Relevant bibliographies by topics / Crash injuries Sex differences

Academic literature on the topic 'Crash injuries Sex differences'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Crash injuries Sex differences"

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Ma, X., P. W. Laud, F. Pintar, J.-E. Kim, A. Shih, W. Shen, S. B. Heymsfield, D. B. Allison, and S. Zhu. "Obesity and non-fatal motor vehicle crash injuries: sex difference effects." International Journal of Obesity 35, no. 9 (January 11, 2011): 1216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.270.

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Feler, Joshua, Adrian A. Maung, Rick O'Connor, Kimberly A. Davis, and Jason Gerrard. "Sex-based differences in helmet performance in bicycle trauma." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 75, no. 10 (April 7, 2021): 994–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-215544.

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ObjectivesTo determine the existence of sex-based differences in the protective effects of helmets against common injuries in bicycle trauma.MethodsIn a retrospective cohort study, we identified patients 18 years or older in the 2017 National Trauma Database presenting after bicycle crash. Sex-disaggregated and sex-combined multivariable logistic regression models were calculated for short-term outcomes that included age, involvement with motor vehicle collision, anticoagulant use, bleeding disorder and helmet use. The sex-combined model included an interaction term for sex and helmet use. The resulting exponentiated model parameter yields an adjusted OR ratio of the effects of helmet use for females compared with males.ResultsIn total, 18 604 patients of average age 48.1 were identified, and 18% were female. Helmet use was greater in females than males (48.0% vs 34.2%, p<0.001). Compared with helmeted males, helmeted females had greater rates of serious head injury (37.7% vs 29.9%, p<0.001) despite less injury overall. In sex-disaggregated models, helmet use reduced odds of intracranial haemorrhage and death in males (p<0.001) but not females. In sex-combined models, helmets conferred to females significantly less odds reduction for severe head injury (p=0.002), intracranial bleeding (p<0.001), skull fractures (p=0.001), cranial surgery (p=0.006) and death (p=0.017). There was no difference for cervical spine fracture.ConclusionsBicycle helmets may offer less protection to females compared with males. The cause of this sex or gender-based difference is uncertain, but there may be intrinsic incompatibility between available helmets and female anatomy and/or sex disparity in helmet testing standards.
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Bang, Felix, Steven McFaull, James Cheesman, and Minh T. Do. "The rural–urban gap: differences in injury characteristics." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada 39, no. 12 (December 2019): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.39.12.01.

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Background Injuries are among the top 10 leading causes of death in Canada. However, the types and rates of injuries vary between rural versus urban settings. Injury rates increase with rurality, particularly those related to motor vehicle collisions. Factors such as type of work, hazardous environments and longer driving distances contribute to the difference in rural and urban injury rates. Further examination of injuries comparing rural and urban settings with increased granularity in the nature of injuries and severity is needed. Methods The study population consisted of records from the electronic Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (eCHIRPP) from between 2011 and July 2017. Rural and urban status was determined based on postal codes as defined by Canada Post. Proportionate injury ratios (PIRs) were calculated to compare rural and urban injury rates by nature and severity of injury and sex, among other factors. Results Rural injuries were more likely to involve multiple injuries (PIR = 1.66 for 3 injuries) and crush injuries (PIR = 1.72). More modestly elevated PIRs for rural settings were found for animal bites (1.14), burns (1.22), eye injuries (1.32), fractures (1.20) and muscle or soft tissue injuries (1.11). Injuries in rural areas were more severe, with a higher likelihood of cases being admitted to hospital (1.97), and they were more likely to be due to a motor vehicle collision (2.12). Conclusion The nature of injuries in rural settings differ from those in urban settings. This suggests a need to evaluate current injury prevention efforts in rural settings with the aim to close the gap between rural and urban injury rates.
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Gray, Shannon, and Alex Collie. "O3B.1 Burden of work absence due to compensable road traffic crashes in victoria, australia." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A23.2—A24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.62.

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BackgroundThe burden of road traffic crashes (RTC) is commonly reported using fatalities and hospital admissions. Disruption to regular activities, such as work, is rarely reported, yet known to have significant economic and human costs. In the state of Victoria, Australia, people injured and unable to work due to RTC may have treatment and income support provided either through the RTC compensation system or through workers’ compensation. By examining data from both systems, this study sought to determine the rate (per 1 00 000 working population) of RTC injury resulting in work absence, and to quantify the amount of working time lost to RTC injury.MethodsData from each compensation system were harmonised. Analysis included claims from RTCs that occurred between July 1 2003 and June 30 2013 by 15–65 year olds who received at least one day of income support. Fatalities and rejected claims were excluded. Time lost was calculated as the total weeks of income support. Non-parametric tests were performed to determine differences between exposure variables (e.g. male versus female).ResultsThere were 36 640 workers meeting inclusion criteria (average 305 cases per month; mean rate per month of 11.6 per 1 00 000 working population). A total of 1,121,863 lost working weeks were compensated, with a median of 10 weeks. Thirty-two percent of cases did not have a record of attending hospital. The lowest median duration of time loss was among those involved in a train or tram crash (2.9 weeks) and the highest among those with quadriplegia (142.2 weeks). Duration of income support was significantly different within age, sex, injury type, severity, crash type, and compensation system groups.ConclusionsResults showed that RTC injuries of all severities caused considerable work absence. Measures of work absence can complement existing measures of RTC burden.
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XIAO, YINGNI, HELAI HUANG, YONG PENG, and XINGHUA WANG. "A STUDY ON MOTORCYCLISTS HEAD INJURIES IN CAR–MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS BASED ON REAL-WORLD DATA AND ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 18, no. 04 (June 2018): 1850036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519418500367.

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Accident data had shown that as one of the most vulnerable road users, the risk of motorcyclist casualties due to head injuries is extremely high in motorcycle accidents. The objective of this study was to analyze motorcyclist head injury based on epidemiological statistical analysis and car–motorcycle accident reconstruction using real world accident data, and obtain a comprehensive understanding about safety effects of helmets on motorcyclists head injury. In epidemiological data analysis of this study, odds ratios (ORs) was applied to identify differences in injuries between helmeted and unhelmeted motorcyclists. Two vehicle–motorcycle collisions with detailed information were reconstructed by using PC-Crash simulation and MADYMO reconstruction. Furthermore, the head injury reconstruction using MADYMO outputs as boundary conditions was accomplished and analyzed with respect to 1st principal strain, Von Mises stress, coup pressure, countercoup pressure at the cerebrum. The results indicated that unhelmeted motorcyclists were more likely to suffer head injury, serious and fatal injury, and tend to take equal responsibility or more. 1st principal strain was reduced from 0.44 to 0.25 for Case 1, and from 0.16 to 0.10 for case 2 when including a helmet. Von Mises stress were reduced from 30.37[Formula: see text]kpa to 19.51[Formula: see text]kpa for Case 1 and from 3.42[Formula: see text]kpa to 3.03[Formula: see text]kpa for case when including a helmet, which meant a reduction of the risk of concussion. But the motorcyclist in Case 2 experienced a lower percentage increase in coup pressure and countercoup pressure. This study provided comprehensive knowledge on motorcyclists head injuries and the effectiveness of helmets as well as contributing to develop the injury prevention measures and protection devices of motorcyclists.
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Lin, Cindy Y., Ellen Casey, Daniel C. Herman, Nicole Katz, and Adam S. Tenforde. "Sex Differences in Common Sports Injuries." PM&R 10, no. 10 (March 14, 2018): 1073–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2018.03.008.

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Lee, Brian Ho-Yin, and Joseph L. Schofer. "Restraint Use and Age and Sex Characteristics of Persons Involved in Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1830, no. 1 (January 2003): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1830-02.

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The lap and shoulder belt combination can reduce the risk of fatal motor vehicle crash injuries to front-seat occupants by 45% and the risk of moderate-to-critical injuries by 50%. The significant life- and cost-saving potentials of these restraining devices, installed in virtually every vehicle in the United States, are well recognized, but the benefits come only from their actual use. Identified are two demographic characteristics of unrestrained persons involved in fatal crashes, age and sex, to provide a basis for targeting educational and promotional efforts to encourage restraint use among the most vulnerable groups. Analyses are based on 1996 to 2000 crash data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System, compared with exposure data from the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey. This study found that the risk of sustaining fatal injuries in a vehicle crash is reduced by 54% when occupant restraints are used. A much higher proportion of young males in the 16 to 19 and 20 to 24 age groups involved in fatal crashes do not use restraints, about 1.72 and 1.69 times greater, respectively, than those who do use restraints. While females in these age groups are also overrepre-sented, the extent of this excess is less than that of males. This underscores the need to find ways to educate young people, especially young males, about the benefits of restraint use.
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Oganesyan, Ruben, Mark Anderson, Joseph Simeone, Connie Chang, and Miho Tanaka. "Sex Differences In Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries." Journal of Women's Sports Medicine 2, no. 1 (April 5, 2022): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53646/jwsm.v2i1.11.

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BACKGROUND: Acute tears of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) have been more commonly reported in males than females, with males constituting between 60 and 84% of isolated and combined PCL injuries. However, there is a paucity of studies comparing the injury patterns between males and females. This study aimed to evaluate the differences in patterns of isolated PCL tears and associated injuries between males and females on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: Patients with PCL tears were identified through an institutional database. Two musculoskeletal imaging radiologists independently reviewed each case to describe injury patterns as well as the presence and severity of concurrent injuries. After applying exclusion criteria, male and female cohorts were compared for differences in injury patterns and the presence of concurrent injuries. Linear regression analysis was performed to assess for differences in injury patterns related to age. RESULTS: A search yielded 322 consecutive patients with PCL injury. After reviewing MRI exams and applying exclusion criteria, the cohorts included 79 patients (21 female and 58 male). Overall, females with PCL tears were more likely to sustain concurrent injuries to the posteromedial corner (71.4% vs. 25.9%, p < 0.001), anterior cruciate ligament (14.3% vs. 0%, p = 0.003), partial injury to the medial collateral ligament (23.8% vs. 6.9%, p = 0.037), and lateral meniscus (38.1% vs. 3.5%, p < 0.001). Comparison of patients with Grade 3 PCL injuries showed that this type of injury occurred at a greater age in females when compared to males (46.0±22.1 vs. 32.3±13.5, p=0.019). Regression analysis between age and injury pattern in patients with Grade 3 PCL tears revealed significant findings only in female patients, with a positive correlation between age and distal location of the PCL tear (R2 = 0.5937, p = 0.003). We also observed significant negative correlations between age and associated injuries of the ACL (R2 = 0.3623, p = 0.038), and lateral retinaculum (R2 = 0.3325, p = 0.049). CONCLUSION: We observed significant sex differences in the number and type of accompanying injuries with acute PCL injuries. Complete PCL injuries were found to occur at a greater age in females, with an age-dependent distribution of PCL injury location and number of accompanying injuries. Further studies are needed to understand the role of these findings in the treatment and outcomes after PCL injury.
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Carter, Cordelia W., Mary Lloyd Ireland, Anthony E. Johnson, William N. Levine, Scott Martin, Asheesh Bedi, and Elizabeth G. Matzkin. "Sex-based Differences in Common Sports Injuries." Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 26, no. 13 (July 2018): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5435/jaaos-d-16-00607.

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Matzkin, Elizabeth, and Kirsten Garvey. "Sex Differences in Common Sports-Related Injuries." NASN School Nurse 34, no. 5 (March 28, 2019): 266–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1942602x19840809.

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Sex plays a role in mediating different susceptibilities and outcomes of disease and injury. Sports injuries are included in this phenomenon, as recent research demonstrates that males and females show differences in incidences of varying injuries, presentations of injury, and treatment outcomes. Incidence of certain sports injuries like anterior cruciate ligament injury or patellofemoral pain syndrome may vary widely between male and female athletes, with female athletes being more susceptible to anterior cruciate ligament injury and patellofemoral pain syndrome. Treatment outcomes for males and females may also vary widely. For example, males have a higher risk of recurrent shoulder instability compared with females. These variances among incidence and outcome following certain injuries highlight the necessity of understanding these differences to provide quality care. It is especially important for the school nurse to be aware of these sex differences as they are well positioned to make youth athletes and their families aware of the varying injury susceptibilities among them.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crash injuries Sex differences"

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Ulfarsson, Gudmundur Freyr. "Injury severity analysis for car, pickup, sport utility vehicle and minivan drivers : male and female differences /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10200.

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Steele, Brian E. "Gender differences in the cutting maneuver in intercollegiate basketball." Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1125154.

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Female intercollegiate basketball players experience a three times greater rate of ACL injuries than their male counterparts. This investigation hypothesized that women and men perform the cutting maneuver differently with respect to ground reaction forces and knee range of motion.The subjects performed a ninety degree cut on a force platform while being video taped. The male subjects exhibited a 23.1 percent greater (p=.0167) knee flexion angle than did the female subjects. The female subjects exhibited a 25.5 percent greater (p=.0022) braking force than did the male subjects. The impact maximum was not statistically significant (p=.3290).The performance characteristics exhibited by the female subjects in this study would suggest that the cutting maneuver is more dangerous for female basketball player. Female athletes should be taught correct performance of the cutting maneuver. I addition to technique, strength training should be encouraged to develop a stronger secondary stabilization mechanism for the knee.
School of Physical Education
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Hahn, Hayley M. "The effect of sex differences and hormone fluctuation on ankle stability and function /." Connect to full text in OhioLINK ETD Center, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1241454458.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Toledo, 2009.
Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Masters of Science degree in Exercise Science." "A thesis entitled"--at head of title. Bibliography: leaves 51-54.
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Ford, Kevin Ray. "CHANGES IN LONGITUDINALLY ASSESSED BIOMECHANICAL PARAMETERS RELATED TO INCREASED RISK OF ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT (ACL) INJURIES IN ADOLESCENT FEMALE AND MALE ATHLETES." UKnowledge, 2009. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/708.

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Females suffer anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries at a 2 to 10-fold greater rate compared to male athletes participating in similar sports. Altered movement patterns and inadequate knee stiffness are two interrelated factors that may increase ACL injury risk. Onset of these neuromuscular risk factors may coincide with the rapid adolescent growth that results in the divergence of a multitude of neuromuscular parameters between sexes. The overall purpose of this dissertation was to determine if neuromuscular ACL injury risk factors in female athletes increase following rapid growth and development compared to males. Male and female athletes were tested with three-dimensional motion analysis techniques during a drop vertical jump over two consecutive years to determine if ACL injury risk factors increased. Pubertal females showed a significant longitudinal increase in knee abduction angle compared to post-pubertal females and both male groups. The increase in knee abduction angle appeared to remain consistent, as the post pubertal female cohort had greater overall knee abduction compared to post-pubertal males. Similar results were found with a greater magnitude of knee abduction moment in post-pubertal females compared to males. Males and females increased ankle, knee and hip active stiffness from the first to second year of testing. Ankle and hip stiffness were increased significantly more in the pubertal group compared to post-pubertal. Sex and maturational group differences were found in hip and ankle joint stiffness. Post-pubertal males had significantly greater hip stiffness than the other groups (even when normalized to body mass). This indicates that post-pubertal males utilized a different neuromuscular strategy during landing. Males had a significantly greater increase from year to year in vertical jump height compared to females. Vertical jump height is often related to a measure of whole body power and indicates that males had a significant neuromuscular spurt compared to females. Early puberty appears to be a critical phase related to the divergence of increased ACL injury risk factors. Injury prevention programs that focus on neuromuscular training may be beneficial to help address the development of ACL injury risk factors that occur in female athletes during maturation.
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Underhill, Andrea T. "Gender differences in traumatic brain injury outcomes survival, functional independence, and employment status /." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2008p/underhill.pdf.

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Johnson, Samuel T. "Spinal control differences between the sexes." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/10406.

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Despite years of research, females continue to have a higher incidence of non-contact ACL injuries. One of the major findings of this research is that males and females perform certain tasks, such as, cutting, landing, and single-leg squatting, differently. In particular, females tend to move the knee into a more valgus position; a motion putting the ACL at risk for injury. Yet the underlying spinal control mechanisms modulating this motion are unknown. Additionally, the mechanisms regulating the ability to rapidly initiate and produce maximal torque are also unknown. Therefore, the purpose was to: 1) determine if the sexes modulate spinal control differently, 2) examine the contributions of spinal control mechanisms to valgus knee motion, and 3) identify contributions of spinal control to the ability to rapidly produce force. The spinal control variables were the first derivative of the Hoffmann (H)-reflex, the first derivative of extrinsic pre-synaptic inhibition (EPI), the first derivative of intrinsic pre-synaptic inhibition (IPI), recurrent inhibition (RI), and V-waves. To assess the neuromuscular system’s ability to rapidly activate, rate of torque development (RTD) and electromechanical delay (EMD) were measured. Lastly, valgus motion was determined by the frontal plane projection angle (FPPA). The results reveal males and females do modulate spinal control differently; specifically males had an increased RTD, which is the slope of the torque-time curve, and increased RI, which is a post-synaptic regulator of torque output. However, the spinal control mechanisms did not significantly contribute to FPPA at the knee. EMD which is the time lag from muscle activity to torque production was significantly predicted by the spinal control mechanisms. Specifically, EPI, a modulator of afferent inflow from peripheral and descending sources, IPI, a regulator of Ia afferent inflow, and sex significantly contributed to EMD. Lastly, the spinal control mechanisms significantly contributed to RTD. Specifically, IPI, sex, and V-waves, a measure of supraspinal drive, all significantly contributed to RTD.
Graduation date: 2009
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Books on the topic "Crash injuries Sex differences"

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United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and University of Michigan. Transportation Research Institute, eds. Study of differences in Hybrid III chest deflections due to three-and two-point belt loadings. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1988.

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Takao, Kumazawa, Kruger Lawrence, and Mizumura Kazue, eds. The polymodal receptor: A gateway to pathological pain. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1996.

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United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics., ed. Women experience fewer job-related injuries and deaths than men. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1998.

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Lopez-Valdes, Francisco J., Mats Yngve Svensson, Sonia Duprey, and Jason Forman, eds. Understanding Age and Sex-Related Differences in the Biomechanics of Road Traffic Associated Injuries Through Population Diversity Analyses. Frontiers Media SA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88976-276-7.

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Life stress and athletic injury in non-contact sports. 1987.

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Life stress and athletic injury in non-contact sports. 1987.

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Life stress and athletic injury in non-contact sports. 1985.

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Life stress and athletic injury in non-contact sports. 1987.

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Isokinetic strength values in the dominant and non dominant legs of fencers and runners. 1987.

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Isokinetic strength values in the dominant and non dominant legs of fencers and runners. 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Crash injuries Sex differences"

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Golan, Elan, Matthew T. Lopez, and Vonda Wright. "Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: Sex-Based Differences." In The Female Athlete, 25–35. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-75985-4.00024-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Crash injuries Sex differences"

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Razi-Ardakani, Hesamoddin, Amin Ariannezhad, and Mohammad Kermanshah. "A Study of Sex Differences on Road Crash Severity." In International Conference on Civil, Structural and Transportation Engineering. Avestia Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/iccste18.113.

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Zhang, Fang, Lihong Huang, Bhavna Singichetti, Huiling Li, and Jingzhen Yang. "PW 1289 Pediatric traumatic brain injuries requiring hospitalization: sex and age differences." In Safety 2018 abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprevention-2018-safety.362.

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Kim, Jong-Eun, Min-Heng Hsieh, Phillip C. Shum, R. Shane Tubbs, and David B. Allison. "A Computational Study for Motor Vehicle Crash Injuries of Obese Child Passengers." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14275.

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According to current definitions [1], individuals ages 2 to 18 years are determined to be overweight (≥ 85th and < 95th percentile [of prior population distributions]) or obese (≥ 95th percentile) based on U.S. age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI; kg/m 2) charts updated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2000 [2]. The prevalence of being obese among children has increased over the last several decades and is a major public health concern. A recent survey [3] indicated that 16.3% of children and adolescents aged 2 through 19 years were at or above the 95 th percentile of the BMI-for-age growth charts.
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Dong, Sheng, Yun-Seok Kang, John Bolte, Jason Stammen, and Kevin Moorhouse. "Experimental Investigation of Friction Between Vehicle Air Bag Material and Head Skin for Humans and Crash Test Dummies." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23334.

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Abstract Motor vehicle crashes can produce serious head or brain injuries due to contact with interior vehicle structures. It has been found through both field data analysis and experimental testing that many of these brain injuries occur in oblique crashes, even with the deployment of air bags. Research has determined that rotational head velocity is strongly correlated to the risk of brain injury through metrics such as Brain Rotational Injury Criteria (BrIC). The severity of rotational head motion could be related to the friction force developed during contact between the head and air bags. Although crash test dummy head skins are designed with appropriate mass properties and anthropometry as well as material type and thickness to emulate the proper impact response of the human head, it is not known whether they accurately represent the frictional properties of human skin during air bag interaction. This study experimentally characterized the friction coefficient between human skin and air bag fabrics using a pin-on-disc tribometer. Skin samples were harvested from different locations (forehead, cheeks, chin) from specimens of post-mortem human subjects (PMHS). Fabric samples were cut from six different air bags spanning various vehicle manufacturers and interior mounting locations. For comparison, four types of dummy head skin samples were also tested against the air bag samples. Friction was measured between different skinair bag material combinations at various linear velocities and normal forces. It was determined that the difference between human and dummy skin friction with the air bag samples varied significantly among different air bags; however, the effect of linear speed, normal force, and human skin sample harvesting location on friction coefficient is negligible. Except for one air bag fabric, the friction coefficients of the dummy skin are higher than those quantified for human skin.
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Oppenheim, Ilit, Yisrael Parmet, and Tal Oron-Gilad. "Can Driver Behavior be traced to Gender Role, Sex and Age?" In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002477.

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Traffic violations are deliberate deviations from safe driving rules associated with enhanced risks for crash involvement, impacted by traits and demographics. Violations tend to decrease with age, males and young drivers tend to make more violations. But some studies reported the opposite or no sex differences. We argue that part of this ambiguity can be attributed to gender role (Undifferentiated, Feminine, Masculine, and Androgynous). Previously, we showed that for a group of 527 adult drivers (mean age 29), gender role was a better predictor of violation tendency than sex. Now we extend this study by using a larger sample in three age categories (≤20, 21-54, and 55-65). We aim to examine whether gender role contributes to explaining violations. We distributed a web-based survey containing self-reports of traffic violations (DBQ; Reason et al., 1990), the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974), and demographics. In total we collected 1039 questionnaires, 485 females and 554 males. We used a K-Means cluster analysis to define the gender role groups and came up with 5 meaningful clusters (Undifferentiated, Feminine, Masculine, Androgynous, and Mid). The mid group is new, and indicative of possible preconception in gender roles of the Bem inventory. We then conducted a three-way interaction model on violations. Gender role, age and sex predicted respondents' violation tendency, and their three-way interaction was statistically significant. The masculine young males had the highest predicted DBQ violation scores. Scores decreased with age except for the older masculine males. Furthermore, androgynous elderly males had the lowest scores. Our results show that there is value to include gender role in analysis of violations, and that this factor contributes over age and sex alone. Including gender role yielded better predictors of driver behavior than sex alone. The effect of gender role on drivers' self-reported violation tendency is an exciting and intriguing finding which indicates the need to further examine gender role effects in driving.
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Mohammed, Obaidur Rahman, D. V. Suresh, and Hamid M. Lankarani. "Evaluation of Automotive Hood and Bumper Performance With Composite Material by Pedestrian Impactor Systems." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24359.

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Abstract The quality and reliability of vehicle safety in the automotive industry has greatly improved over the last years. Automotive manufacturers are constantly investigating the potential for enhancing rigidity for passenger car components and reducing the vehicle’s weight costs. Frontal elements such as the hood and bumper are more complex to analyze during the frontal collisions for weight reduction with the same rigidity and shape design. The objective of this study is to examine the crash efficiency of a vehicle’s hood and bumper with additive composite materials for enhancement of the design. The system is evaluated with the FE upper legform and adult headform impactor sub-system models. Under EEVC WG17 regulations, finite element simulations are performed with a sedan vehicle model. Analysis of the head impact on the car hood, subsequent head acceleration and HIC values were analyzed using pedestrian impactor. Differences in simulation results are examined for steel and composite material for better material selection. To estimate the weight reduction and pedestrian protection, a comparison between the composite material and the steel material is performed for the sedan vehicle. The study, thus, examines safety issues regarding the new material Carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) for vehicle front-end and whether it would be less safe to use during frontal collision for weight reduction and comprehension behavior on pedestrian injuries.
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