Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cranial computer model

Academic literature on the topic 'Cranial computer model'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Cranial computer model"

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Foley, Michael J., Patrick S. Cottler, Silvia S. Blemker, Arlen D. Denny, and Jonathan S. Black. "Computer Simulation and Optimization of Cranial Vault Distraction." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 55, no. 3 (December 14, 2017): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665617738999.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to validate the proof of concept of a computer-simulated cranial distraction, demonstrating accurate shape and end volume. Design: Detailed modeling was performed on pre- and postoperative computed tomographic (CT) scans to generate accurate measurements of intracranial volume. Additionally, digital distraction simulations were performed on the preoperative scan and the resultant intracranial volume and shape were evaluated. Setting: Tertiary Children’s Hospital. Patients, Participants: Preoperative and postoperative CT images were used from 10 patients having undergone cranial distraction for cephalocranial disproportion. Interventions: None; computer simulation. Main Outcome Measure: Computer simulation feasibility of cranial vault distraction was demonstrated through creation of digital osteotomies, simulating distraction through translating skull segments, followed by simulated consolidation. Accuracy of the model was evaluated through comparing the intracranial volumes of actual and simulated distracted skulls. Results: The developed digital distraction simulation was performed on the CT images of 10 patients. Plotting the relationship between the actual and simulated postdistraction volumes for the 10 patients yielded a slope of 1.0 and a correlation coefficient of 0.99. The average actual resultant volume change from distraction was 77.0 mL, compared to a simulated volume change of 76.9 mL. Conclusions: Digital simulation of cranial distraction was demonstrated through manipulation of the CT images and confirmed by comparing the actual to simulated volume change. This process may provide objective data in designing an individual distraction plan to optimize volume expansion and resultant cranial shape as well as patient education.
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BROWN, NATHAN P., GINA E. BERTOCCI, and DENIS J. MARCELLIN-LITTLE. "DEVELOPMENT OF A CANINE STIFLE COMPUTER MODEL TO EVALUATE CRANIAL CRUCIATE LIGAMENT DEFICIENCY." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 13, no. 02 (April 2013): 1350043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519413500437.

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The objective of this study was to develop a three-dimensional (3D) quasi-static rigid body canine pelvic limb computer model simulating a cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) intact and CrCL-deficient stifle during walking stance to describe stifle biomechanics. The model was based on a five-year-old neutered male Golden Retriever (33 kg) with no orthopedic or neurologic disease. Skeletal geometry and ligament anatomy determined from computed tomography (CT), optimized muscle forces, motion capture kinematics, and force platform ground reaction forces were used to develop the model. Ligament loads, tibial translation, tibial rotation, and femoromeniscal contact forces were compared across the intact and CrCL-deficient stifle. The CrCL was found to be the primary intact stifle load-bearing ligament, and the caudal cruciate ligament was the primary CrCL-deficient stifle load-bearing ligament. Normalized tibial translation and rotation were 0.61 mm/kg and 0.14 degrees/kg, respectively. Our model confirmed that the CrCL stabilizes the intact stifle and limits tibial translation and rotation. Model verification was confirmed through agreement with experimentally measured kinematics and previous in vivo, in vitro, and mathematical model studies. Parametric analysis indicated outcome measure sensitivity to ligament pre-strain. Computer modeling could be useful to further investigate stifle biomechanics associated with surgical stabilization techniques.
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Morrison, D. A., D. T. Guy, R. E. Day, and G. Y. F. Lee. "Simultaneous repair of two large cranial defects using rapid prototyping and custom computer-designed titanium plates: a case report." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 225, no. 11 (September 19, 2011): 1108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411911422766.

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Custom titanium cranioplasty plates, manufactured by a variety of techniques, have been used to repair a range of cranial defects. The authors present a case where two relatively large, adjacent cranial defects were repaired by custom computer-designed titanium plates. The two plates were designed and fabricated simultaneously using a unique methodology. A 28-year-old woman underwent a corpus callosotomy for medically intractable epilepsy. The surgery was complicated by unexpected haemorrhage which necessitated a second craniotomy. Subsequent deep infection required the removal of bilateral bone flaps, presenting a challenge in the reconstruction of extensive, bilateral but asymmetrical cranial defects. The patient underwent a head computed tomography scan, from which a rapid-prototype model of the skull was produced. The surfaces for the missing cranial segments were generated virtually using a combination of software products and two titanium plates that followed these virtual contours were manufactured to cover the defects. The cranioplasty procedure to implant both titanium cranial plates was performed efficiently with no intra-operative complications. Intra-operatively, an excellent fit was achieved. The careful planning of the plates enhanced the relative ease with which the cranial defects were repaired with an excellent cosmetic outcome.
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Tsai, Fu-Hui, and Han-Yi Cheng. "Evaluation of Structural and Biomechanical Characterization of Implant for Cranial Restoration." Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2019): 898–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbt.2019.2075.

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The objective this research was to investigate the biomechanical properties of various structures and thicknesses of implants for cranial restoration. A three-dimensional (3D) printing (3DP) technique has been applied in factories for several decades, but it was only recently introduced to the dental field less than 10 years ago. The structures of pre-shaped cranial mesh implants are critical factors for clinical applications. Many previous studies used finite element models to investigate for implants, but few examined a 3D model for pre-shaped cranial mesh implants with different structures and thicknesses. 3D cranial models were reconstructed using computer tomography to simulate preshaped cranial mesh implants under physical impacts. Data indicated that the stress significantly decreased when implants with greater thicknesses were used. Moreover, the implant with a circular structure created a relatively smaller stress that was approximately 7% lower compared to the implant with a triangular structure. As described above, the results of the present study demonstrate that 3DP-Ti is a reliable material of implants for cranial restoration.
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Hendricks, Benjamin K., Akash J. Patel, Jerome Hartman, Mark F. Seifert, and Aaron Cohen-Gadol. "Operative Anatomy of the Human Skull: A Virtual Reality Expedition." Operative Neurosurgery 15, no. 4 (September 17, 2018): 368–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ons/opy166.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION The human cranial vault possesses an incredible, complex anatomical intricacy. Bridging the divide between 2-dimensional (2D) learning resources and the 3-dimensional (3D) world in which the anatomy becomes clinically relevant poses an intellectual challenge. Advances in computer graphics and modelling technologies have allowed increasingly accurate and representative resources to supplement cadaveric dissection specimens. OBJECTIVE To create accurate virtual models of all cranial bones to augment education, research, and clinical endeavours. METHODS Through a careful analysis of osteological specimens and high-resolution radiographic studies, a highly accurate virtual model of the human skull was created and annotated with relevant anatomical landmarks. RESULTS The skull was divided into 6 major segments including frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal, parietal, and occipital bones. These bones were thoroughly annotated to demonstrate the intricate anatomical features. CONCLUSION This virtual model has the potential to serve as a valuable resource for educational, research, and clinical endeavours, and demonstrates the significance of advances in computer modelling that can contribute to our understanding of neurosurgical anatomical substrates.
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Shen, Shang-Hang, Aij-Lie Kwan, Bo-Liang Wang, Jian-Feng Guo, Guo-Wei Tan, Si-Fang Chen, Xi-Yao Liu, Feng Liu, Ming Cai, and Zhan-Xiang Wang. "Reduction cranioplasty with the aid of simulated computer imaging for the treatment of hydrocephalic macrocephaly." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 13, no. 2 (February 2014): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.10.peds12573.

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Object The occurrence of hydrocephalic macrocephaly is uncommon. When the condition does occur, it is usually seen in infants and young children. Patients with this disorder have an excessively enlarged head and weak physical conditions. Various surgical techniques of reduction cranioplasty for the treatment of these patients have been reported. In this study, a revised surgical procedure with the aid of simulated computer imaging for the treatment of hydrocephalic macrocephaly is presented. Methods Five cases of hydrocephalic macrocephaly in children ranging in age from 16 to 97 months were reviewed. These patients underwent surgical treatment at The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University over a period of 4 years from January 2007 to January 2011. After physical examination, a 3D computer imaging system to simulate the patient's postoperative head appearance and bone reconstruction was established. Afterward, for each case an appropriate surgical plan was designed to select the best remodeling method and cranial shape. Then, prior to performing reduction remodeling surgery in the patient according to the computer-simulated procedures, the surgeon practiced the bone reconstruction technique on a plaster head model made in proportion to the patient's head. In addition, a sagittal bandeau was used to achieve stability and bilateral symmetry of the remodeled cranial vault. Each patient underwent follow-up for 6–32 months. Results Medium-pressure ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery or shunt revision procedures were performed in each patient for treating hydrocephalus, and all patients underwent total cranial vault remodeling to reduce the cranial cavity space. Three of the 5 patients underwent a single-stage surgery, while the other 2 patients underwent total cranial vault remodeling in the first stage and the ventriculoperitoneal shunt operation 2 weeks later because of unrecovered hydrocephalus. All patients had good outcome with regard to hydrocephalus and macrocephaly. Conclusions There are still no standard surgical strategies for the treatment of hydrocephalic macrocephaly. Based on their experience, the authors suggest using a computer imaging system to simulate a patient's postoperative head appearance and bone reconstruction together with total cranial vault remodeling with shunt surgery in a single-stage or 2-stage procedure for the successful treatment of hydrocephalic macrocephaly.
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Kakizawa, Yukinari, Kazuhiro Hongo, and Albert L. Rhoton. "Construction of a Three-Dimensional Interactive Model of the Skull Base and Cranial Nerves." Neurosurgery 60, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 901–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000255422.86054.51.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE The goal was to develop an interactive three-dimensional (3-D) computerized anatomic model of the skull base for teaching microneurosurgical anatomy and for operative planning. METHODS The 3-D model was constructed using commercially available software (Maya 6.0 Unlimited; Alias Systems Corp., Delaware, MD), a personal computer, four cranial specimens, and six dry bones. Photographs from at least two angles of the superior and lateral views were imported to the 3-D software. Many photographs were needed to produce the model in anatomically complex areas. Careful dissection was needed to expose important structures in the two views. Landmarks, including foramen, bone, and dura mater, were used as reference points. RESULTS The 3-D model of the skull base and related structures was constructed using more than 300,000 remodeled polygons. The model can be viewed from any angle. It can be rotated 360 degrees in any plane using any structure as the focal point of rotation. The model can be reduced or enlarged using the zoom function. Variable transparencies could be assigned to any structures so that the structures at any level can be seen. Anatomic labels can be attached to the structures in the 3-D model for educational purposes. CONCLUSION This computer-generated 3-D model can be observed and studied repeatedly without the time limitations and stresses imposed by surgery. This model may offer the potential to create interactive surgical exercises useful in evaluating multiple surgical routes to specific target areas in the skull base.
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Alshareef, Mohammed, Ahmed Alshareef, Tyler Vasas, Aakash Shingala, Jonathan Cutrone, and Ramin Eskandari. "Pediatric Cranioplasty Using Hydroxyapatite Cement: A Retrospective Review and Preliminary Computational Model." Pediatric Neurosurgery 57, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000520954.

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Introduction: Cranioplasty is a standard technique for skull defect repair. Restoration of cranial defects is imperative for brain protection and allowing for homeostasis of cerebral spinal fluid within the cranial vault. Calcium phosphate hydroxyapatite (HA) is a synthetic-organic material that is commonly used in cranioplasty. We evaluate a patient series undergoing HA cement cranioplasty with underlying bioresorbable mesh for various cranial defects and propose a preliminary computational model for understanding skull osteointegration. Methods: A retrospective review was performed at the institution for all pediatric patients who underwent HA cement cranioplasty. Seventeen patients were identified, and success of cranioplasty was determined based on clinical and radiographic follow-up. A preliminary computational model was developed using bone growth and scaffold decay equations from previously published literature. The model was dependent on defect size and shape. Patient data were used to optimize the computational model. Results: Seventeen patients were identified with an average age of 6 ± 5.6 years. Average defect size was 11.7 ± 16.8 cm2. Average time to last follow-up computer tomography scan was 10 ± 6 months. Three patients had failure of cranioplasty, all with a defect size above 15 cm2. The computational model developed shows a constant decay rate of the scaffold, regardless of size or shape. The bone growth rate was dependent on the shape and number of edges within the defect. Thus, a star-shaped defect obtained a higher rate of growth than a circular defect because of faster growth rates at the edges. The computational simulations suggest that shape and size of defects may alter success of osteointegration. Conclusion: Pediatric cranioplasty is a necessary procedure for cranial defects with a relatively higher rate of failure than adults. Here, we use HA cement to perform the procedure while creating a preliminary computational model to understand osteointegration. Based on the findings, cranioplasty shape may alter the rate of integration and lead to higher success rates.
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Liao, Yuan-Lin, Chia-Feng Lu, Yung-Nien Sun, Chieh-Tsai Wu, Jiann-Der Lee, Shih-Tseng Lee, and Yu-Te Wu. "Three-dimensional reconstruction of cranial defect using active contour model and image registration." Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 49, no. 2 (December 3, 2010): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11517-010-0720-0.

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Lee, Min Jin, Helen Hong, and Kyu Won Shim. "Quantitative Assessment of Shape Deformation of Regional Cranial Bone for Evaluation of Surgical Effect in Patients with Craniosynostosis." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11030990.

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Surgery in patients with craniosynostosis is a common treatment to correct the deformed skull shape, and it is necessary to verify the surgical effect of correction on the regional cranial bone. We propose a quantification method for evaluating surgical effects on regional cranial bones by comparing preoperative and postoperative skull shapes. To divide preoperative and postoperative skulls into two frontal bones, two parietal bones, and the occipital bone, and to estimate the shape deformation of regional cranial bones between the preoperative and postoperative skulls, an age-matched mean-normal skull surface model already divided into five bones is deformed into a preoperative skull, and a deformed mean-normal skull surface model is redeformed into a postoperative skull. To quantify the degree of the expansion and reduction of regional cranial bones after surgery, expansion and reduction indices of the five cranial bones are calculated using the deformable registration as deformation information. The proposed quantification method overcomes the quantification difficulty when using the traditional cephalic index(CI) by analyzing regional cranial bones and provides useful information for quantifying the surgical effects of craniosynostosis patients with symmetric and asymmetric deformities.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cranial computer model"

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Шамраєва, О. О. "Методи та засоби побудови комп’ютерних моделей черепних імплантатів за томографічними та рентгенографічними даними." Thesis, ХНУРЕ, 2009. http://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/11423.

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Дисертаційна робота присвячена розробці методів і засобів автоматизованої побудови моделі черепного імплантату та підвищенню точності планування нейрохірургічних операцій щодо реконструкції дефектів черепа. У роботі проведено огляд існуючих методів і засобів для побудови черепних імплантатів. Розглянуто основні методи обробки інтроскопічних зображень. Розроблено комплексний підхід до обробки томографічних і рентенографічних зображень голови пацієнта. Розроблено методи автоматизованої побудови об’ємних комп'ютерних моделей ЧІ за КТ- і РГ-даними з використанням 3D-моделі черепа пацієнта та усередненої моделі черепа. Розроблено метод автоматизованого визначення геометричних характеристик ЧІ, що дозволяє хірургу визначити оптимальний оперативний доступ. Розроблено медико-технічні вимоги до нейрохірургічного комплексу, призначеного для одержання вихідних даних, їхньої обробки й виготовлення речовинної копії імплантату. Проведено порівняльний аналіз отриманих результатів побудови моделей ЧІ із вже існуючими. Результати аналізу показали ефективність розроблених методів. Dissertation work considers the development of methods and facilities of the automatized construction of cranial implant model and the increase of procision of planning of neuro-surgical operative interferences for the reconstruction of cranial defects. The review of existent methods and facilities for the construction of cranial implants is provided. The basic methods of processing of introscopy images are considered. The complex approach is developed for treatment of patient’s head tomography and X-ray images. Methods of the automatized construction of three-dimensional computer models of cranial implant are developed on a base of tomography and X-ray data with the use of 3Dmodel of patient’s cranium and cranium average model. The method of the automatized determination of geometrical descriptions of cranial implant allowing a surgeon to define optimum operative access is developed. The basic medical-technical specifications are developed to neuro-surgical complex intended for the basic data obtaining, their treatment and making of implant material copy. The comparative analysis of the obtained results of models of cranial implants construction and already existing one is conducted. The results of analysis showed efficiency of the developed methods.
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Book chapters on the topic "Cranial computer model"

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Stiehl, H. Siegfried. "Model-Guided Labelling of CSF Cavities in Cranial Computed Tomograms." In Computer Assisted Radiology / Computergestützte Radiologie, 519–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-52247-5_82.

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Shahim, Kamal, Mauricio Reyes, Ruben Simon, Philipp Jürgens, and Christoph Blecher. "Advanced Design System for Infantile Cranium Shape Model Growth Prediction." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 104–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43775-0_10.

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Kim, Hyungmin, Philipp Jürgens, Lutz-Peter Nolte, and Mauricio Reyes. "Anatomically-Driven Soft-Tissue Simulation Strategy for Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery Using Facial Muscle Template Model." In Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2010, 61–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15705-9_8.

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García-Mato, David, Javier Pascau, and Santiago Ochandiano. "New Technologies to Improve Surgical Outcome during Open-Cranial Vault Remodeling." In Spina Bifida - New Perspectives and Clinical Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94536.

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Current approaches for the surgical correction of craniosynostosis are highly dependent on surgeon experience. Therefore, outcomes are often inadequate, causing suboptimal esthetic results. Novel methods for cranial shape analysis based on statistical shape models enable accurate and objective diagnosis from preoperative 3D photographs or computed tomography scans. Moreover, advanced algorithms are now available to calculate a reference cranial shape for each patient from a multi-atlas of healthy cases, and to determine the most optimal approach to restore normal calvarial shape. During surgery, multiple technologies are available to ensure accurate translation of the preoperative virtual plan into the operating room. Patient-specific cutting guides and templates can be designed and manufactured to assist during osteotomy and remodeling. Then, intraoperative navigation and augmented reality visualization can provide real-time guidance during the placement and fixation of the remodeled bone. Finally, 3D photography enables intraoperative surgical outcome evaluation and postoperative patient follow-up. This chapter summarizes recent literature on all these technologies, showing how their integration into the surgical workflow could increase reproducibility and reduce inter-surgeon variability in open cranial vault remodeling procedures.
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Conference papers on the topic "Cranial computer model"

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Baumer, Timothy G., Brian J. Powell, Todd W. Fenton, and Roger C. Haut. "Age Dependent Mechanical Properties of the Infant Porcine Parietal Bone and a Correlation to the Human." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206214.

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An infant less than 18 months of age with a skull fracture has a 1 in 3 chance of abuse [1]. While the parietal bone is most often the site of fracture, an abusive situation is difficult to diagnose based on characteristics of the fracture alone [2]. Age of the child is one important factor in determining abuse. Injury biomechanics are often used in the investigation of cases suspected to involve child abuse [3]. In addition to case-based investigations, computer modeling, and test dummies, animal model studies can aid in these investigations. While the relationship between animal studies and human pediatric patients is yet unclear, some animal models have emerged in the current literature. A study by Margulies and Thibault [4] made an attempt to correlate the mechanical behavior of human infant cranial bone to porcine infant cranial bone. The study suggests that weeks of pig age may correlate to months in the human. Yet, an 18 week old pig is considered to be in adolescence. The current study was conducted to determine the mechanical properties of parietal bone and coronal suture in porcine infants of a younger age than previous studies and correlate the bending properties of the bone to existing human data.
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Karabchevsky, Vitaly Vladislavovich, and Andrey Sergeevich Mazurov. "Geometric modeling of emotions of virtual characters." In 31th International Conference on Computer Graphics and Vision. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20948/graphicon-2021-1-63-74.

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Methods and tools for modeling emotions of virtual computer characters are considered. Particular attention is paid to 3D modeling of the cranial vault, mandible and teeth, as well as facial muscles and tongue. Modeling was performed using the ZBrush program using information about the anatomical structure of the skull and facial muscles, such as the occipital and temporal muscles, the arrogant muscle, the depressor, the masseter muscle, the small zygomatic muscle, the zygomaticus major muscle and the muscle lifting the angle of the mouth, the muscle lowering the angle of the mouth, the muscle that lifts the upper lip and the wing of the nose, the chin muscle and the muscle that lowers the lower lip. The resulting high-poly model was then retopologized with a decrease in the number of polygons. An example of modeling the character's head is given. Animation is made in Autodesk Maya, which is adopted by many large film and animation studios and is used more often among professional 3D artists. The principles of rigging (adding a digital skeleton and its controls to the model) and skinning (attaching the vertices of the surface that simulate the skin to the corresponding areas of the digital skeleton) are described. The anatomical signs of the manifestation of basic emotions are given and the control of the obtained model for the manifestation of some emotions is described.
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Islam, Muhammad Muinul, Mohiuddin Ahmad, and Masayoshi Yamada. "Analysis and visualization of pulsation in B-mode cranial ultrasound images." In Computer Engineering (ICECE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icelce.2010.5700737.

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Barbero Garcia, Inés, José Luis Lerma, Ángel Marqués Mateu, and Pablo Miranda. "ANALYSIS OF REPEATABILITY ON VIDEOGRAMMETRY FOR INFANTS’ CRANIAL DEFORMATION." In 1st Congress in Geomatics Engineering. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cigeo2017.2017.6604.

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Cranial deformation affects a large number of infants. The methodologies commonly employed to measure the deformation include, among others, calliper measurements and visual assessment for mild cases and radiological imaging for severe cases, where surgical intervention is considered. Visual assessment and calliper measurements usually lack the required level of accuracy to evaluate the deformation. Radiological imaging, including Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), are costly and highly invasive. The use of smartphones to record videos that can be used for three-dimensional (3D) modelling of the head has emerged as a low-cost, non-invasive methodology to extract 3D information of the patient. To be able to analyse the deformation, a novel technique is employed: the obtained model is compared with an ideal head. In this study we have tested the repeatability of the process. For this purpose, several models of two patients have been obtained and the differences between them are evaluated. The results show that the differences in the ellipsoid semiaxis for the same patient are usually below 4 mm, although they increase up to 6.4 mm in some cases. The variability in the distances to the ideal head, which are the values used to evaluate deformity, reaches a maximum value of 2.7 mm. The errors obtained are comparable to those of classical measurement techniques and show the potential of the methodology in development.http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIGeo2017.2017.6604
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Berar, Maxime, Michel Desvignes, Gerard Bailly, and Yohan Payan. "Statistical 3D Cranio-Facial Models." In The Sixth IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (CIT'06). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cit.2006.170.

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Hu, Hao, William S. Rosenberg, and Adnan H. Nayfeh. "Modeling Human Brain Movability Effect on Brain Response During Impact." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0980.

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Abstract Brain responses due to its movability during impact was investigated by using sliding interface approach. A new 3D 50th percentile human head finite element model has been generated in which sliding interfaces totally separate the brains and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/cranium. So, the brains can move to some extent. It becomes an equivalent one to most widely used brain/CSF (cranium) coupled models by switching interface type from sliding to tied. The model was partially validated by using available experimental and computed data in frontal impact. Compared with brain/CSF (cranium) coupled models, the new model predicts higher brain stress levels at sites such as corpus callosum, brain stem, and the vicinity of the ventricles etc. and more realistic deformation patterns. The results suggest that a fluid-solid interaction approach should be used to better model brain movement during impact to correctly interpret the brain injuries and to evaluate proposed head injury mechanisms.
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Gastaldi, Laura, Alessandro Battezzato, Claudio Bernucci, Marco Mannino, and Stefano Pastorelli. "Optimal Fiducial Configuration in Image-Guided Neurosurgery Using a Genetic Algorithm." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-24603.

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Image Guided Neurosurgery allows surgeons to navigate and localize lesion through the patient’s cranium with a 3D image guidance. The model of the head is reconstructed using pre-operative Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance (MR) images and real and virtual spaces are aligned by means of fiducial markers placed on the patient. In the paper a new method for the optimal placement of the fiducial markers in order to reduce misalignment is presented. Using routine diagnostic images a customized 3D model of the patient’s cranium is reconstructed. A genetic algorithm calculates optimal positions of the marker in order to minimize the Target Registration Error (TRE). The fiducial set is shown to the surgeons on the 3D model to help him/her in placement of them.
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Alabey, Peristera, Menelaos Pappas, John Kechagias, and Stergios Maropoulos. "Medical Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing: Status and Outlook." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-24361.

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Rapid Prototyping (RP) has been considered, over the last decades, as a highly promising technology for reducing product development time and cost, as well as for addressing the need for customization and faster response to the market needs. Nowadays this technology is also used widely in medical applications (Medical Rapid Prototyping – MRP), supporting diagnosis and treatment in Neurosurgery, Orthopedic and Dental-Cranio-Maxillo-Facial surgery as well as in Tissue Engineering. The scan data that are usually obtained by Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are used to build a 3D CAD model of the patient’s pathological region. The 3D model is used to construct the real size prototype using one of the existing RP processes. This assists surgeons in gaining a detailed insight of the problem, making the diagnosis and treatment easier and more reliable. This study presents the current benefits and barriers of Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing methods and applications in the field of medicine. Most of the recent state-of-art developments and case studies of MRP are presented. Their limitations are discussed along with the challenges to be addressed in the future.
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9

Clayton, Erik H., and Philip V. Bayly. "Brain Response to Extracranial Acoustic Loads: Shear Wave Propagation Characterized by Vector Fields." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63245.

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Abstract:
Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) due to blast are common in modern combat situations, and often lead to permanent cognitive impairment. Despite the prevalence and severity of blast-induced TBI, the condition remains poorly understood. Computer simulations of blast and blast injury mechanics offer enormous potential; however, computer models require accurate descriptions of tissue mechanics and boundary conditions in vivo. To gain insight into the mechanisms of blast injury, we applied direct (light) oscillatory pressure loading to the skulls of human volunteers, and measured displacement and strain fields using the methodology of magnetic resonance elastography (MRE). MRE is a non-invasive imaging modality that provides quantitative spatial maps of tissue stiffness. MRE is performed by inducing micron-amplitude propagating shear waves into tissue and imaging the resulting harmonic motion with standard clinical MRI hardware. Shear waves are initiated by an MR-compatible actuator and detected by a specialized “motion-sensitive” MRI pulse sequence (software). Motion sensitized MR images provide displacement field data which can be inverted to estimate material stiffness by invoking a restricted form of Navier’s equation. Clinical interest in MRE has largely been driven by the empirical relationship between tissue stiffness and health. However, the “raw” MRE data (3-D displacement measurements) themselves can elucidate loading paths, anatomic boundaries and the dynamic response of the intact human head. In this study, we use the MRE imaging technique to measure in vivo displacement fields of brain motion as the cranium is exposed to acoustic frequency pressure excitation (45, 60, 80 Hz) and we calculate the resulting shear-strain fields (2-D). We estimate the Poynting vector (energy flux) field to illuminate the directions of internal wave propagation, and to identify the energy absorbing and reflecting regions within the brain.
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