Dissertations / Theses: 'Craniometry'

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Bernardo, Danilo Vicensotto. "Afinidades morfológicas intra e extra-continentais dos paleoíndios de Lagoa Santa: uma nova abordagem." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-21122007-140301/.

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O presente trabalho propõe-se a analisar as afinidades biológicas através da comparação estatística multivariada dos dados craniométricos dos Paleoíndios de Lagoa Santa com outras séries esqueletais representativas de diversas regiões do mundo, testando, de forma complementar, as relações biológicas primeiramente observadas por Neves & Pucciarelli (1989). De acordo com a proposta inicial de Neves e Pucciarelli (1989), que sugere que a ocupação do Novo Mundo se deu a partir da chegada de dois componentes biológicos à América, os Paleoíndios, representantes da primeira leva de colonizadores, apresentam morfologia craniana generalizada, semelhante à observada entre as populações australo-melanésicas e africanas atuais e diametralmente oposta à morfologia especializada, característica dos nativos americanos recentes, todos descendentes da segunda leva de colonizadores. Para a execução do trabalho proposto foi utilizado, como base de dados comparativa à série Paleoíndia de Lagoa Santa, uma base de dados alternativa ao banco Howells, classicamente utilizado nas investigações bioantropologicas. A base de dados alternativa, numericamente expressiva e contando com populações originárias de 19 grandes regiões geográficas, foi organizada pelo Prof. Tsunehiko Hanihara, do Departamento de Anatomia da Saga Medical School (Saga, Japão), e cedida ao Laboratório de Estudos Evolutivos Humanos para a execução deste trabalho. Os resultados gerados através das técnicas estatísticas multivariadas empregadas indicaram que a população Paleoíndia de Lagoa Santa, em escala intracontinental, não se associa com as populações indígenas nativas americanas tardias e atuais e, em escala extra-continental, apresentam, de maneira geral, uma morfologia craniana mais semelhante à apresentada por populações de morfologia craniana generalizada
The present work proposes the analysis of the biological affinities, through a multivariate statistics comparison, of the Lagoa Santa Paleoindians´ craniometric data and other skeletal series, representatives of other regions in the world, testing, in a complementary way, the biological relationships first observed by Neves & Pucciarelli (1989). In accordance with Neves and Pucciarelli initial proposal, which suggests that the New World settlement happened with the arrive of two biological components to the America, the Paleoindians, representatives of the first migration wave, who show the generalized cranial morphology, resembling the one observed among the australomelanesian and african current populations, and completely opposite to the specialized morphology of the current native americans, all descendents from the second migration wave. For the accomplishment of this work it was used, as comparative data base to the Lagoa Santa\'s Paleoindians series, an alternative data set from that produced by Howells, commonly utilized in physical anthropological studies. The alternative data base, numerically expressive and counting with populations derived from 19 great geographic regions, was organized by the Professor Tsunehiko Hanihara, from the Anatomy Department of Saga Medical School (Saga, Japan), and granted to the Laboratory of Human Evolution Studies (Laboratório de Estudos Evolutivos Humanos - LEEH), for the execution of this project. The results generated through the employee multivariate statistics technics pointed out that the Paleoindian population from Lagoa Santa, in a intra-continental scale, do not associate with the american indigenous populations, neither from the past nor the present and, from the extra-continental scale, they present, in a general manner, a cranial morphology that resembles more that one presented by the populations with the generalized cranial morphology.

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Juzda, Elise. "The rise and fall of British craniometry, 1860-1939." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609774.

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Araujo, Rafael 1984. "Three-dimensional anthropometric analyses to determine the ancestry and sexual dimorphism in brazilians individuals = study in cone beam computed tomography = Análises antropométricas tridimensionais para determinação da ancestralidade e dimorfismo sexual em indivíduos brasileiros: estudo em tomografias de feixe cônico." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288832.

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Orientador: Felippe Bevilacqua Prado
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os índices de antropologia forense aplicados em população brasileira leucoderma e faioderma, para investigação da ancestralidade e dimorfismo sexual. Este utilizou 128 tomografias de feixe cônico da área de Radiologia Oral da FOP/UNICAMP, 73 de indivíduos femininos e 55 de indivíduos masculinos, de idade entre 20 e 30 anos, com ancestralidade conhecida, sem patologia ou ausência dentária. Foi mensurado a altura e largura nasal para determinação do índice nasal, e os ângulos do prognatismo utilizando o software OnDemand3D (Cybermed, Irvine, EUA). Também foi realizada a mensuração do volume dos seios maxilares, em 4 grupos discriminados por sexo e ancestralidade. Foi utilizado o software R CRAN para a análise estatística, no qual realizou-se a análise discriminante sobre os ângulos do prognatismo e o índice nasal, onde a taxa de acerto foi de 66,6% para leucodermas e 4,76% para faiodermas. Para a capacidade volumétrica do seio maxilar foi aplicado o teste ANOVA seguido pelo teste post-hoc de Tukey, para os 4 grupos onde foi observado diferença significativa (p=0,00113) apenas entre os grupos faioderma masculino e feminino e o grupo faioderma masculino e leucoderma feminino. Para análise do dimorfismo sexual pelo volume do seio, foi aplicado um teste t de Student não pareado, no qual foi observado uma diferença significativa (p=0,0005), entretanto quando aplicado o teste t para análise da população faioderma e leucoderma, não foi observado diferença significativa (p>0,05). Este estudo concluiu que os ângulos do prognatismo não são parâmetros adequados para predição da ancestralidade em indivíduos leucodermas e faiodermas. Quanto à capacidade volumétrica dos seios maxilares, esta não obteve um bom desempenho na determinação da ancestralidade, mas foi significativa para o dimorfismo sexual
Abstract: The objective of this study was analysis the indexes used in forensic anthropology applied in Brazilian leucoderm and faioderm people for investigation of ancestry and sexual dimorphism. This study used 128 cone-beam computed tomography scans from Oral Radiologic area of Piracicaba Dental School of the University of Campinas; witch 73 from females and 55 from males, aged between 20 and 30 years, with known ancestry without pathology or dental absence. The nasal height and width was measured to determine the nasal index and the prognathism angles described by Arbenz (1959) was measured. The volume of the maxillary sinuses was also measured on 4 groups classified by sex and ancestry. Was used the R CRAN software for statistical analysis, which was performed the discriminant analysis of the angles of prognathism and the nasal index, where the prediction rate was 66.60% for leucoderm and 45.76% for faioderm. For the volumetric capacity of the maxillary sinus was applied ANOVA followed by the post-hoc Tukey test for the 4 groups where it was observed significant difference (p = 0.00113) only between the male and female faioderm groups and the male faioderm group and female leucoderm. The analysis of sexual dimorphism in the sinus volume, we applied the unpaired Student's t test, in which we observed a significant difference (p = 0.0005), however when applied the unpaired Student's t test for analysis of population faioderm and leucoderm, there was no significant difference (p> 0.05). This study concluded that the prognathism angles are not a good parameter for predicting the ancestry in leucoderm and faioderm individuals. For the volumetric capacity of the maxillary sinuses, this not performed well in determining ancestry, but was significant for sexual dimorphism
Mestrado
Odontologia Legal e Deontologia
Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental

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Walker, Lyndon Craig Andrew. "Analysis of Ricketts' long-range growth prediction in untreated human dentofacial structure over 27 years /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16902.pdf.

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Neves, Luís Pacheco Pereira. "Measures and detection of morphology for craniometry using 3D models." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14015.

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Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e Telemática
This dissertation focuses on improving the application CraMs, Craniometric Measurements, and exploring new methods of measuring and detecting morphological characteristics for craniometric analysis using 3D models. CraMs was developed in the academic year of 2012-2013 in the scope of a Master dissertation with the objective of aiding anthropologists in the process of per-forming craniometric measurements. Using 3D models and marking points of interest, the anthropologists; are able to obtain craniometric measures in a software application. Using this method helps with the preservation of the specimens and might reduce the variability in measures obtained by different specialists. The work developed in this dissertation includes solving issues found by the domain experts in the application, extending its functionalities to comprise more measures and improve user experience, as well as exploring new methods. These methods focus on morphology analysis of the specimens and on the detection of morphological characteristics, namely the shape of orbits and the complexity of sutures.
Esta dissertação tem como objetivos principais melhorar a aplicação CraMs, Craniometric Measurements, e explorar novos métodos de medição e deteção de características morfológicas para análise craniométrica usando modelos 3D. A aplicação CraMs foi desenvolvida no ano letivo 2012-2013 no âmbito de uma dissertação de Mestrado com o objetivo de auxiliar os antropólogos no processo de realizar medições craniométricas. Através da utilização de mode-los 3D e da marcação de pontos de interesse, pelos antropólogos, as medições craniométricas podem ser feitas numa aplicação de software. Este método ajuda a preservação dos espécimes e poderá reduzir a variabilidade entre medidas obtidas por diferentes especialistas. O trabalho desenvolvido nesta dissertação inclui a resolução de problemas encontrados pelos especialistas na aplicação CraMs, a deteção de mais medidas, a melhoria da experiência de utilização, bem como a exploração de novos métodos. Estes novos métodos focam-se na análise da morfologia dos espécimes e na deteção de características morfológicas, nomeadamente a forma das órbitas e a complexidade das suturas.

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Minetz, Jolen Anya. "Using three-dimensional geometric morhphometric techniques to further understand the relationship between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05072008-170758/.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Montana, 2008.
Title from title screen. Description based on contents viewed May 15, 2008. Technique used: Cranial vault analysis. Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-85).

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Reis, Mariana Inglez dos. "Morfologia craniana híbrida em populações humanas: uma análise morfométrica de crânios brasileiros de brancos, negros e pardos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-28072015-152015/.

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A caracterização fenotípica representa uma temática clássica na biologia evolutiva e o modo como diferentes caracteres respondem aos processos evolutivos tem sido problemática frequente em estudos envolvendo as mais diversas espécies. O presente trabalho visou investigar justamente como determinado fenótipo se comporta mediante o fluxo gênico. Primeiramente, explorou-se a possibilidade de se identificar e distinguir a partir de análises de traços craniométricos indivíduos anteriormente separados quanto a cor em três grupos: brancos, negros e pardos. Em um segundo momento, testou-se se a morfologia craniana expressa por indivíduos classificados como pardos seria intermediária em comparação com a expressa por brancos e negros. As análises estatísticas uni e multivariadas empregadas sobre os diferentes bancos de dados (dados brutos, dados das parcelas masculina e feminina separadamente, dados corrigidos para tamanho e também corrigidos para normalidade) apontaram ser possível discriminar os indivíduos previamente classificados de acordo com a cor em brancos, negros e pardos. Estes últimos, por sua vez, apresentam morfologia intermediária entre os grupos considerados parentais. Tais resultados permitem inferir que traços craniométricos, além de bons marcadores para a compreensão das relações histórico-biológicas populacionais, também seguiram o esperado como resposta ao fluxo gênico para um modelo de genética aditiva clássica segundo o qual a população híbrida apresenta frequências médias entre as populações parentais. Apesar de cor da pele e morfologia craniana representarem fenótipos com diferentes histórias evolutivas, observou-se correlação entre os dois caracteres para esta amostra, evidenciando-se que ambos representaram bons marcadores de mistura entre populações
Phenotypic characterization is a classic theme in evolutionary biology. The way different characters respond to evolutionary processes has been a frequent issue in studies involving a diverse number of species. This study aimed to investigate how a particular phenotype behaves by gene flow. First, it was explored the possibility to use analysis of craniometric traits to identify and distinguish individuals previously sorted by color into three groups: white, black and brown. Secondly, it was tested whether the cranial morphology expressed by individuals classified as brown would be intermediate compared to that expressed by whites and blacks. The univariate and multivariate statistical analysis used for the different databases (raw databases, data from male and female portions separately, data ajusted regarding size factor and normality) pointed out to be possible to discriminate individuals previously classified as white, black and brown, the latter being presented as an intermediate morphology between the considered parental groups. These results indicate that craniometric traits, besides being good markers for understanding the historical-biological population relationships, also followed as expected in response to gene flow for a classic additive genetic model, in which the hybrid population has medium frequencies between parental populations. Although skin color and cranial morphology represent phenotypes with different evolutionary histories, it was observed a correlation between the two characters for this sample, indicating that both represent good markers for mixture between populations

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Simpson, Ellie Kristina. "Variation in cranial base flexion and craniofacial morphology in modern humans." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37790.

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Cranial base flexion has been used extensively as a baseline or standard from which to interpret differences in craniofacial growth and morphology. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 414 adults representing seven samples from around the world were compared for variation in cranial base and facial morphology. The samples represent Australian Aboriginal, New Zealand Maori ( Polynesian ), Thai, Chinese, white American, African Sotho / Xhosa / Zulu and African Khoi / San populations. Seven angles of cranial base flexion, five craniofacial angles and nine cranial base and facial dimensions were measured on tracings of lateral cephalometric radiographs. Numerous significant correlations were found between cranial base flexion angles, craniofacial angles and dimensions of the cranial base and craniofacial skeleton. A positive correlation was found between the orientation of the foramen magnum, clivus and the anterior cranial base, with a negative correlation between these angles and the orientation of the hard palate. There was also a parallel relationship between the orientation of the foramen magnum and the anterior cranial base ( measured from pituitary point to nasion ). Cranial base flexion, craniofacial angles and dimensions differed significantly between some samples. Despite this, there was no evidence of distinct facial types between samples. Multivariate statistics revealed some discrimination between some samples for dimensions ; however, if angles were used alone, less than 50 % of individuals could be correctly assigned to their sample of origin. Most of the variation could be attributed to variation between individuals, rather than variation between samples. The range of variation in cranial base flexion is considerable, and needs to be taken into account when comparing samples. Flexion of the cranial base is generally insufficient to distinguish people from different geographic samples. The functional and evolutionary significance of the relationship between the orientation of the foramen magnum and cranial base flexion is discussed for its potential usefulness as a reference line for interpreting craniofacial morphology.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Medical School and Dental School, 2005.

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Meyer, Crystal Rose Foster. "Craniofacial growth and development in the Arikara." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1663116451&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Mahoney, Catherine Rose. "Anthropometric variation in California a study of Native American populations /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05082008-132023/.

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Krippaehne, Suzanne Louise. "Three Dimensional Mammalian Skull Morphology." PDXScholar, 1992. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4601.

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This thesis deals with archiving morphological data utilizing a three dimensional coordinate system. Morphological reference points are archived via rectangular position coordinates, rectangular position vectors, and spherical position vectors. The concepts of translation trajectories, translation vectors, and relative position vectors are developed. Analysis of three dimensional coordinate data utilizing translation trajectories and translation vectors is described. In order to test the methodology developed, the method is applied to an analysis of harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena L., skull morphology. (Key words: morphology, ontogenetic trajectories, allometry, position coordinates, position vectors, translation trajectories, translation vectors, relative position vectors, and harbor porpoise).

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Menezes, Luís Pedro Leitão. "Fragment reconstruction and ancestry estimation of skulls using 3D models." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/23461.

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Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e Telemática
In archaeological sites, it is common to find fragmented human osteological remains, namely skulls. The main goal of this dissertation is to investigate processes to create reconstructions using three dimensional models(3D) in order to allow the study of fragmented skulls. This work also aims to improve the application CraMs, Craniometric Measurements, by adding new functionality to reassemble skull fragments and expanding the ancestry classification using statistical analysis. This application was initially developed in the context of a Master dissertation with the goal of assisting the anthropologist’s work in performing craniometric measurements and by using 3D models of the individuals reduce the variability in the measurements obtained by the different specialists while at the same time contributing to the preservation of the specimens. The work developed in this dissertation is focused on the reconstruction of specimens that are in a fragmented state to be later analyzed with CraMs, something which was not previously possible. Methods were also developed to allow for a centralized storage of previous analysis by anthropologists and use them to estimate the ancestry of an individual using statistical analysis.
Em escavações arqueológicas é comum recuperarem-se restos osteológicos humanos fragmentados, nomeadamente os crânios. É o principal objetivo desta dissertação estudar métodos para criar uma reconstrução usando modelos tridimensionais (3D) que permita o estudo antropológico de crânios fragmentados. Este trabalho pretende também melhorar a aplicação CraMs, Craniometric Measurements, integrando funcionalidades para reconstrução de crânios fragmentados e novos métodos de classificação da ancestralidade baseados em análise estatística. Esta aplicação foi inicialmente desenvolvida com o objetivo de auxiliar o trabalho dos antropólogos na realização de medidas craniométricas e, com base em modelos 3D dos espécimes, permite reduzir a variabilidade nas medidas obtidas pelos diferentes especialistas ajudando simultaneamente na preservação dos espécimes. O trabalho desenvolvido nesta dissertação está focado na reconstrução de espécimes que estão num estado fragmentado para serem posteriormente analisados na aplicação CraMs, o que era previamente não era possível. Foram também desenvolvidos métodos que permitem o armazenamento centralizado de análises feitas pelos antropólogos e a sua utilização para estimar a ancestralidade de um indivíduo usando análise estatística.

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Villela, Carlos Henrique Silveira. "Proposta e aplicação de um novo protocolo 3D no diagnóstico da assimetria facial utilizando-se da tomografia computadorizada." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263526.

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Orientador: Cecília Amélia de Carvalho Zavaglia
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: O diagnóstico das assimetrias faciais tem sido realizado por meio de exames físicos e complementares. As tomadas radiográficas convencionais ainda são os recursos mais difundidos como exames complementares para o diagnóstico das assimetrias faciais. Hoje, novas técnicas de obtenção de imagem podem fornecer visualizações tridimensionais do complexo craniofacial. Estas, por sua vez, podem eliminar magnificações e demagnificações quando da obtenção de mensurações. A imagem tridimensional, utilizando-se de soluções computacionais, pode ser movimentada em diversas direções. Este recurso favorece a cranioscopia, técnica pela quais grandes e médias assimetrias são reconhecidas em qualquer região do complexo craniofacial. A quantificação de assimetrias menores pode ser reconhecida por mensurações realizadas no biomodelo 3D virtual, ou seja, pela craniometria. Alguns protocolos 3D já foram propostos com a finalidade de qualificar e/ou quantificar a assimetria facial. Este trabalho propõe um novo protocolo 3D que faz uso das novas técnicas de aquisição e tratamento de imagens. Utiliza-se então da tomografia computadorizada e tendo como meta qualificar e quantificar a assimetria facial. Para isso, utiliza-se da marcação de pontos anatômicos verdadeiros, criando condições para que mensurações lineares e angulares sejam realizadas. Assim, assimetrias faciais poderão ser observadas, bem como as respostas individuais aos tratamentos propostos
Abstract: The diagnosis of facial asymmetry has been done using clinical and complementary examinations. The conventional radiographic images have still been the most spread resources as complementary examinations for facial asymmetry diagnosis. Nowadays, new image acquisition techniques can give three dimensional visualizations of the craniofacial complex. This way, it is possible to eliminate magnifications and demagnifications in measurements obtained using conventional radiographic techniques. The three dimensional image, using computational solutions, can be moved in different directions. This capability is favorable to cranioscopy, which is a technique used to recognize big and medium asymmetries in any part of the craniofacial complex. The qualification and quantification of small asymmetries can be done using measurements made in 3D virtual biomodel. Few 3D protocols have been proposed with the aim of qualify and quantify facial asymmetry. This work proposes a new 3D protocol which uses new image acquisition and treatment techniques based on computerized tomography, aimed to qualify and quantify facial asymmetry. To do that, it is used true anatomical landmarks marking process, which gives conditions to make linear, angular, area and volume measurements with positive recognitions and precision. Therefore, small facial asymmetries will be possible to be observer, as well as the individual responses to treatments, been them surgical, orthopedical or orthodontical
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

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Nguyen, Van Minh. "Age-related changes in the skulls of Japanese macaques." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/202668.

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Capp, Thaís Torralbo Lopez. "Análise da variabilidade métrica dos parâmetros de Antropologia Forense para estimativa do sexo de duas populações: escocesa e brasileira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23153/tde-04072017-091621/.

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Antropologia Forense é a aplicação da ciência da Antropologia Física e osteologia humana em casos criminais onde os restos da vítima estão em fase avançada de decomposição. Devido ao grande fluxo migratório descrito no histórico do Brasil, a população brasileira possui características físicas muito heterogêneas quando comparadas com a população escocesa, uma vez que a imigração mais significativa foi proveniente de outras regiões do próprio Reino Unido. O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar as variações craniométricas de duas populações (brasileira e escocesa), e avaliar a confiabilidade do método para determinação do sexo nas duas populações, com finalidade forense. A amostra total foi composta por 200 crânios com mandíbulas, sendo que a amostra brasileira foi constituída por 100 crânios completos e a amostra escocesa por 100 crânios e 36 mandíbulas, ambas amostras documentadas. Foram realizadas 72 mensurações sendo 51 cranianas e 21 mandibulares. Os resultados demonstraram que a amostra escocesa apresentou média maior comparada com a amostra brasileira em 54 variáveis do universo de 72 medidas. Trinta e três mensurações cranianas apresentaram diferença significativa entre as duas amostras e dentre as 21 medidas mandibulares analisadas, 05 apresentaram variação superior a 20%, 09 entre 10% e 20%, 07 inferior a 10%. As medidas que apresentaram maior dimorfismo sexual para as duas amostras foram a largura bizigomática (apresentando 73% de acerto para a amostra brasileira e 77% para a amostra escocesa), largura bigoníaca (79% e 83,30%) comprimento Porion-Mastoidale lado esquerdo (76% e 75%) e a altura do corpo mandibular lado esquerdo (67% e 80,60%). A análise discriminante multivariada demonstrou resultados satisfatórios para amostra brasileira com porcentagem de acerto variando entre 76-90% e na amostra escocesa 81-86,6%. Através da análise da curva ROC foram desenvolvidas 04 tabelas de referência sendo 01 para medidas cranianas brasileiras, 01 medida para mandibulares brasileiras, 01 tabela para medidas cranianas escocesas e 01 para medidas mandibulares escocesas. O presente estudo demonstrou que existem diferenças entre as duas amostras estudadas, porém ainda falta elucidar a causa responsável, já que se trata de uma grandeza multifatorial. A metodologia quantitativa analisada demonstrou-se precisa para analisar dimorfismo sexual nas duas amostras.
Forensic anthropology is the application of the physical anthropology science and human osteology in criminal cases where the victim\'s remains are in an advanced stage of decomposition. Due to migration Brazilian population is very diverse, comprising many races and ethnic groups, therefore it is much more varied than the Scottish population, which tends to be more homogenous once there was significant immigration to Scotland from the rest of the United Kingdom. The present study aimed to compare the craniometric variations of two populations (Brazilian and Scottish), and analyze the reliability of sex determination in the two populations for forensic purpose. The total sample was comprised of 200 skulls and 136 mandibles, the Brazilian sample consisted of 100 complete skulls and the Scottish sample was composed of 100 skulls and 36 mandibles, both of which are documented samples. The measure\'s protocol comprised 72 measurements, being 51 cranial and 21 mandibular. The results showed that the Scottish sample had a larger mean compared to the Brazilian sample in 54 variables of the 72 measures. Among the cranial measurements analyzed, 33 variables showed a significant difference between the two samples and among the 21 mandibular measurements considered, 05 presented a variation greater than 20%, 09 between 10% and 20%, 07 lower than 10%. The most dimorphic measurements for both samples were the bizigomatic width (73% of accuracy for the Brazilian sample and 77% for the Scottish sample), the bigoniac width (79% and 83,30%), the Porion-Mastoidale length (76% and 75%), and the left side mandibular body height (67 and 80,60%). The multivariate discriminant analysis showed satisfactory results for the Brazilian sample with a percentage of accuracy varying between 76-90% and in the Scottish sample 81-86.6%. Through the analysis of the ROC curve, four reference tables were developed: 01 for Brazilian cranial measurements, 01 Brazilian mandibular measurements, 01 Scottish cranial measurements and 01 Scottish mandibular measurements The present study showed a difference between the two samples studied, but it is not possible to define an unique cause responsible for that because this comprise multifactorial aspects. The quantitative methodology analyzed showed sexual dimorphism in both samples.

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Ichim, Ionut P., and n/a. "Advanced numerical modelling in dental research." University of Otago. School of Dentistry, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080605.133323.

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The understanding of the masticatory apparatus including its functional and structural relationship with other components of the cranium increasingly requires an interdisciplinary approach. Recently, "traditional biological sciences" such as anatomy, comparative biology, anthropology and evolution have increasingly meshed with elements from other domains, such as mechanical engineering and material sciences, which has resulted in new and exciting paradigms to be explored. This is particularly true in the field of craniofacial biomechanics yet there are still many unexplored issues and numerous questions that remain unanswered. Numerical modelling in general and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in particular, represent a numerical experimental procedure to generate such information. Originally derived from the field of structural engineering, FEA has steadily permeated its way into craniofacial biomechanics and has proven itself as a most useful scientific tool. The present study introduces an engineering-based workframe for applying FEA to craniofacial biomechanical research in a comprehensive manner to cover the entire analytical spectrum, from developing questions to providing their solutions. The study is composed of two major experimental parts addressing both the linear elastic and the non-linear behaviour of some biomaterials encountered in the craniofacial arena. In the first part I analysed mandibular biomechanics using linear elastic models while in the second part I used nonlinear discrete models to determine the optimal elastic properties of the cervical restorative materials. Modern humans have a number of anatomical features that set us apart from our ancestors. Amongst these perhaps the most striking is the emergence of a protruding chin, otherwise absent in other archaic humans and hominids. While it has been shown that the chin has its embryological origins in the postnatal remodelling of bone in the area around the mandibular symphysis which produces the midline keel in the form of an inverted �T� the functional significance of this novel evolutionary feature is still obscure. It is accepted that the mandible is optimally designed for resisting masticatory stress, whereby optimal is seen as maximual strength at the lowest biological cost. Here, I tested the currently most accepted theory, namely that the chin provides mechanical resistance to the mandible during mastication. In other words, I tested the hypothesis that a chinned mandible would be stiffer and hence experience lower strains when compared to a non-chinned counterpart under identical loadings. My functional analysis consisted firstly of three simple models which reproduce a simian shelf, a flat and a chinned symphysis, loaded using two unidirectional loadcases (torsion and wishboning) to represent a distortion similar to that which occurs in the mandible during mastication. Secondly, I developed complex geometrical models which incorporated the cortical bone, medullary bone and teeth. The models were then analysed using the same loadcases as those used for the first theoretical models. Additionally, I incorporated the coronal bending and also a coupled loadcase which simulated the complex deformation of the mandible during biting. The aim here was to test the hypothesis that the presence of a chin changed the strain pattern in the mastication-loaded mandible. The results were then interpreted using Frost�s mechanostat theory which relates in a more precise manner the mechanical loading environment to the adaptive response of the bone. My results showed that the calculated strain values for both the chinned and flat mandibles were within the normal bone maintenance levels of the mechanostat during molar biting. In other words, variation in bone strain magnitude across the mandible, which should differ between the chinned and the non-chinned mandibles if the hypothetical mechanical role of the chin is true, is similar in both forms. I concluded that the development of the human chin is thus unrelated to the functional demands placed upon it by mastication. I suggested a new functional demand associated with pronounced tongue activity during speech. I hypothesise that it is the resistance to stresses induced by strong, repetitive contractions of the tongue and perioral musculature during, phonation that shaped the modern human chin. I tested my hypothesis by loading the symphyseal region with two principal nonmasticatory, muscle systems; firstly, the tongue and secondly the peri-oral muscular curtain, anterior to the symphysis. My results suggested that the flat, non-chinned symphysis when subjected to speech-related genioglossal movements will undergo adaptive changes which would result in an optimised (chinned) shape, such as that found in the modern human symphysis. These results thus offer a new foundation to an old hypothesis and a solution to the longstanding controversy over the origin of the human chin. I conclude that forces generated by speech rather than those generated by mastication, shaped the chin in anatomically modern humans. Prompted by an earlier observation I further investigated the apparent cross-over distribution of strains on the mandibular corpora during mastication. In doing so, I tested the hypothesis that this cross-over may be linked with another particular anatomical feature of the mandible that of the postcanine cortical asymmetry, which appears to be stereotypical among anthropoids. The results of my study hence suggest that strain patterns within the human mandible are more complex than previously thought. Not only do strains differ between lingual and buccal aspects of working and non-working sides, but they also differ within these areas (i.e. from alveolus to corpus, to lower border regions). I conclude that postcanine cortical asymmetry may be a retained evolutionary trait rather than the result of masticatory biomechanics. In the second section of the thesis I introduced a different analysis regime which allows the prediction of fracture initiation and propagation. In this part I analysed the mechanics underlying the failure of the restorations placed in non-carious cervical lesions and suggested changes in the material properties of the restorations used to treat them. Non-carious cervical lesions (NCCL) include those entities characterised by the cervical loss of hard dental tissue that occurs in the absence of any carious process. To distinguish between lesions that occur due to excessive occlusal load and other non-carious cervical lesion (i.e. erosion and abrasion) the clinical term "abfraction" has been adopted. Although a common clinical issue, failure of restoration placed in these lesions has not been subjected to a rigorous biomechanical analysis. To determine which of the material�s parameters should be changed and to what extent, I employed a combined numerical approach. Here I introduced a novel approach in simulating the cracking of restorative materials and tooth tissues which is based on a simpler material formulation and can be used in an advanced nonlinear numerical analysis. The material model I used allows automatic crack insertion and growth and also uniquely accounts for the microdamage which precedes the instalment of macroscopic cracks. The first step was to balance the factors that may affect failure employing a linear analysis with a stress-based approach to failure. Here, the aim was to investigate the influence of lesion shape and depth as well as the direction of occlusal loading on the mechanical response of the cervical glass-ionomer cements restoration in a lower first premolar. This analysis showed that the direction of loading was the major contributor to the failure of the restoration. The next step was to apply this fracture model to the restorations of the NCCL in order to verify if the material is able to accurately simulate the location and type of mechanical failure. The data for this problem, i.e. the geometry and the loadcase were derived from the conclusions of linear analysis, that is I chose the "worst case scenario" as the upper boundary of material endurance. My results showed that under the action of para-functional loadings the GIC failed on the cervical margin. I also showed that prior to fracture the restorative material undergoes strain softening, which in turn introduces damage and weakens the materials involved. After successfully testing the proposed model, the final step was to determine which material properties and restorative techniques would be most reliable under given biomechanical conditions. The present work relied on the hypothesis that a more flexible material would partially buffer the local stress concentration and hence reduce the likelihood of mechanical failure of the restoration. My study, a first of its kind, proposes a radical approach to address the problems of material improvement, namely: numerical-based material optimisation engineering. That is, I aimed to identify the "most favourable" selection of elastic modulus or E value for the restorative material, which will allow it to survive under the unfavourable occlusal loading conditions that may prevail. Two filling techniques were considered; firstly a single bulk material, namely glass-ionomer (GIC) and secondly a layered technique. The latter consisted of a layer of GIC supporting a composite bulk restorative. I chose two thicknesses for the GIC layer, 50 and 150 microns. My results showed that the restorative materials currently used in cervical non-carious lesions are largely unsuitable in terms of resistance to fracture of the restoration mostly because of their relative high stiffness irrespective of the filling technique. The best results are obtained for a bulk filling with a 1GPa elastic modulus material case in which the tensile stresses are about 50% of the failure limit. This approach in determining the mechanical properties of the restorative is novel and unique so far in the dental literature. The direct benefit of this study was the improvement of the restorative material, as it can be engineered to withstand the conditions identified as major cause of failure. This is consonant with the call for new materials better tailored for some specific needs.

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Mazhoud, Farida. "Apport de l'imagerie médicale et tridimensionnelle à l'étude de restes humains datant de l'Holocène ancien (Sahara malien et mauritanien) : Analyse craniologique comparative." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3124/document.

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L’objet de cette étude est une analyse de 32 individus néolithiques représentés par des crânes et/ou des mandibules mis au jour au Mali et en Mauritanie. Les individus composant l’échantillon ostéoarchéologique sont issus de cinq sites présentant des différences géographiques et chronologiques. En dépit de ces différences, nous nous sommes interrogés sur les liens qui pouvaient exister entre eux. Cette analyse, qui a consisté à reconsidérer les caractères morphologiques des crânes et/ou mandibules, leur variabilité, s’est appuyée sur une technologie nouvelle : l’imagerie médicale et tridimensionnelle. Notre premier objectif a été de tenter de répondre à la question suivante : dans quelle mesure l’anthropologie biologique peut-elle s’enrichir des nouvelles technologies issues du domaine de l’imagerie médicale ? Notre questionnement ne s’est pas arrêté pas à cette perspective méthodologique. En effet, l’échantillon ostéoarchéologique présente une particularité morphologique frappante : l’aspect très robuste présenté par de nombreux individus. Cette robustesse confère un caractère archaïque aux sujets par bon nombre de caractères, et ceci malgré des datations néolithiques. Le second objectif de ce travail a été d’ordre paléoanthropologique et a reposé sur l’étude de cette robustesse. La méthode mise en place a permis d’obtenir 146 mesures par individu (en fonction de l’état de fragmentation de chacun). Il s’est avéré que, non seulement, ce caractère a été constaté, mais qu’il semble plus précisément lié à un élément anatomique, la mandibule, ce qui pourrait être le résultat d’une adaptation de l’appareil manducateur aux contraintes environnementales et alimentaires
The object of this study is an analysis of 32 neolithic individuals represented by skulls and/or mandibles brought to light in Mali and in Mauritania. The individuals composing the osteoarcheological sample arise from five sites presenting geographical differences and chronological. In spite of these differences, we wondered about the links which could exist between them. This analysis, which consisted in reconsidering the morphological characters of skulls and/or mandibles, their variability, leaned on a new technology : the medical and three-dimensional imaging. Our first objective was to try to answer the following question : to what extent the biological anthropology can increase from new technologies stemming from the domain of the medical imaging ? Our questioning did not stop at in this methodological perspective. Indeed, the osteoarcheological sample presents a striking morphological peculiarity: the very strong aspect presented by numerous individuals. This robustness confers an archaic character on the subjects by a lot of characters, and this in spite of neolithic datings. The second objective of this work was of order paleoanthropological and based on the study of this robustness. The organized method allowed to obtain 146 measures by individual (according to the state of fragmentation of each). It appears that, not only this character was noticed, but it seems more exactly being bound to an anatomical element, the mandible, what could be the result of an adaptation of the manducative system to the environmental and food constraints

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Manoel, Cristiano. "Avaliação morfometrica de cranios humanos brasileiros por meio de tres diferentes metodologias." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288447.

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Orientador: Paulo Henrique Ferreira Caria
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T11:52:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Manoel_Cristiano_M.pdf: 2133778 bytes, checksum: 24f1ce494393f39e56ad26c09d34e4bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: Metodos Craniometricos, tem sido regularmente aplicado na determinacao do genero em diversas regioes mundiais. Avaliar morfometricamnte o indice de confiabilidade de tre metodologias distintas para determinacao do genero na populacao brasileira. Foram avaliados 215 cranios humanos brasileiros com genero, idade e etnia identificados, pertencentes a Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo. Foram utilizadas as metodologias, do cranio, area do triangulo mastoideo e do forame magno, de acordo com os criterios, estabelecidos por Yscan & Steyn (1999), Kemkes & Gobel (2006) e Gunay & Altinkok (2000). Os valores obtidos foram submetidos a analise estatistica, calculo do coeficiente de correlacao Intra-classe, test t student, com nivel de significancia de 5%, regressao logistica multipla, odss Ratio, Mann-Whitney e ANOVA multivariada. A analise por meio do metodo craniometrico revelou que o genero influenciou (p<0,05) em todas as mensuracoes. Nao houve diferenca significante da posicao do processo mastoide entre os grupos etnicos e os generos (p>0,05), porem houve prevalencia do genero masculino sobre o feminino nas mensuracoes Po-Ms e As - Po (p<0,05). A analise estatistica (ANOVA e Tukey test) revelou que o genero influenciou na largura do forame magno, sendo os masculinos (30,3±0,20) maiores que os femininos (29,4±0,23), mas nao o comprimento (p<0,05). As tres diferentes metodologias empregadas apresentaram diferencas morfometricas entre os generos para as caracteristica craniofaciais do brasileiro. Portanto, em conjunto com outras tecnicas antropologicas pode contribuir para a determinacao do genero de individuos desconhecidos.
Abstract: Craniometryc methods, has been regularly applied, for providing assistance in the gender determination in various regions in the worldwide. To evaluate morphometrically the reliability of three differents methodologies for gender determination in Brazilian population. Were evaluated 215 Brazilians human skulls with gender, age and ethnicity previously identified, belong to the Federal University of Sao Paulo. The following methodology, the skull craniometry, triangle mastoid area and foramen magnum, according to the criteria established by Yscan & Steyn (1999), Gobel & Kemkes (2006) and Gunay & Altinkok (2000). The datas were submitted to statistical analysis, Intra-class correlation coefficient, student t test, with level significance 5%, multiple logistic regression, odss Ratio, Mann-Whitney and multivariate ANOVA. The analysis by the craniometric method showed that gender influenced (p <0.05) in all measurements, more in men than women. There was no significant difference in the mastoid process position between the ethnic groups and genders (p> 0.05), but there was prevalence of male over female in the measurements and the Po-Ms - Po (p <0.05). ANOVA and Tukey test showed that gender influenced the width of the foramen magnum, and the male (30.3 ± 0.20) higher than the female (29.4 ± 0.23) but not the length (p <0.05). The three differents methods show mophometric difference between sexes for the craniofacial characteristics of the Brazilian. Therefore, together with other anthropological techniques can help to determine the gender of unknown individuals and be used in assotiation with medical expertise and odontolegais.
Mestrado
Anatomia
Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental

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Wyman, Jeffrey M. "Craniometric relationships of aboriginal specimens from Manitoba." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ41633.pdf.

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Santos, Daniel Augusto. "3D skull models: a new craniometric approach." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/11558.

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Mestrado em Sistemas de Informação
Esta dissertação apresenta uma nova abordagem para realizar análises craniométricas com base em modelos 3D de crânios. Atualmente o procedimento usado pelos antropólogos assenta no recurso a craniometria tradicional, i.e. medições manuais, o que implica variados problemas tais como dificuldade em assegurar repetibilidade das medições, erros na mesmas e possível dano nos crânios inerente ao seu manuseamento. A abordagem proposta passa por fazer a aquisição dos crânios recorrendo a um scanner 3D de luz estruturada (realizada por terceiros) e posterior análise recorrendo a uma aplicação especificamente desenvolvida para tal, e na qual assenta o trabalho descrito neste documento. Vários métodos serão abordados, tais como análise de malhas 3D, estudos de normais e curvaturas, obtenção de pontos de interesse e respectivas medidas e, por fim, serão apresentadas conclusões sobre o trabalho, bem como sugestões de trabalho futuro.
This dissertation presents a new approach to conduct craniometric analysis based on 3D models of skulls. Nowadays procedures used by anthropologists are based in traditional methods, i.e. manual measurements, which may imply a set of problems such as difficulty in ensuring repeatability of the measurements, measurement errors and can skull damage inherent to the handling. The new approach lies on the acquisition of the skulls using a structured 3D light scanner (done by a third party entity) and subsequent analysis using an application specifically designed for that purpose. Is on the latter that this work is based. Several methods are going to be addressed, such as analysis of 3D meshes, studies of normal vectors and curvatures, obtainment of points of interest (landmark points) and measurements. Finally, conclusions about the developed methods, results and future work.

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Melani, Rodolfo Francisco Haltenhoff. "Contribuição para o estudo dos angulos craniometricos de Rivet, Jaquard, Cloquet e Welquer atraves de analise cefalometrica em brasileiros." [s.n.], 1995. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/290704.

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Orientador: Eduardo Daruge
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: O presente trabalho constou de um estudo cefalometrico dos ângulos cranianos de Rivet, Cloquet, Jaquard e Welcker, em indivíduos cujas características antropológicas eram previamente conhecidas e pertencentes a três grupos; Leucoderma, Xantoderma e Melanoderma. Observou-se o nível de pertinência, na população brasileira estudada , numa amostra de 243 radiografias cefalométricas resultando em 1947 medidas lineares e 972 ângulos faciais . Para cada tipo de cor de pele desenvolveu-se a partir dos resultados obtidos, duas metodologias que se mostram, estatisticamente, mais precisas do que a proposta pelos autores. Utilizamos a Análise Discriminante e a Regressão Logística para a discriminação da cor de pele em função dos ângulos cranianos , evidênciando-se que , nestas características somatométricas , o grupo formado por melanodermas apresenta valores significativamente confiáveis com pequenas taxas de erro
Abstract: The present work comprised a cephalometric study of the angles Rivet, Cloquet, Jaquard and Welcker, in individuals pertaining to the three groups: Leucoderma, Xantoderma and Melanoderma. In a profile study involving Brazilian population it has been noted the pertinency level of the angular measurements for each type of colour skin. Upon these results it has been developed two main procedures seeming statistically more reliable than those proposed by the authors
Mestrado
Odontologia Legal e Deontologia
Mestre em Ciências

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Saliba, Tania Adas. "Determinação do sexo atraves da area formada pelo triangulo da face superior." [s.n.], 2001. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288750.

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Orientador : Roberto Jose Gonçalves
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-31T18:54:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Saliba_TaniaAdas_D.pdf: 2734116 bytes, checksum: 045b6513f029876681c56130a7d03ffc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001
Resumo: A identificação se caracteriza por ser um ato de comprovação da identidade, onde qualifica alguma coisa, objeto ou pessoa no meio de outras de mesmo gênero, individualizando-a. Porém, esse processo torna-se cada vez mais complexo quanto menor for o número de dados sobre o material examinado. o propósito do presente trabalho foi verificar a possibilidade de determinar o sexo, por intermédio' de cinco medidas cranianas: Distância entre o ponto mais externo da órbita situado na sutura fronto-zigomática esquerda à direita, distância entre a espinha nasal anterior ao násio, distância entre a espinha nasal anterior ao ponto mais externo da órbita situado na sutura fronto-zigomática esquerda, distância entre a espinha nasal anterior ao ponto mais externo da órbita situado na sutura fronto-zigomática direita e a área formada pelos pontos cranianos: sutura fronto-zigomática esquerda, sutura fronto-zigomática direita e espinha nasal anterior. Foram estudados 168 crânios, sendo 72 pertencentes ao sexo feminino, e 96 pertencentes ao sexo masculino de pessoas adultas maiores de 20 anos. As medidas foram obtidas com um paquímetro digital, marca "Mitutoyo" entre os pontos de referência previamente padronizados. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística para se verificar o dimorfismo sexual. Os resultados demonstraram que as variáveis: a área, que é formada pelos pontos de referência na sutura fronto-zigomática esquerda, sutura fronto-zigomática direita e espinha nasal anterior, e a distância biorbital foram significativas, o que possibilitou a elaboração de uma fórmula matemática para se estimar o sexo, com a confiabilidade de 75%
Abstract: Sex determination through the area formed by the upper facial triangle The identification is distinguished by a identity comprovation act, that qualifies something or someone in the middle of others on the same kind, individualizing it. However, this process is becoming more and more complex the smallest is the data numbers about the examined material. The purpose of the following work was verifying the possiblity of identifying the gender, through five cranial measures: Distance between the right and left frontomalar suture, distance between the anterior nasal spine and nasion, distance between the anterior nasal spine and left frontomalar, distance between anterior nasal spine and right frontomalar suture and the area formed by the cranial points: right and left frontomalar suture, and anterior nasal spine. Among 168 skulls we have studied, 72 belong to the female gender, and 96 belong to male gender, and they are all over 20 years old. The measures were obtained by a digital pachymeter Mitutoyo, among the references previously standardize. The information were submited to statistics analisys to verify the sexual dimorphism. The results showed that the variables: area formed by the right and left frontomalar suture points, and anterior nasal spine and the distance biorbita were significative, and provided the elaboration of a mathematic formula to fínd out the gender, with sureness of 75%
Doutorado
Doutor Odontologia Legal e Deontologia

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Ludwig, Matthias [Verfasser]. "Computergestützte Craniometrie beim Pferd unter Berücksichtigung altersabhängiger Lageverschiebungen osteologischer Landmarks / Matthias Ludwig." Hannover : Bibliothek der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1080825541/34.

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Pereira, Fernanda Mara Aragão Macedo. "Estudo do crânio de capivaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) craniometria, radiografia e tomografia computadorizada 3D /." Botucatu, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/183677.

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Orientador: Bruno Cesar Schimming
Resumo: Os estudos anatômicos aplicados ao conhecimento médico veterinário, como às áreas de cirurgia, anestesia e diagnóstico por imagem são cruciais para uma correta avaliação e abordagem do animal. As capivaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), os maiores roedores do mundo, são mamíferos encontrados em todo o território brasileiro. Devido a sua ampla distribuição, necessitam-se descrições detalhadas sobre a espécie, dentre elas sobre sua anatomia craniana. Este estudo visou identificar as estruturas cranianas de capivaras em peças anatômicas e imagens radiológicas. Foram utilizados oito crânios e duas cabeças descongeladas para a identificação osteológica, radiográfica e tomográfica das suas estruturas. Foram realizadas medidas craniométricas para as diferentes partes do crânio e calculados os índices cefálicos. O crânio da capivara pode ser dividido em uma parte cranial (neurocrânio) e uma parte facial (viscerocrânio). As capivaras apresentaram um crânio mais robusto e retangular, alongado rostro-caudalmente, adelgaçado na região nasal e levemente convexo na região parietal. O arco zigomático é expandido e largo, a órbita possui um formato circular, o forame infraorbital é bastante desenvolvido, os meatos acústicos externos e as bulas timpânicas são relativamente pequenos e os processos paracondilares são grandes. Estas características anatômicas são compatíveis com o hábito alimentar e com o modo de vida semi-aquático das capivaras, o que pode ser comparado com características report... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The anatomical studies applied to veterinary medical knowledge, such as the areas of surgery, anesthesia and diagnostic imaging are pivotal for a correct evaluation and approach of the animal. The capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), the largest rodents of the world, are mammals found throughout the Brazilian territory. Despite their wide distribution, detailed descriptions about the species are needed, among them about their cranial anatomy. This study aimed to identify the cranial structures in skulls and radiological images in the capybaras. Eight skulls and two thawed heads were used for the osteological, radiographic and tomographic identification of their structures. Craniometric measurements were performed for the different parts of the skull and the cephalic indexes were calculated. The skull of the capybara can be divided into a cranial part (neurocranium) and a facial part (viscerocranium). The capybaras had a more robust and rectangular skull, elongated face-caudally, thinned in the nasal region and slightly convex in the parietal region. The zygomatic arch is expanded and wide, the orbit has a circular shape, the infraorbital foramen is well developed, external acoustic meatus and tympanic bullae are relatively small and the paracondillar processes are large. These anatomical characteristics are compatible with the eating habit and semiaquatic life of capybaras, which can be compared with characteristics reported for animals of similar habits. The radiographic i... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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MARTELLA, PATRIZIA. "Caratteristiche morfometriche della popolazione sarda dal Neolitico al XIX secolo: craniometria e statura." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/248619.

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The aim of this work is to contribute to antropological’ studies of Sardinia from late Neolithic (4000-3200 BCE) to 19th CE, in order to improve the knowledge of history and biological characteristic of the Sardinians. The study of skeletal material has allowed to evaluate morphological changes in time and space, to determinate the variability within population and, when possible, to make comparisons with other past and recent populations. Sardinian skeletal series with radiocarbon dates or from culturally well-defined archeological contexts have been studied. The osteometric measurements have been taken on adult’s bone, who had completed growth and who did not present evident pathological conditions. Craniofacial morphometric variation has been used to obtain information on Sardinian population structure, to investigate the biological distance and to evaluate the possible congruence with the genetic data. Biological relationships with populations of peninsular Italy and Europe, from Paleolithic to Modern period, have been also analysed to detect influences from and towards extra-Sardinian sources The analysis is based on multivariate techniques including R-Matrix analysis, principal coordinate analysis, discriminant functional analysis and cluster analysis. The results have showed a clear separation among Paleo-Meso-Neolithic populations and others more recent European populations. It has also noticed the tendency to a progressive differentiation between Sardinian groups and peninsular Italian groups with the possible exception of a discontinuity showed by the Bonnànaro (Early Bronze Age) Sardinian sample and the Sardinian Punic-Roman and Medieval samples. In fact, these groups show biological affinities with Italian coeval groups and a discontinuity with other Sardinian ancient populations. The morphological results are in agreement with the current genetics evidence for the present-day Sardinian population and ancient DNA of Sardinia sample. These data demonstrate a biological divergence between the Sardinian and peninsular Italian populations; similarity/continuity among Neolithic, Bronze Age and recent Sardinians; and a contribution of a Palaeo-Mesolithic gene pool to the genetic structure of current Sardinians Stature variations in the Sardinian population from the Neolithic to the Modern period has been studied to evaluate the intensity of millennial changes. Analyses of stature variation in prehistoric and historical populations present considerable problems in the reliability of comparisons. To properly compare the results of different studies, it would be necessary to conduct a systematic review of the chronological and cultural contexts of the skeletal series used. Moreover, it would also be necessary to identify the most appropriate method to calculate stature values, since stature reconstruction formulae are specific for certain times and places. The Sardinian samples have showed two different trends for males and females. The results of Sardinian stature variations have been then compared with the values of coeval skeletal series reported in the literature for other Southern European countries (Italy, Spain, Portugal), in order to identify a common trend in millennial changes among the considered populations. The data collected and analyzed indicated that there are no conditions to reliably identify a common trend in millennial changes among the considered populations of southern Europe. In conclusion, the analysis of morphometric characteristics of Sardinian skeletal series from Neolithic to 19th CE, suggest the reliability of a Sardinian biological continuity and their possible derivation from Western European Upper Paleolithic populations through Italian Neolithic samples. The analysis of stature data raise the issue of reliability of the estimated values and consequently the possibility of identifying a common trend in stature.

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Abe, Daniela Mieko. "Avaliação do sexo por analise de função discriminante a partir de dimensões lineares do cranio." [s.n.], 2000. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/289046.

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Orientador: Miguel Morano Junior
Inclui disquete acondicionado em bolso
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade Odontologia de Piracicaba
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-26T14:56:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Abe_DanielaMieko_M.pdf: 3593837 bytes, checksum: 5f62586fc876f5578cc83cb8da015d2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000
Resumo: Chacinas, assassinatos em série, cometidos por psicopatas, tentativas de ocultação de cadáveres e catástrofes rodoviárias, com dezenas de mortos, fazem que rotineiros exames médico-legais sejam insuficientes para a plena identificação das vítimas. As estruturas ósseas crânio-faciais, de reconhecida capacidade de preservação, são, muitas vezes, as únicas fontes para se extrair informações acerca da identidade que tem, na determinação do sexo, um dos seus elementos-chave. A objetividade e precisão do método estatístico denotam vantagens em relação à visualização dos aspectos morfológicos para a definição sexual. Entretanto, o uso de parâmetros antropométricos, oriundos de pesquisas estrangeiras, para o diagnóstico do sexo em brasileiros, é passível de erro, pois as dimensões osteométricas são inerentes a padrões genético-fisiológico-culturais do grupo humano analisado, diferente dos padrões nacionais. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: verificar a existência de dimorfismo sexual por meio de quatro mensurações lineares, obtidas com equipamentos simples, do crânio de indivíduos brasileiros, de sexo e faixa etária conhecidos, bem como analisar, estatisticamente, o grau de significância a fim de desenvolver função discriminante aplicável a outras amostras e construir um programa informatizado para efetuar os cálculos, dando praticidade à técnica. A amostra consistiu de 130 crânios (50 femininos e 80 masculinos), provenientes da ala de indigentes de cemitérios públicos das cidades de Salvador-BA, São Paulo-SP e Araçatuba-SP, com idades superiores a 20 anos e sexo conhecidos, cujos registros foram fornecidos pelas instituições e derivaram-se de constatações do Instituto Médico-legal que os enviou. As medidas - Espinha Nasal Anterior-Borda Anterior do Meato Acústico Externo (ENA-BAMAE) e Glabela-Espinha Nasal Anterior (G-ENA) - foram obtidas por paquímetro de precisão, enquanto Lambda-Glabela (L-G) e Lambda-Pólo Inferior da Apófise Mastóidea (L-PIAM) foram coletadas com o auxílio de compasso de Willis, ambos graduados em milímetros. Todas as dimensões mostraram-se estatisticamente significantes (p<0,05) para a discriminação sexual, quando submetidas ao teste t de Student. A análise da função discriminante, por stepwise, permitiu a elaboração de regressão logística, a partir das distâncias Espinha Nasal Anterior-Borda Anterior do Meato Acústico Externo (ENA-BAMAE), Glabela-Espinha Nasal Anterior (G-ENA) e Lambda-Pólo Inferior da Apófise Mastóidea (L-PIAM) - a fim de determinar a probabilidade de pertinência do crânio ao sexo feminino com 86,1% de confiabilidade, índice compatível a outros estudos de metodologia semelhante. Um programa informatizado foi desenvolvido para efetuar os cálculos e simplificar o emprego da técnica
Abstract: laughters, serial killers committed by psychos, tries in hiding cadavers and road catastrophes with dozen of dead people do that dayly legal medical exams are not enough for the identification of the victims. The craniofacial bone structures, well known as preservation capacity, are, a lot of times, the only way to extract identity informations, that has in the sex determination, one of its key elements. The objectivity and the statistic method precision show advantages in relation from vizualizing the morphologic aspects for the sexual definition. However, the use of antropometric parameters, proceeding from foreign researches, for the brazilian sex diagnostic, is a error pass, because the osteometric dimensions are dependent of genetic-physiologic-cultural analysed group. The objetives from the present study were: to verify the sexual dimorphism existence by four linear skull measures in brazilian person, which age and sex known, with the utilization of simple equipments, as well as, analyse the statistic significance degree, intending to create a function to another samples and construct a computer program to build the amonts, giving practicity to the technique. The sample consisted in 130 skulls (50 female and 80 male), from the beggars part public cemetery of the cities Salvador, São Paulo and Araçatuba, with superior ages from 20 years old and know sex, which registers were given by the institutions that carne from the Legal Medical lnstitute that sent it. The measures - anterior nasal spine to anterior border external auditory meatus and glabella to anterior nasal spine - were seen by the precision caliper. While glabella to lambda and lambda to inferior mastoidal pole were collected with the Willis compass, both millimeters graduated. All the dimensions were statistically significant (p<0,05) for the sexual discrimination when submited the test t of Student. The discriminant analysis by stepwise, permited the elaboration of logistic regression, from the distances: anterior nasal spine to anterior border external auditory meatus, glabella to anterior nasal spine and lambda to inferior mastoidal pole - to determine the probability of the skull pertinence to the female sex with 86,1% of confiability, result compatible the others studies of similar methodology. A computer program was crated to built the amounts and simplify the use of the technique
Mestrado
Mestre em Odontologia Legal e Deontologia

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Gonçalves, Pablo Castro. "Estudo de 25 crânios de indivíduos do Rio Grande do Sul: inferência de sexo e de ancestralidade com o uso de cranioscopia, craniometria e genética forense." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/6860.

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Brazil is a large country, were each region shows a particular pattern of admixture population. To evaluate the agreement between different forensic anthropology tools to determine ancestry and sex in a region of this country, we perform morphological and genetic analysis in a sample of 25 crania from cemeteries and Universities from Porto Alegre metropolitan region, south of Brazil. Those analysis consists in cranioscopy evaluation of 8 cranial traits, 16 craniometric measurements, and allele amplification of 13 autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) loci of the CODIS system (TPOX, D3S1358, FGA, D5S818, CSF1PO, D7S820, D8S1179, TH01, vWA, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D21S11) plus other two loci (D2S1338, D19S433) and amelogenin, using the Identifiler® Plus Kit loci Amelogenin and The NGM™ Kit loci. Genetics and morphological data were then compared to ancestral populations' database of cranial measurements, Howells and Hanihara database, and STR allele frequencies from individuals of African, Amerindian and European origin. Our results showed cranioscopy and craniometry based on Hanihara database were the most accurate morphological tools to determine sex, and probably ancestry as well. This can be explained by the fact that Howells database is not composed of populations who effectively colonized Brazil, and a more resembled craniometric database could turn Brazilian forensic identification analysis more precise and accurate.
Porto Alegre é a maior cidade do Rio Grande do Sul, sul do Brasil. Sua população é composta principalmente por descendentes de portugueses, com a contribuição de outras populações europeias, africanos e indígenas. Neste estudo, para a estimativa da ancestralidade e sexo, foram utilizadas as metodologias de cranioscopia (8 caracteres), craniometria (16 medidas/índices) e a análise de marcadores genéticos STR em uma amostra de 25 crânios provenientes da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, sul do Brasil. A análise craniométrica da ancestralidade foi realizada por meio de análise discriminante utilizando a distância de Mahalanobis, com o software FORDISC 3. 0 baseado no banco craniométrico de Howells, e com o software Statistica 12 utilizando o banco craniométrico de Hanihara. Foram utilizados os 13 (STRs) loci do sistema CODIS (CSF1PO, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D21S11, FGA, TH01, TPOX, vWA) acrescido de mais dois loci STR (D2S1338, D19S433) e Amelogenina, utilizando os kits AmpFlSTR Identifiler® Plus Kit e AmpFlSTR NGM™ da Applied Biosystems®.A comparação dos resultados entre os dados craniométricos e de marcadores STR demonstra que as duas metodologias apresentam resultados pouco concordantes. Em se tratando da comparação da craniometria usando dois bancos de dados distintos, o banco de Hanihara se mostrou mais preciso na determinação do sexo e, possivelmente, da ancestralidade, se comparado ao banco de Howells. Isso pode se dever ao fato de que o banco Hanihara é composto de indivíduos de populações europeias, africanas e indígenas originais similares as que efetivamente colonizaram o Brasil. Os resultados obtidos indicam a necessidade de um banco de dados craniométrico contendo populações ancestrais brasileiras, o que seria importante para aumentar a eficiência das identificações em Antropologia Forense no Brasil.

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Rosa, Luciano Pereira. "Estudo comparativo do método de posicionamento convencional e natural de cabeça para obtenção de radiografias laterais cefalométricas utilizando a análise crânio-cervical /." São José dos Campos : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105852.

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Orientador: Luiz Cesar de Moraes
Banca: Cláudio Fróes de Freitas
Banca: Jorge Abrão
Banca: Edmundo Medici Filho
Banca: Fernando Vagner Raldi
Resumo: Atualmente, a cefalometria passa por questionamentos com relação a sua precisão em avaliar o grau e a localização da deformidade a ser tratada. A obtenção das radiografias laterais cefalométricas, de forma padronizada, pela metodologia da postura natural da cabeça tem pouca popularidade no Brasil, talvez pelos poucos estudos existentes sobre o tema. Sendo assim, o objetivo no presente estudo foi verificar se havia diferença nos valores do traçado cefalométrico crânio-cervical, realizado em radiografias laterais cefalométricas digitalizadas obtidas pelas técnicas convencional e com postura natural de cabeça (PNC). Para tal propósito 92 indivíduos com idade cronológica entre sete a 12 anos foram utilizados no estudo. Tais indivíduos foram radiografados duas vezes, sendo uma pelo método convencional e outra pelo método da postura natural da cabeça. A diferença entre os métodos foi verificada pelo teste Anova dos valores da análise crânio-cervical realizada nas radiografias. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatíticas significantes entre os métodos de posicionamento para obtenção de radiografias cefalométricas laterais embasado no traçado crânio-cervical. Para os indivíduos com padrão esquelético Classe I, II e III foram verificados altos valores de obstrução das vias aéreas, rotação posterior da cabeça, traçado nasofaríngeo-cervical com valores normais e triângulo hióideo positivo na maioria dos indivíduos.
Abstract: Currently, the cephalometry passes for questionings with regard to its precision in evaluating the degree and the localization of the deformity to be treated. The obtainment of the cephalometric lateral x-rays, of standardized form, for the methodology of the natural head posture has little popularity in Brazil, perhaps for the few studies on the theme. Being thus, the aim in the present study was to verify if it has difference in the values of the craniocervical cephalometric tracing, carried through in digitalizided cephalometrics x-rays gotten by the conventional and with natural head posture techniques. For such intention 92 individuals with chronological age enter the seven 12 years had been used in the study. Such individuals had been radiographed two times, being one for the conventional method and another one for the method of the natural head position. The difference between the methods was verified by the Anova test of the values of the carried through craniocervical analysis in the x-rays. Statistics differences between the methods of positioning for attainment of lateral cefalomerics x-rays had not been found using the craniocervial analisys. For the individuals with Class I, II and III skeletic standard had been verified high values of blockage of the airways, posterior rotation of the head, nasofaríngeo-cervical traced with normal values and positive hyoid triangle in the majority of the individuals.
Doutor

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Forsythe, Elliott Conrad. "Foraging strategies, adaptive radiation, and evolutionary morphology of the Callitrichidae (mammalia, primates) : Craniometric evidence /." Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1564020021&sid=8&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Seasons, Samantha M. "An Assessment of Microevolutionary Change among Prehistoric Florida Populations through the Analysis of Craniometric Data." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3592.

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The analysis of craniometric data collected from skeletal remains, combined with archaeological data, can provide very valuable information pertaining to biological distance and gene flow among prehistoric populations through space and time. The goal of this study was to examine microevolutionary change among prehistoric populations in south Florida based on the degree of cranial variation among populations at seven prehistoric sites. It was expected that as time progressed, microevolutionary forces caused significant changes in the crania of the various populations based on the relative geographic proximity of the sites and the temporal distance between sites. A Microscribe 3-DX digitizer was used to collect coordinate data using the full protocol of cranial landmarks. Twenty-three interlandmark distances for n=223 skulls from seven sites, ranging in age from 8120 B.P. to 260 B.P., were analyzed using Cluster Analysis, an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), a Tukey’s Pairwise Comparison (post-hoc test), a Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA), and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) in SPSS 18.0. The seven sites were Windover (8Br246), Perico Island (8Ma6), Captiva Island (8Ll57), Belle Glade (8Pb40), Horr’s Island (8Cr41), Safety Harbor (8Pi2), and Fuller Mound A (8Br90). Of the 223 crania used, zero (0) skulls were 100% complete. Results of univariate and multivariate statistical analyses indicate that there are significant differences among the seven groups. The agglomerative cluster analysis did not provide significant results. When using Maximum Cranial Length (GOL), the ANOVA (F=5.190, p ≤ 0.000) and post-hoc tests indicated that there was a significant amount of variation among the seven populations. In a series of 12 MANOVA tests, it was determined that significant variation existed between Windover and each of the remaining six sites (F > 5, p ≤ 0.000). Additionally, the MANOVA tests indicated that significant variation existed between Horr’s Island and Safety Harbor (F = 8.151, p ≤ 0.000) and between Safety Harbor and Fuller Mound A (F = 5.549, p ≤ 0.000). Last, a Principal Components Analysis demonstrated that measurements consistent with length or breadth accounted for the largest percentage of variation among the populations. In conclusion, the data strongly demonstrate a significant amount of variation among prehistoric populations as time progressed from 8120 B.P. to 260 B.P. Specifically, changes in gene flow which can be attributed to significant differences among populations based on craniometric data parallel major time gaps and historical events in Florida. More generally, these results can be applied to other past populations to investigate similar patterns of gene flow and changes that may have occurred due to various social, political, and environmental stressors.

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Tise, Meredith L. "Craniometric Ancestry Proportions among Groups Considered Hispanic: Genetic Biological Variation, Sex-Biased Asymmetry, and Forensic Applications." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5141.

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Today, groups considered Hispanic in the United States consist of populations whose complex genetic structures reflect intermixed diverse groups of people who came in contact during Spanish colonization in Latin America. After coming in contact and wiping out most of the Native Americans who occupied North and Latin America, the Spanish also introduced West African individuals for labor to begin developing crops to be shipped back to Europe, resulting in the Trans-Atlantic African slave trade. These migration events and differential gene flow among males and females that occurred throughout Latin America have led to populations that have been genetically transformed from what they were prior to Spanish arrival (Madrigal, 2006). Genetic research commonly refers to individuals considered Hispanic as "tri-hybrids" of Native American, European, and African ancestry (Bertoni et al., 2003; Gonz[aacute]lez-Andrade et al., 2007). This research focuses on populations from present-day Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Cuba, all of whom experienced various population histories as these three ancestral groups came in contact. Published genetic research demonstrates that individuals from Mexico tend to have the highest mean proportion of Native American ancestry, while Puerto Rican individuals have the highest mean proportion of European ancestry, and Cuban individuals have the highest mean proportion of African ancestry (Bonilla et al., 2005; Lisker et al., 1990; Mendizabal et al., 2008; Tang et al., 2007; Via et al., 2011). The present research utilizes craniometric data from these three groups to determine whether the cranial morphology reflects similar population relationships and mean ancestry proportions as found in genetic research through Mahalanobis distance (D2), canonical discriminant function, and normal mixture cluster analyses. Sex-biased ancestry asymmetry was also tested by separating each group by sex and running the same analyses. The results show that all three groups considered Hispanic (Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Cuba) are significantly different from each other; however, when proxy ancestral groups are included (Guatemalan Mayan, Indigenous Caribbean, Spanish, and West African), the Mexican and Guatemalan Mayan samples are the most similar, followed by the Mexican and Indigenous Caribbean samples and the Puerto Rican and Cuban samples. The results of the normal mixture analyses indicate that Mexico has the highest mean ancestry proportion of Native American (Guatemalan Mayan) (72.9%), while the Puerto Rican and Cuban samples both have a higher mean European ancestry proportion, with 81.34% and 73.6% respectively. While the Cuban sample is not reflective of the genetic research in regards to ancestry proportion results, with the highest proportion of African ancestry over European and Native American ancestry, it does have the highest proportion of African ancestry among the three groups (18.4%). When separated by sex, the results indicate that the Mexican and Puerto Rican samples may show some evidence in sex-biased ancestry proportions, with the male individuals having a larger proportion of European ancestry and the female individuals having a larger proportion of Native American or African ancestry. Cuba, on the other hand, does not follow this trend and instead displays a higher proportion of European ancestry in females and a higher proportion of Native American and African ancestry in the males. Techniques in the field of forensic anthropology in the United States are constantly being reanalyzed and restructured based on the changing demographics of the population, especially with the arrival of individuals from Latin America (Ennis et al., 2011). Recent samples of American Black and White individuals were included in the Mahalanobis distance (D2) and canonical discriminant function analyses in place of the ancestral proxy groups to determine the craniometric relationship of the groups within the United States. The results show that the Mexico and Guatemala samples are the most similar (D2=2.624), followed by the Cuba and American Black samples (D2=3.296) and the Puerto Rico and American White samples (D2=4.317), which each cluster together in pairs. These results reflect the population histories that took place during colonialism, with the largest amount of slave trade occurring in Cuba over the other two countries. From an applied perspective, clarification is needed in the biological definition of Hispanic and the degree of heterogeneity in each social group, as well as the relationship among groups, in order to accurately develop techniques in forensic anthropology for human identification.

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Francesquini, Júnior Luiz 1966. "Identificação do sexo a partir de medidas da base do cranio e sua importancia pericial." [s.n.], 2001. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/289142.

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Orientador : Glaucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: De uma forma geral o crânio propicia elementos de presunção do sexo. O esqueleto cefálico é constituído por 22 ossos, formando o neurocrânio e o esplancnocrânio. A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo estudar as características diferenciais entre os crânios pertencentes a indivíduos de ambos os sexos pelo estudo das seguintes medidas: incisura mastoidea a forame incisivo (lado direito); incisura mastoidea a forame incisivo (lado esquerdo); incisura mastoidea a incisura mastoidea; forame incisivo a básio. Para tanto foram utilizados 1OO crânios femininos e 1OO crânios masculinos compreendidos na faixa etária de 20 a 55 anos, com sexo idade, e cor da pele conhecidos. Inicialmente verificou-se por meio de análises estatísticas que todas as medidas estudadas são dimórficas, e estabeleceu-se um modelo para a determinação do sexo (Iogito = 25,2772 -0,1601 x basioincis - 0,0934 xmostmost) a que pertence o esqueleto céfálico de forma prática e confiável com um índice de confiabilidade de 79,9%
Abstract: Of one the skull forms generality propitiates elements of swaggerer of the sexo The cephalic skeleton is constituted by 22 bones, these form the neurocranium and the esplancnocranium. The present research had for objective to study the distinguishing features between the pertaining skulls the individuais of both the sex for the study of the following measures: mastoidea incisura the incisive forame (right side); mastoidea incisura the incisive forame (Ieft side); mastoidea incisura the mastoidea incisura; incisive forame the basium. For 100 female skulls and 100 understood masculine skulls in the age band of 20 had been in such a way used the 55 years, with Sex, age, and known color of the skin. Initially it was verified by means of statistical analyses that ali the studied measures are dimorphic, and established a formula for the determination ofthe sex (Iogito = 25.2772 -0.1601 x basioincis - 0.0934 x mostmost) the one that belongs the cephalic skeleton of practical and trustworthy form with an index of 79.9% reliability
Doutorado
Doutor em Odontologia Legal e Deontologia

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Francesquini, Monica Aparecida. "Dimorfismo sexual por medidas da face e base do cranio e sua importancia pericial." [s.n.], 2001. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/289141.

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Orientador : Glaucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: É recente ainda no Brasil o estudo do processo de identificação pelo sexo, havendo algumas dezenas de décadas de profundo obscurantismo no qual ficou mergulhado tal conhecimento. A determinação do sexo pode se dar em vida e ou "post-morten", e nos dois casos ela requer a presença de um perito, possuidor do conhecimento e da prática para se chegar a verdade. No vivo, a determinação do sexo pode vir a auxiliar a elucidação de problemas nos esportes, onde pseudohermafroditas masculinos por apresentarem a genitália externa semelhante à feminina, passam a disputar e a vencer as provas realizadas por outras mulheres; também pode vir a contribuir com a justiça nos casos de anulação do casamento devido à figura jurídica denominada erro essencial de pessoa, ou seja, casos tais, onde tanto o homem ou a mulher possuem seus órgãos copuladores com anomalia que impedem a cópula, há também os casos de mudança de sexo, onde o interessado requer a alteração de seu registro de nascimento, e ainda os casos de mudança de sexo no registro civil, quando do erro de verificação do sexo ao nascimento, devido à má formação dos mesmos. Já nos casos de "post-mortem" existem inúmeras possibilidades que podem ser resumidos nas seguintes situações: cadáveres íntegros; cadáveres espostejados; peças cadavéricas; esqueletizados completos; esqueletizados parciais; peças ósseas isoladas ou em pequenos grupos. Após levantamento bibliográficos, verificou-se que pesquisas para a determinação do sexo utilizando medidas da base e face do crânio em amostras nacionais são muito escassas, constituindo-se em um sério problema para os profissionais da saúde investidos na função pericial, em vista desta situação, propôs-se verificar se existe associação entre tais medidas e o sexo, por meio de um modelo matemático que pode ser transformado em um software. Para tanto utilizou-se 200 crânios sendo 100 do sexo masculino e 100 do sexo feminino, com procedências conhecida e de absoluta certeza quanto ao sexo, cor da pele, idade, de indivíduos adultos, provindos do cemitério Imaculada Conceição, de Campinas I SP. A escolha dos crânios foi aleatória. Foram realizadas as seguintes medidas; incisura mastóidea a arco zigomatico (lado direito); Incisura mastóidea a arco zigomatico (lado esquerdo); Incisura mastoidea a incisura mastoidea; Arco zigomático a arco zigomático. Após a análise estatistica conclui-se que há dimorfismo sexual nas medidas realizadas; e foi possível elaborar um modelo matemático, para a identificação do sexo em avaliações futuras, com índice de acerto bastante satisfatório, 71.9%, podendo ser utilizada nos serviços de Antropologia e Institutos Médico-Legais, com alta confiabilidade
Abstract: It is still recent in Brazil the study of the process of identification by the sex, we lament some sets of ten of decades of deep obscurantismo in which was did such knowledge, but, the inexistence of studies, did not eliminate such problems. The determination of the sex can give in life and or post-morten, and in the two cases it requires the presence of a connoisseur, one " expert ", possesso r of knowledge and the practical one to get the truth. Afier bibliographical survey, was verified that research for the determination of the sex for the correlation between measures of the base and face of the skull in national samples are very scarce, consisting in a serious problem for the invested professionals of the health in the skillful function, in sight of this situation, was considered to verify if correlation between such measures exists and the sex, threugh the development of a mathematical model that can be transformed into a software. For in such a way we use 200 skulls being 100 of masculine sex and 100 of the feminine sex, with known origins and of absolute certainty how much to the sex, color of the skin, age, of adult individuais, come frem the Immaculate Conceição cemetary in Campinas I SP. The choice of the skulls was random. The following measures had been carried through; mastoidea incisura the zigomatico arc (right side); Mastoidea Incisura the zigomatico arc (left side); Mastoidea Incisura the mastoidea incisura; Zigomático arc the zigomático arc. After the estatistics analysis, it is allowed to conclude that: For the antropométrica analysis of the carried through measures, it is verified that it has sexual dimorphic in the same ones; and it was possible to elaborate a mathematical formula, for the identification of the sex in future evaluations, with index of sufficiently satisfactory rightness, 71.9%, being able to be used in the works of Anthropology and Médico-Legais Justinian codes, with high reliability
Mestrado
Mestre em Odontologia Legal e Deontologia

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Okumura, Maria Mercedes Martinez. "Diversidade morfológica craniana, micro-evolução e ocupação pré-histórica da costa brasileira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-30082007-135429/.

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As primeiras evidências arqueológicas a respeito do povoamento do litoral brasileiro durante a pré-história são a expansão de povos associados a sítios arqueológicos denominados sambaquis. Tais sítios ocorrem na costa brasileira, da Bahia até o Rio Grande do Sul, entre 6500 e 800 anos. Um dos modelos de dispersão inicial desses povos propõe que esta teria ocorrido em dois grandes eixos que se expandiram a partir da divisa entre São Paulo e Paraná. Há cerca de mil anos, ocorre o aparecimento de cerâmica em alguns sítios litorâneos, relacionada a grupos provenientes do interior do país. Modelos baseados na análise da morfologia craniana desses grupos indicam que em Santa Catarina, no seu litoral central, teria ocorrido a interação de dois grupos biológicos distintos antes da chegada da cerâmica, ao passo que no litoral norte de Santa Catarina, a chegada da cerâmica parece coincidir com a chegada de uma nova população. O objetivo da tese é testar as seguintes hipóteses através da análise morfológica craniana: I) os povos dos sambaquis representam, em termos regionais, pelo menos dois grupos com morfologias cranianas distintas, cuja dispersão coincide com dois bolsões regionais, um ao norte e outro ao sul de São Paulo; II) no litoral central de Santa Catarina existiram duas populações pré-cerâmicas com morfologia distinta, e com o aparecimento da cerâmica, ao menos no norte de Santa Catarina, surgiu uma nova morfologia craniana. Os resultados obtidos apontam para uma diferenciação de dois grupos principais, cuja clivagem se dá na região do Paraná. Entretanto, a hipótese de que há dois grupos morfologicamente distintos em Santa Catarina antes da chegada da cerâmica não encontra apoio nos resultados obtidos. Em relação aos grupos ceramistas catarinenses, parece haver uma relativa diferenciação entre estes e as séries sem cerâmica dessa região.
The first archaeological evidence for the prehistoric colonization of the Brazilian coast is the expansion of groups associated with the archaeological sites of sambaqui (shellmound). These sites are distributed across the Brazilian coast, from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul, and date to between 6500 and 800 yBP. An initial dispersion of these groups was proposed from the boundary between São Paulo and Paraná. Pottery is found in some shelmound around 1,000 years ago and is associated to inland groups. Models based on cranial morphology suggest that on the central coast of Santa Catarina, there are two distinct groups before the occurrence of pottery, while on the north coast of Santa Catarina, the advent of pottery seems to coincide with the arrival of a new population. The objective of this study is to test the following hypothesis through cranial metrical and non-metrical analysis: I)the dispersion of shellmound populations in two distinct waves, will be inferred by differences in cranial morphology; II)on the central coast of Santa Catarina two distinct populations were present before the occurrence of pottery, and the arrival of ceramist populations brought a new cranial morphology at least in north Santa Catarina. Our results point to a differentiation of two main groups with a boundary in Paraná region. However, we did not find reasonable evidence for the presence of different cranial morphologies in Santa Catarina before the occurrence of pottery. Nonetheless, the occurrence of pottery coincides with the emergence of two relatively different cranial morphologies in Santa Catarina.

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Coelho, Agda Rísia David Pinto. "Estudo longitudinal das dimensões craniofaciais transversais em indivíduos com maloclusão classe II, 1, de acordo com o modo respiratório / Agda Rísia David Pinto Coelho ; orientadora, Elisa Souza Camargo." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da PUC_PR, 2004. http://www.biblioteca.pucpr.br/tede/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=252.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 2004
Inclui bibliografia
No presente trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a influência do modo respiratório no desenvolvimento das dimensões craniofaciais em uma amostra composta por 40 indivíduos com maloclusão Classe II, divisão 1 de Angle, leucodermas, dos gêneros masculino e femini

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Rosa, Luciano Pereira [UNESP]. "Estudo comparativo do método de posicionamento convencional e natural de cabeça para obtenção de radiografias laterais cefalométricas utilizando a análise crânio-cervical." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105852.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Atualmente, a cefalometria passa por questionamentos com relação a sua precisão em avaliar o grau e a localização da deformidade a ser tratada. A obtenção das radiografias laterais cefalométricas, de forma padronizada, pela metodologia da postura natural da cabeça tem pouca popularidade no Brasil, talvez pelos poucos estudos existentes sobre o tema. Sendo assim, o objetivo no presente estudo foi verificar se havia diferença nos valores do traçado cefalométrico crânio-cervical, realizado em radiografias laterais cefalométricas digitalizadas obtidas pelas técnicas convencional e com postura natural de cabeça (PNC). Para tal propósito 92 indivíduos com idade cronológica entre sete a 12 anos foram utilizados no estudo. Tais indivíduos foram radiografados duas vezes, sendo uma pelo método convencional e outra pelo método da postura natural da cabeça. A diferença entre os métodos foi verificada pelo teste Anova dos valores da análise crânio-cervical realizada nas radiografias. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatíticas significantes entre os métodos de posicionamento para obtenção de radiografias cefalométricas laterais embasado no traçado crânio-cervical. Para os indivíduos com padrão esquelético Classe I, II e III foram verificados altos valores de obstrução das vias aéreas, rotação posterior da cabeça, traçado nasofaríngeo-cervical com valores normais e triângulo hióideo positivo na maioria dos indivíduos.
Currently, the cephalometry passes for questionings with regard to its precision in evaluating the degree and the localization of the deformity to be treated. The obtainment of the cephalometric lateral x-rays, of standardized form, for the methodology of the natural head posture has little popularity in Brazil, perhaps for the few studies on the theme. Being thus, the aim in the present study was to verify if it has difference in the values of the craniocervical cephalometric tracing, carried through in digitalizided cephalometrics x-rays gotten by the conventional and with natural head posture techniques. For such intention 92 individuals with chronological age enter the seven 12 years had been used in the study. Such individuals had been radiographed two times, being one for the conventional method and another one for the method of the natural head position. The difference between the methods was verified by the Anova test of the values of the carried through craniocervical analysis in the x-rays. Statistics differences between the methods of positioning for attainment of lateral cefalomerics x-rays had not been found using the craniocervial analisys. For the individuals with Class I, II and III skeletic standard had been verified high values of blockage of the airways, posterior rotation of the head, nasofaríngeo-cervical traced with normal values and positive hyoid triangle in the majority of the individuals.

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Gon?alves, Pablo Castro. "Estudo de 25 cr?nios de indiv?duos do Rio Grande do Sul : infer?ncia de sexo e de ancestralidade com o uso de cranioscopia, craniometria e gen?tica forense." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2014. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/5505.

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Brazil is a large country, were each region shows a particular pattern of admixture population. To evaluate the agreement between different forensic anthropology tools to determine ancestry and sex in a region of this country, we perform morphological and genetic analysis in a sample of 25 crania from cemeteries and Universities from Porto Alegre metropolitan region, south of Brazil. Those analysis consists in cranioscopy evaluation of 8 cranial traits, 16 craniometric measurements, and allele amplification of 13 autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) loci of the CODIS system (TPOX, D3S1358, FGA, D5S818, CSF1PO, D7S820, D8S1179, TH01, vWA, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D21S11) plus other two loci (D2S1338, D19S433) and amelogenin, using the Identifiler? Plus Kit loci Amelogenin and The NGM Kit loci. Genetics and morphological data were then compared to ancestral populations' database of cranial measurements, Howells and Hanihara database, and STR allele frequencies from individuals of African, Amerindian and European origin. Our results showed cranioscopy and craniometry based on Hanihara database were the most accurate morphological tools to determine sex, and probably ancestry as well. This can be explained by the fact that Howells database is not composed of populations who effectively colonized Brazil, and a more resembled craniometric database could turn Brazilian forensic identification analysis more precise and accurate.
Porto Alegre ? a maior cidade do Rio Grande do Sul, sul do Brasil. Sua popula??o ? composta principalmente por descendentes de portugueses, com a contribui??o de outras popula??es europeias, africanos e ind?genas. Neste estudo, para a estimativa da ancestralidade e sexo, foram utilizadas as metodologias de cranioscopia (8 caracteres), craniometria (16 medidas/?ndices) e a an?lise de marcadores gen?ticos STR em uma amostra de 25 cr?nios provenientes da regi?o metropolitana de Porto Alegre, sul do Brasil. A an?lise craniom?trica da ancestralidade foi realizada por meio de an?lise discriminante utilizando a dist?ncia de Mahalanobis, com o software FORDISC 3.0 baseado no banco craniom?trico de Howells, e com o software Statistica 12 utilizando o banco craniom?trico de Hanihara. Foram utilizados os 13 (STRs) loci do sistema CODIS (CSF1PO, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D21S11, FGA, TH01, TPOX, vWA) acrescido de mais dois loci STR (D2S1338, D19S433) e Amelogenina, utilizando os kits AmpFlSTR Identifiler? Plus Kit e AmpFlSTR NGM da Applied Biosystems?. A compara??o dos resultados entre os dados craniom?tricos e de marcadores STR demonstra que as duas metodologias apresentam resultados pouco concordantes. Em se tratando da compara??o da craniometria usando dois bancos de dados distintos, o banco de Hanihara se mostrou mais preciso na determina??o do sexo e, possivelmente, da ancestralidade, se comparado ao banco de Howells. Isso pode se dever ao fato de que o banco Hanihara ? composto de indiv?duos de popula??es europeias, africanas e ind?genas originais similares as que efetivamente colonizaram o Brasil. Os resultados obtidos indicam a necessidade de um banco de dados craniom?trico contendo popula??es ancestrais brasileiras, o que seria importante para aumentar a efici?ncia das identifica??es em Antropologia Forense no Brasil.

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Russell, Charlotte Kate. "Whence came the English? : exploring relationships between the Iron Age, Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon periods in Britain and Denmark : a craniometric biodistance analysis." Thesis, Durham University, 2007. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/727/.

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Many pre- and early-historic cultural transitions in Britain have been attributed to mass-migrations originating outside Britain. One of the most striking changes was the 5th century AD Romano-British / Anglo-Saxon transition, which has often been explained using models which focus on a mass migration and invasion of Angles, Saxons and Jutes from what is now Denmark and northern Germany. This explanation, based on cultural similarities between the two regions, has recently been strongly criticised on theoretical grounds. Most researchers of the late 20th and 21 st centuries now view this transition in terms of elite settlement, and wide-scale acculturation. Within the last decade, however, research from the new field of archaeogenetics has reinvigorated this debate, with evidence showing that population movement between Britain and the continent may have been substantial. Despite this recent resurgence of interest, biological anthropological research in Britain has not followed suit, despite the development and relatively wide-scale application of quantitative genetic methods to anthropometric data elsewhere. In this thesis, craniometric data, which were collected from skeletal collections, published and unpublished reports, represent over 1400 individuals from the Iron Age, Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon periods in Britain and Denmark. These data have been analysed using univariate, population genetic and matrix correlation methods, in order to investigate population structure and relationships in terms of continuity or change in Britain between these periods. The results of these analyses indicate a degree of temporal continuity and no evidence for geographical isolation, both within Britain, and between Britain and Denmark. Cultural affinities, however, are found to be significantly associated with biodistance, in some cases. Results indicate strong links between Britain and Denmark, in both the Iron Age and the early and later Anglo-Saxon periods, suggesting that substantial migration between Britain and the continent may have occurred. However, Romano-British samples appear distinct from Iron Age, Anglo-Saxon and Danish samples. The questions remaining relate to the timing and nature of this migration, the situation in areas of Britain not sampled here, and the cause of the Romano-British distinctiveness in contrast to earlier and later samples.

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Andrade, Bruno André Mansilha. "Towards automatic non-metric traits analysis of skulls based on 3D models." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/18714.

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Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e Telemática
O propósito desta dissertação é a melhoria da aplicação CraMs e a análise craniométrica de modelos 3D através da quantificação e classificação de estruturas e características morfológicas. Uma oportunidade para o desenvolvimento deste projeto apresentou-se no ano de 2012 numa tentativa de colaboração com antropólogos, para criar uma aplicação que os ajudasse e facilitasse a realização de medições craniométricas e no processo de marcação de pontos. A aplicação permite ultrapassar alguns dos problemas existentes com os métodos manuais utilizados pelos antropólogos que podem criar resultados irregulares em medições e danificar os espécimes no seu manuseamento. Esta ideia levou ao desenvolvimento de um programa de computador, CraMs, no âmbito de duas dissertações de mestrado nos anos letivos de 2012-2014. Esta nova abordagem baseia-se na aquisição de modelos craniométricos usando um scanner 3D que depois, serão usados para fazer medições e análises normalizadas. O trabalho desenvolvido foca-se na abordagem dos problemas identificados pelos especialistas e na expansão das funcionalidades existentes a fim de criar novos métodos e melhorar a sua usabilidade. Os métodos acima mencionados centram-se na análise da morfologia das amostras e na extração das estruturas de forma uniforme, nomeadamente, a forma da abertura nasal, a depressão pós-bregmática, a espinha nasal anterior e a forma craniana para uma classificação padrão, com o objetivo de identificar a ascendência do indivíduo e o seu género.
The purpose of this dissertation work is to improve the CraMs application and the craniometric analysis of 3D models through the quantification and classification of structures and morphological characteristics. An opportunity for the development of this project presented itself in the year of 2012 in a collaboration with anthropologists, to create an application that would assist those performing craniometric measurements and in the process of marking points. The use of an application can improve some of the problems that exist with the manual methods used by anthropologists, that can create irregular results in measurements and can damage the specimens, while handling them. This idea led to the development of a computer application, CraMs, in the scope of two Master dissertations in the academic years 2012-2014. This new approach relies on the acquisition of craniums using a 3D scanner which will, afterwards, be used to make standardized measurements and analysis. The work developed concentrate in the issues identified by the specialists and in the expansion of the functionalities in order to create new methods and improve the usability. The methods mentioned above focus on the morphology analysis of the specimens and on extraction of the structures uniformly, namely the nasal aperture width, the anterior nasal spine, the postbregmatic depression and the cranial shape, for a standard classification with the purpose of identifying the individual ancestry and gender.

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Oliveira, Deise Luciane Paiva. "Estudo comparativo dos traçados cefalometricos entre os planos de camper, plano oclusal de nobilo e plano oclusal natural, lado esquerdo e direito." [s.n.], 2000. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/289520.

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Orientador: Krunislave Antonio Nobilo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Na construção de próteses totais e pistas deslizantes de Nóbilo são utilizados como referência para o plano Dclusal , o ponto anterior, ângulo entre os Incisivos Centrais Superiores e as papilas retromolares. Após mais de 20 anos de experiência clínica com excelentes resultados, esse trabalho objetiva determinar as correlações entre os planos de Camper e o plano oclusal de Nóbilo, entre o plano de Camper e o plano oclusal Natural, entre o plano de Nóbilo e o plano oclusal Natural verificando a validade da técnica utilizada. Selecionamos vinte e cinco pacientes dentados completamente, estando em dimensão vertical f.siológica, sem nunca terem se submetidos a tratamento ortodôntico. Os pacientes foram moldados. Os modelos foram confeccionados e analisados. Na arcada superior, colocou-se um dispositivo de resina acrflica ativada quimicamente com uma esfera de chumbo que guarda a localização do ângulo incisal entre os incisivos centrais superiores. Na arcada inferior também colocou-se um dispositivo com a mesma resina incluindo a esfera de chumbo que guarda a localização do centro, o ponto mais elevado da papila retromolar . Na face foram colocadas as esferas de chumbo sobre o ponto subnasal e tragus. Foram realizadas as teleradiografias, lado esquerdo e direito. Foram feitos os traçados cefalométricos e a análise entre o plano de Camper e o plano oclusal de Nóbilo; entre o plano de Camper e o plano oclusal Natural e entre o plano Nóbilo e o plano oclusal Natural, através de programa de Computação Gráfica Corei Draw. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a média de angulação encontrada entre o plano oclusal de Nóbilo e o Natural foi de 3,3297 o para o lado esquerdo e de 3,2742° para o lado direito; entre o plano de Camper e Nóbito foi de 5,2960° para o lado esquerdo e de 5,4013° para o lado direito; entre Camper e Natural foi de 1,9630° para o lado esquerdo e de 2,0127° para o lado direito, sendo que estatisticamente não houve diferença significativa entre os lados esquerdo e direito dos respectivos planos. O estudo da relação entre os planos de Camper e plano eclusal Natural nos permitiu a comparação com os valores da literatura que estão em média em torno de 5°, compatível com o tamanho das amostras. Dessa maneira, os valores obtidos nessa pesquisa estão mais próximos do paralelismo. O menor intervalo de confiança encontrado foi em relação ao plano de Nóbilo em relação ao Natural no valor de 0,77210 que determina uma menor variabilidade entre os indivíduos da amostra quando da análise desses planos. Verificou-se pelo teste Exato de Fisher a presença de 2% de plano oclusal reverso na análise entre o plano de Camper e Nóbilo, 4% em relação ao plano de Nóbilo e Natural e 30% em relação ao plano de Camper e Natural. O plano de Nóbilo pode ser adotado com segurança como referência, devido a sua menor variabilidade entre os indíviduos, pela baixa porcentagem de plano oclusal reverso, ou seja, pela sua reprodutibilidade
Abstract: The anterior mark, angle between the superior central incisors, and retromolar pad are used in the construction of total prostheses and NóbHo's gliding plates as reference to the occlusal plane. The aim of this work, after more than 20 years of clinical experience with excellents results, is to determine the correlation between Camper' plane and Nóbilo's occlusal plane, between Camper's plane and the Natural occlusal plane and between Natural occlusal plane and the Nóbilo's occlusal plane. Verifying then the validity of the technique that was used. We selected 25 pacients with complete dentition, in physiological vertical dimension, who had never submitted to an orthodontic treatment. The patients were molded. activated with a sphere of lead that keeps the incisal angle location between the The models were ma de and analysed. A device of Acrylic Resin chemically central superior incisors, was placed at the superior arcade. At the inferior arcade, a device with the same resin was also placed including the sphere of lead that keeps the central location the most elevated point of retromolar pad. On the face, spheres of lead were placed on the subnasal and tragus points. Radiographies were taken of both rtght and left sides. Also, cephatometric tracings and analysis were carried out between Camper's plane and Nóbilo's occfusal plane, between Camper's plane and the Natural ocelusal plane and between the Natural oeelusal plane and Nóbilo's oectusal plane by using Corei Draw, whieh is a graphie eomputer programo The results obtained after the statistical evaluation allowed us to eonelude that the mean angulation found was 3,3297° to left side and 3,2742° to rigth side between Nóbilo's occlusal plane and the Natural one; 5,2960° to left side and 5,4013° to right side between Camper's plane and Nóbilo's one and 1,9630° to left side and 2,0127° to right si de between Camper's plane and the Natural one, and there were no significant difference between lefi and right sides. This last one gave us the opportunity to compare values of the literature whieh are around 50' eompatible with the size of the samples. Thus, the values obtained in this researeh are eloser to parallelism. The lowest index of reliability found was 0,7721° in relaeion to the Natural plane and Nóbilo's one. This value determines a lower variability between the individuais of the sample when these planes are analysed. The presenee of 2% the reverse occlusal plane in the analysis between Camper's plane and Nóbilo's one , 4% in relation to Nóbilo's plane and Natural one, and 30% in relation to Camper's plane and the Natural one was verified by the Exact Test of Fisher. The Nóbilo's oeelusal plane can be accepted with seeurtty due your lower vartability between the individuais, a by lower percentage of the reverse occlusal plane, because your capable of being reproduced.
Mestrado
Fisiologia Oral
Mestre em Odontologia

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Moreira, Carla Ruffeil. "Validação de medidas maxilofaciais por meio da tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico em 3D." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25132/tde-05112009-093859/.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi demonstrar a precisão e a acurácia de medidas maxilofaciais lineares e angulares obtidas por tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico (TCFC). A amostra consistiu de quinze crânios humanos secos submetidos à TCFC. Medidas lineares e angulares foram realizadas em imagens em terceira dimensão (3D) após a identificação de pontos craniométricos convencionais. As imagens em 3D-TCFC foram analisadas por dois radiologistas, duas vezes, independentemente. Medidas físicas foram realizadas por um terceiro examinador utilizando paquímetro e goniômetro digitais. Os resultados não demonstraram diferenças estatísticas significantes para as análises intra e interexaminadores. As comparações entre as medidas físicas e as obtidas em 3D-TCFC para ambos os examinadores também não foram estatisticamente significantes tanto para as medidas lineares quanto paras as angulares (p= 0,968 e 0,915, p= 0,844 e 0,700, respectivamente). As imagens em 3D-TCFC podem ser utilizadas com precisão e acurácia para a obtenção de medidas lineares e angulares a partir de estruturas anatômicas e pontos craniométricos.
The purpose of this research was to provide further evidence to demonstrate the precision and accuracy of maxillofacial linear and angular measurements obtained by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. The study population consisted of 15 dry human skulls that were submitted to a CBCT, and threedimensional (3D) images were generated. Linear and angular measurements based upon conventional craniometric anatomical landmarks, were identified in 3D-CBCT images by two radiologists twice each independently. Subsequently physical measurements were made by a third examiner using a digital caliper and a digital goniometer. The results demonstrated no statistically significant difference between inter and intra-examiner analysis. Regarding accuracy test, no statistically significant difference were found of the comparison between the physical and CBCT-based linear and angular for both examiners (p= 0.968 and 0.915, p= 0.844 and 0.700 respectively). 3D-CBCT images can be used to obtain dimensionally accurate linear and angular measurements from bony maxillofacial structures and landmarks.

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AMORIM, Marco Antônio Fidalgo. "Indução de programação fetal pela desnutrição e pelo treinamento físico em ratos: estudo de parâmetros somáticos e bioquímicos em fêmeas e sua prole." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2010. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/8114.

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O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de fatores nutricionais e do treinamento físico no período perinatal sobre indicadores de crescimento somático e parâmetros bioquímicos da prole na idade adulta. Este estudo foi dividido em três etapas: (1) padronização de um protocolo de treinamento físico para ratas gestantes, submetidas ou não à dieta com restrição protéica, com base no consumo máximo de oxigênio para definição da intensidade do esforço; (2) avaliação murinométricas nos filhotes neonatos; e (3) avaliações de indicadores de crescimento somático e bioquímicos da prole na idade adulta. Ratos machos Wistar foram divididos de acordo com a manipulação de suas mães: não-treinados nutridos (NT-Nf - 17% caseína), treinados nutridos (T-Nf), não-treinados e desnutridos (NT-Df - 8% caseína), treinados e desnutridos (T-Df). O acompanhamento do peso corporal foi diário. No 1º dia pós-natal foi verificado número de filhotes nascidos por ninhada, peso da ninhada e peso ao nascer, eixo látero-lateral do crânio (ELLC) e ântero-posterior do crânio (EAPC), eixo longitudinal do corpo (EL) e comprimento da cauda (CC) de cada neonato. No 3º dia pós-parto, os encéfalos foram extraídos e pesados. O Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) foi avaliado aos 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias de idade. Foram realizados testes de tolerância à glicose e à insulina aos 145 e 147 dias de vida, respectivamente. Aos 150 dias foram avaliadas a glicemia, colesterolemia, leptinemia e dimensões corporais. Fêmeas do grupo T+D apresentaram maiores valores de consumo de oxigênio de repouso quando comparadas ao grupo NT+D. A taxa de crescimento dos animais do grupo NT-Df e T-Df foi cerca de 50% menor do que os respectivos controles na lactação. A maior taxa de crescimento foi observada entre os dias 31 e 60 dia de vida com exceção do grupo NT-Df que apresentou redução em relação ao grupo controle. Os animais do grupo NT-Df e T-Df apresentaram menor peso ao nascer quando comparados ao grupo NT-N. O ELLC e EAPC dos filhotes do grupo NT-Df foram menores comparados ao grupo NT-Nf. Animais do grupo NT-Df apresentaram deficit nos indicadores de crescimento em todos os períodos avaliados. Na idade adulta, estes animais apresentaram hiperglicemia, hipercolesterolemia, maior circunferência abdominal e níveis menores de leptina no plasma. Nos ratos do grupo T-Df todas as alterações foram revertidas com exceção da concentração de leptina plasmática. Em conclusão, a desnutrição no período fetal e neonatal acarreta danos ao desenvolvimento dos sistemas fisiológicos e reduz o crescimento intrauterino e neonatal com possíveis repercussões na vida adulta, enquanto que o treinamento físico induz adaptação cardiorespiratória na mãe aumentando o fluxo feto-placentário de nutrientes e oxigênio e pode reverter e proteger o organismo contra as agressões provenientes de um insulto nutricional na fase precoce da vida

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Vaz, Ana Rita Correia. "Morfometria craniana do boto (Phocoena phocoena) na costa portuguesa." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/15925.

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Mestrado em Biologia Marinha
Eventos climáticos extremos poderão ter conduzido à instabilidade de habitats e em última instância à sua fragmentação, causando repercussões ainda visíveis nos predadores de topo, tais como o boto (Phocoena phocoena). Consequentemente, os indivíduos que não se adaptaram, tiveram de procurar novos habitats com as respetivas condições ideais, nomeadamente os indivíduos da população de botos do Atlântico Este (norte e sul da Baía de Biscaia). O presente estudo focou-se em indivíduos da costa portuguesa (representando uma amostra da população residente a sul da Baía de Biscaia) e, recorrendo a informação proveniente de estudos previamente realizados, procurou salientar diferenças entre os botos que habitam ao longo do Atlântico Este. Foi aplicado um método de limpeza e branqueamento em crânios de boto, para posterior medição. Foram medidos 65 crânios de botos (programa Image J®), providenciados pela rede de arrojamentos de animais marinhos e obtidos no âmbito do projeto LIFE+ MarPro. As comparações das medidas dos crânios entre géneros foram realizadas a partir de modelos alométricos (programa GraphPad Prism ®) e as comparações entre géneros de cada estágio de desenvolvimento foram efetuadas com recurso a uma análise de PERMANOVA unifatorial (usando distâncias euclidianas), através do programa PAST® v. 2.12. Concluiu-se que na população em estudo, tanto as fêmeas como os machos apresentaram um modelo de alometria negativa. Reportou-se que as fêmeas apresentam comprimentos corporais superiores aos machos, assim como comprimentos e larguras cranianas. Comparativamente aos indivíduos da população a norte da Baía de Biscaia, a amostra de estudo da população do sul da Baía de Biscaia (representada pelos indivíduos da costa portuguesa) apresentou maiores comprimentos corporais e cranianos e maior largura craniana. Estes resultados corroboram observações prévias sobre a população de botos do Atlântico, que detetaram já diferenças genéticas e partilha limitada de genes, diferenças nos hábitos alimentares e habitats distintos nos botos de norte e sul da Baía de Biscaia.
Severe climatic changes probably led to habitats’ instability and possible fragmentation, thus affecting top predators such as the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Hence, those individuals that could not adapt had to seek more adequate habitats, which provided the ideal conditions for their survival. These movements were also observed in the North-eastern Atlantic harbour porpoise populations (both to the north and south of the Bay of Biscay). The current study aimed to provide evidences of variations between individuals of the North-eastern Atlantic population, based on previous studies and regarding individuals from the portuguese coast waters (representing a sample from the south of the Bay of Biscay). With this intent, a cleaning and bleaching process was applied to porpoise skulls for posterior measuring (using Image J®). A total of 65 skulls were provided by the marine animal stranding network in collaboration with the LIFE+ MarPro project. Allometric models were applied to compare skull characters between genders (using Graphpad Prism®), and unifactorial PERMANOVA (using Euclidian distances) were applied to compare the same characters between individuals of different genders and development stages (PAST® v. 2.12). Both males and females showed a negative allometric pattern of skull characters development. It was also noticed that females had larger body lengths as well as cranial lengths and widths. When comparing individuals from both sides of the Bay of Biscay, individuals from the southern side exhibited longer body length, cranial length and cranial width. The present results corroborate previous studies on the Eastern Atlantic population, that have already detected genetic differences, limited gene flow, different feeding behaviour and different habitats, between individuals from both sides of the Bay of Biscay.

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Prado, Juliana Silva. "Autocorrelação espacial e variação craniométrica em populações humanas modernas." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/8846.

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Understanding what factors are behind human morphological variation has for many years been one of the key objectives of various research fields, namely evolutionary, genetic and anthropological biology. The morphological diversity of the human skull sparks great scientific interest, seeing as though quantitative data (due to the genetic complexity in play) showing the patterns of microevolution is useful for analyzing and understanding matters concerning the evolutionary history of populations, such as dispersal, gene flow, isolation by distance, large-scale expansion, among others. For this purpose, the use of multivariate techniques, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), has been supported to assess the human genetic variation on continents. Within this context, the key objective of this article was to characterize human cranial variation, utilizing PCA and Multivariate Spatial Correlation (MSC), so as to assess and identify possible evolutionary processes that contributed to the variation observed. To this end, cranial measurements available on the database obtained by W. Howells (57 variables), sourced from 1248 adult male specimens distributed throughout 30 locations (populations) in the world, were utilized. The results show that there has been spatial structuration of data, as indicated by the spatial autocorrelation statistics (Mantel Test 0.4077, P = 0.001; 59,64% of Moran's Index value with 0.05 significance and average correlogram with positive values in the first few distance bands and negative values in the subsequent bands). The use of PCA and MSC demonstrated that MSC was able to best capture the spatial pattern of data, increasing variation percentages from 54,74% to 69,33% in the first two principal components, where the techniques showed that 26 variables relative to cranial size had positive correlations in these components. The mapping and multivariate regression analyses utilizing environmental data and average dispersion age showed that the variation in the cranial size of populations followed a pattern of increase in cranial size correlated with low temperatures and recent colonization. The results obtained are consistent with Bergmann's Rule, which may thus be applied to modern humans.
Compreender quais são os fatores que estão por trás da variação morfológica humana tem sido há muitos anos um dos principais objetivos de diversas áreas de pesquisa, destacando a biologia evolutiva, genética e antropologia. A diversidade morfológica do crânio humano desperta grande interesse científico, onde o uso de dados quantitativos (devido à complexidade genética que o influencia) demostrando a atuação de processos microevolutivos, é útil para analisar e buscar compreender questões relativas a história evolutiva das populações, como eventos de dispersão genética, fluxo gênico, isolamento por distância e expansão em grande escala, dentre outros. Para tal, o uso das técnicas multivariadas, como a Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA), tem sido defendido para se avaliar a variação genética humana em regiões continentais. Nesse contexto, o objetivo central deste trabalho foi caracterizar a variação craniana humana, utilizando a PCA e a técnica de Correlação Espacial Multivariada (MSC), a fim de avaliar e identificar possíveis processos evolutivos que contribuíram para a variação observada. Para tal propósito, foram utilizadas as características métricas cranianas disponíveis no banco de dados obtido por W. Howells (57 variáveis) proveniente de 1248 espécimes adultos do sexo masculino distribuídos em 30 localidades (populações) pelo mundo. Os resultados demonstraram que houve estruturação espacial dos dados, indicado pelas estatísticas de autocorrelação espacial (Teste de Mantel 0.4077, P = 0.001; 59,64% dos índices I de Moran significativos a 0.05, e correlograma médio com valores positivos nas primeiras classes de distância e negativos nas seguintes). O uso da PCA e do MSC demonstraram que a técnica do MSC capturou melhor o padrão espacial dos dados, aumentando os valores da percentagem de variação passando de 54,74% para 69,33% nos 2 primeiros componentes principais, onde as técnicas demonstraram que 26 variáveis correspondentes a tamanho neurocraniano, possuíam correlações positivas nos dois primeiros componentes principais. Os mapas sintéticos e as análises de regressão multivariada utilizando dados ambientais e idade média de dispersão demonstraram que a variação do tamanho do crânio nas populações seguiu um padrão de aumento do tamanho craniano correlacionado a temperaturas baixas e idade de colonização recente. Os resultados obtidos são condizentes com a Regra Ecogeográfica de Bergmann, que pode então ser aplicada a humanos modernos.

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Адамович, О. О., Я. М. Тарасюк, and Д. П. Ковалик. "Закономірності співвідношення кефалометричних показників у осіб різної статі в залежності від конституційних особливостей." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/41693.

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Якість стоматологічних втручань, що мають на меті реставрацію коронок окремих зубів чи відновлення цілісності зубних рядів, визначається двома чинниками: збереженням естетичного вигляду обличчя та функціональних можливостей зубо-щелепної системи. Об’єктивними показниками якості проведеного ортопедичного лікування чи реставраційних робіт є збереження або відновлення пропорцій обличчя, функцій кусання, жування та мовлення і відсутність скарг пацієнта на больові відчуття та дискомфорт.

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Simpson, Ellie Kristina. "Variation in cranial base flexion and craniofacial morphology in modern humans." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37790.

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Cranial base flexion has been used extensively as a baseline or standard from which to interpret differences in craniofacial growth and morphology. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 414 adults representing seven samples from around the world were compared for variation in cranial base and facial morphology. The samples represent Australian Aboriginal, New Zealand Maori ( Polynesian ), Thai, Chinese, white American, African Sotho / Xhosa / Zulu and African Khoi / San populations. Seven angles of cranial base flexion, five craniofacial angles and nine cranial base and facial dimensions were measured on tracings of lateral cephalometric radiographs. Numerous significant correlations were found between cranial base flexion angles, craniofacial angles and dimensions of the cranial base and craniofacial skeleton. A positive correlation was found between the orientation of the foramen magnum, clivus and the anterior cranial base, with a negative correlation between these angles and the orientation of the hard palate. There was also a parallel relationship between the orientation of the foramen magnum and the anterior cranial base ( measured from pituitary point to nasion ). Cranial base flexion, craniofacial angles and dimensions differed significantly between some samples. Despite this, there was no evidence of distinct facial types between samples. Multivariate statistics revealed some discrimination between some samples for dimensions ; however, if angles were used alone, less than 50 % of individuals could be correctly assigned to their sample of origin. Most of the variation could be attributed to variation between individuals, rather than variation between samples. The range of variation in cranial base flexion is considerable, and needs to be taken into account when comparing samples. Flexion of the cranial base is generally insufficient to distinguish people from different geographic samples. The functional and evolutionary significance of the relationship between the orientation of the foramen magnum and cranial base flexion is discussed for its potential usefulness as a reference line for interpreting craniofacial morphology.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Medical School and Dental School, 2005.

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47

Madsen, David Peter. "Natural head position: a photographic method and an evaluation of cranial reference planes in cephalometric analysis." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/49294.

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Commonly used craniofacial reference planes such as Frankfort Horizontal (FH) and sella nasion (SN) have shortcomings including their variable inter-individual orientation when related to true horizontal (HOR). Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential usefulness of a range of craniofacial reference planes to HOR including those which have not been investigated before: Krogman-Walker line (KW line), neutral horizontal axis, foramen magnum line and posterior maxillary plane. A sample of 57 (38 female, 19 males) consecutive, pre-treatment orthodontic subjects aged 12 to 18 were photographically recorded in a standing mirror guided natural head position (NHP). Cephalograms taken at the same time were traced, oriented to a plumb line (true vertical) transferred from the photograph, and measured for statistical analysis. Thirty nine of these subjects were photographically recorded 2 months later to test the reproducibility of NHP. The results showed that the variability of the 11 selected craniofacial reference planes related to HOR was generally high. The planes illustrating lowest variability to HOR were FH and KW line with standard deviations of 4.6° and 4.7°, respectively. These, however, showed about double the variation in NHP reproducibility (Dahlberg 2.1°). The KW line and palatal plane were also oriented closest to HOR on average. Therefore, KW line and palatal plane are potential substitutes for the commonly used reference planes in the absence of a reliable NHP. However, NHP still represents a more valid craniofacial reference system than the investigated reference planes.
Thesis (D.Clin.Dent.) - School of Dentistry, (Orthodonitics), 2007

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48

Madsen, David Peter. "Natural head position: a photographic method and an evaluation of cranial reference planes in cephalometric analysis." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/49294.

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Commonly used craniofacial reference planes such as Frankfort Horizontal (FH) and sella nasion (SN) have shortcomings including their variable inter-individual orientation when related to true horizontal (HOR). Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential usefulness of a range of craniofacial reference planes to HOR including those which have not been investigated before: Krogman-Walker line (KW line), neutral horizontal axis, foramen magnum line and posterior maxillary plane. A sample of 57 (38 female, 19 males) consecutive, pre-treatment orthodontic subjects aged 12 to 18 were photographically recorded in a standing mirror guided natural head position (NHP). Cephalograms taken at the same time were traced, oriented to a plumb line (true vertical) transferred from the photograph, and measured for statistical analysis. Thirty nine of these subjects were photographically recorded 2 months later to test the reproducibility of NHP. The results showed that the variability of the 11 selected craniofacial reference planes related to HOR was generally high. The planes illustrating lowest variability to HOR were FH and KW line with standard deviations of 4.6° and 4.7°, respectively. These, however, showed about double the variation in NHP reproducibility (Dahlberg 2.1°). The KW line and palatal plane were also oriented closest to HOR on average. Therefore, KW line and palatal plane are potential substitutes for the commonly used reference planes in the absence of a reliable NHP. However, NHP still represents a more valid craniofacial reference system than the investigated reference planes.
http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1297323
Thesis (D.Clin.Dent.) - School of Dentistry, (Orthodonitics), 2007

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Macrini, Thomas Edward 1975. "The evolution of endocranial space in mammals and non-mammalian cynodonts." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/13066.

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Lagravère, Vich Manuel O. "Analysis of skeletal and dental changes with a tooth-borne and a bone-borne maxillary expansion appliance assessed through digital volumetric imaging." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/504.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alberta, 2009.
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Medical Sciences - Orthodontics. Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on August 16, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

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