Journal articles: 'CRANIOFACIAL PATTERN'

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Abdel-Salam, Ghada M. H., Gyula Gyenis, and Andrew E. Czeizel. "Anthropometric craniofacial pattern profiles in microcephaly." Anthropological Review 65 (June 30, 2002): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1898-6773.65.06.

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Craniofacial measurements were taken in 60 cases presenting with microcephaly. The cases were classified etiologically and morphologically and the latter was further subclassified. Craniofacial pattern profiles, cranial capacity, and the pattern variability index were calculated and compared with normal Hungarian controls of the same age and sex. In addition, correlation analysis between cranial capacity and IQ was done. Our results show significant similarity of the craniofacial pattern profiles between isolated microcephaly (IMC) and multiple microcephaly (MMC), and between primary microcephaly (PMC) and secondary microcephaly (SMC). The pattern variability index of the microcephalic cases was 4.77. There was no correlation between cranial capacity and IQ in the microcephalic patients.

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Lo, Ai-Lun, Rami R. Hallac, Shih-Heng Chen, Kai-Hsiang Hsu, Sheng-Wei Wang, Chih-Hao Chen, Rei-Yin Lien, Lun-Jou Lo, and Pang-Yun Chou. "Craniofacial Growth and Asymmetry in Newborns: A Longitudinal 3D Assessment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 25, 2022): 12133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912133.

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Objective: To evaluate the development of the craniofacial region in healthy infants and analyze the asymmetry pattern in the first year of life. Methods: The participants were grouped by sex and age (1, 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months) to receive three-dimensional (3D) photographs. Stereoscopic craniofacial photos were captured and transformed into a series of craniofacial meshes in each group. The growth patterns of the anthropometric indices and the degree of craniofacial asymmetry were measured, and average craniofacial meshes and color-asymmetry maps with craniofacial asymmetry scores were calculated. Results: A total of 373 photographs from 66 infants were obtained. In both genders, the highest and lowest growth rates for all anthropometric indices were noted between 1 and 2 months and between 9 and 12 months, respectively. Overall, male infants had higher anthropometric indices, head volume, and head circumference than female infants. The craniofacial asymmetry score was presented with a descending pattern from 1 to 12 months of age in both sex groups. Both sex groups showed decreased left-sided laterality in the temporal-parietal-occipital region between 1 and 4 months of age and increased right frontal-temporal prominence between 6 and 12 months of age. Conclusions: A longitudinal evaluation of the craniofacial growth of healthy infants during their first year of life was presented.

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Escobar, Luis F., David Bixler, Lillie M. Padilla, and Edward A. Liechty. "FETAL CRANIOFACIAL PATTERN VARIABILITY INDEX: THE MEASUREMENT OF FETAL CRANIOFACIAL DYSMORPHOLOGY 869." Pediatric Research 41 (April 1997): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199704001-00888.

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Claro, Cristiane Aparecida de Assis, Jorge Abrão, and Silvia Augusta Braga Reis. "Association between overbite and craniofacial growth pattern." Brazilian Oral Research 24, no. 4 (December 2010): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242010000400009.

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Allanson, J. E., P. O'Hara, L. G. Farkas, and R. C. Nair. "Anthropometric craniofacial pattern profiles in Down syndrome." American Journal of Medical Genetics 47, no. 5 (October 1, 1993): 748–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1320470530.

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Ferguson, D. J., W. A. Roy, L. G. Sigman, and C. R. Wilson. "Craniofacial pattern in X-linked dominant hypophosphatemia." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 96, no. 3 (September 1989): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0889-5406(89)90471-x.

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Polanski, Joshua M. "Morphological Integration of the Modern Human Mandible during Ontogeny." International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2011 (April 26, 2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/545879.

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Craniofacial integration is prevalent in anatomical modernity research. Little investigation has been done on mandibular integration. Integration patterns were quantified in a longitudinal modern human sample of mandibles. This integration pattern is one of modularization between the alveolar and muscle attachment regions, but with age-specific differences. The ascending ramus and nonalveolar portions of the corpus remain integrated throughout ontogeny. The alveolar region is dynamic, becoming modularized according to the needs of the mandible at a particular developmental stage. Early in ontogeny, this modularity reflects the need for space for the developing dentition; later, modularity is more reflective of mastication. The overall pattern of modern human mandibular integration follows the integration pattern seen in other mammals, including chimpanzees. Given the differences in craniofacial integration patterns between humans and chimpanzees, but the similarities in mandibular integration, it is likely that the mandible has played the more passive role in hominin skull evolution.

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Scott, M., and S. Yen. "Paradoxical Mandibular Growth Pattern in Craniofacial Microsomia Patients." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 72, no. 9 (September 2014): e58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2014.06.099.

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Dong, Chunmin, Meenakshi Umar, Garrett Bartoletti, Apurva Gahankari, Lauren Fidelak, and Fenglei He. "Expression pattern of Kmt2d in murine craniofacial tissues." Gene Expression Patterns 34 (December 2019): 119060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gep.2019.119060.

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Waitzman, Ariel A., Jeffrey C. Posnick, Derek C. Armstrong, and Gaylene E. Pron. "Craniofacial Skeletal Measurements Based on Computed Tomography: Part II. Normal Values and Growth Trends." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 29, no. 2 (March 1992): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1992_029_0118_csmboc_2.3.co_2.

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Current diagnosis and surgical correction of craniofacial anomalies would benefit from accurate quantitative and standardized points of reference. A retrospective study was undertaken to define normal values for a series of craniofacial measurements and to evaluate the growth patterns of the craniofacial complex through axial computed tomography (CT). Fifteen measurements were taken from 542 CT scan series of skeletally normal subjects. The measurement values were then divided into 1 -year age categories from 1 to 17 years, and into four age groups for those under 1 year of age. The normal range and growth pattern of measurement values for the cranial vault, orbital region, and upper midface are presented. The overall size of the cranio-orbito-zygomatic skeleton reaches more than 85 percent of adult size by age 5 years. The cranial vault grows rapidly in the first year of life but growth levels off early. The upper midface grows at a slower rate in infancy, but continues to grow later in childhood and early adolescence. Knowledge of the differential growth patterns and normal measurement values in the craniofacial region will help improve diagnostic accuracy, staging of reconstruction, precision of corrective surgery, and follow-up of patients.

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Juliano, Maria Ligia, Marco Antonio Cardoso Machado, Luciane Bizari Coin de Carvalho, Gianni Mara Silva dos Santos, Edilson Zancanella, Lucila Bizari Fernandes do Prado, and Gilmar Fernandes do Prado. "Obstructive sleep apnea prevents the expected difference in craniofacial growth of boys and girls." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 71, no. 1 (January 2013): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2013000100005.

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OBJECTIVES: It was to compare cephalometric measures of mouth-breather boys and girls and with the cephalometric pattern observed in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients. METHODS: Craniofacial measurements of lateral cephalometric radiographs obtained from 144 children aged 7-14 years were compared between boys and girls, and both were compared to cephalometric pattern of OSAS patients. RESULTS: Mouth-breather boys and girls had no gender differences regarding to craniofacial morphology while nose-breather boys and girls showed those expected differences. Nose-breather boys presented a more retruded mandible and proinclined upper incisor when compared to nose-breather girls, but mouth-breather boys and girls had no differences. The measure NS.GoGn was the only variable with an interaction with gender and breathing. CONCLUSIONS: There were no cephalometric difference in mouth breather-boys and girls related to normal growth, suggesting that oral breathing make the same craniofacial morphology and both have craniofacial morphology close to that of OSAS patients.

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Feres, Murilo Fernando Neuppmann, Tomas Salomão Muniz, Saulo Henrique de Andrade, Maurilo de Mello Lemos, and Shirley Shizue Nagata Pignatari. "Craniofacial skeletal pattern: is it really correlated with the degree of adenoid obstruction?" Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 20, no. 4 (August 2015): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2176-9451.20.4.068-075.oar.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the cephalometric pattern of children with and without adenoid obstruction.METHODS: The sample comprised 100 children aged between four and 14 years old, both males and females, subjected to cephalometric examination for sagittal and vertical skeletal analysis. The sample also underwent nasofiberendoscopic examination intended to objectively assess the degree of adenoid obstruction.RESULTS: The individuals presented tendencies towards vertical craniofacial growth, convex profile and mandibular retrusion. However, there were no differences between obstructive and non-obstructive patients concerning all cephalometric variables. Correlations between skeletal parameters and the percentage of adenoid obstruction were either low or not significant.CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that specific craniofacial patterns, such as Class II and hyperdivergency, might not be associated with adenoid hypertrophy.

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MacKenzie, A., M. W. Ferguson, and P. T. Sharpe. "Hox-7 expression during murine craniofacial development." Development 113, no. 2 (October 1, 1991): 601–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.113.2.601.

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We have used in situ hybridisation to establish the temporal and spatial expression patterns of the mouse homeobox-containing gene; Hox-7, in the developing embryonic cranium and nervous system of the mouse between embryonic days 9.5 (E9.5) and E15.5. Hox-7 has previously been associated with areas of mesenchymal-epithelial interaction and cell migration especially in neural crest ectomesenchymal cells. Aside from the expression patterns seen in the facial anlage at E9.5, Hox-7 transcripts were also detected in the neuroepithelium including cells of the dorsal midline of the neural tube. This expression pattern persisted throughout the embryonic time span studied. At E11.5, expression of Hox-7 became obvious in the neuroepithelium of the forming tela choroida and the telencephelii in areas destined to form the choroid plexus before any atrophy of the neuroepithelium took place. High expression of Hox-7 was also present in the mesenchyme cells invading the pouch formed by the involuting choroid plexus neuroepithelium. A second major site where Hox-7 was expressed was the anlage of the anterior pituitary; the Rathke's pouch. Expression became obvious at E10.5 throughout the pouch but by E12.5 became more regionalised in areas of the pouch destined to form the pars distalis. Hox-7 was also expressed in the forming meninges and skull bone precursors from E10.5 onwards. Expression of the Hox-7 gene is also seen in the external ear, the forming eye, the nasal pits and forming Jacobson's organs. When these expression patterns are considered together with characterised human and mouse retinoic acid embryopathies and the congenital malformations seen in human children associated with deletion of chromosome 4p16.1 (Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome), Hox-7 may be a good candidate as one of the genes involved in the initiation of the choroid plexus phenotype and its subsequent formation, the formation of the outer ear, formation of the dentition and the differentiation of the cell types of the anterior pituitary. The expression pattern of Hox-7 in the dorsal midline of the neural tube further suggests that it may also be involved in the specification of the dorsal-ventral axis of the developing nervous system.

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Schmidt-Hansen, PT, P. Svensson, TS Jensen, T. Graven-Nielsen, and FW Bach. "Patterns of Experimentally Induced Pain in Pericranial Muscles." Cephalalgia 26, no. 5 (May 2006): 568–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01078.x.

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Nociceptive mechanisms in the craniofacial muscle tissue are poorly understood. The pain pattern in individual pericranial muscles has not been described before. Experimental muscle pain was induced by standardized infusions of 0.2 ml 1 M hypertonic saline into six craniofacial muscles (masseter, anterior temporalis, posterior temporalis, trapezius, splenius capitis and sternocleidomastoid) in 20 healthy subjects. The pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were determined before and after infusions. The subjects continuously reported intensity of saline-induced pain on an electronic visual analogue scale (VAS) and the perceived area of pain was drawn on anatomical maps. The pain areas were measured and the localization determined by a new centre-of-gravity method. The PPTs were lowest on the sternocleidomastoid muscle (ANOVA: P < 0.001), but the saline-evoked VAS pain scored highest following injection into the masseter muscle (ANOVA: P < 0.05). The centre-of-gravity measures demonstrated significantly different localization of the pain areas (ANOVA: P < 0.001). The trigeminally vs. the cervically innervated muscles had significantly different patterns of spread and referral of pain according to trigeminally vs. cervically innervated dermatomes ( P < 0.005). In conclusion, there appear to be characteristic pain patterns and pain sensitivity in different craniofacial muscles in healthy volunteers, which may be of importance for further research on different craniofacial pain conditions.

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Sevilla-Naranjilla, Marian Almyra, and Ingrid Rudzki-Janson. "Cephalometric Floating Norms as a Guide toward a Harmonious Individual Craniofacial Pattern among Filipinos." Angle Orthodontist 79, no. 6 (November 1, 2009): 1162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/091408-478r.1.

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Abstract Objective: To construct a harmony box based on correlated cephalometric variables, which may serve as a valuable diagnostic tool in orthodontic treatment planning, by analyzing the harmonious relationships of existing individual craniofacial patterns among Filipinos. Materials and Methods: Eighty-one subjects, 37 females and 44 males, were selected from the student population of a University according to established inclusion criteria. Five cephalometric angular measurements were obtained and digitized. Pearson correlation coefficients described the high association among the five variables. The bivariate linear regression analysis was used to construct a harmony box, which contained the cephalometric floating norms of the five correlated variables. Multiple regression analysis and the standard error of the estimate were calculated to construct the harmony schema, which describes the individual craniofacial pattern. Results: Correlations between the five variables were significant at .001 and .05 levels. Linear regression equations with corresponding r2 and standard error of the estimate (SE) were illustrated as the harmony box. The multiple correlation coefficient R, the adjusted R2, and the SE when one of the five measured variables was predicted from the remaining four by means of a multiple regression analysis were displayed as the harmony schema. Conclusion: The cephalometric floating norms describing the individual craniofacial pattern among Filipinos were established based on five correlated variables in the form of a harmony box.

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Bäckman, Birgitta, and Ulf Adolfsson. "Craniofacial structure related to inheritance pattern in amelogenesis imperfecta." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 105, no. 6 (June 1994): 575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(94)70142-3.

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Agnihotri, Gaurav. "The Fundamentals for Craniofacial Morphogenesis -A review with emphasis on the decisive dynamics." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 07, no. 01 (January 2018): 052–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1701717.

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AbstractA rekindled need to widerstand details of craniofacial morphogenesis stems from the clinicians requirement to distinguish normal Variation from the effect of abnormal or pathologic processes. The understanding of the developmental blueprint is core to diagnosis, timing, planning of treatment and predicting post treatment outcomes. The morphogenesis works constantly towards a State of composite, architectonic balance among all of the separate growing parts. The various parts, developmentally merge into a functional whole with each part complementing the others as they all grow and function together. The present overview takes into account the principal fundamentals of the morphogenesis and the decisive dynamics involved therein. There is a cephalo-caudal gradient in the craniofacial growth pattern. In accordance with functional matrix theory, the major determinant of growth of maxilla and mandible is enlargement of nasal and oral cavities, which grow in response to functional needs. The craniofacial complex can be divided into four areas that grow rather differently.These are cranial vault, cranial base, nasomaxillary complex and mandible. The craniofacial morphogenesis leads to an aggregate State of structural and functional equilibrium. A thorough understanding of the process and patterns is the 'vital key' for successful therapies in this region.

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Roomaney, Imaan Amina, and Manogari Chetty. "Sella Turcica Morphology in Patients With Genetic Syndromes: Protocol for a Systematic Review." JMIR Research Protocols 9, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): e16633. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/16633.

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Background The sella turcica is an important anatomical reference used in orthodontics and the evaluation of craniofacial growth. Studies have found an association between variations in sella turcica morphology in patients with certain syndromes affecting the craniofacial complex. It is hypothesized that each related syndrome or pathological condition is associated with a specific pattern of malformation of the sella turcica. Objective This study outlines the protocol for a systematic review that aims to determine if genetic syndromes involving the craniofacial complex are associated with abnormal radiographic sella turcica morphology and if there is a pattern of malformation that is consistent with each syndrome. Methods An electronic database search was conducted using a planned search strategy to identify relevant studies. We included primary studies evaluating the morphology of the sella turcica based on imaging from a lateral view. Specifically, only studies with postnatal human participants with genetic syndromes involving the craniofacial complex were included in this review. We placed no restrictions on the language or time frame of these studies. Based on the search findings, studies were further screened for relevance and eligibility by two independent reviewers. Data were extracted from the selected studies. We assessed the selected studies for risk of bias and quality by using risk of bias tools from the Joanna Briggs Institute. We will provide a narrative synthesis of our findings and a structured summary based on prespecified themes. Results The protocol is registered with PROSPERO (#CRD42019148060) and approved by the University of Western Cape Biomedical Science Research Ethics Committee (BM205/3). The literature search was conducted in September 2019 and updated in July 2020. The study was completed in August 2020, and the findings will be published in an open-access journal. Conclusions The results of this systematic review are expected to provide a comprehensive list of morphological variations of the sella turcica, which will aid in the identification of syndromes associated with the craniofacial complex. We also expect to identify patterns of sella turcica morphology that highlight genotype-phenotype correlations, thus adding to the body of evidence relating to genetics and craniofacial malformations. Trial Registration PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42019148060; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=148060 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR1-10.2196/16633

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Le Verger, Kévin, Lionel Hautier, Jérémie Bardin, Sylvain Gerber, Frédéric Delsuc, and Guillaume Billet. "Ontogenetic and static allometry in the skull and cranial units of nine-banded armadillos (Cingulata: Dasypodidae: Dasypus novemcinctus)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 131, no. 3 (October 22, 2020): 673–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa083.

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Abstract A large part of extant and past mammalian morphological diversity is related to variation in size through allometric effects. Previous studies suggested that craniofacial allometry is the dominant pattern underlying mammalian skull shape variation, but cranial allometries were rarely characterized within cranial units such as individual bones. Here, we used 3D geometric morphometric methods to study allometric patterns of the whole skull (global) and of cranial units (local) in a postnatal developmental series of nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus ssp.). Analyses were conducted at the ontogenetic and static levels, and for successive developmental stages. Our results support craniofacial allometry as the global pattern along with more local allometric trends, such as the relative posterior elongation of the infraorbital canal, the tooth row reduction on the maxillary, and the marked development of nuchal crests on the supraoccipital with increasing skull size. Our study also reports allometric proportions of shape variation varying substantially among cranial units and across ontogenetic stages. The multi-scale approach advocated here allowed unveiling previously unnoticed allometric variations, indicating an untapped complexity of cranial allometric patterns to further explain mammalian morphological evolution.

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Djordjevic, Aleksandrija, Jasna Pavlovic, Vladanka Vukicevic, Amila Vujacic, Sanja Simic, and Brankica Martinovic. "Harmony concept of craniofacial morphology among young Serbian population on Kosovo and Metohia." Vojnosanitetski pregled, no. 00 (2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp201119045d.

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Background/Aim. Analysis of cephalometric value of profile radiographs are very important for orthodontic diagnosis and planning of therapy. These values differ morphologically in dependence of ethic and racial affiliation. Aim of this study was to confirm variations of cephalometric norms and extent of their value, and according to them confirm the harmony concept of craniofacial morphology among young Serbian population on Kosovo and Metohia. Methods. This retrospective study comprised 183 profile radiograms from Kosovo and Metohia, aged 8-33, from which Class I was ascertained among 82 patients (53 female and 29 male). Five cephalometric angles were measured and analysed. Pearson correlation coefficients was used to define the strength of correlation between the five variables. Bivariable linear regression was used to form harmonious combinations of individual values in insight of craniofacial harmonious form. Multiple regression and standard error were used to form harmonious schema. Results. Linear regression equations were used to define cephalometric floating norms. They have helped us form a harmonious box and harmonious schema of craniofacial norms of the participants. Extent of harmonious value for orthognathic profile varies for SNA 78? - 81?, SNB 75.1? - 78.1?, NL-NSL 11.5? - 5.5?, NSBa 134.7? - 125.8? and ML-NSL 40.5? - 30.6?. Conclusion. Cephalometric floating norms that describe the individual craniofacial pattern among young Serbian population on Kosovo and Metohia, determined and defined of five cephalometric variables, are presented in the form of harmonious box and harmonious schema and can accurately determine the craniofacial pattern.

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Mehta, Vivek, and R. K. Pandey. "An evaluation of craniofacial growth pattern in North Indian children." Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research 7, no. 1 (January 2017): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2016.12.001.

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Piloto, Sarah, Theresa Quach, and Thomas Schilling. "Wnt signaling promotes proliferation to pattern the zebrafish craniofacial skeleton." Developmental Biology 344, no. 1 (August 2010): 481–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.05.274.

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Ye, Chengxinyue, Peidi Fan, Jie Zhang, Qiaoyu Cheng, Xin Xiong, and Jun Wang. "Craniofacial Morphology of Temporomandibular Disorder Patients with Different Disc Positions: Stratifying Features Based on Sex and Sagittal Skeletal Pattern." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12020652.

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Disc displacement (DD) appears in the majority of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients. The correlation between craniofacial morphology and different disc positions has been underlined, while the craniofacial morphological differences based on sex and sagittal skeletal pattern stratification have been insufficiently studied. In this study, 304 patients with TMD complaints were included and classified into normal position, disc displacement with reduction (DDwR) and disc displacement without reduction (DDwoR) groups according to magnetic resonance imaging. A total of 24 cephalometric measurements, covering the cranial base, vertical relationship, sagittal relationship, mandible position and morphology, and dental relationship, were assessed using lateral cephalograms. A stratified analysis was performed based on the sex and sagittal skeletal pattern. Overall, DD patients had distinctive craniofacial morphological features. The posterior cranial base length and mandibular arc angle were statistically different only in females, while the Y-axis angle, occlusal plane angle and sella nasion point A angle (SNA) might be unique features in males. Skeletal class II had the most statistically different measurements compared to the others. Differences in the Frankfort mandibular incisor angle (FMIA) and saddle angle were especially displayed in skeletal class III patients. The sex and skeletal sagittal pattern could affect the morphological differences in TMD patients with different disc positions.

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Sen, Rwik, Sofia Pezoa, Lomeli Carpio Shull, Laura Hernandez-Lagunas, Lee Niswander, and Kristin Artinger. "Kat2a and Kat2b Acetyltransferase Activity Regulates Craniofacial Cartilage and Bone Differentiation in Zebrafish and Mice." Journal of Developmental Biology 6, no. 4 (November 12, 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb6040027.

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Cranial neural crest cells undergo cellular growth, patterning, and differentiation within the branchial arches to form cartilage and bone, resulting in a precise pattern of skeletal elements forming the craniofacial skeleton. However, it is unclear how cranial neural crest cells are regulated to give rise to the different shapes and sizes of the bone and cartilage. Epigenetic regulators are good candidates to be involved in this regulation, since they can exert both broad as well as precise control on pattern formation. Here, we investigated the role of the histone acetyltransferases Kat2a and Kat2b in craniofacial development using TALEN/CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis in zebrafish and the Kat2ahat/hat (also called Gcn5) allele in mice. kat2a and kat2b are broadly expressed during embryogenesis within the central nervous system and craniofacial region. Single and double kat2a and kat2b zebrafish mutants have an overall shortening and hypoplastic nature of the cartilage elements and disruption of the posterior ceratobranchial cartilages, likely due to smaller domains of expression of both cartilage- and bone-specific markers, including sox9a and col2a1, and runx2a and runx2b, respectively. Similarly, in mice we observe defects in the craniofacial skeleton, including hypoplastic bone and cartilage and altered expression of Runx2 and cartilage markers (Sox9, Col2a1). In addition, we determined that following the loss of Kat2a activity, overall histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9) acetylation, the main epigenetic target of Kat2a/Kat2b, was decreased. These results suggest that Kat2a and Kat2b are required for growth and differentiation of craniofacial cartilage and bone in both zebrafish and mice by regulating H3K9 acetylation.

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Eliza Cristiane de Carvalho, Amanda Albino Bisson, Lucas Alvarenga Hespanhol, Nicoli Maria Pereira, Andrea Paula Fregoneze, João Armando Brancher, and Maria Fernanda Pioli Torres. "Facial anthropometry in an adult male with Sotos syndrome." RSBO 16, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21726/rsbo.v16i1.530.

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Sotos Syndrome is a dominant autossomic disease caused by a mutation in NSD1 gene localized in chromosome 5. The craniofacial phenotype of Sotos Syndrome is quite distinctive, especially in the young child, and includes macrocephaly, widelyspaced eyes, prominent chin and mandible, high and curved forehead, palpebral slits oblique and downward, long and narrow face. This phenotype plays an important role in the identification of this syndrome. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the craniofacial anthropometric landmarks of a young adult male with medical diagnosis of Sotos Syndrome. Material and methods: Using noninvasive method of craniofacial anthropometry, twenty five anthropometric measurements were taken of the individual and compared with the facial pattern of non-syndromic individuals, matched in gender and age. The findings were standards and converted to Z-scores. Results: the data analysis showed that the majority of variables were in supernormal range (greater than +2 standard deviation (SD). None none of them was in the subnormal range (less than –2SD). Conclusion: Anthropometric analysis of Sotos Syndrome demonstrated the usefulness of craniofacial analysis in defining abnormal craniofacial dimensions.

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Carvalho, Eliza Cristiane de, Amanda Albino Bisson, Lucas Alvarenga Hespanhol, Nicoli Maria Pereira, Andrea Paula Fregoneze, João Armando Brancher, and Maria Fernanda Pioli Torres. "Facial anthropometry in an adult male with Sotos syndrome." RSBO 16, no. 1 (July 3, 2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21726/rsbo.v16i1.780.

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Introduction: Sotos Syndrome is a dominant autossomic disease caused by a mutation in NSD1 gene localized in chromosome 5. The craniofacial phenotype of Sotos Syndrome is quite distinctive, especially in the young child, and includes macrocephaly, widelyspaced eyes, prominent chin and mandible, high and curved forehead, palpebral slits oblique and downward, long and narrowface. This phenotype plays an important role in the identification of this syndrome. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the craniofacial anthropometric landmarks of a young adult male with medical diagnosis of Sotos Syndrome. Material and methods: Using noninvasive method of craniofacial anthropometry, twenty five anthropometric measurements were taken of the individual and compared with the facial pattern of non-syndromic individuals,matched in gender and age. The findings were standards and converted to Z-scores. Results: the data analysis showed that the majority of variables were in supernormal range (greater than +2 standard deviation (SD). None none of them was in the subnormal range (less than –2SD). Conclusion: Anthropometric analysis of Sotos Syndrome demonstrated the usefulness of craniofacial analysisin defining abnormal craniofacial dimensions.

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Riasa, Nyoman P., Ardhy Parama, Putu Indah Budiapsari, and Desak Putu Oki Lestari. "The Pattern of Facial Injury among Foreign Travelers in Bali: A Retrospective Study." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, B (October 9, 2020): 988–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.5169.

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BACKGROUND: Injury, especially road traffic accident caused injury, was the most cause of death in international traveler worldwide. Estimated more than 1 million people deaths and become disability after injury. Facial fracture was the most common injury in plastic surgery division among international traveler. AIM: This study is aimed to describe the pattern of facial fracture among foreign travelers in Bali to provide prompt prevention and treatment. METHODS: The retrospective study was did using the medical record, imaging analysis including computed tomographies and conventional radiographs of 126 cases of facial fracture from the period of January 2009 to September 2012. The patterns of facial fractures were divided into four main categories of craniofacial, maxillofacial, nasal, and mandibulofacial. RESULTS: The result showed that fractures involving nasal region were the most common (n = 65, 51.6%) followed by midface region (n = 58, 46.0%), craniofacial (n = 50, 39.7%), and mandibulofacial (n = 20, 15.9%), respectively. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded, nasal fracture and midfacial fracture were the most common type of facial fracture with the major cause of motor vehicle accidents.

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Neuhauss, S. C., L. Solnica-Krezel, A. F. Schier, F. Zwartkruis, D. L. Stemple, J. Malicki, S. Abdelilah, D. Y. Stainier, and W. Driever. "Mutations affecting craniofacial development in zebrafish." Development 123, no. 1 (December 1, 1996): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.123.1.357.

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In a large-scale screen for mutations affecting embryogenesis in zebrafish, we identified 48 mutations in 34 genetic loci specifically affecting craniofacial development. Mutants were analyzed for abnormalities in the cartilaginous head skeleton. Further, the expression of marker genes was studied to investigate potential abnormalities in mutant rhombencephalon, neural crest, and pharyngeal endoderm. The results suggest that the identified mutations affect three distinct aspects of craniofacial development. In one group, mutations affect the overall pattern of the craniofacial skeleton, suggesting that the genes are involved in the specification of these elements. Another large group of mutations affects differentiation and morphogenesis of cartilage, and may provide insight into the genetic control of chondrogenesis. The last group of mutations leads to the abnormal arrangement of skeletal elements and may uncover important tissue-tissue interactions underlying jaw development.

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Wolpert, L. "Craniofacial development: a summing up." Development 103, Supplement (September 1, 1988): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.103.supplement.245.

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It is convenient to distinguish between three related problems in development: cell differentiation; pattern formation, which is about spatial organization; and morphogenesis in the strict sense, which is about change in form, particularly of cell sheets, but includes cell migration (Wolpert, 1981; Wolpert & Stein, 1984). All these need to be linked to gene action. If one looks forward over the next five to ten years then the future of craniofacial biology lies in molecular cell biology. This is not to say that all the problems at the tissue level have been solved, quite the contrary, but rather that the emphasis must now be at the cell and molecular level. One can illustrate some of the problems of cell differentiation – and the approaches involved – with the differentiation of the cells of the haemopoietic system. Here we have a stem cell that can give rise to all the different types of blood cell.

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Gama, Andrea, Laura Maman, Jorge William Vargas-Franco, Rana Omar, Bénédicte Brounais-Le Royer, Hideo Yagita, Sylvie Babajko, et al. "Primary Retention of Molars and RANKL Signaling Alteration during Craniofacial Growth." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 4 (March 25, 2020): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9040898.

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The primary retention of molars observed in clinic corresponds to a still-unexplained absence of molar eruption despite the presence of an eruption pathway, resembling the experimental transient inhibition of RANKL signaling in mice. The aim of the present study was to confront the hypothesis according to which the primary retention of molars is associated with transitory perturbations to RANKL signaling during growth as part of a wider craniofacial skeleton pattern. The experimental strategy was based on combining a clinical study and an animal study corresponding to the characterization of the craniofacial phenotypes of patients with primary retention of molars and analyses in mice of the consequences of transient inhibition of RANKL signaling on molar eruption and craniofacial growth. The clinical study validated the existence of a particular craniofacial phenotype in patients with primary retention of molars: a retromandibular skeletal class II typology with reduced mandibular dimensions which manifests itself at the dental level by a class II/2 with palatoversion of the upper incisors and anterior overbite. The animal study demonstrated that transient invalidation of RANKL signaling had an impact on the molar eruption process, the severity of which was dependent on the period of inhibition and was associated with a reduction in two craniofacial morphometric parameters: total skull length and craniofacial vault length. In conclusion, primary retention of molars may be proposed as part of the craniofacial skeleton phenotype associated with a transitory alteration in RANKL signaling during growth.

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Cunha, Taís Morais Alves, and Carlos Maurício Cardeal Mendes. "Adenotonsilectomia e Classe II esquelética – estudo de casocontrole." Orthodontic Science and Practice 14, no. 54 (2021): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24077/2021;1454-8997.

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Introduction: The maxillomandibular lateral growth imbalance with mandibular retrusion related to the maxilla indicates the skeletal Class II pattern. This craniofacial morphological abnormality is often attributed to nasorespiratory obstruction due to pharyngeal and palatine tonsils hypertrophy. The adenotonsillectomy is indicated to young patients with respiratory obstruction. However, there is no information in the scientific literature concerning the impact of tonsils surgically removal on craniofacial growth and development. Objective: To identify the association between adenotonsillectomy and skeletal Class II. Material and Methods: An unpaired case-control study was performed. Adult subjects who agreed to participate filled a questionnaire and after identification of the skeletal pattern through radiographic cephalometric analysis were allocated into two groups: CASE GROUP composed of 23 subjects with skeletal Class II malocclusion and CONTROL GROUP composed of 27 subjects without skeletal Class II malocclusion. With specific software the images were evaluated and measured to compare craniofacial measurements between the experimental groups and this data was interpreted to verify the association between skeletal Class II and the occurrence of adenotonsillectomy in early childhood. Results: the adenotonsillectomy demonstrated protective potential for skeletal Class II development due to a strong epidemiological association between adenotonsillectomy and skeletal Class II anteroposterior discrepancy (ORC = 0.33), without gender interference (ORA = 0.91). Conclusions: Among the long-term benefits of performing adenotonsillectomy in early childhood, it may be considered the prevention of craniofacial growth alterations such as Class II maxillomandibular discrepancy.

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Gustafson, A. L., L. Dencker, and U. Eriksson. "Non-overlapping expression of CRBP I and CRABP I during pattern formation of limbs and craniofacial structures in the early mouse embryo." Development 117, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.117.2.451.

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Retinoic acid (RA), a physiological metabolite of retinol (vitamin A), is thought to be of importance for pattern formation in the developing embryo. However, the mechanism by which RA is generated, as well as the site of its formation in the developing embryo, is still unknown. In this paper, we show that radiolabelled retinol, administered to pregnant mice, is accumulated in specific locations in the embryos. As revealed by immunohistochemistry using antibodies to cellular retinol-binding protein I (CRBP I), retinol accumulates in regions of the embryo expressing CRBP I. In limbs and craniofacial structures, CRBP I expression and retinol accumulation was seen in endoderm and surface ectoderm. Most mesenchymal cells of the limbs and craniofacial structures did not express detectable levels of CRBP I but instead expressed cellular retinoic acid-binding protein I (CRABP I). Previous results have demonstrated that CRABP I is involved in accumulation of RA in the embryo. Thus, the spatially closely related but non-overlapping domains of expression of CRBP I and CRABP I suggests a role of a retinol/RA pathway in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during pattern formation of limbs and of craniofacial structures.

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Gupta, Swathi, and Ravi M. Subrahmanya. "Assessment of Oropharyngeal Widths in Individuals with Different Facial Skeletal Patterns." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 04, no. 02 (June 2014): 034–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1703761.

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Abstract: Background and objectives: The relationship between airway patency and craniofacial development is highly debated and controversial subject. Hence this was conducted with the aims and objectives of comparing and correlating the upper & lower Oropharyngeal widths in individuals with horizontal growth pattern with that of individuals having vertical growth pattern. Methodology: 60 subjects (30 males & 30 females) in the age group of 16 to 20 years were selected as per inclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups (Group I and Group II) according to their skeletal pattern in vertical plane based on Jarabak' sratio and Y axis. . Pharyngeal width measurement was done based on McNamara analysis The data obtained was statistically evaluated using Mann-Whitney U test (Z test). Results: Significant correlation was found between facial skeletal patterns and upper and lower Oropharyngeal widths. The subjects with vertical skeletal pattern were found to have significantly narrower upper airways and broader lower airways than those with horizontal skeletal pattern. Interpretation and conclusion: The study supports the existence of a relationship between facial skeletal patterns and upper and lower oropharyngeal widths.

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Himali Gupta, Vinay S Dua, and Mannu Khanna. "A Cephalometric Comparative Study for Upper Airway Dimensions in Different Craniofacial Growth Patterns." International Healthcare Research Journal 2, no. 6 (September 23, 2018): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26440/ihrj/02_06/200.

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AIM AND OBJECTIVES: To compare different craniofacial patterns with pharyngeal widths. In OSA (Obstructive Sleep Apnea) patients, a mutual association between the pharyngeal structures and the dentofacial patterns has been suggested. The present study was performed to compare the nasopharynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx dimensions of persons with hypodivergent, normodivegent and hyperdivergent facial types and to predict and to facilitate treatment for OSA patients.Hypothesis: The Null hypothesis for the study was that there is no difference between the upper airway for patients with different growth pattern.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample comprised 60 patients divided into three groups: hypodivergent (n=20), normodivergent (n=20), and hyperdivergent (n=20) according to Jarabak’s ratio and FH-MP angle, which were used to compare the soft tissue airway dimensions. The statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-Test, one way ANOVA (analysis of variance) and LSD (Least significant difference) test.RESULT: Overall narrower anteroposterior pharyngeal dimension was found in the hyperdivergent group as compared to the normodivergent group. Whereas, the superior part of upper pharyngeal width in the subjects with hypodivergent growth pattern was significantly narrower than in normal growth pattern groups.CONCLUSION: In hyperdivergent patients, the narrower anterioposterior dimension of the airway may be due to the skeletal features common to such patients, i.e., posterior vertical maxillary excess, posterior position and decreased mandibular size. The variations of the upper airway may be attributed to the horizontal and vertical growth patterns. Upper airway obstruction and later on OSA may be predisposed by skeletal deficiency.

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Youssef, Mohamed. "Craniofacial Growth Pattern in Cover-Bite Malocclusions and its Therapeutic Influencing." Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics/Fortschritte der Kieferorthop�die 62, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 422–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00056-001-9740-6.

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Ravosa, Matthew J., and Brian T. Shea. "Pattern in craniofacial biology: Evidence from the old world monkeys (Cercopithecidae)." International Journal of Primatology 15, no. 6 (December 1994): 801–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02736069.

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Nielsen, Gebbie Ann Rodriguez, Helle Hvilsted Nielsen, Zsolt Laszlo Illés, and Parisa Gazerani. "Prevalence and Pattern of Craniofacial Pain and Headache in Danish Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder." European Neurological Review 13, no. 1 (2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/enr.2018.13.1.44.

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There is a dearth of knowledge about the pattern of pain and somatosensory alterations that co-exist with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Understanding the presence and underlying mechanisms will assist in better pain management in these patients. This study sought to identify prevalence and pattern of headache, craniofacial pain and abnormalities in somatosensory function within a group of NMOSD patients in Denmark. Six patients (two males, four females; mean age 41.2 ± 8.6 years) participated in a telephone interview. Eight questionnaires were used to assess pain, illness perception, fatigue, anxiety and depression. Pain occurred in several regions, including the head, face, neck, back and legs. Two patients experienced frequent headaches and one had headaches following neck pain. Pain occurred frequently over a 3-month period, ranging from mild to severe and described as ‘burning’ (66.7%), ‘exhausting’ (83.3%) and ‘sharp’ (50%). Correlations were found between pain severity and patients’ ‘ability to walk’ (r=0.889), ‘general activity’ (r=0.901), ‘mood’ (r=0.603), ‘normal work’ (r=0.664), ‘relations with other people’ (r=0.774) and ‘sleep’ (r=0.586). Somatosensory abnormality was only reported in legs. While fatigue had a great impact on patients’ daily life, patients did not report that for anxiety and depression. This study demonstrated that headaches and craniofacial pain occur frequently in NMOSD. Patients’ function, mobility, mood and sleep were all affected by pain. These findings highlight the value of further investigation on headaches, craniofacial and overall pain in NMOSD.

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Rodrigues, Amanda Silva, Leonardo Santos Antunes, Liz Helena Moraes Pinheiro, Ludmila Silva Guimarães, José De Albuquerque Calansans-Maia, Erika Calvano Küchler, and Lívia Azeredo Alves Antunes. "Is dental agenesis associated with craniofacial morphology pattern? A systematic review and meta-analysis." European Journal of Orthodontics 42, no. 5 (November 30, 2019): 534–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjz087.

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Abstract Background/objective Craniofacial discrepancies have been associated with congenital dental anomalies. The aim of this study was to determine if there is any scientific evidence in the literature regarding the association between dental agenesis and craniofacial morphology. Materials and methods A systematic review and meta-analysis following the PRISMA Statement were conducted and registered in PROSPERO database. A broad search was conducted on databases (PubMed, Virtual Health Library, Web of Science, and Scopus) and grey literature. Articles that were selected based on predetermined eligibility criteria were assessed for quality and risk of bias according to the guidelines described by Folkes and Fulton. Those articles with similarities were submitted to meta-analysis using the RevMan 5.3 program. The certainty of the evidence was tested using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation). Results An electronic search of 975 articles resulted in 12 articles. These and four articles identified through manual search were eligible to be assessed for methodological quality and the risk of bias. Eleven articles presented moderate to high methodological quality. The included articles observed a reduced mandibular plane, a smaller maxilla and more differences with the increase in the severity of dental agenesis. Seven articles were included in the meta-analyses. Dental agenesis presented smaller SNA angle (P < 0.0001/CI −1.74 [−2.55, −0.92]) with moderate certainty of the evidence; and smaller ANB angle (P = 0.01/CI −0.80 [−1.44, −0.17]), with low certainty of the evidence. Conclusions This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that dental agenesis may be associated with specific craniofacial morphology. Further studies are necessary due to the variation of the certainty of the evidence. Conflict of interest none declared. Registration PROSPERO (CRD42017055882).

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Gershater, Elizabeth, Chenshuang Li, Pin Ha, Chun-Hsi Chung, Nipul Tanna, Min Zou, and Zhong Zheng. "Genes and Pathways Associated with Skeletal Sagittal Malocclusions: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 23 (December 2, 2021): 13037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313037.

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Skeletal class II and III malocclusions are craniofacial disorders that negatively impact people’s quality of life worldwide. Unfortunately, the growth patterns of skeletal malocclusions and their clinical correction prognoses are difficult to predict largely due to lack of knowledge of their precise etiology. Inspired by the strong inheritance pattern of a specific type of skeletal malocclusion, previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were reanalyzed, resulting in the identification of 19 skeletal class II malocclusion-associated and 53 skeletal class III malocclusion-associated genes. Functional enrichment of these genes created a signal pathway atlas in which most of the genes were associated with bone and cartilage growth and development, as expected, while some were characterized by functions related to skeletal muscle maturation and construction. Interestingly, several genes and enriched pathways are involved in both skeletal class II and III malocclusions, indicating the key regulatory effects of these genes and pathways in craniofacial development. There is no doubt that further investigation is necessary to validate these recognized genes’ and pathways’ specific function(s) related to maxillary and mandibular development. In summary, this systematic review provides initial insight on developing novel gene-based treatment strategies for skeletal malocclusions and paves the path for precision medicine where dental care providers can make an accurate prediction of the craniofacial growth of an individual patient based on his/her genetic profile.

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Dai, Hang, Nick Pears, William Smith, and Christian Duncan. "Statistical Modeling of Craniofacial Shape and Texture." International Journal of Computer Vision 128, no. 2 (November 9, 2019): 547–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11263-019-01260-7.

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Abstract We present a fully-automatic statistical 3D shape modeling approach and apply it to a large dataset of 3D images, the Headspace dataset, thus generating the first public shape-and-texture 3D morphable model (3DMM) of the full human head. Our approach is the first to employ a template that adapts to the dataset subject before dense morphing. This is fully automatic and achieved using 2D facial landmarking, projection to 3D shape, and mesh editing. In dense template morphing, we improve on the well-known Coherent Point Drift algorithm, by incorporating iterative data-sampling and alignment. Our evaluations demonstrate that our method has better performance in correspondence accuracy and modeling ability when compared with other competing algorithms. We propose a texture map refinement scheme to build high quality texture maps and texture model. We present several applications that include the first clinical use of craniofacial 3DMMs in the assessment of different types of surgical intervention applied to a craniosynostosis patient group.

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Vieira, Alexandre R. "Orthodontics and Genetics." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 24, no. 2 (April 2019): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.24.2.092-097.sar.

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Abstract Introduction: Genetics has been suggested as an explanation for the etiology of malocclusions, although some questions, due to the perception that genetic inheritance is tied to a monogenic or Mendelian form of inheritance. Objective: This paper describes the inheritance of malocclusions, highlighting the areas of knowledge where research has explored mechanisms that explain deviations in patterns of craniofacial growth. Conclusion: Malocclusions have a complex or multifactorial pattern of inheritance, where more than one gene is involved in the development of the phenotype. There is also the possibility that the environment influences malocclusions.

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Păcurar, Mariana, Eugen Bud, Silvia Pop, Manuela Chibelean, and Martha Krisztina. "Orthodontic treatment of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS)." Acta Stomatologica Marisiensis Journal 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/asmj-2019-0003.

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AbstractIntroductionThe craniofacial skeleton in the growing child is responsive to changing functional demands and environmental factors. Orthopedic modification of facial bones through the application of constant forces over long periods of time has been a mainstay of orthodontic and dentofacial orthopedic therapy.Aim of the studyThe aim of this study was to evaluate changes in pharyngeal structures after rapid palatal expansion (RPE) and compare them with those after using a removable mandibular advancement device (MAD).Material and methodsIn order to accomplish function we modified the pattern of neuromuscular activity throught mandible forward position.ResultsThis finding shows that maxillary deficiency and mandibular retrognathism have been reportedly linked to OSA as both etiologic factors and sequelae of prolonged mouth breathing during the period of growth, these illustrate the potential interaction between alteration in respiratory function and craniofacial morphology.ConclusionsCraniofacial anatomic defects, including inferior displacement of the hyoid bone, larger gonial angle, smaller anterior cranial base, altered anterior and posterior facial heights, and mandibular deficiency, have been suggested as predisposing factors for upper airway obstruction during sleep. Cephalometry has been used extensively in the fields of orthodontics and anthropology to record craniofacial form. Recently, it has been also suggested that cephalometry could be an adjunctive procedure for assessing craniofacial patterns associated with OSAS.Estimating efficacy of rapid maxillary expansion and mandibular advanced in the treatment of paediatric SDB. This might provide alternatives to primary treatments and/or enhance interdisciplinary treatment planning for the children suffering from OSA. The relationships between maxillofacial malocclusions and upper airway volumes were investigated. Literature studies on the association of upper airway narrowing with dento-skeletal malocclusions have been confirmed by us for the group of patients studied.

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Yoshida, H., T. Kunisada, M. Kusakabe, S. Nishikawa, and S. I. Nishikawa. "Distinct stages of melanocyte differentiation revealed by anlaysis of nonuniform pigmentation patterns." Development 122, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 1207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.4.1207.

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The injection of an antagonistic anti-murine c-kit monoclonal antibody ACK2 during mouse embryonic development produced three distinctive pigmentation patterns on the coat of the offspring. Pattern 1 consisted of pigmentation in craniofacial and caudal regions and was induced by an ACK2 injection between 9.5 and 11.5 days post coitum (dpc). In pattern 2, the entire coat was unpigmented and was induced by the injection at around 13.0 dpc. Pattern 3 consisted of pigmented patches spreading ventrolaterally from the dorsoanterior trunk regions towards the anterior and posterior directions and it was induced by ACK2 administered at 14.5-15.0 dpc. We investigated the embryological basis of these nonuniform pigmentation patterns to elucidate the process of melanoblast differentiation between lineage commitment and colonization into developing hair follicles. The results showed the following. (1) Melanocyte differentiation at the embryonic stage from 10.5 to 12.5 dpc progresses in a spatially nonuniform fashion, being faster in the craniofacial and caudal regions than in the trunk; pattern 1 reflects this. (2) Melanoblasts are activated to proliferate synchronously upon entering into the epidermis; pattern 2 correlates with this process. (3) c-kit functions as a survival signal for proliferating melanoblasts in the epidermis. (4) The melanoblasts that enter developing hair follicles can survive without a c-kit signal; pattern 3 essentially represents the hair follicles colonized by these cells. Analysis of the melanoblast distribution of ls/ls embryos that bear a loss-of-function mutation in the endothelin 3 gene suggested that endothelin 3 is required for early melanoblast differentiation before entering into the epidermis, whereas proliferation in the epidermis takes place without this molecule. Based on these data, we propose 4 distinct steps of embryonic melanocyte differentiation: (1) migration in the dermis, which requires both c-kit and endothelin 3; (2) a state before epidermal entry that is resistant to anti-c-kit mAb; (3) cell proliferation after entering the epidermal layer, which requires c-kit and endothelin receptor B but not endothelin 3 and (4) integration into developing hair follicles, which renders melanoblasts resistant to anti-c-kit mAb. Thus, melanoblast differentiation proceeds by alternately repeating c-kit -dependent and c-kit-independent stages and c-kit functions as a survival factor for the proliferating melanoblasts.

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Ellrich, J., K. Jung, D. Ristic, and S. Said Yekta. "Laser-Evoked Cortical Potentials in Cluster Headache." Cephalalgia 27, no. 6 (June 2007): 510–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01314.x.

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Craniofacial nociceptive processing in patients ( n = 25) suffering from unilateral cluster headache was assessed by laser-evoked cortical potentials (LEPs). Latencies and amplitudes of late (N2, P2) and middle-latency (N1) LEPs were measured in chronic (CCH, n = 9) and episodic cluster headache (ECH, n = 17). In CCH patients on headache side N1c occurred later and P2 amplitude was smaller than on the healthy control side. In active periods of ECH patients P2 latency was shorter on the headache side. In remission periods of ECH patients the N2P2 ratio was lower on the headache side. In 19 out of 26 examinations in 25 headache patients LEP deviated from normative data in healthy controls ( n = 10) without any specific pattern of altered parameters. LEPs document pathological changes in craniofacial nociception in cluster headache. However, there seems to be no pathognomonic deviation pattern that enables reliable diagnosis of cluster headache and application of LEPs in further studies of pathophysiological mechanisms.

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Parajuli, Umesh, Praveen Mishra, Prakash Bhattarai, Manish Bajracharya, Keshab Raj Paudel, and Sapna Laxmi Tuladhar. "Cephalometric Evaluation of Craniofacial Pattern of Nepalese Patients with Class III Malocclusion." Orthodontic Journal of Nepal 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2012): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v2i1.9290.

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Objective: To find out the differences in craniofacial pattern between Class lll malocclusion and normal occlusion in Nepalese population. Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalogram of 30 patients with Class lll malocclusion (11 male and 19 female; mean age, 17.27 ±3.88 years) and 30 patients with normal occlusion (15 males and 15 females; mean age: 19.03 ± 4.94 years) were analyzed for various linear and angular measurements. The variables between the two groups were compared using independent t - test. Results: The base angle N-S-Ar was significantly smaller ( < 0.05) in Class lll group. The relative position of the maxilla in sagittal relation as indicated by angle of convexity (N-A-Pog) and A to N perpendicular was significantly retrusive in Class lll group ( < 0.05). The length of the maxilla was significantly reduced in Class lll group ( <0.01). The relative sagittal position of the mandible was significant protrusive in Class lll group as indicated by SNB (P< 0.01), facial angle (FH to N Pog) ( <0.05) and N perpendicular to Pog ( <0.001). The upper incisors were proclined and positioned anteriorly ( <0.01) in Class lll group while the lower incisors were retroclined ( <0.05). The upper lip in Class lll was retrusive ( < 0.05) relative to Ricketts esthetic plane and the nasolabial angle was significantly decreased in Class lll groups ( < 0.01). Conclusion: There are significant differences in craniofacial pattern in Class lll Nepalese population as compared to normal Nepalese population.

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Chou, Szu-Ting, Chun-Ming Chen, Ping-Ho Chen, Yuk-Kwan Chen, Shis-Chieh Chen, and Yu-Chuan Tseng. "Morphology of Sella Turcica and Bridging Prevalence Correlated with Sex and Craniofacial Skeletal Pattern in Eastern Asia Population: CBCT Study." BioMed Research International 2021 (March 22, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6646406.

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Purpose. Sella turcica bridging (STB) refers to a rare anatomical variation formed by the ossification of the ligament between the anterior and posterior clinoid processes. The presence of the STB was significantly correlated with craniofacial skeleton classification and a higher prevalence rate in skeletal Class III. The current study is aimed at investigating the dimensions of sella turcica and the prevalence of STB in different sexes and on the three craniofacial skeletal patterns using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods. A total of 159 adults (66 males and 93 females), including 3 different craniofacial skeletal patterns (skeletal Classes I, II, and III), were included in the study. The sella turcica dimensions and the prevalence of STB were calculated. An independent t -test and generalized linear model were used to compare the differences in the sella turcica dimensions and the skeletal relations. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlations between sella turcica dimensions and skeletal relation. Results. The sella length (SL) was 11.05 ± 1.80 mm for males and 10.77 ± 1.56 mm for females. The anterior clinoid distance (ACD) which was measured for the anterior width of sella turcica showed 25.83 ± 2.04 mm and 24.04 ± 2.28 mm for males and females, respectively ( p < 0.0001 ). The overall percentage of complete bridging and partial bridging was 6.6% and 56.9%, respectively. Complete bridges were more common in males (males: 9.1%, females: 4.8%), and partial bridges were more frequent in females (males: 49.2%, females: 62.4%). Both sexes differed with respect to sella turcica dimensions. Moreover, males had a significantly larger ACD, posterior clinoid distance (PCD), and diameter of sella turcica (DST), on both sides, relative to females. Conclusion. The prevalence rate of complete STB in the Taiwanese population was 6.6%. Significant differences between sexes were found in sella turcica dimensions. The prevalence rates of STB as well as the sella turcica dimensions did not significantly differ between different craniofacial skeletal patterns (skeletal Classes I, II, and III).

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Agbara, Rowland, Benedict O. Akintububo, Benjamin Fomete, Kelvin U. Omeje, Yusuf T. Sambo, Ngeh Mangai, and Enoch A. Idowu. "Rare primary craniofacial clefts: pattern, challenges, and management in a Nigerian population." Journal of Stomatology 73, no. 5 (2020): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/jos.2020.100547.

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Aminabadi, Naser A., Ahmad Behroozian, Elham Talatahari, Mohammad Samiei, Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad, and Sajjad Shirazi. "Does prenatal restraint stress change the craniofacial growth pattern of rat offspring?" European Journal of Oral Sciences 124, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eos.12230.

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Mouakeh, Marwan. "Cephalometric evaluation of craniofacial pattern of syrian children with class III malocclusion." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 119, no. 6 (June 2001): 640–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mod.2001.112671.

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Coats, David K., Evelyn A. Paysse, and David R. Stager. "Surgical management of V-pattern strabismus and oblique dysfunction in craniofacial dysostosis." Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 4, no. 6 (December 2000): 338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mpa.2000.110337.

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Journal articles on the topic 'CRANIOFACIAL PATTERN'

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