Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Crapauds – Effets des herbicides'
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Cheron, Marion. "Effets sublétaux de contaminants environnementaux sur le développement d’un amphibien (Bufo spinosus) : une approche expérimentale." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS027.
Full textIntensive agriculture homogenizes landscape and reduces the proportion of natural habitats, thus altering wildlife ecology. In addition to landscape fragmentation, intensive agriculture is responsible for the release of chemicals into non-target environments, such as aquatic environments, which are particularly affected by this contamination. The transfer of these molecules to aquatic environments occurs though runoff or soil erosion. Pesticides can accumulate in large quantities in slow-flux habitats such as ponds and vernal-pools, potentially creating ecological traps for the species that inhabit them. Amphibians are sentinel species of their ecosystems and are particularly sensitive to agricultural chemicals, especially because of their particularly permeable skin. In addition, part of their complex (biphasic) life cycle takes place in lentic environments, which are likely to be highly contaminated. During my thesis, I studied the effects of agricultural activities on an amphibian species that is widespread in agricultural and forest environments, the spined toad (Bufo spinosus). To understand the consequences of agricultural activities on the ecology and physiology of this species, I studied the effects of habitat characteristics (structure and contamination) on different developmental stages (embryos, larvae, adults). To achieve these objectives, I used two methodological approaches: (i) a field approach to measure morphological and physiological differences of adult male populations in contrasting habitats; and, (ii) an experimental approach under controlled conditions to distinguish the effects of exposure period and concentration of different contaminants on key developmental phases of this species. The results indicate that male adult populations show different allometric relationships depending on the habitat (agricultural, intermediate or forest) and that these differences probably result from evolutionary mechanisms related to phenotypic plasticity. Indeed, preliminary population genetic analyses do not detect genetic divergence among the populations studied, suggesting that physical or chemical habitat characteristics result in different response norms among populations. The observed allometric relationships could be the result, at least in part, of developmental plasticity due to environmental contamination within breeding sites. Studies of exposure to two herbicides (a legacy contaminant metabolite and an emerging contaminant) over ontogeny in this species showed us that contamination results in variability in morphological (size and body proportion), physiological (oxidative stress) and behavioral responses that suggest that there may be endocrine disruption mechanisms operating at very low concentrations. In addition, contamination negatively influences fitness proxies in exposed individuals (size and mass at metamorphosis, survival) which could ultimately alter recruitment, reproduction and population sustainability of spined toads
Mandrillon, Anne-Lise. "Effets de substances indicatrices d’un risque de prédation sur le comportement, la morphologie et les traits d’histoire de vie de la grenouille rousse (Rana temporaria) et du crapaud commun : modulation par un herbicide, l’amitrole." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S076.
Full textIn larval amphibians, predation risk assessment and adaptive anti-predator responses are tightly dependent on the detection of chemical signals released from predators and (or) injured conspecifics. However, such olfactory-mediated processes can be particularly vulnerable to the presence of waterborne chemical contaminants. Thus, the thesis aims to evaluate the behavioural, morphological and life-historical effects of single and combined embryo-larval exposures to a triazole herbicide (amitrole) and to different types of chemical signals indicative of a predation risk in the common frog (Rana temporaria) and the common toad (Bufo bufo). This experimental approach has resulted in a series of scientific articles, and the suggestion of some new research prospectives and measures relative to amphibians’ conservation
Jean-Jean, Patricia. "Contribution à l'étude des herbicides des plantes médicinales." Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO1W034.
Full textYan, Zhixing. "Biodisponibilité et effets secondaires d' herbicides sulfonylurées dans les sols." Perpignan, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PERP0088.
Full textMougin, Christian. "Métabolisme oxydatif du chlortoluron chez des cultures cellulaires de blé : intervention de monooxygénases à cytrochrome P-450." Toulouse, INPT, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPT034G.
Full textCalas, André-Guilhem. "Neurotoxicité du principe actif d'un herbicide à large spectre, le glufosinate d'ammonium, chez la souris." Orléans, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ORLE2072.
Full textGuilloteau, François. "Fonctionnalisation régiosélective en 5 ou en 4 du cycle 1,2-thiazole : applications en chimie des phytosanitaires." Poitiers, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995POIT2269.
Full textSeguin-Callois, Florence. "Effets comparés de deux herbicides l'atrazine et le nicosulfuron, sur un écosystème aquatique expérimental." Toulouse 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU30176.
Full textHemmamda, Saâdi. "Cinétique et mécanismes d'hydrolyse du chlorsulfuron et du metsulfuron-méthyle. Effets des tensioactifs." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT034G.
Full textLerivrey, Jacques. "Étude de la complexation des systèmes métal - S-triazines - D-glucosamine : mise en évidence de complexes ternaires." Lille 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LIL10123.
Full textLors, Christine. "Impact des produits phytosanitaires sur la diversité spécifique et fonctionnelle de la microflore du sol : cas du dinitro-o-cresol." Metz, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1997/Lors.Christine.SMZ9709.pdf.
Full textThe impact of herbicides on the soil microflora was studied through the effect of a model molecule : the DNOC. We first considered the influence of the DNOC on the growth of pure strains of microorganisms selected in 3 microbial groups. Two of the three were defined by their taxonomic position (Rhizobia and Pseudomonas), the third by its functional ability to degrade 2. 4-D. This approach showed that Rhizobia were sensitive, pseudomonas were resistant and 2. 4-D degraders had very different responses to DNOC. This suggests that, in the soil, 2. 4-D degraders may be exposed to important modifications in their diversity with functional consequences. But, this approach cannot reflect what really happens in the soil where physico-chemical and biological protections probably limit the impact of pollutants. That is the reason why, in a second time, we studied the DNOC impact on the structure of two subsets of the soil microbial community : bacteria growing on a non-selective medium and on a medium with 2. 4-D as the main carbon and energy source. We can clearly see that DNOC has destructurating effects on both groups : a diminution of the number of species and a selection of gram negative bacteria. The only difference is in the velocity of the answer which occurs as soon as 7 days for the "total population" and 14 days for the "2. 4-D degraders". Moreover, diversity indices calculated on both morphologic and genetic criteria vary similarly for both populations. We showed a long term based but irreversible convergence of the evolution of control and treated soil samples towards a diminution of the number of microbial species. The DNOC effect ont the metabolic diversity of the total population and on 2. 4-D degraders was then studied. We studied showed that DNOC presence in the soil could modify the metabolic signature of a microbial community defined by the ability to degrade different substrates. The effect is such, that we could consider it as a possible indicator of the ecotoxicological impact of toxic molecules. Functional changes due to the presence of a biocidaal molecule were investigated through its effect on the 2. 4-D degradation in micro-samples. DNOC inhibits the degradation even at low doses where a stepwise effect is observed. This work demonstrates that the soil microbial population reacts to the presence of a chemical pollutant such as the DNOC by a functional and specific adaptation
Bordjiba, Ouahiba. "Effets des pesticides sur la microflore fongique du sol : biodégradation des herbicides par les souches isolées." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE18006.
Full textClair, Emilie. "Impacts des xénobiotiques chez l'homme et le rat : cibles hépatocytaires et testiculaires : comparaisons dans l'écosystème : Thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travauxe." Caen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CAEN2049.
Full textMany xenobiotics (X), including formulations of Roundup (R), that is herbicides based on glyphosate (G), the main herbicide used worldwide, and bisphenol A (BPA), which is widely used in the industry, are studied in this dissertation. Humans are contaminated by a combination of these products, which happen to be endocrine disruptors (EDCs). Our results indicate that R is capable of causing extra and intracellular disturbances (
Gandar, Allison. "Réponse aux stress multiples chez les poissons : effets croisés de la température et des cocktails de pesticides." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30310/document.
Full textCrossed-effects between climate change and chemical pollutions were identified on community structure and ecosystem functioning. Temperature rising affect the toxic properties of pollutants and the sensitiveness of organisms to chemicals stress. Inversely, chemical exposure may decrease the thermal tolerance of ectothermic species, as fish. In this context, we studied the response of a biological model in aquatic toxicology, the goldfish (Carassius auratus), to individual and combined chemical and thermal stresses. In this aim, we exposed the goldfish to environmental relevant concentrations of herbicide and fungicide mixtures at two temperatures for 96 hours or 16 days. The fish responses were assessed from the molecular level to individual endpoints, including omic approaches (proteomic and metabolomic), biochemical analyses (cortisol, antioxidant defenses, cellular energy allocation), indexes (somatic and condition factors) and behavioral assays (sediment reworking, activity, exploration and feeding). Our results showed that individual chemical or thermal stresses induced a general stress response including biochemical, metabolic, physiological and behavioral compensations. The absence of deleterious effect on the global condition of fish suggested the implementation of an efficient and adaptive stress response, while the hypoactivity of fish exposed to pesticide mixtures could entrain a decreased performance and fitness into the wild. At the opposite, the combined chemical and thermal stresses induced reciprocal inactivation of the stress response, with antagonism effect on cortisol secretion, antioxidant defense induction and metabolic compensation. However, increased effect on behavioral traits and decreased global condition of fish were observed. Our study showed that temperature rising sensitized fish to pesticide exposure. Finally, inhibited stress response in fish exposed to pesticide cocktails raises concerns about species conservation an ecosystem under multiple pressures
Perrin-Ganier, Corinne. "Dispersion et transformation de l'isoproturon dans le sol et l'eau." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL074N.
Full textLn order to identify processes that act on herbicide isoproturon transfer in soil and water, several experimental studies were attempted. Ln the field, isoproturon appeared to reach surface soil water early after treatment. Then, the same soil was used to fill lysimeters placed under natural climatic conditions. Rainwater was able to produce large exportations only during the first month after treatment, because isoproturon, not yet fully degraded, was very mobile. Last, experiments under laboratory controlled conditions showed that isoproturon was sorbed only weakly on soil components. On the opposite, some of its degradation products, which rapidly represent the greatest part of residues, were more strongly held to soil
Cherrier, Richard. "Impact sur l'environnement de deux herbicides du maïs : la sulcotrione et l'atrazine : influence du changement d'apports organiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPL076N.
Full textThis study investigates the process at the origin of the become of sulcotrione in soil. We did investigate also the effect of various agricultural amendments on the dynamic of the molecule, in comparison to atrazine's. Adsorption characteristics of the molecules on soil were determined by the experiments led in batch. Degradation was followed through time in controlled conditions with incubation as weil as in natural conditions thanks to soil columns. These last were used to assess also leaching of the molecules. Results show a weak affinity of the sulcotrione with soil constituents (23% of the applied dose) as well as an easy desorption (99% of the applied dose) leading a weak hysteresis. It degradation in controlled conditions as well as natural was fairly rapid (20% mineralization, 40% of extractible residues and 30% of bound residues after 60 days). This led to the apparition of two metabolites with mainly CMBA. Percolates obtained in soil columns did confmn the mobility properties of the sulcotrione (14% of the applied dose) after a period of one month. The changes in organic amendments highlighted that the aggregates of soils amended with compost manure, in comparison to traditional amendment, showed a higher stability and a less developed network of interconnected macro-pores. These modifications decrease the availability of the intraaggregates adsorption sites towards pesticides. Our results hypothesize that we would tend towards same environmental difficultes if the sulcotrione was as much applied as atrazine
Nivelle, Élodie. "Évaluation des effets de l'azote et des herbicides sur les indicateurs qualitatifs du sol dans des agrosystèmes contrastés." Thesis, Amiens, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AMIE0026/document.
Full textNowadays, the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and herbicides is required to ensure cropping systems productivity and meet the demand for food of a growing population. However, the potential effects of these synthetic products on agrosystem’s below- and above-ground properties have been described to be dependent of soil physicochemical and biological characteristics on which they are applied. Especially, it seems that soils under no-till and continuous cover-cropping, characterized by contrasted edaphic properties as compared to soils managed under annual plowing, may change the non-target effects of certain herbicides. Several field experiments, as well as two mesocosm studies, evidenced that cropping systems conducted under no-till with continuous cover-cropping were associated to increased organic carbon and nitrogen contents, microbial functional activities, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spore density, and maize root colonization by AMF. Secondly, nitrogen fertilization induced negative effects on soil biological indicators such as dehydrogenase activity while it improved plant productivity and nymph survival of certain above-ground pests. Thirdly, glyphosate, a total herbicide, increased degradation time of organic substrates, while it did not change AMF activity when applied alone. However, the combinaison of glyphosate plus nitrogen fertilization in a soil fertilized over a 6-year period led to a decreased root colonization of bean by AMF. Thus, the long term nitrogen fertilization is capable to change the non-target effects of glyphosate. Finally, S-Metolachlor, a selective herbicide, increased nitrate content of soils subjected to no-till, while those conducted under annual plowing revealed no effect, and increased ammonium content of earthworm casts in soils managed under no-till with nitrogen fertilization for 6 years. We conclude that the effects of herbicides on agrosystem's above- and below-ground properties are mainly due to the combination with other agricultural practices such as nitrogen fertilization
Lo, Ying Ping Voon Kiat. "Contribution à l'étude des scléroses pulmonaires dues au Paraquat." Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR2M054.
Full textGrébil, Géraldine. "Rétention, dégradation et mobilité tébutame : approche modélisée en conditions contrôlées et naturelles." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPL097N.
Full textRomdhane, Sana. "Les herbicides β-tricétones : devenir et impact écotoxicologique dans des sols agricoles et caractérisation de souches bactériennes dégradantes." Thesis, Perpignan, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PERP0027.
Full textThis work aims to describe the ecodynamics of synthetic (sulcotrione and mesotrione) and natural (leptospermone) -triketone herbicides and to estimate their ecotoxicological impact on the bacterial community in arable soils. The processes involved in the dissipation of these herbicides (adsorption and biodegradation) have been studied in soil microcosms. Two bacterial strains, Bradyrhizobium sp. SRl able to degrade sulcotrione and mesotrione, and Methylophilus sp. LS1 degrading leptospermone, have been isolated. A bank of 12 ooo mutants of Bradyrhizobium sp. SR1 was established allowing the selection of two Sul•mutants but interrupted genes didn't code for enzymes degrading sulcotrione. The ecotoxicological impact of synthetic (sulcotrione) and natural (leptospermone) triketones on soil bacterial community was estimated using metagenomics and metabolomic tools. Leptospermone transitory modified the diversity and composition of the bacterial community, in accordance with its persistence in soil. Sulcotrione did not modified neither the diversity nor the composition of the bacterial community. The combination of metagenomics and metabolomics is promising for the assessment of ecotoxicological impact of herbicides on soil microorganisms
Pesce, Stéphane. "Effets de pesticides sur l'activité et la diversité des communautés microbiennes d'un milieu lotique récepteur." Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CLF21705.
Full textChapitre C : Evolution des communautés microbiennes dans un cours d'eau soumis à l'apport régulier de pesticides (Jauron, Puy-de-Dôme). Comparaison au cours de 2 années successives (2003 et 2004)
Reyes, Perez Eneida. "Chimie multiphasique des pesticides dans l'air : distribution et photoréactivité." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6048.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the environmental fate of pesticides, particularly in the atmosphere. We are interested on their partitioning between the different phases of the atmosphere and their photolysis in the environment. The partitioning between aqueous and gaseous phases in the atmosphere depends on the Henry’s law constant (H) while the partitioning between atmospheric particulate and gaseous phases is related to their vapor pressure. Henry’s law constants of two widely used herbicides, namely EPTC and trifluralin, were determined as a function of temperature (278 – 293 K) using a device based on a dynamic air/water equilibrium. The obtained results are the first experimental temperature dependence of H for trifluralin and the second one for EPTC. The measurements performed between 278 and 293 K have been used to determine the Van't Hoff expressions of H for both compounds and the corresponding enthalpies of solvation. Our data obtained at 283 K have also helped to calculate that only 0. 3% of gaseous EPTC and 0. 8% of gaseous trifluralin could be scavenged by clouds droplets, which can be considered as negligible. Thus, EPTC and trifluralin are almost exclusively present in the gas phase where degradation takes place through photochemical reactions [. . . ]
Mottier, Antoine. "Effets de l’exposition aux herbicides chez des mollusques marins exploites, approche in vitro chez l’ormeau, Haliotis tuberculata et approche in vivo chez l’huitre creuse, Crassostrea gigas." Caen, 2013. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01153793.
Full textThis work aimed to assess the effects of worldwide used herbicides on two economically important mollusc species : the abalone Haliotis tuberculata and the cupped oyster Crassostrea gigas. The researches dealt with in vitro and in vivo laboratory experiments. In vitro experiments on H. Tuberculata haemocytes were performed in order to assess the effects of an active matter (glyphosate), a commercial formulation (Roundup express : REX) and a mixture of adjuvants (POEAs). Results showed a greater toxicity of exposures to REX and POEAs which appeared to act on biological membranes. In vivo experiments on C. Gigas also clearly demonstrated the toxicity of commercial formulations and adjuvants. Bioassays on early life stages (D veliger and pediveliger) allowed us to assess the toxicity of a relatively large number of active matters (glyphosate, mecoprop, mecoprop-p), degradation compounds (AMPA, 2-MCP), commercial formulations (RoundupR ) and adjuvant mixture (POEAs). Results provided interesting information on the relative toxicity of the tested chemicals and showed the sensitivity of the earliest life stage (i. E. D veliger larvae). Long time exposures (up to 56 days) of C. Gigas juveniles revealed an activation of the defense mechanisms at the molecular level but also physiological perturbations with a slowdown in growth and gametogenesis of oysters exposed to the lowest doses of Roundup and POEAs (i. E at the dose of 0. 1 μg L-1 which could be measured in the environment). Environmentally relevant doses of pesticides cannot lead to oyster mortality but could be considered as additional stressors during the periods prior to summer mortalities
Jumel, Audrey. "Effets du fomesafène (diphényl éther herbicide) seul et en mélange avec un adjuvant à base de nonylphénols polyéthoxylés chez Lymnaea stagnalis (mollusque gastéropode) : relations entre biomarqueurs et performances reproductrices." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10045.
Full textPolard, Thierry. "Caractérisation des effets génotoxiques sur poissons de produits phytosanitaires en période de crue." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1710/.
Full textThis study aims at evaluating the biological impact of transient agricultural contamination events associated with floods. First, we investigated the genotoxic impact of such contamination events. These measures provide early and ecologically relevant data. Then, after the optimization and validation of the micronucleus assay in our experimental conditions, this test has been used together with the comet assay in order to test the genotoxic potential of 3 contrasted hydrological conditions. Spring flood water has been found to be more genotoxic than winter flood water or water sampled during the basal flow. These results have been compared with those of exposure to experimental mixtures, mimicking field contamination. The genotoxic potential of herbicides mixture has been confirmed, and the complexity of the processes inducing the toxicity during flood events has been highlighted. Second, in order to investigate the contamination pattern during flood events, a protocol allowing the extraction and quantification of the herbicides accumulated in fish tissues has been evaluated
Peres, Florence. "Etude des effets de quatre contaminants - herbicide (Isoproturon), dérivés du mercure (mercure inorganique, méthylmercure), cadmium - sur les communautés de Diatomées périphytiques au sein de microcosmes d'eau douce." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30251.
Full textLanoie, Nathalie. "Influence de l'environnement et des herbicides sur la proportion de grains vêtus, la teneur en huile et les profils d'acides gras de l'avoine nue." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26162/26162.pdf.
Full textAlletto, Lionel. "Dynamique de l’eau et dissipation de l’isoxaflutole et du dicétonitrile en monoculture de maïs irrigué : effets du mode de travail du sol et de gestion de l’interculture." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.paristech.org/3244/01/Th%C3%A8se_Lionel-Alletto.pdf.
Full textEmsalem, Caroline. "Intoxications par le Paraquat et le Diquat, étude pharmacocinétique et index de péroxydation : à propos de deux cas cliniques." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P019.
Full textMalotaux, Christophe. "Les Triazines-atrazine entre autres, présences dans l'environnement et dans l'eau." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05P242.
Full textCoquillé, Nathalie. "Influence de la matière organique dissoute naturelle et d'herbicides, seuls et combinés, sur des microalgues marines et d'eau douce." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0564/document.
Full textMicroalgae are at the basis of aquatic food webs and may be the indirect target of herbicidesfrom agricultural and urban uses. They also interact with other compounds from their environment such asnatural dissolved organic matter (DOM), which can itself interact with herbicides. This thesis aimed tostudy, in laboratory controlled conditions, the influence of natural DOM on herbicide toxicity to microalgaeby using monospecific, non-axenic cultures. The experiments included: natural freshwater and marineDOM, three herbicides (irgarol, diuron and S-metolachlor) singly and in mixtures, two freshwatermicroalgae (Gomphonema gracile and Sphaerellopsis sp.) and two marine microalgae (Chaetoceroscalcitrans and Tetraselmis suecica). Effects were evaluated on microalgae growth, photosyntheticefficiency and relative lipid content. At the same time, changes in chemical environment over theexperiments were measured through DOM composition and properties, as well as the concentrations inherbicides and their metabolites. The results of this work, which consider for the first time natural DOM asa whole, interacting with microalgae, their associated bacteria and herbicides, demonstrate the key roleplayed by DOM in (i) the growth stimulation of four microalgae (and in return the DOM changes inducedby microalgae), (ii) the modulation of herbicide toxicity and suggest (iii) the ability of Sphaerellopsis sp.and/or its associated bacteria to biodegrade diuron in non-axenic conditions
Joly, Pierre. "Etude des effets de mélanges d'herbicides employés sur le maïs, sur les communautés microbiennes édaphiques : approche en microcosmes." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01020037.
Full textBarranger, Audrey. "Étude chez l'huître creuse, Crassostrea gigas, des anomalies génomiques provoquées par l'exposition à des concentrations environnementales de diuron : caractérisation des atteintes, étude de leur héritabilité et conséquences pour la survie et la croissance des naissains." Nantes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NANT2016.
Full textThe aims of this PhD were to determine (1) the effects of the herbicide diuron on the genome of the oyster, Crassostrea gigas, (2) the possible transmission to the offspring of damaged DNA and (3) its consequences on oyster physiology. The genotoxicity of diuron and the vertical transmission of DNA damage were highlighted after parental exposure to environmental concentrations of diuron during the gametogenesis. Primary DNA lesions were detected in both somatic cells and germ cells of exposed genitors. Detection of the oxidized base 8-oxodGuo in gonads shows that exposure to diuron led to an oxidative stress which likely explains the observed DNA strand breaks in spermatozoa. The transmission of these DNA damage was confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization: aneuploid nuclei were detected in embryos from diuron-exposed genitors. This hyper- and hypodiploidy particularly concerns 5S and 18-5. 8-28S ribosomal genes localized on chromosomes 4, 5 and 10. Flow cytometry analysis showed survival of hypodiploid individuals at spat stage. This vertical transmission of damaged genetic material is associated with deleterious effects on the physiology of the offspring (developmental defects, growth retardation). Data acquired during this PhD contribute to a better understanding of the long-term effects of exposure to genotoxic pollutants. In the context of massive mortality outbreaks, the presence of chemical pollutants may contribute to a weakening of oysters in case of the presence of pathogens or adverse physicochemical environmental conditions
Olina, Bassala Jean-Paul. "Le semis direct sans labour et avec utilisation des herbicides dans la zone cotonnière au Nord Cameroun : diffusion, impacts agronomiques et socio-économiques d'une innovation en pleine expansion." Toulouse 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOU20027.
Full textIn order to better understand the strategies used by farmers in chemical weed control and with the aim of comparing the economic returns of direct sowing and herbicide application with tillage, a research was conducted in two benchmark villages (Mafa Kilda and Pandjama) in North Cameroon. Comprehensive approach was adopted in order to better understand farmers practically minded. Farmer’s social representations of their profession about direct sowing with herbicides and till practice have been analysis. An analysis concerned the reasons for adoption of direct sowing and herbicide use by farmers, and farmer’s perception of the health and environmental risks. A follow-up technico-economic study of the two farming system was undertaken. The factorial correspondence analysis was used to analyse the typology of farms. Economical analysis was employed. Results show that with direct sowing 0. 7 man-days/ha and 1. 6 man-days/ha are required to establish crops in the field whereas with regular tillage 4 to 5 man-days/ha are required. This gain in time with direct sowing can vary between 60 to 80% depending on the crop. The productivity and revenue from farms under direct sowing and herbicide application are higher compared with tillage. For cotton, maize and groundnut cultivation, the application of a medium dosage of herbicide combined with early weeding using animal traction, can permit to have acceptable profit margin with direct sowing and herbicide application. Due to social and cultural capital differences, 94 % of farmers at Pandjama were aware of the potential health and environmental hazards related to heavy use of herbicides, compared to 70 % at Mafa Kilda
Ajlani, Ghada. "Détermination des sites de mutation responsables de résistance aux herbicides chez des mutants de la cyanobactérie Synechocystis PCC 6714 : étude de l'effet de ces mutations sur le transfert d’électrons du photosystème II." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112130.
Full textChbib, Chaza. "Pollution des sols et des eaux souterraines par les pesticides dans la région d’Akkar au nord du Liban : évaluation des risques sanitaires." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10110.
Full textAkkar is the second agricultural zone in Lebanon. Pesticides are intensely applied in agricultural activities, and the groundwater has been reported to be highly contaminated by some pesticides. Due to the absence of a public network for water distribution, groundwater is used as the main source for drinking water of local inhabitants. The present study focus firstly on the evaluation of groundwater and soil contamination by OCPs, OPPs and ONPs and by heavy metals in order to characterize the degree of contamination. Secondly, it is focusing on the risk assessment of pollution on the population of Akkar. High levels of pesticides were detected in many villages in Akkar plain groundwater. Similarly, high concentrations of OCPs were detected in agricultural soil. A huge difference between the contamination levels in cultivated area and tillage land. Moreover, a significant variation has been established between soil depth. Results showed that some prohibited pesticides are still currently used in Akkar. To complete the background of pollution, trace metallic element As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn and Cd have been studied. The results showed that soils are moderately polluted by Cd. In parallel, a health study was conducted, the prevalence of nervous disorders; birth defects; cancer and other chronic diseases were exceeded those values reported in other regions. A significant correlation has been established between wells water consumption and the appearance of some diseases.More researches could be realized to identify pesticides levels in human blood or urine. Also it will be necessary to manage pesticides use in this region to reduce their effects on human health
Pelge, Stéphanie. "A propos d'un cas de nodules pulmonaires à cellules lympho-plasmocytaires à forte différenciation plasmocytaire." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2M095.
Full textNuttens, Andréïna. "Étude des effets de l'interaction entre polluants et ressources sur Myriophyllum spicatum grâce à une approche couplant écotoxicologie et écologie chimique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0143/document.
Full textSimultaneous contamination of aquatic ecosystems by pollutants and nutrients is a major problem whose effects on macrophytes are still unknown. The objective of this thesis was to study the effects of different pollutants, herbicides and trace metal elements (TME), in combination with varying resource availability (nitrogen, phosphorus, or carbon) on Myriophyllum spicatum, using parameters from chemical ecology and ecotoxicology. Tests showed contrasting effects of herbicides, but no effects of the TME. In all cases, resource modifications (nitrate, N:P ratio or sucrose) induced significant effects on the physiology and stoichiometry of the plant, which might alter its response to additional stress like pollutants. These results suggest that an imbalance of resources in the presence of pollutants may lead to unforeseen changes in the combined effects on macrophytes, and also highlight the need to add more informative parameters in tests to meet the challenges of multiple stress and improve environmental risk assessment
Bois, Paul. "Développement d'un procédé de traitement de matrices d'origine viticole polluées par des herbicides par couplage bioaugmentation/phytoremédiation : sélection d'un triplet bactéries - sorbant - plante testé en microcosme." Phd thesis, Université de Haute Alsace - Mulhouse, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00583320.
Full textCarbonne, Benjamin. "Le rôle des interactions biotiques dans un système proie-prédateur : le cas de la prédation et de la régulation des graines d’adventices par les carabes." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCK047.
Full textFor the transition towards agricultural production systems that are less dependent on herbicides, the use of weed regulation by seed-eating carabids is of great interest. Weed seed predation by carabids is variable and occurs within a complex context of many biotic interactions. This complexity partly explains our current inability to predict levels of in-field weed regulation. In this thesis, I analysed variations in the levels of predation and biological regulation of weeds and determined how they respond to two classes of biotic interactions: 1) the availability of alternative prey; and, 2) intra- and inter-specific interactions between the carabids themselves. Field measurements carried out on a pan-European field experiment showed a signal of weed seedbank regulation by carabids. The experiment also indicated that the responses of carabid communities to the landscape context and the intensity of farm management are partly due to changes in the availability of animal and plant prey. I demonstrated the existence of a trade-off between weed seed and animal predation by omnivorous carabids, whose effectiveness in suppressing seeds is reduced by the availability of alternative prey. Obligatory granivorous species showed no such trade-off with the presence of animal prey. The key carabid species and complementary species complexes that were associated with high levels of seed predation were identified in a multi-experiment field data-set from Burgundy. Using an experiment in semi-controlled conditions, mesocosms, antagonisms between certain carabid species were identified, which may be the result of direct or indirect interactions. Experiments done under controlled and simplified laboratory conditions did not show any major effects of these antagonist interactions on seed predation, however. This thesis confirms the regulatory role of carabid predation on the weed flora and shows that this system is set within a broader context of interactions that can explain some of the variation in the composition of carabid communities and their effectiveness in consuming seeds. This work makes it possible to suggest management to optimise weed regulation by carabids in arable fields
Sta, Chaima. "Activités toxiques et génotoxiques de la sulcotrione chez Vicia faba, en association ou non avec d'autres molécules de protection." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22453/document.
Full textPotential cell toxicity of sulcotrione 2-(2-Chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl)-1,3 cyclohexanedione), a selective triketonic herbicide was evaluated on Vicia faba and Allium cepa . Genotoxicity was studied in hydroponic culture conditions for treatment at different pesticide concentrations 10-5, 10-4 and 2.10-4 M for 45 h. Our results showed that sulcotrione treatments caused a dose dependent increase of micronucleus frequencies in root meristematic cells. Sulcotrione induced chromosomal alterations at the lowest concentration used (10-5M) when incubated for 42 h. We have shown a decrease in mitotic index, indicating a potent mutagenic effect of this element. This is the first report for the genotoxicity of such a sulcotrione herbicide. It induced a growth inhibition in both leaves and roots and a brownish color in treated roots. Sulcotrione, trade mark Mikado®, grape marc and mixtures of sulcotrione or Mikado® and grape marc induce cell death. The herbicides, cocktails of products with sulcotrione, such as adjuvant in commercial product, induced several changes for antioxidant cell state characterized by an overproduction of H2O2. Production of harmful radicals was accompanied by increased production of MDA and increase of the cell death rate. Addition of grape extracts to herbicides, either sulcotrione or Mikado®, had different effects and results in different expression of genes usually associated to cell stress. Mixture of grape marc and herbicides enhanced transcript accumulation for different effects and results in different expression of some stress-related genes like hsp70.1, cat, ubiquitin, APX, CuZnSOD cy et CuZnSOD ch. Mechanisms which could be associated to gene expression, cell defense and genotoxidity are discussed
Herzine, Ameziane. "Etudes des effets neurodéveloppementaux induits par l’exposition périnatale à un pesticide, le glufosinate d’ammonium : de la neurogenèse au comportement." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2008/document.
Full textGlufosinate ammonium (GLA) is one of the most widely used herbicides in agriculture. As for almost all pesticides, potential adverse effects of GLA have not been investigated in the brain developmental neurotoxicity perspective. Indeed, early pesticides exposure may weaken the developing brain and cause permanent brain alteration which could lead to a wide range of the lifelong effects on health and/or behavior. As an illustration, we showed that perinatal exposure to low doses of GLA induced behavioral defects in mice adulthood, characterized by many similarities with Autism Spectrum Disorders phenotype. My thesis deals with the molecular aspect of this perinatal GLA exposure. I demonstrated that GLA induced disturbances of proliferation and neuroblast migration from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulbs. These defects were associated with significant change in the expression of many genes involved in neuroblast migration and cytoskeleton regulation as observed by brain transcriptome analysis. I showed that GLA act on the cytoskeleton through modification of polyglutamylation of tubulin which lead to cell division/migration disturbances and cell differentiation defect. My work thus provides a new molecular link between pre- and post-natal exposure to the herbicide GLA and the onset of ASD like phenotype later in life. It also raises the fundamental concerns about the ability of current safety testing to assess risks of pesticide exposure during critical developmental periods
Kafiz, Boualem. "Contribution à l'étude des seuils biologiques de nuisibilité de l'avoine, (avena sativa l. ) dans une céréale de printemps (triticum vulgare vill. ) en relation avec le désherbage chimique : Effets du diclofop-méthyle et du 2, 4-D et de leur interaction." Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10417.
Full textGoujon, Eric. "Etude de la toxicité de la sulcotrione et de ses produits de photodégradation." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22568/document.
Full textCytotoxicity and genotoxicity of non irradiated and irradiated sulcotrione were investigated in Allium cepa test. Then, the cytotoxic effects of 2-chloro-4-mesylbenzoic acid (CMBA) and xanthene-1,9-dione-3,4-dihydro-6-methylsulfonyl (XDD), the two main photoproducts of sulcotrione were investigated at different concentrations. We analyze plant response treated with sulcotrione phototransformation by-products. Chromosomal aberrations were observed in Allium cepa root meristems. First, we investigated the genotoxic impact of a sulcotrione mixture and its photoproducts. Then each by-product was independently tested. Sulcotrione CMBA and XDD have specific toxicity, and XDD has a greater toxicity. In our latest analysis we observed that XDD can be hydrolyzed. HMBA was identified as a salicylic acid derivative and can increase root growth in monocotyledonous species
Mohammad, Ali Monadjemi Shirin. "Phototransformation de matières actives à la surface des végétaux . Mécanismes des réactions directes et sensibilisées." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00836760.
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