Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Craniology'
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Rivera, Frances. "How thick-headed are we? : differences in robust and gracile cranial vault thickness in modern humans." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708540.
Full textNeuweger, Diana Loraine Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Khoesan cranial variation :a study of the Matjes river rock shelter crania." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Medical Sciences, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40434.
Full textVan, Holst Pellekaan Sheila M. "Craniometrics, clines and climate : a study of environmental adaptation in holocene aborigines from the east coast of Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1990. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26448.
Full textFulginiti, Laura Carr, and Laura Carr Fulginiti. "Discontinuous morphological variation at Grasshopper Pueblo, Arizona." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186490.
Full textVan, den Worm Johan H. "The comparative cranial osteology of the South African Lacertilia (reptilia: Squamata)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/70379.
Full textStellenbosch University. Faculty of Science. Dept. of Botany & Zoology.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There has been a long-standing need to systematically analyze and classify South African fossil Lacertilia. Although extensive assemblages of fossil lizard and amphibian material from Langebaan on the West Coast and elsewhere exist in museum collections, the fragmentary nature of the material has largely prevented in-depth analyses and identification. In this comparative study the skulls and lower jaws of 7 lizard genera, representing the six extant South African families, were disassembled and the bones analyzed individually. The aim was to compile a comparative database of each bone against which current and future fossil finds could be matched. Detailed descriptions of the isolated elements were given. The results showed that despite some intra-generic variation, unique structural differences do exist in individual bones which may be utilized in the taxonomic assessment of fragmentary fossil material.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar bestaan lank reeds 'n behoefte vir die sistematiese analise en klassifisering van fossielmateriaal van Suid-Afrikaanse Lacertilia. Alhoewel uitgebreide versamelings van akkedis- en amfibier-fossiele van Langebaan aan die Weskus en elders in museums bestaan, het die fragmentariese aard van die materiaal grootliks diepgaande analises en identifikasie belemmer In hierdie vergelykende studie is die skedels en onderkake van 7 akkedisgenera, wat die ses resente Suid-Afrikaanse families verteenwoordig, gedisartikuleer en elke been individueel geanaliseer. Die doel was om 'n vergelykende databasis van elke been saam te stel waarmee huidige en toekomstige fossielvondse vergelyk kan word. Gedetaileerde beskrywings van die ge'isoleerde elemente word gegee. Die resultate toon dat desondanks 'n mate van intra-generiese variasie, unieke strukturele verskille tussen individuele bene weI bestaan en dat hierdie verskille gebruik kan word om fossielfragmente taksonomies te analiseer.
Baier, Melissa A. Wescott Daniel J. "A biological distance study of Steed-Kisker origins." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6710.
Full textVentrice, Fernando. "Développement et croissance crâne-encéphalique chez l'homme moderne : application à la connaissance de l'évolution du cerveau des hominidés." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MNHN0016.
Full textThe brain is a soft tissue, which does not fossilize. To infer human brain evolution, it is therefore essential to study the indirect evidence left in the form of endocranial morphology. Before inferences on the brain can be drawn from fossil endocrania, however, it is vital to understand the relationship between brain and endocranium in living humans. In this PhD thesis, human endocranial versus brain ontogeny is characterized with medical imaging and morphometric methods. The thesis analyzes how these two structures correlate and interact during growth and development. Patterns of size and shape change of the endocranium and the brain are closely correlated during early ontogeny, but not during late ontogeny. Brain-endocast inferences in immature fossil hominins are thus more reliable than in adult specimens
Haddad, Embarek. "Approche ontogénique et dynamique des rapports biométriques cranio-faciaux chez Homo Sapiens : application à la paléontologie humaine." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MNHNA001.
Full textCoqueugniot, Hélène. "Le crâne d'"Homo sapiens" en Eurasie : croissance et variation depuis 100 000 ans /." Oxford : British archaeological reports, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37119977z.
Full textBraga, José. "Définition de certains caractères discrets crâniens chez Pongo, Gorilla et Pan : perspectives taxonomiques et phylogénétiques." Bordeaux 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR11285.
Full textBraga, José. "Définition de certains caractères discrets crâniens chez Pongo, Gorilla et Pan : perspectives taxonomiques et phylogénétiques." Bordeaux 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR10685.
Full textFrieß, Martin. "Taille et conformation crânienne chez les hominidés de la fin du Pléistocène : contributions de la morphométrie géométrique au débat sur l'origine de l'homme moderne." Bordeaux 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR10664.
Full textLebrun, Renaud. "Evolution and Development of the Strepsirrhine Primate Skull." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20032.
Full textDue to recent advances in developmental genetics and phenotypic analysis, evolutionary developmental (evo-devo) studies regained considerable interest, and led to fundamental changes in our understanding of how ontogeny and phylogeny are related. This thesis investigates the relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny in strepsirrhine primates. Here, the focus is on cranial diversity, which is analyzed from a developmental perspective, and with a new set of geometric morphometric tools. A comparative geometric morphometric analysis of cranio-mandibular development is conducted in ten strepsirrhine and two haplorrhine species. Haplorrhines and strepsirrhines differ widely in ontogenetic trajectory direction, length and position. Within the strepsirrhines, divergence between taxon-specific ontogenetic trajectories and allometric grade shifts are more pronounced in lemurs than in lorises. The insights obtained from the evolutionary developmental analysis of extant taxa are used for a comparative analysis of Eocene fossil strepsirrhine taxa belonging to the infraorder Adapiformes. Among the adapine adapiforms, an increase in size via allometric grade shift has occurred in the Leptadapis lineage, which suggests phyletic gigantism in this genus. Adapiforms exhibit longer ontogenetic trajectories than extant strepsirrhines. A trend toward a shortening of ontogenetic trajectories has occurred in the evolutionary history of strepsirrhines. This can be related to a context of general increase in encephalization in this lineage
Coqueugniot, Hélène. "Variabilité morphologique de la tête osseuse au cours de l'ontogenèse : l'exemple des enfants de l'espèce Homo sapiens." Bordeaux 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR10666.
Full textFrieß, Martin. "Taille et conformation crânienne chez les Hominidés de la fin du Pléistocène : contributions de la morphométrie géométrique au débat sur l'origine de l'Homme moderne /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37119994j.
Full textEl-Badawi, Jackie. "Anatomie numérisée du crâne fossile par scanner Rx : intérêt de l'imagerie médicale moderne pour l'étude de la morphologie crâniofaciale en paléoanthropologie." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MNHN0017.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to determine a standardized protocol for fossils’ scanning using multi-detector row Computed Tomography (CT). Two studies were conducted on some of the scanned fossils in an effort to understand the effect of the masticatory stress on the craniofacial morphology. In the first one, we analyzed the internal morphology of the supraorbital regions in a sample of anatomically Modern Humans of Afalou and Taforalt. In the second one, we analyzed the sagittal inclination of the first and second maxillary molars in European modern and fossil hominids (Teviec and Hoedic). A global characterization of the craniofacial form and its variability among Modern Humans were assessed by creating a 3D reference model with sutural landmarks
Nara, Takashi. "Etude de la variabilité de certains caractères métriques et morphologiques des Néandertaliens." Bordeaux 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR10570.
Full textGuipert, Gaspard. "Reconstitution et position phylétique des restes crâniens de l'homme de Tautavel (Arago 21-47) et de Biache-Saint-Vaast 2 : apports de l'imagerie et de l'analyse tridimensionnelles." Aix-Marseille 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX30050.
Full textWe studied the morphology of original fragments of two fossil specimens from the middle Pleistocene of France: Arago21-47, and Biache-Saint-Vaast 2 (unpublished specimen). Digital imagery allowed us to correct the deformations, to assemble the fragments and to propose cranial reconstructions after virtually taking the missing bones on other specimens from Middle Pleistocene. We plotted the 3D coordinates of landmarks taken on these reconstructions and on a group of representative Hominid fossils to use Procustes method on cranial modelling (TPS method and PCA) We noted important similarities in the spatial conformation of these two individuals the Neandertals and Ceprano 1. We therefore propose to consider Arago2M7 and Biache-Saint-Vaast2 as ancient and recent Homo heidelbergensis, to acknowledge the presence of a Neandertal-like conformation in Europe since the end of lower Pleistocene, to name Anteneandertal all fossil having this 3D morphology
Millet, Jean-Jacques. "Morphométrie comparée de l'ontogenèse crânienne des Hominoi͏̈des actuels et fossiles." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MNHN0029.
Full textOntogeny is growth processes of an organism, from egg to adult. The aim of this study is to explore the diversity and disparity of Hominoids ontogeny. This approach is based on the expression of the variability at different levels: Familly, species and infraspecific (geographical origins, captivity, sex and age). 1263 skulls of Hylobates, Pongo, Gorilla, Pan, Homo, Australopithecus, Paranthropus belongs to the sample of the study. Procrustes Methods are used to appreciate size and shape variability. Principal composant analysis, regression and discrimination have been used to modelize skull ontogeny and its growth phases. The results on extant species show different types of growth and sexual dimorphisms. Heterochronic processes have been listed and ofen linked to the ontogeny of sexual differences. The same factors modifying the acquisition of sexual maturity are observed between Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes and between Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis. The evolution of life history of each sex is related to new environmental and socioecological context, then it is part of speciation process
Dutel, Hugo. "Histoire évolutive, morphologie fonctionnelle et développement des cœlacanthes mésozoïques et actuels." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MNHN0021.
Full textCoelacanths (Actinistia) form a clade of lobe-finned vertebrates that are nowadays represented by a single genus, Latimeria. In this thesis, I first present a redescription of poorly known fossil coelacanths Trachymetopon and Megalocoelacanthus from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. These fossils give new insights into the phylogenetic relationships and paleobiogeography of the Mesozoic coelacanths. Moreover, they shed light on the variability in the skull anatomy in large-sized, fossil coelacanths. Then, I present unique data on the early development of the extant coelacanth Latimeria based on X-ray synchrotron microtomography, and discuss of the importance of developmental data to our understanding of the evolution of the cranial system in coelacanths. Investigation of the functional significance of the morphological variation in skull anatomy is also needed to understand the evolutionary trade-offs in the cranial system of coelacanths, and to make inferences on the feeding behavior and ecology of fossil coelacanths. However this objective first necessitates an in-depth understanding of the skull mechanics in the extant coelacanth Latimeria, which is investigated in the rest of this thesis. Among extant vertebrates, Latimeria is unique in having a skull divided into an anterior and a posterior part, articulated by means of an intracranial joint. This joint is associated with a paired muscle, the basicranial muscle. This complex articulation was previously thought to allow an elevation of the snout by 15° to 20°, which would enhance mouth opening distance and allowing the animal to perform a powerful suction. The basicranial muscle was thought to depress the anterior portion of the skull from its elevated state during mouth closure. I re-describe the musculo-skeletal anatomy of the skull based on the dissection of an adult coelacanth specimen. These new data suggest that the intracranial joint and the hyoid apparatus are less mobile than previously thought. The elevation of the anterior portion of the skull is unlikely. However, a small but distinct ventroflexion of the anterior portion of the skull from its resting position under the action of the basicranial muscle is likely based on the anatomy of the joint. Using a static equilibrium model, I show that the basicranial muscle increases the overall bite force generated by Latimeria, suggesting that the role of a functional intracranial joint in coelacanths may be associated with bite force generation rather than suction feeding. Preliminary results of finite element analysis on biting in Latimeria, as well as future research directions are finally presented. The understanding of the skull mechanics in Latimeria will serve to investigate in future work the functional implications on feeding of the variations in skull anatomy described in fossil coelacanths
Soulier, Danielle. "Nouvelle contribution à la recherche d'éventuels marqueurs du type burgonde : à propos de l'évolution morpho-anthropologique d'une population historique de Franche-Comté du VIe au XVIIIe siècle." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO1T206.
Full textViguier, Bénédicte. "Disparité morphologique crânienne et mandibulaire des primates malgaches : compromis entre adaptations et contraintes du développement." Dijon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DIJOS064.
Full textThe Malagasy primates have a high taxonomic diversity associated with a high level of ecologic and phenotypic diversity that is characteristic of an adaptive radiation. The phylogenetic signal is overwhelmed by a high level of homoplasy that obscures the phylogenetic relationships among the group. Some homoplasic traits are analyzed through the description and the interpretation of the morphological disparity (geometric morphometrics) in order to improve our understanding of the radiation. Influences of biogeography, diet, activity rhythm, age, and size are successively tested in small samples and then at the level of the Lemuriformes. The results of this doctoral thesis show the high determinism of functional specializations and developmental constraints on the morphology, regardless of the phylogeny. The comparison of data from diversity and disparity proves that the selectivity of the holocene extinction applied to size, but not to functional specializations linked with adaptations
Rougier, Hélène. "Etude descriptive et comparative de Biache-Saint-Vaast 1 (Biache-Saint-Vaast, Pas-de-Calais, France)." Bordeaux 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR12746.
Full textThis work presents the first detailed morphological and metrical study of the human fossil Biache-Saint-Vaast 1. This individual of post puberty age is represented bu an incomplete rear skull, fragments of the maxillae, eleven upper teeth and two ear bones. It is an important specimen for understanding the emergence of Neandertal characteristics since it provides new data on the morphometrics of the individuals inhabiting north-western Europe during isotope stage 7. A comparative study of the features discribed on Biache 1 has also been completed. It is based on various samples and the author's observation of a large number of original fossils. When comparing the rear skull and teeth, results show that this Preneandertal had already acquired the traits that characterize the wurmian specimens. Biache 1 takes part to a complex accretion scheme of the Neandertal characteristics throughout time and sheds light on its variability. However, our perception of the precise modalities of this evolution that took place in Europe still needs to be refined
Verna, Christine. "Les restes humains moustériens de la Station Amont de la Quina - (Charente, France) : contexte archéologiqe et constitution de l'assemblage : étude morphologique et métrique des restes crânio-faciaux : apport à l'étude de la variation néandertalienne." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13226.
Full textLa Station Amont de La Quina (Charente) a livré une longue série de restes humains durant trois périodes de fouilles distinctes entre 1905 et 1994. Ces restes, attribués aux OIS 4-3, sont associés à du Moustérien de type Quina, à denticulés et de tradition acheuléenne. Un grand nombre d’entre eux n'ont pas été révisés depuis leur découverte ou sont inédits. Ce travail propose une révision de cette série qui comprend un squelette adulte, la tête osseuse d’un enfant et 36 restes isolés. L’inventaire et la répartition des restes dans le site sont réactualisés en relation avec les données archéologiques récentes. Les paramètres de quantification de l’assemblage sont présentés et discutés, et de nouvelles données permettent de réexaminer la question de l’existence d'une sépulture. Ce travail fait de plus état de l’utilisation d’un fragment de crâne humain comme retouchoir. L’étude détaillée morphologique et métrique de tous les restes crânio-faciaux est présentée, et concerne deux têtes osseuses, 16 fragments crâniens, 40 dents en place et 16 dents isolées. Ils sont comparés à des Néandertaliens, des Hommes modernes du Paléolithique moyen et supérieur et des Hommes actuels. Les résultats montrent que tous les restes présentant des caractères diagnosiques peuvent être attribués au groupe Néandertalien, et leur position au sein du taxon est précisée. L’analyse des parties anatomiques représentées par plusieurs individus nous renseigne sur la variation des Néandertaliens classiques. Les os temporaux de trois adultes témoignent d’une plus grande proximité biologique entre eux qu’avec les autres Néandertaliens, soutenant l’hypothèse de leur appartenance à une même population
Crubézy, Éric. "Caractères discrets et évolution : exemple d'une population nubienne : Missiminia (Soudan)." Bordeaux 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR10590.
Full textKodas, Ergul. "Le « Culte du Crâne », dans son contexte architectural et stratigraphique, au Néolithique au Proche-Orient." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010635.
Full textIn Neolithic Middle East, Decorated or isolated et plastered skull and acephalous skeleton we found in archaeological sets, very diverse and distinct in their contexts. Interest in cranium procurement is old and still strong in the scientific community. For a prehistorian it is, beyond ail contemporary challenges of our society, the key to access a world of beliefs, which give lives to Neolithic communities, often known for their cranium worship, which relates to their ancestors. The renewal of studies and recent discoveries implies to analyse previous data, with a focal on the definitions of contexts based upon excavating notebooks. Here, especially recent studies conducted in the 21th century's first decade in Syria, Israel and Turkey have brought new data by analysing those practices by using archaeological and anthropological modems methods. The main angle of this study, which consists in the analysis of archaeological contexts and of cranium procurement technics, is a crucial element for the understanding of this phenomenon. It is the link between the archaeological context and the anthropological data, underdeveloped in the literature, that is the main approach of this study. Only a global approach will allow to develops hypothetical solutions to the understanding of the "cult of the skull" (craniums worship). We estimate that skulls procurement (isolated or plastered skulls and others) are deeply linked to system characterised as social complexity in the Neolithic. However the link between this phenomenon and social identity or social status remains to be assessed through furthers studies. Indeed, the processing human remains and procured skulls can certainly reveal social organisation and stratification of Middle-east Neolithic communities. In other words, mortuary customs and their variation are an absolute clue to construction of social identifies as sociopolitical and socioeconomical status of an individual or of a group of Neolithic societies. More than constituting only social structures' markers, skulls procurement, their process through plastering or the addition of paintings or other elements, and their masking, also represent markers of chronological and regional differences that should guide our futures studies
Danilo, Laure. "Evolution des structures neurocrâniennes des Equoidea (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) européens paléogènes." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20190/document.
Full textThe Equoidea adaptive radiation still remains badly known, especially due to the ignorance of their phylogeny. The main indecision of these relationships concerns the pachynolophs, European Equoidea either approached to the Equidae or to the Palaeotheriidae. During a great part of the Eocene times, Europe was isolated, and, at the end of this period, has undergone strong climatic changes. That isolation ended at the « Grande Coupure » event, whereas an arid climate moved, and migrant faunas caused the extinction of many endemic groups. A basal European Equoidea, richly represented by well-preserved material, can support one of the latest phylogenetic hypotheses. However, commonly used characters to discuss this issue do not provide a clear and definitive answer.Therefore, this study aims to investigate on unexplored regions of these animals as the neurocranium through microtomography (CT), which allows access to non-destructive structures (brain, petrosal, bony labyrinth, and sinus).Furthermore phylogenetic interest these bodies may, through their functions, harbor paleoecological interest. Until now, few large-scale studies have focused on those structures in the Perissodactyla, with regard to most were anecdotal reports. As a prerequisite, a model study was performed on a wild current Equidae to better understand the variability of these unknown structures. For the first time, a large sample of European Equoidea has been scanned and their neurocranium structures virtually reconstructed in three-dimensions. A total of 20 species were sampled, covering the evolution of these animals from their origin to their extinction, for over 20 million years. Their skulls were scanned; their internal structures reconstructed compared and analyzed using cladistics. A new phylogenetic hypothesis provides intra Equoidea relationships and shows the relevance of neurocranium characters, while driving to consider a larger study. The Palaeotheriidae appears as a highly diverse group, particularly with regard to Eocene Equidae in North America, and characterized by a mosaic evolution. Their brain evolved earlier than that of contemporary faunas (Equidae, Cetartiodactyla, Carnivora); which may partially explain the strong diversification of that family, through the development of new adaptive strategies
Albessard, Lou. "Co-variation morphologique du crâne et de l'endocrâne au cours de l'évolution du genre Homo." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MNHN0024.
Full textSpecies of the genus Homo display cranial and endocranial morphological variations, with complex interactions between these two elements. Generally speaking, throughout the evolution of this taxon the neurocranium becomes increasingly important by comparison with the facial skeleton, due to a marked cerebral expansion. The modalities of this expansion differ accross species and occur at least partly through species-specific morphological processes. Apart from the increase in cerebral volume, the endocast bears the traces of neuroanatomical reorganisations. These two factors – volume and organisation – as well as various morpho-functional constraints on the external face of the cranium, may result in a variety of morphological and spacial relationships between the neurocranium and the endocranium. It is therefore important to document these relations in order to better apprehend the variability and the evolutionary mechanisms behind the morphologies of the different Homo species.This doctoral thesis explores the joint morphological variations of the neurocranium and endocast in the genus Homo and within Homo sapiens through multiple approaches. We offer a contribution to this topic based on shape analyses of virtual crania and endocasts, using geometric morphometrics and an innovative technique of surface deformations. We analysed morphological data from extant populations in order to clarify the nature of the relationship between the neurocranium and the endocast in Homo sapiens. One of the lines of evidence investigated is the correspondence between neurocranial and endocranial (and therefore cerebral) gross asymmetries. Our results show that the patterns of bilateral asymmetries of the neurocranium are identical to those of the endocranium. There is a close correspondance between the morphologies of the endocranial and cranial vaults, despite the neurocranium not displaying the full extent of cerebral asymmetries on its external vault. Correlations between asymmetry and factors including sex, endocranial volume and importance of the bony superstructures were also tested. Co-variation patterns between neurocranial and endocranial morphologies in the genus Homo were analysed. Our results highlight elements of co-variation between the neuro and endocranium which are shared accross the genus Homo, and others which are species-specific. While the cranial vault closely follows endocranial morphology, interaction patterns between the endo and neurocranium in the occipito-cerebellar area appear more variable and linked to the overall degree of globularisation of the brain and neurocranium. These results highlight some of the interactions between cerebral reorganisations and cranial morphology in Homo species, and underline the importance of crossing data and methods in order to interpret the fossil record
Civetta, Aude. "Les populations du Néolithique moyen autour du Bassin lémanique : une approche anthropométrique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20653/document.
Full textThe mid Neolithic period (4500-3500 BC) is a transitional one, between two important phases of recent prehistory: neolithization of western Europe’s territories in the ancient neolithic period and the multiplication of cultural identities in the final Neolithic period. For a long time, it has been considered the « stabilisation » period of the human groups. Archaeological research has shown the complexity of this particular period of recent prehistory. The Alps are located at the confluence of several chronocultural eras and are thus an interesting study ground. Our study deals with several populations of this particular chronological period. Several statistical analysis, univariate and multivariate, were carried out using cranial and infracranial metric based data on groups from the Geneva lake Basin to determine their diachronic variability. Then they were compared to other similar populations of the same period, from neighbouring areas. The cranial morphology based findings did not highlight any variations in Geneva Basin groups during the millennium studied which seems to prove a morphological stability. However, a morphological gradient is discernible between the different western populations sampled. Infracranial shapes and sizes have allowed us to put forward several hypotheses about the conditions and way of life during that period of time. They question the initial definition of middle Neolithic population, i.e. format reduction and a tendency to slenderness, but show on the contrary a certain form and size variation, which seem to be dependant on the environmental context in which these human groups were living
Mazhoud, Farida. "Apport de l'imagerie médicale et tridimensionnelle à l'étude de restes humains datant de l'Holocène ancien (Sahara malien et mauritanien) : Analyse craniologique comparative." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3124/document.
Full textThe object of this study is an analysis of 32 neolithic individuals represented by skulls and/or mandibles brought to light in Mali and in Mauritania. The individuals composing the osteoarcheological sample arise from five sites presenting geographical differences and chronological. In spite of these differences, we wondered about the links which could exist between them. This analysis, which consisted in reconsidering the morphological characters of skulls and/or mandibles, their variability, leaned on a new technology : the medical and three-dimensional imaging. Our first objective was to try to answer the following question : to what extent the biological anthropology can increase from new technologies stemming from the domain of the medical imaging ? Our questioning did not stop at in this methodological perspective. Indeed, the osteoarcheological sample presents a striking morphological peculiarity: the very strong aspect presented by numerous individuals. This robustness confers an archaic character on the subjects by a lot of characters, and this in spite of neolithic datings. The second objective of this work was of order paleoanthropological and based on the study of this robustness. The organized method allowed to obtain 146 measures by individual (according to the state of fragmentation of each). It appears that, not only this character was noticed, but it seems more exactly being bound to an anatomical element, the mandible, what could be the result of an adaptation of the manducative system to the environmental and food constraints
Sastre, Julien. "Etude tridimensionnelle de la partie postérieure de la base du crâne chez le fœtus : applications à la détermination de l'âge en anthropologie médico-légale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20715.
Full textGeometric morphometric techniques allow the 3D visualization of the skull base and a forecast of their related growth variations. The aim of this work is to provide reliable and accurate methods to estimate fetal age and stage of development characterized by bone conformation. The temporal bone, occipital and sphenoid in 33 fetuses aged from the 19th to the 24th week of amenorrhea (W.A) were reconstructed in 3D and 44 landmarks were positioned. Geometric morphometrics was used to determine the maxima of morphological variation and ontogenetic trajectories. The established formulas allow the estimation of age at ±2.44 weeks. Hyphenation points conventionally used in anthropology have been confirmed. We have established a chronology of the conformations between 19th, 27th and 41st WA. The sphenoid and the occipital bone have a common growth rate, while the temporal bone differs. We confirmed these anatomical structures as indirect criteria of maturation to estimate age
Cazenave, Marine. "Caractérisation multi-site de la distribution osseuse corticale et de l'organisation du réseau trabéculaire du squelette postcrânien de Paranthropus robustus : implications taxonomiques, fonctionnelles et paléobiologiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30183/document.
Full textThe Early Pleistocene taxon Paranthropus robustus, represented by the holotype TM 1517, was established in 1938 by the paleontologist R. Broom following the discovery of craniodental and postcranial remains at the cave site of Kromdraai, in Gauteng, South Africa. Since, other Southern African sites have contributed to the extension of its hypodigm, providing evidence for its chronological overlap in the macro-region with representatives of the taxa Australopithecus and Homo. As species identification in the hominin fossil record is commonly based on the comparative assessment of craniodental anatomy and morphological variation, the rarity in the hominin-bearing South African cave assemblages of unambiguously associated craniodental and postcranial remains usually complicates the task of identifying isolated and fragmentary elements from the axial and the appendicular skeleton. Consequently, different functionally- and paleobiologically-related aspects of the P. robustus postcranial skeleton remain poorly known. By means of techniques of high resolution X-ray micro-tomography and virtual imaging coupled with two-three-dimensional quantitative analyses, in this research project we explored, extracted and assessed the patterns of endostructural organisation in some fossil specimens commonly, or tentatively, attributed to P. robustus. On comparative ground, we aim at (i) identifying some endostructural bony features characteristic of this taxon, if any, thus tentatively providing a reference framework for the attribution of isolated fossil specimens; (ii) deconstructing the biomechanical (loading) environment having shaped the cortical and cancellous bone arrangement at the elbow, the hip, and the knee joints; (iii) assessing variation and, whenever possible, sex- and age-related differences. The investigated sample consists of four distal humeri (TM 1517g, SK 24600, SKX 10924, SKX 34805), five proximal femora (SK 82, SK 97, SK 3121, SKW 19, SWT1/LB-2), a patella (SKX 1084), some additional elements from the assemblage labelled TM 1517 (the proximal ulna TM 1517e, the distal hallucial phalanx TM 1517k), and two ilia (TM 1605, SK 50) from the sites of Kromdraai and Swartkrans. [...]
Green, Michael K. "Prehistoric cranial variation in Papua New Guinea." Phd thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/116758.
Full textGreen, Hayley Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Cranial variation of contemporary East Asians in a global context." 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40534.
Full textThomas, Katherine Rebecca. "The evolution of cranial ossification sequences in ostariophysan fishes /." 2003. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3097181.
Full textVan, Dijk Nicola. "The Melanesians : an osteological study of their biological relationships within the Pacific." Phd thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/144683.
Full textStockhausen, Kathleen M. "The structural arrangement of cranial vault thickness : implications for modern humans." Phd thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/145375.
Full textWestaway, Michael Carrington. "The peopling of ancient Australia." Phd thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148405.
Full textКозлов, Єгор Васильович, and Yehor Vasylovych Kozlov. "Багатовимірний аналіз черепа вечірниці рудої (Nyctalus noctula) за музейними колекційними матеріалами." Master's thesis, 2021. http://repository.sspu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11828.
Full textAnimal morphometry data are an important diagnostic and prognostic characteristic. The main morphology variabilities in four populations were revealed. For this purpose 75 skulls on 10 signs of a skull and 3 morphological signs were investigated. Using the statistical method of principal components, a vague division into two groups was found when comparing populations. Some parameters of the skull of the studied populations showed themselves to be less relative to European and Asian ones. Sexual dimorphism was not recorded reliably, in contrast to the influence of the geographical factor in interaction with the seasonality of the collection of material on its variability.
Hanker, Martin. "Rituální užití lebky v Tibetu." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-388255.
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