play important roles in host defense against infectious microorganisms. We now demonstrate that the serum collectins mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and conglutinin have less ability to bind to, aggregate, and enhance neutrophil uptake of several strains of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria than pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D). Collectins are composed of four major structural domains (i.e., N-terminal, collagen, and neck and carbohydrate recognition domains). To determine which domains of SP-D are responsible for its greater bacterial binding or aggregating activity, activities of chimeric collectins containing the N-terminal and collagen domains of SP-D coupled to the neck recognition domains and carbohydrate recognition domains (CRD) of MBL or conglutinin (SP-D/Congneck+CRD and SP-D/MBLneck+CRD) were tested. The SP-D/Congneck+CRD and SP-D/MBLneck+CRD chimeras bound to and aggregated the bacteria more strongly than did wild-type MBL or conglutinin. SP-D/MBLneck+CRD also enhanced neutrophil uptake of bacteria more so than MBL. Hence, the SP-D N-terminal and/or collagen domains contribute to the enhanced bacterial binding and aggregating activities of SP-D. In prior studies, SP-D/Congneck+CRD and SP-D/MBLneck+CRD had increased ability to bind to influenza virus compared not only with that of conglutinin or MBL but with that of wild-type SP-D as well. In contrast, the chimeras had either reduced or unchanged ability to bind to or aggregate bacteria compared to that of wild-type SP-D. Hence, although replacement of the neck recognition domains and CRDs of SP-D with those of MBL and conglutinin conferred increased viral binding activity, it did not favorably affect bacterial binding activity, suggesting that requirements for optimal collectin binding to influenza virus and bacteria differ.

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Lamoureux, Nathalie. "Comprendre la CRDS pulsée." Photoniques, no. 78 (September 2015): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/photon/20157841.

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Paul, Biswajit, Rita Isaac, Hemalatha R., Paul Jebaraj, Muthathal S., Deepa Das, John Norrie, et al. "Development of an educational intervention to reduce the burden of adult chronic lung disease in rural India: Inputs from a qualitative study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): e0254534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254534.

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Background Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are major causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide with a substantial burden of the disease being borne by the low and middle income countries (LMICs). Interventions to change health behaviour which aim to improve the quality of life and reduce disease burden due to CRD require knowledge of the problem and factors influencing such behaviour. Our study sought to appreciate the lived experiences of people with CRD, their understanding of the disease and its risk factors, and usual practice of health behaviour in a rural low-literate community in southern India. Methods Qualitative data were collected between September and December 2018 through eight focus group discussions (FGDs), five in-depth interviews and four key-informant interviews from patients and community members. Community engagement was undertaken prior to the study and all interviews and discussions were recorded with permission. Inductive coding was used to thematically analyse the results. Results Major themes included understanding of chronic lung disease, health behaviours, lived experiences with the disease and social norms, attitudes and other factors influencing health behaviour. Discussion Poor understanding of CRDs and their risk factors affect health seeking behaviour and/or health practices. Stigma associated with the disease and related health behaviours (e.g. inhaler use) creates emotional challenges and mental health problems, besides influencing health behaviour. However barriers can be circumvented by increasing community awareness; communication and connection with the community through community based health care providers can turn challenges into opportunities for better health care.

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Kim, J. S., K. H. Kim, H. S. Lee, S. W. Lim, H. Y. Kang, and D. K. Koh. "Effects of the Fuel Injection Timing on the Combustion Characteristics in CRDI Diesel Engine." Journal of the Korea Society For Power System Engineering 15, no. 5 (October 31, 2011): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.9726/kspse.2011.15.5.010.

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Kim, Sang-Am, and Woo-Gyeong Wang. "A Study on the Spray Characteristics of CRDI System with Ambient Pressure." Journal of the Korea Society For Power System Engineering 18, no. 6 (December 31, 2014): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.9726/kspse.2014.18.6.021.

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Zhang, Baoshan, Chengqun Sun, Sha Jin, Michael Cascio, and Ronald C. Montelaro. "Mapping of Equine Lentivirus Receptor 1 Residues Critical for Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Envelope Binding." Journal of Virology 82, no. 3 (November 21, 2007): 1204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01393-07.

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ABSTRACT The equine lentivirus receptor 1 (ELR1), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) protein family, has been identified as a functional receptor for equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). Toward defining the functional interactions between the EIAV SU protein (gp90) and its ELR1 receptor, we mapped the gp90 binding domain of ELR1 by a combination of binding and functional assays using the EIAV SU gp90 protein and various chimeric receptor proteins derived from exchanges between the functional ELR1 and the nonbinding homolog, mouse herpesvirus entry mediator (murine HveA). Complementary exchanges of the respective cysteine-rich domains (CRD) between the ELR1 and murine HveA proteins revealed CRD1 as the predominant determinant of functional gp90 binding to ELR1 and also to a chimeric murine HveA protein expressed on the surface of transfected Cf2Th cells. Mutations of individual amino acids in the CRD1 segment of ELR1 and murine HveA indicated the Leu70 in CRD1 as essential for functional binding of EIAV gp90 and for virus infection of transduced Cf2Th cells. The specificity of the EIAV SU binding domain identified for the ELR1 receptor is fundamentally identical to that reported previously for functional binding of feline immunodeficiency virus SU to its coreceptor CD134, another TNFR protein. These results indicate unexpected common features of the specific mechanisms by which diverse lentiviruses can employ TNFR proteins as functional receptors.

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Trabsa, Hayat, Abderrahman Baghiani, Naouel Boussoualim, Imane Krache, and Lekhmici Arrar. "The In vivo and in vitro antioxidant and anti-hemolytic effect of Algerian Centaurea calcitrapa L. extracts." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 5 (September 15, 2020): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i5.4402.

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In the present study, aerial part of Centaurea calcitrapa L. were extracted with solvent of varying polarity allowed their separation into three main subfractions, the analysis of methanol crud (CrE), chloroform (ChE) and ethyl acetate (EaE) extracts, showed that the EaE contains the highest amount of flavonoids (50,71 ± 0,65 mg Eq / Quercetin g dry extract and 31,96 ± 0,39 mg Eq Rutin / g dry extract). Using DPPH assay, the highest activity was observed with EaE (IC50 = 0,037 ± 0,0006 mg / ml). The β-carotene / linoleic acid bleaching assay revealed that the extracts have a very important antioxidant activity. The results showed that CrE has the highest antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of the CrE is confirmed by an in vivo assay in mice, using two doses: CrD1 (50 mg/kg/day) and CrD2 (100 mg/kg/day) during 21 days. Total antioxidant capacity of plasma and red blood cells was measured. The half-life (HT50), which corresponds to 50% of cell lysis was calculated, the results showed that both groups treated with plant extract had a protective effect against erythrocytes hemolysis (CrD2: HT50= 167,3 ± 3,72 min). The CrD2 group showed a strong scavenging activity using DPPH assay (51,64 ± 5,24 %), higher than that of Vit C group (38,92 ± 1,72 %). All results confirmed that the extracts have a dose dependent effect on the growth of overall antioxidant defenses. These results support the use of this plant against anti-inflammatory diseases in traditional medicine. Keywords: Centaurea calcitrapa L., in vivo-antioxidant activity, DPPH, hemolysis, flavonoids.

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Maeta, Kazuhiro, Shingo Izawa, Shoko Okazaki, Shusuke Kuge, and Yoshiharu Inoue. "Activity of the Yap1 Transcription Factor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Is Modulated by Methylglyoxal, a Metabolite Derived from Glycolysis." Molecular and Cellular Biology 24, no. 19 (October 1, 2004): 8753–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.24.19.8753-8764.2004.

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ABSTRACT Methylglyoxal (MG) is synthesized during glycolysis, although it inhibits cell growth in all types of organisms. Hence, it has long been asked why such a toxic metabolite is synthesized in vivo. Glyoxalase I is a major enzyme detoxifying MG. Here we show that the Yap1 transcription factor, which is critical for the oxidative-stress response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is constitutively concentrated in the nucleus and activates the expression of its target genes in a glyoxalase I-deficient mutant. Yap1 contains six cysteine residues in two cysteine-rich domains (CRDs), i.e., three cysteine residues clustering near the N terminus (n-CRD) and the remaining three cysteine residues near the C terminus (c-CRD). We reveal that any of the three cysteine residues in the c-CRD is sufficient for MG to allow Yap1 to translocate into the nucleus and to activate the expression of its target gene. A Yap1 mutant possessing only one cysteine residue in the c-CRD but no cysteine in the n-CRD and deletion of the basic leucine zipper domain can concentrate in the nucleus with MG treatment. However, substitution of all the cysteine residues in Yap1 abolishes the ability of this transcription factor to concentrate in the nucleus following MG treatment. The redox status of Yap1 is substantially unchanged, and protein(s) interaction with Yap1 through disulfide bond is hardly detected in cells treated with MG. Collectively, neither intermolecular nor intramolecular disulfide bond formation seems to be involved in Yap1 activation by MG. Moreover, we show that nucleocytoplasmic localization of Yap1 closely correlates with growth phase and intracellular MG level. We propose a novel regulatory pathway underlying Yap1 activation by a natural metabolite in the cell.

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KIM, Sang-Am, Woo-Gyeong WANG, and Jung-Kyu YANG. "A study on the spray characteristics of CRDI system with injection pressure." Journal of the Korean society of Fisheries Technology 52, no. 1 (February 28, 2016): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3796/ksft.2016.52.1.065.

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Han, Jae Seob, Chi Soon Go, and Seung Hun Ham. "Study on Ignition due to Overheating of Diesel (CRDI) Vehicle Preheater." Magazine of Fire Investigation Socity of Korea 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31345/fisk.2020.11.2.3.

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Huang, Mengmeng, Lingling Wang, Huan Zhang, Chuanyan Yang, Rui Liu, Jiachao Xu, Zhihao Jia, and Linsheng Song. "The sequence variation and functional differentiation of CRDs in a scallop multiple CRDs containing lectin." Developmental & Comparative Immunology 67 (February 2017): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2016.08.019.

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Ammitzbøll, C., J. B. Andersen, S. R. Vils, C. M. Jørgensen, E. M. Hauge, C. Erikstrup, S. Mikkelsen, M. K. Thomsen, and A. Troldborg. "POS1171 THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC PROMPTS ISOLATION AND BEHAVIORAL CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RHEUMATIC DISEASES LEADING TO REDUCED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, INCREASED PAIN, DISEASE ACTIVITY, AND LOW SEROPREVALENCE OF SARS-CoV2 ANTIBODIES." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 866.1–866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.725.

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Background:The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has complicated the management of chronic rheumatic diseases (CRD). Patients with CRDs are immunocompromised and generally prone to infection. The fear of COVID-19 and the degree of the self-imposed shielding strategy implemented by many patients introduced new challenges for the patients. Although recommendations have been developed to manage patients with CRDs by, i.e., EULAR, strong evidence is still lacking to guide treatment decisions.Objectives:This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patients with CRDs and healthy controls during the first wave of the pandemic. We further evaluated the effect of the pandemic on patient behavior regarding medication, exercise, pain, and experienced disease activity. Finally, we investigated the self-perceived consequences of the pandemic and lock-down on anxiety and depression in patients with CRDs compared with healthy controls.Methods:More than 900 participants were included in the study: 405 patients with rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus and 513 blood donors. All participants had SARS-CoV-2 antibodies measured (Wantai SARS-CoV-2 total antibody ELISA; sensitivity 96.7%, specificity 99.5%) and answered a questionnaire concerning behavior, anxiety, and symptoms of depression (PHQ-9). The participants with CRD were further asked about physical activity, adherence to medication, and disease-related symptoms.Results:CRD patients had a sixfold lower seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies compared to controls (p=0.03) (Figure 1). Almost 60% of patients were unable to exercise as usual, leading to increased pain in 34%, and experience of increased disease activity in 27%. Approximately 10% of patients reduced or discontinued their immunosuppressive treatments at their own initiative. Symptoms of moderate depression were present in 19% of patients compared to 6,8% of controls (p<0.001).Figure 1.Presence of SARS-CoV-19 antibodies in chronic rheumatic disease patients (1/365, 0.3%) and controls (blood donors (10/513, 1.9%), *(p=0.03).Conclusion:Low seroprevalence in patients with CRDs indicates successful mitigation of exposure to SARS-CoV-2. However, this appears to occur at the expense of physical activity and adherence to immunosuppressive treatment. Our results raise an important concern regarding the consequences of isolation for patients with CRDs. The result of physical isolation is a risk of severe mental health issues, physical inactivity, self-medication, increased pain, and increased disease activity. The long-term consequences of recommendations for patients with CRDs should be taken into account when tackling the continuing pandemic.Table 1.Patient characteristicsCRD cohortBlood donorsPatients included, n405 (206 SLE, 199 RA)513Disease duration, years (IQR)12.9(7.0-23.0)Age, years (IQR)56.9(43.6-66.9)47(33-57)BMI, kg/m2 (IQR)25.0(22.1-28.6)25.5(23.1-28.4)Charlson Comorbidity Index, score (IQR)2(1-4)Behavioral and mental changes due to the risk of COVID-19CRD cohortBlood donorsp-valueWashes hands more often (%)91.691.40.92Coughing or sneezing in the elbow (%)83.084.00.67Wearing face mask (%)5.02.40.001Restricts the use of public transport (%)47.432.9<0.001Avoid places where many people are gathered (%)80.770.0<0.001Stay at home (%)51.635.3<0.001Symptoms of moderate depression, PHQ-9 >=10, (%)19.016.75<0.001Pandemic effect on training, pain and disease activityCRD cohortHave you been able to exercise as usually, yes (%)41.4Have you been less physically active due to COVID-19, yes (%)44.7Has the degree of physical activity increased the pain from your rheumatological disease? yes(%)33.9Have you experienced increased disease activity during COVID-19? yes(%)26.9Interquartile range (IQR), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9),Acknowledgements:This study was funded by the Danish Rheumatism Association. We are thankful for the help with creation of the questionnaire by patient research partners Lene Mandrup Thomsen, Nanna Bacci Hartz, Lene Lau og Jeanette Andersen.Disclosure of Interests:Christian Ammitzbøll: None declared, Jakob Bøgh Andersen: None declared, Signe Risbøl Vils: None declared, Clara Mistegaard Jørgensen: None declared, Ellen-Margrethe Hauge Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Sanofi, Sobi, MSD, UCB, Grant/research support from: Roche, Norvartis, Christian Erikstrup: None declared, Susan Mikkelsen: None declared, Marianne Kragh Thomsen: None declared, Anne Troldborg: None declared.

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Unger, Angela, Maximilian Altstadt, and Maria Luise Gebauer. "Messung kontinuierlicher Hörerbewertungen mit dem CRDI." SPIEL 2015, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 239–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/80123_239.

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Li, Mengtao, Xinping Tian, Wen Zhang, Xiaomei Leng, and Xiaofeng Zeng. "CRDC: a Chinese rheumatology research platform." Clinical Rheumatology 34, no. 8 (July 11, 2015): 1347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-015-3003-1.

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Lee, Jae Seon, Gyu Mahn Lee, and Jong Wook Kim. "Design Optimization of CRDM Motor Housing." Journal of Magnetics 21, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 586–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4283/jmag.2016.21.4.586.

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Shorafa, Hashem, and Konrad Seppelt. "The Structures of CrF5and CrF5·SbF5." Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 635, no. 1 (January 2009): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.200800378.

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Cagnoni, Alejandro J., María F. Troncoso, Gabriel A. Rabinovich, Karina V. Mariño, and María T. Elola. "Full-length galectin-8 and separate carbohydrate recognition domains: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts?" Biochemical Society Transactions 48, no. 3 (June 29, 2020): 1255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20200311.

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Galectin-8 (Gal-8) is a tandem-repeat type galectin with affinity for β-galactosides, bearing two carbohydrate recognition domains (CRD) connected by a linker peptide. The N- and C-terminal domains (Gal-8N and Gal-8C) share 35% homology, and their glycan ligand specificity is notably dissimilar: while Gal-8N shows strong affinity for α(2-3)-sialylated oligosaccharides, Gal-8C has higher affinity for non-sialylated oligosaccharides, including poly-N-acetyllactosamine and/ or A and B blood group structures. Particularly relevant for understanding the biological role of this lectin, full-length Gal-8 can bind cell surface glycoconjugates with broader affinity than the isolated Gal-8N and Gal-8C domains, a trait also described for other tandem-repeat galectins. Herein, we aim to discuss the potential use of separate CRDs in modelling tandem-repeat galectin-8 and its biological functions. For this purpose, we will cover several aspects of the structure–function relationship of this protein including crystallographic structures, glycan specificity, cell function and biological roles, with the ultimate goal of understanding the potential role of each CRD in predicting full-length Gal-8 involvement in relevant biological processes.

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Abitbol, Marc, and Jean-Louis Dufier. "From CRX to CRD." Nature Medicine 4, no. 1 (January 1998): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0198-018.

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Dremina, Elena S., Victor S. Sharov, and Christian Schöneich. "Heat-shock proteins attenuate SERCA inactivation by the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2: possible implications for the ER Ca2+-mediated apoptosis." Biochemical Journal 444, no. 1 (April 26, 2012): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20111114.

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We have demonstrated previously that Bcl-2 and Bcl-2Δ21, a C-terminally truncated Bcl-2 sequence, inactivate SERCA (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase) 1 in isolated SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum), accompanied by a translocation from CRDs (caveolae-related domains) of the SR. In the present study, we obtained evidence for the interaction of Bcl-2 with SERCA2b in C2C12 myoblasts and HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 cells. Bcl-2 and SERCA2b co-immunoprecipitated from lysate and microsomal fractions of Bcl-2-overexpressing cells. However, Bcl-2 overexpression resulted only in a slight translocation from the CRDs and no significant SERCA inactivation. In isolated HEK-293 cell microsomes, incubation with Bcl-2Δ21 afforded SERCA2b inactivation and some translocation. HSP (heat-shock protein) 70, HSP90, HSP27 and α-crystallin attenuated Bcl-2Δ21-dependent SERCA2b inactivation. An in vitro mechanistic study with the SERCA1 isoform shows that HSP70 (i) protects SERCA1 from the inactivation by Bcl-2Δ21, (ii) inhibits SERCA1 translocation from CRD fractions, and (iii) prevents the Bcl-2Δ21-dependent loss of FITC labelling. Our data demonstrate that the mechanism of SERCA inactivation by Bcl-2 established in vitro for the SERCA1 isoform can be extended to the main housekeeping SERCA2b isoform, and that functional interactions of SERCA2b and Bcl-2 in the cell may be modulated by HSP70 and other chaperones and stress-regulated proteins.

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Chung, Myungchul, Gisu Sung, Sangmyung Kim, and Jinwook Lee. "Analysis on Combustion Characteristics of CRDi Single-cylinder Diesel Engine with Direct Needle-driven Piezo Injector." Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers 22, no. 5 (July 1, 2014): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7467/ksae.2014.22.5.108.

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Kulchin, Yuriy, and Marina Shtets. "Regional Competitive Funding for International Research: FEB RAS – CRDF." Spatial Economics 4, no. 28 (2011): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/se.2011.4.135-145.

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Tsuchiya, Yoshinori, Hideyuki Takita, Shigeyuki Murayama, and Yoshikazu Hamaguchi. "Electrical Resistivity of bccCr80-xFe20Mnxand Cr75-xFe25MnxAlloys." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 62, no. 10 (October 15, 1993): 3764–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.62.3764.

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Bishop, Christopher J. "Bounds for the CRDT Conformal Mapping Algorithm." Computational Methods and Function Theory 10, no. 1 (March 26, 2010): 325–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03321771.

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Tecle, Tesfaldet, Mitchell R. White, Grith Sorensen, Donald Gantz, Nilgun Kacak, Uffe Holmskov, Kelly Smith, Erika C. Crouch, and Kevan L. Hartshorn. "Critical role for cross-linking of trimeric lectin domains of surfactant protein D in antiviral activity against influenza A virus." Biochemical Journal 412, no. 2 (May 14, 2008): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20071663.

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Collectins are multimeric host defence lectins with trimeric CRDs (carbohydrate-recognition domains) and collagen and N-terminal domains that form higher-order structures composed of four or more trimers. Recombinant trimers composed of only the CRD and adjacent neck domain (termed NCRD) retain binding activity for some ligands and mediate some functional activities. The lung collectin SP-D (surfactant protein D) has strong neutralizing activity for IAVs (influenza A viruses) in vitro and in vivo, however, the NCRD derived from SP-D has weak viral-binding ability and lacks neutralizing activity. Using a panel of mAbs (monoclonal antibodies) directed against the NCRD in the present study we show that mAbs binding near the lectin site inhibit antiviral activity of full-length SP-D, but mAbs which bind other sites on the CRD do not. Two of the non-blocking mAbs significantly increased binding and antiviral activity of NCRDs as assessed by haemagglutination and neuraminidase inhibition and by viral neutralization. mAb-mediated cross-linking also enabled NCRDs to induce viral aggregation and to increase viral uptake by neutrophils and virus-induced respiratory burst responses by these cells. These results show that antiviral activities of SP-D can be reproduced without the N-terminal and collagen domains and that cross-linking of NCRDs is essential for antiviral activity of SP-D with respect to IAV.

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Mehta, Pramod S., S. Rajkumar, and Shamit Bakshi. "SP1-1 Modeling Spray and Mixing Processes in High Pressure Multiple-injection CRDI Engines : Modeling CRDI Engines(SP: Spray and Spray Combustion,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2012.8 (2012): 628–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2012.8.628.

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Lee, Kyoung-Soo, Sung-Ho Lee, and Hong-Yeol Bae. "Evaluation for Weld Residual Stress and Operating Stress around Weld Region of the CRDM Nozzle in Reactor Vessel Upper Head." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A 36, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): 1235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-a.2012.36.10.1235.

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Müller, K. A., K. W. Blazey, and Th W. Kool. "Tetrahedrally coordinated Cr5+ in SrTiO3." Solid State Communications 85, no. 5 (February 1993): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(93)90683-e.

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Journal articles on the topic 'CRD5'

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