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Academic literature on the topic 'Craton destruction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Craton destruction"

Wang, Xu, Peimin Zhu, Timothy M. Kusky, Na Zhao, Xiaoyong Li, and Zhensheng Wang. "Dynamic cause of marginal lithospheric thinning and implications for craton destruction: a comparison of the North China, Superior, and Yilgarn cratons." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, no. 11 (November 2016): 1121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0110.

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We present a comparative tectonic analysis of the North China Craton (NCC), which has lost parts of its root, with the Yilgarn and Superior cratons, which preserve their roots. We compare the geophysical structure and tectonic histories of these cratons to search for reasons why some cratons lose their roots, while others retain them. Based on the comparison and analysis of geological, geophysical, and geochemical data, it is clear that the lithospheric thinning beneath craton margins is a common phenomenon, which may be caused by convergence between plates. However, craton destruction is not always accompanied by lithospheric thinning, except for cratons that suffered subduction and collision from multiple sides. The Western Block (also known as the Ordos Block) of the NCC, Yilgarn and Superior cratons have not experienced craton destruction; the common ground among them is that they are surrounded by weak zones (e.g., mobile belts or orogens) that sheltered the cratons from deformation, which contributes greatly to the long-term stability of the craton. Subduction polarity controlled the water released by the subducting plate, and if subducting plates dip underneath the craton, they release water that hydroweakens the overlying mantle, and makes it easy for delamination or sub-continental lithospheric mantle erosion to take place in the interior of the craton. Thus, subduction polarity during convergence events is an important element in determing whether a craton retains or loses its root.

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Wu, Fu-Yuan, Jin-Hui Yang, Yi-Gang Xu, Simon A. Wilde, and Richard J. Walker. "Destruction of the North China Craton in the Mesozoic." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 47, no. 1 (May 30, 2019): 173–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-053018-060342.

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The North China Craton (NCC) was originally formed by the amalgamation of the eastern and western blocks along an orogenic belt at ∼1.9 Ga. After cratonization, the NCC was essentially stable until the Mesozoic, when intense felsic magmatism and related mineralization, deformation, pull-apart basins, and exhumation of the deep crust widely occurred, indicative of destruction or decratonization. Accompanying this destruction was significant removal of the cratonic keel and lithospheric transformation, whereby the thick (∼200 km) and refractory Archean lithosphere mantle was replaced by a thin (<80 km) juvenile one. The decratonization of the NCC was driven by flat slab subduction, followed by a rollback of the paleo-Pacific plate during the late Mesozoic. A global synthesis indicates that cratons are mainly destroyed by oceanic subduction, although mantle plumes might also trigger lithospheric thinning through thermal erosion. Widespread crust-derived felsic magmatism and large-scale ductile deformation can be regarded as petrological and structural indicators of craton destruction. ▪ A craton, a kind of ancient continental block on Earth, was formed mostly in the early Precambrian (>1.8 Ga). ▪ A craton is characterized by a rigid lithospheric root, which provides longevity and stability during its evolutionary history. ▪ Some cratons, such as the North China Craton, can be destroyed by losing their stability, manifested by magmatism, deformation, earthquake, etc.

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Zhu, Rixiang, Hongfu Zhang, Guang Zhu, Qingren Meng, Hongrui Fan, Jinhui Yang, Fuyuan Wu, Zhiyong Zhang, and Tianyu Zheng. "Craton destruction and related resources." International Journal of Earth Sciences 106, no. 7 (February 13, 2017): 2233–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-016-1441-x.

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Li, Sheng-Rong, and M. Santosh. "Metallogeny and craton destruction: Records from the North China Craton." Ore Geology Reviews 56 (January 2014): 376–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.03.002.

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Zhu, RiXiang, YiGang Xu, Guang Zhu, HongFu Zhang, QunKe Xia, and TianYu Zheng. "Destruction of the North China Craton." Science China Earth Sciences 55, no. 10 (September 30, 2012): 1565–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-012-4516-y.

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He, Lijuan. "Thermal regime of the North China Craton: Implications for craton destruction." Earth-Science Reviews 140 (January 2015): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.10.011.

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Zhu, Ri-Xiang, Jin-Hui Yang, and Fu-Yuan Wu. "Timing of destruction of the North China Craton." Lithos 149 (September 2012): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2012.05.013.

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Gao, Shan, JunFeng Zhang, WenLiang Xu, and YongSheng Liu. "Delamination and destruction of the North China Craton." Science Bulletin 54, no. 19 (June 17, 2009): 3367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-009-0395-9.

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He, Chuansong, M. Santosh, and Qiong-Yan Yang. "Gold metallogeny associated with craton destruction: A geophysical perspective from the North China Craton." Ore Geology Reviews 75 (June 2016): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.12.004.

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Liu, Junlai, Mo Ji, Jinlong Ni, Liang Shen, Yuanyuan Zheng, Xiaoyu Chen, and John P. Craddock. "Inhomogeneous thinning of a cratonic lithospheric keel by tectonic extension: The Early Cretaceous Jiaodong Peninsula–Liaodong Peninsula extensional provinces, eastern North China craton." GSA Bulletin 133, no. 1-2 (May 7, 2020): 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35470.1.

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Abstract The mechanisms of lithospheric thinning and craton destruction have been hotly debated in the last decades. The Early Cretaceous Jiaodong and Liaodong extensional provinces (JEP and LEP, respectively) of the eastern North China craton are typical areas where the cratonic Archean lithosphere has been intensely extended and thinned. Various extensional structures, e.g., metamorphic core complexes (MCCs), low-angle detachment faults, and extensional basins, characterize the Early Cretaceous crustal deformation of the two provinces. However, profound differences exist in structural development and related magmatic activities between the two provinces. Distributed small-scale extensional basins were formed in association with exhumation of the Liaonan and Wanfu MCCs in the LEP, whereas the major Jiaolai Basin was developed coevally with exhumation of the Wulian, Queshan, and Linglong MCCs in the JEP. Sr-Nd isotope compositions of volcanic rocks from the basins of the two provinces are compatible with syntectonic magmatic activities of evolving magma sources in the LEP, but multiple and hybrid magma sources in the JEP. It is shown, from variations in structural styles, plutonic and volcanic activities, and thermal evolution of the two extensional provinces, that two stages (ca. 135–120 Ma and 120–100 Ma) of tectonic extension affected the JEP and LEP in the Early Cretaceous. We demonstrate that regional tectonic extension (parallel extension tectonics, or PET) is responsible for the formation of major extensional structures and the occurrence of the magmatic associations. Progressive wide rifting by coupled crust-mantle detachment faulting of a hot LEP lithosphere was accompanied by evolving magma sources from dominant ancient crust and enriched mantle to juvenile crust. Two stages of narrow rifting of a cold JEP lithosphere led to early crustal detachment faulting transitioning to late crust-mantle faulting, which resulted in intense magmatic activity from hybrid to multiple magma sources. These processes contributed to destruction of the craton, with thinning of its lithospheric keel and local transformation of the nature of the lithospheric mantle. It is expected that such a model is also applicable to interpretation of tectonic extension of contiguous areas of the North China craton and the remobilization of other cratons.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Craton destruction"

Li, Pei. "Water contents and lithium isotope compositions of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic lithospheric mantle of eastern North China Craton : constraints from peridotite xenoliths." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0415/document.

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Pour mieux comprendre le processus géodynamique qui a permis la destruction du craton Nord Chinois (NCC), le rôle des fluides mantelliques a été examiné. Pour cela, les distributions des teneurs en eau et des compositions isotopiques du Lithium dans le manteau lithosphérique NCC ont été déterminées à partir des xénolites de péridotite entrainés par les basaltes mésozoïques et cénozoïques. Une variation temporelle des teneurs en eau est observée. Le manteau lithosphérique cénozoïque est appauvri en eau, sans doute suite à l'amincissement crustal et au réchauffement du manteau résiduel par un flux ascendant asthénosphérique. Le manteau lithosphérique mésozoïque montre des teneurs en eau intermédiaire entre les teneurs élevées du Crétacé et les teneurs basses cénozoïques, indiquant une déshydratation du manteau commençant dès le début de sa destruction. Cette déshydratation, facilitée par la destruction du manteau lithosphérique profond, permet de renforcer la rigidité de la lithosphère et lui permet de résister à la convection mantellique. Les distributions élémentaire et isotopique du Li montrent une grande hétérogénéité, aux échelles intra et inter-cristallines. Par simulation numérique, nous démontrons que deux enrichissements successifs ont affecté le manteau, un enrichissement limité (<5ppm) avec une signature pauvre en 7Li ([delta]7Li ~ -20 [pour mille]), suivi d'un enrichissement important (> 100 ppm) avec une signature riche ([delta]7Li ~ +20 [pour mille]), précédent de peu l'exhumation des xénolites. La formation des liquides métasomatiques responsables de ces enrichissements nécessite une distribution hétérogène dans le manteau NCC d'éléments recyclés lors de la subduction à l'est du NCC
In order to investigate the geodynamic cause for destruction of the North China Craton (NCC), the role of mantle fluids is examined. The aim of the PHD work is to clarify H2O contents and lithium isotopic compositions of the NCC lithospheric mantle by studying peridotite xenoliths hosted by Mesozoic-Cenozoic basalts across eastern NCC. A temporal variation of H2O content has been revealed, and it has deep implications for processes of craton destruction. The Cenozoic lithospheric mantle was featured by low H2O content, interpreted to be the relict mantle that survived the lithospheric thinning and has been dewatered by reheating from upwelling asthenospheric flow. The late-Mesozoic lithospheric mantle showed relatively high H2O content, a hydrous status intermediate between the Cretaceous hydration and the Cenozoic dryness, indicating the dehydration of the NCC mantle with time during NCC destruction. The dehydration, facilitated by thinning of weak mantle pieces at bottom, is one way by which the lithosphere strengthens itself to survive in the convecting mantle. Extreme Li and isotopic disequilibria were observed intra- and inter-mineral in the peridotites. With numerical simulations, we demonstrate two superimposed Li enrichment events occurring at the mantle: a limited Li enrichment (< 5 ppm) and large delta7Li depletion (-20~-10[per 1000]) of the mantle domain, followed by a recent and transient infiltration of high Li and delta7Li (up to +20 [per 1000]) melts/fluids. The anomalous Li isotopic compositions of mantle metasomatic agents call upon the same of their mantle sources, and we assume recycled components, both Li isotopically heavy and light, in the mantle beneath the eastern NCC

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Rosenkrantz, Eric. "Conception et tests d’un capteur ultrasonore dédié à la mesure de la pression et de la composition des gaz de fission dans les crayons combustibles." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20247.

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L'objectif de ce travail est de réaliser un capteur ultrasonore pour la mesure de la composition et de la pression des gaz de relâchement au sein des crayons à combustible des centrales nucléaires (REP). Ce travail est financé par EDF qui souhaite accroître le temps d'utilisation des crayons à combustible. Une modélisation du capteur a permis de fixer les dimensions du transducteur piézoélectrique et les caractéristiques optimales des couches de couplages acoustiques, injectant un maximum de puissance acoustique dans le gaz. De plus un traitement de données spécifique a été développé. Celui-ci a permis d'effectuer les mesures en présence du ressort de maintien des pastilles, qui gênent l'établissement des ondes stationnaires dans la cavité. Nous avons modélisé, par la méthode des sources équivalentes, la diffraction des ondes acoustiques par un ressort et montré la faisabilité des mesures de pression qui paraissaient jusque là impossible. Les mesures de la dispersion des résultats en fonctions de paramètres tels que la position, la force d'appui, ou encore l'ovalisation du tube ou l'épaisseur d'oxyde ont été effectuées. Notre étude a permis, dans une application capteur fixe, de réaliser des mesures de pression à ±1,8 bars dans la gamme 0-200 bars, et ±1 % sur la concentration de xénon

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Books on the topic "Craton destruction"

Booth, Adam M., and Anita L. Grunder, eds. From Terranes to Terrains: Geologic Field Guides on the Construction and Destruction of the Pacific Northwest. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/fld062.

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The eight field trips in this volume, associated with GSA Connects 2021 held in Portland, Oregon, USA, reflect the rich and varied geological legacy of the Pacific Northwest. The western margin of North America has had a complex subduction and transform history throughout the Phanerozoic, building a collage of terranes. The terrain has been modified by Cenozoic sedimentation, magmatism, and faulting related to Cascadia subduction, passage of the Yellowstone hot spot, and north and westward propagation of the Basin and Range province. The youngest flood basalt province on Earth also inundated the landscape, while the mighty Columbia watershed kept pace with arc construction and funneled epic ice-age floods from the craton to the coast. Additional erosive processes such as landslides continue to shape this dynamic geological wonderland.

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A New project for the destruction of Russ, or, How Polish tyrants contemplate the extermination of the Ukrainian race: Statements and resolutions of council of Polish aristocrats, Cracow, May 1908. [Vegreville, Alta.?]: Committee of Mass Meeting held at Vegreville, Alta., 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Craton destruction"

Gore, Ranjana, Abhilasha Mishra, Ratnadeep Deshmukh, and Dipa Dharmadhikari. "Unearthing the Lonar Crater Using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing and Validating Through Non-destructive Approach." In Advances in Computer Science Research, 761–73. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-136-4_66.

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Minghui, Yang, Liu Chiyang, Zeng Peng, Bai Hua, and Zhou Ji. "Proto-Basin Types of North China Craton (NCC) in Late Triassic and Its Implication for Regional Tectonics of Initial Craton Destruction." In Tectonics. InTech, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/14061.

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Rogers, John J. W., and M. Santosh. "Creation, Destruction, and Changes in Volume of Continental Crust Through Time." In Continents and Supercontinents. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195165890.003.0005.

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The low density of continental crust creates areas of land that cover about 25% of the world’s surface. The ultimate source of this crust must have been the mantle, but the mechanisms and times of extraction are not well known. Because the rate at which continental crust has been destroyed and incorporated back into the mantle is also uncertain, the volume of continental crust that existed in the earth throughout its history is highly controversial. We investigate these problems in this chapter, beginning with a discussion of how the wide variety of rocks that constitute the crust may have evolved from the mantle. The next section summarizes information on the rates of destruction of crust, which leads to the issue of changes in the volume of continental crust through time. We leave to chapter 4 the discussion of “cratons,” which are large areas of continental crust that became stable at different times in the past 3 billion years and then moved around the earth as relatively undeformed continental blocks. Cratons are commonly referred to as “shields” where their crystalline basement rocks are exposed. The discussion in this chapter and several later chapters requires some knowledge of the significance of isotopic information, and we provide a brief summary in appendix D. In order to describe continental crust and its relationships to other parts of the earth, we must start with several definitions. “Sialic” (Si + Al) refers to rocks, such as granite, that are particularly rich in SiO2, with Al2O3 as the second most abundant oxide; they are commonly referred to as “felsic.” “Simatic” (Si + Mg) similarly designates basalts and other low-silica “mafic” rocks. “Ultrasimatic” and “ultramafic” refer to rocks extremely rich in olivine, mostly different varieties of peridotite. Some sialic (felsic) rocks have high concentrations of large-ion-lithophile (LIL) elements, which are ions that are “incompatible” with (do not fit into) typical minerals in the mantle, including olivine, pyroxene, and calcic plagioclase. LIL elements include K, Rb, Ba, and U, which is coordinated with oxygen to form the low-density uranyl complex (UO2+2).

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Saleem, Alina, and Yasir Jamil. "Plasma Formation and Its Parameters Used in Calibration-Free Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy." In Emerging Developments and Applications of Low Temperature Plasma, 167–80. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8398-2.ch009.

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A rapidly developing technique over the last two years is laser induced break-down spectroscopy (LIBS), also known as laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS), a non-destructive spectroscopy technique that is mostly used for the analytical study of samples. With this technique, multiple elemental composition of elements are analyzed simultaneously without considering the form of sample that may be solid, liquid, or gas. Moreover, economically it is a very beneficial and valuable technique because no sample preparation is required, and sample consumption is very small. This technique is powerful enough that it can bore a microscopic crater usually in the solid samples to target. This technique has great sensitivity to find the resolution down to a single grain. It has a variety of applications in the field of science such as archeology, soils, environmental protection, and so on.

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Conference papers on the topic "Craton destruction"

Mershon, Reed, Oded Navon, Yaakov Weiss, and Jeffrey Harris. "Metasomatic Fluids in Diamonds and the Destruction of the North China Craton." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.12362.

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Wang, Lu, and Qun-Ke Xia. "High Water Contents in the Jurassic Lithospheric Mantle of the North China Craton: Implications for the Destruction of the Craton." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.2739.

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Karpenko, Ivan, and Oleksii Karpenko. "Preservation and Destruction of Accumulations in Petroleum Systems of Western Margin of East European Craton." In SPE Eastern Europe Subsurface Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208542-ms.

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Abstract The offshore segments of the Pre-Dobrogea foredeep is absolutely unexplored, there is no a single well penetrated Paleozoic units within offshore areas. This study, a deep dive into petroleum system evolution of similar foredeep basin based on a 3D basin modeling was performed in order to get understanding of petroleum systems and geology of offshore segment of Pre-Dobrogea. Western edge of East European craton is about 1450 km takes from Western Black sea shore to Southern shore of Baltic sea. This area within Ukraine includes Pre-Dobrogea foredeep basin, Pre-Carpathian foredeep basin (Bylche-Volytsa foredeep), Lviv Paleozoic basin and extensive Paleozoic margin called Volyno-Podillia area (Figure 1). All mentioned basins have similar sedimentary history, similar dynamics of tectonic evolution, proven petroleum systems of almost the same age, discovered commercial and sub-commercial accumulations and are heavily underexplored and undervalued. 3D basin modeling as a primary exploration technique was applied to mentioned basins in order to identify common features in tectonic development, in sedimentation and evolution of petroleum systems. Identified basins’ similar features now could be extrapolated to underexplored formations and areas within the study area. Figure 1 Western margin of East European Craton with marked areas of study (edited after Mikołajczak, 2016)

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Yu, Kun. "ABNORMAL TECTONOTHERMAL EVOLUTION AND ITS DYNAMIC MECHANISM IN THE EASTERN ORDOS BASIN: RESPONSE TO LITHOSPHERIC THINNING AND DESTRUCTION OF THE NORTH CHINA CRATON." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-330098.

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Miller, Meghan S., Catherine M. Cooper, and Rebecca Farrington. "ON THE DESTRUCTIVE TENDENCIES OF CRATONS: INSIGHTS FROM 3D GEODYNAMIC MODELING." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-340863.

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Simpson, Alan, Stephanie Jones, Martin Clapham, and Randy Lucero. "Portable Non-Destructive Assay Methods for Screening and Segregation of Radioactive Waste." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40255.

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Significant cost-savings and operational efficiency may be realised by performing rapid non-destructive classification of radioactive waste at or near its point of retrieval or generation. There is often a need to quickly categorize and segregate bulk containers (drums, crates etc.) into waste streams defined at various boundary levels (based on its radioactive hazard) in order to meet disposal regulations and consignor waste acceptance criteria. Recent improvements in gamma spectroscopy technologies have provided the capability to perform rapid in-situ analysis using portable and hand-held devices such as battery-operated medium and high resolution detectors including lanthanum halide and high purity germanium (HPGe). Instruments and technologies that were previously the domain of complex lab systems are now widely available as touch-screen “off-the-shelf” units. Despite such advances, the task of waste stream screening and segregation remains a complex exercise requiring a detailed understanding of programmatic requirements and, in particular, the capability to ensure data quality when operating in the field. This is particularly so when surveying historical waste drums and crates containing heterogeneous debris of unknown composition. The most widely used portable assay method is based upon far-field High Resolution Gamma Spectroscopy (HRGS) assay using HPGe detectors together with a well engineered deployment cart (such as the PSC TechniCART™ technology). Hand-held Sodium Iodide (NaI) detectors are often also deployed and may also be used to supplement the HPGe measurements in locating hot spots. Portable neutron slab monitors may also be utilised in cases where gamma measurements alone are not suitable. Several case histories are discussed at various sites where this equipment has been used for in-situ characterization of debris waste, sludge, soil, high activity waste, depleted and enriched uranium, heat source and weapons grade plutonium, fission products, activation products, americium, curium and other more exotic nuclides. The process of acquiring and analyzing data together with integration of historical knowledge to resolve and delineate waste streams (for example between low-level waste and transuranic waste) is described.

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Houdkova, S., J. Duliskovic, and J. Daniel. "Dynamic Impact Wear Analyses of Selected Cobalt Based HVOF Sprayed Coatings." In ITSC2022. DVS Media GmbH, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2022p0729.

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Abstract Impact testing appears as a most promising tool for gaining information on coating behavior in load-bearing applications. During dynamic impact test an indenter impacts successively the surface of the coating with constant force and frequency. The deformation of the coated specimen during impact testing is affected by the mechanical properties of both the substrate and the coating. Varying the impact load and the number of impacts, the evolution of coating surface deformation and contact fatigue failures can be observed. In the paper, the influence of dynamic impact load and number of impacts on the resulting impact crater volume and morphology is analysed, and the interpretation of the results in form of Wohler-like dependance is suggested and demonstrated on two types of HVOF sprayed Co-based alloy coatings. The low-number impact craters evolution and subsurface cracks propagation of HVOF sprayed Co-based alloy coatings is analyzed in more detail, by means of 3D optical microscopy and SEM. The results showed, that the higher ability to deform plastically increased the coatings dynamic impact fatigue lifetime. The cracks, responsible for coatings destruction, spread predominantly along the intersplat boundaries in the pile-up area.

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Węcławowicz-Gyurkovich, Ewa. "Image of a Hanseatic city in the latest Polish architectural solutions." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8086.

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The problem of the reconstruction of centres of Polish towns and cities after the destructions of the World War II evoke discussions even today. Over the first years after the war, in numerous cases the centres of historical cities and towns were lost; in the place of former market squares and networks of streets with tenements crowned with endwall trims, randomly dispersed concrete blocks of flats were erected, in order to satisfy urgent housing demands. The situation changed after 1980, when in Elbląg, Gdańsk, Szczecin, Kołobrzeg, a rule was adopted according to which the peripheral development of city quarters was to be recreated, restoring tenements located in historical plots of land, but contemporary in style, maintaining the silhouettes and sizes from years before. It is also possible to observe other activities in the solutions of the latest public utility buildings, which - often by using a sophisticated intellectual play - restore the climate and character of cities remembered and known from the past centuries. In the west and north of Europe there are many towns and cities, predominantly ports, which used to be members of Hansa. The organisation of Hansa, the origins of which reach back to the Middle Ages, associated a number of cities which could decide about the provision of goods to cities within a specific territory, and secure markets for products manufactured in them. Thanks to that, cities that belonged to Hansa were developing more rapidly and effectively, and the beginnings of their development within the territory of Germany and in the Baltic states date back to the 13th and 14th centuries. The peak period of the development of Hanseatic cities, where merchants were engaged in free trade with people from European countries, fell in the 14th and 15th centuries, but already in the 17th century there was a complete decline of Hansa, resulting from the occurrence of competition in the form of associations of Dutch and English cities, as well as the Scandinavian ones. From amongst Polish towns and cities, members of Hansa were e.g. Szczecin, Gdańsk, Kołobrzeg, Elbląg, as well as Cracow. In 1980 an association of partner cities of North Europe, dubbed a New Hansa, was established, the objective of which is to attract attention to the common development of tourism and trade. Nowadays, this New Hansa associates over a hundred cities, similarly to what once was in the medieval Hansa. Numerous Polish cities faced the problem of reconstruction after the destruction of the World War II. The effects varied. By adopting the programme of satisfying predominantly housing demands in the 1960s and 1970s, historical old towns in dozens of cities from amongst nearly 2 hundred destroyed by warfare of the World War II in the north and west of Poland were lost forever. Today we can still encounter ruins of Gothic churches in Głogów or Gubin, where in the place of a market square and tenements of townsmen, randomly located rows of typical four- or five-storey blocks of flats have been erected.

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DYSZ, K. "Thermal Stability of Ammonium Nitrate in Two-Component Mixtures with Powdered and Fine-Grained Materials." In Quality Production Improvement and System Safety. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902691-16.

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Abstract. Ammonium nitrate(V) (AN, NH4NO3) is widely and widely used in the chemical industry, in agriculture as a fertilizer, explosive for military and civil purposes (e.g. in mining) or as a solid propellant [1, 2]. Storage of ammonium nitrate poses many problems, as it may be hazardous. This was proven, for example, by the explosion in 2020 in Beirut. Ammonium nitrate was stored in a warehouse at the port among other wares and an unfortunate turn of events caused a huge explosion. The explosion contributed to the formation of a 140-meter crater and an earthquake with a magnitude of 3.3 on the Richter scale. This explosion was classified as the third most destructive urban explosion of all time, after the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II [3, 4], as the mixtures of oils (fuel or gas) and a concentrated form of nitrogen fertilizer  ammonium nitrate form explosives [5]. The dangerous properties of AN have been extensively studied. It is known that pure AN is stable at room temperature but may explode when mixed with impurities in a confined space or under fire-hazard conditions [1]. The research aimed to analyze the changes occurring in two-component mixtures with ammonium nitrate and powdered or fine-grained materials and to assess the effect of such an admixture on the fertilizer. Thermal analysis was used to carry out the TG-DSC tests.

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