Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cracks and Cracking

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Cracks and Cracking'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Cracks and Cracking"

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Ma, Lukuan, Min Li, Jinsong Pang, and Chongwei Huang. "Evaluation of Transverse Cracks for Semi-Rigid Asphalt Pavements using Deflection Basin Parameters." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 2 (January 30, 2019): 358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119826075.

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To evaluate transverse cracks on a semi-rigid asphalt pavement by falling weight deflectometer (FWD), a three-dimensional (3D) dynamic finite-element (FE) model to calculate the deflections of transverse-cracked semi-rigid asphalt pavements under FWD loading was developed and validated by in-situ FWD tests. Then, the effect of crack types and crack width on the deflection basin was investigated for semi-rigid asphalt pavements under different interlayer contact conditions. The relationship between transverse cracks and deflection basin parameters (DBPs) was also analyzed. Finally, the slope ratio to evaluate transverse cracks was proposed and validated by field application. Results show that cracks on pavements will make the deflection basin steeper and the crack width slightly affects the deflections for the same type of crack without interaction between adjacent cracking surfaces. Results also indicate that deflection values increase obviously when the surface-base interaction changes from “Full bonded” to “Full slip.” In addition, results indicate that the slope index ( S1), the shape index ( F2), and the area index (AREA) correlate well with transverse cracks, and the surface cracking, “Reflective cracking 1” (surface and base cracking simultaneously), “Reflective cracking 2” (surface, base, and subbase cracking simultaneously) and the hidden cracking (base cracking, or base and subbase cracking simultaneously) can be identified by the slope ratio. Field application also indicates that the slope ratio can be applied to evaluate the types of transverse cracks on semi-rigid asphalt pavements.
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Feng, Di, Jiakun Gong, Xiaodong Ni, and Jie Ren. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Soil Cracking Characteristics under Evaporation." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (November 13, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3790345.

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There are numerous cracks on soil surface in nature. These cracks are mainly formed by the continuous water loss and shrinkage of soil under evaporation. Cracks have an important effect on the properties of soil. The analysis of soil moisture movement and cracking characteristics under evaporation is of great significance to the engineering construction in the cracked soil area. In this work, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the development of soil cracks. Crack geometrical parameters were acquired at various developmental stages. According to this, the crack evolution characteristic was described qualitatively. The law of soil water movement was analyzed through the numerical simulation of evaporation effect on cracked soil. The relationship between soil moisture content and crack width was revealed, and the dynamic prediction of crack development under evaporation was realized. The results show that the development and evaporation process of soil cracks can be divided into three distinct stages, and the longer the stable evaporation time, the greater the development of cracks.
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Lu, Yang, Ning Sheng Chen, Li Qun Lv, and Ming Feng Deng. "Quantitative Study for the Impact of Fines Content on Soil Surface Cracking." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.140.

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Cracking development in soils is of significance for their physical and mechanical properties. The fines content in soils is one of the most important factors in cracking development, leading to it being of great importance to quantitatively study how the cracking development is influenced by the fines content. In this paper, experimental simulations on soil surface cracking were first conducted in the lab with soil from Jiangjia Valley. Digital image processing technology was then applied to investigate cracking in soil with different fines content by describing the surface cracks with crack area density Ac (ratio of all cracks’ area to total surface area of the cracked soil) and crack line density Lc (ratio of all cracks’ perimeters to total surface area of the cracked soil). The conclusions are drawn as follows: 1) Surface cracks increase with fines content going up; specifically, when the soil mass with fines content ranging from 20% to 30%, there is a significant increase in cracks; There is no crack developed in the soil with no fines, comparing to the gradual increase in soils with other fines content. 2) With the loss of water content, Ac and Lc will increase until a constant value is reached. However, small cracks will be closed and big ones will evolve into smaller ones if enough water is added. 3) Soil mass with fines content less than 20% is inclined to have small cracks when it is drying and cracks will be closed if enough water is added; on the other hand, soil mass with fines content more than 20% is inclined to have bigger cracks and they will become smaller when submerged into water. 4) After times of wetting and drying cycles, soil mass shrinks and soil dry density increases, which leads to the decrease of Dc and Lc, which suggests soil with larger dry density will probably have fewer cracks.
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Li, Peng Fei, Jing Hui Liu, Hao Peng Huang, and Hao Du. "Application of Pre-Cracking in Semi-Rigid Base to Mitigate Reflective Cracking." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 709–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.709.

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Because of the high strength and sound stability, the cement stabilized base has been widely used in high grade pavement in China. But shrinkage cracking are easy to occur in the cement stabilized base. Under the repeating action of traffic loads and temperature loads, this kind of cracks are easy to propagate towards the asphalt surface, being called “reflective crack”. Shrinkage cracks are not normally avertable in the cement stabilized base, in contrast with a few wide cracks of broad spacing, numerous thin cracks of narrow spacing contribute little to the severe reflection cracking. On the basis of this thinking, the pre-cracking technique as a promising approach is brought forward. Several vibratory roller passes to the cement-treated base at a short curing stage, typically 1 to 3 days after placement, to create a fine network of cracks, which avoids the wide and/or long cracks and creates the ideal crack model. Comparing to wide cracking, the degree of the stress concentration resulting from thin cracking is by far mitigated. The Finite Element Method is used to predict the ideal crack model, and then the mechanical responses of the semi-rigid pavement of single wide cracking and net hairline cracking under vehicle loading are numerically simulated, simultaneously compared and analyzed. The simulation analyses indicate that the pre-cracking technique is a very useful tool to mitigate the reflective cracks.
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Spaeth, Stephen C. "Imbibitional Stress and Transverse Cracking of Bean, Pea, and Chickpea Cotyledons." HortScience 21, no. 1 (February 1986): 110–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.1.110.

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Abstract Transverse cracking was examined in cotyledon tissue of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Apollo’), pea (Pisum sativum L. ‘Garfield 81’), and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. ‘Surutato 77’). The hypothesis that imbibitional cracks develop along lines of least resistance or along preexisting cracks was evaluated. Columns of tissue were cut from cotyledons. Time from the start of imbibition to detection of the first crack was compared between whole bean cotyledons and columns. Bean columns cracked transversely with respect to the long axes of the columns. They did not crack longitudinally, even if the long axis of a column was originally perpendicular to the long axis of the cotyledon. These results do not support the hypothesis that imbibitional cracks form along preexisting cracks or along lines of weakness. Imbibitional stresses induced new cracks to form. The mean time to first crack and SE associated with its measurement were both significantly reduced in columns relative to the corresponding values for whole cotyledons (40 ± 2.6 and 100 ± 8.0 min, respectively) at an imbibition temperature of 19.3°C. Pea and chickpea cotyledon tissues also cracked transversely when they were cut into long, narrow columns.
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Petráš, Roman, Viktor Škorík, and Jaroslav Polák. "Crack Initiation in Austenitic Stainless Steel Sanicro 25 Subjected to Thermomechanical Fatigue." Solid State Phenomena 258 (December 2016): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.258.273.

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Thermomechanical fatigue experiments were performed with austenitic stainless Sanicro 25 steel. Several amplitudes of mechanical strain in a wide temperature interval (250-700 °C) were applied to the specimens. Mechanical response was recorded and fatigue lives were obtained. Scanning electron microscopy combined with FIB technique was used to study the mechanism of crack initiation in in-phase and in out-of-phase thermomechanical cycling. Different mechanisms of the crack initiation were found in these two types of loading. During in-phase loading fatigue cracks start in grain boundaries by cracking of the oxide. Cracks grew preferentially along grain boundaries which resulted in rapid crack initiation and low fatigue life. In out-of-phase loading multiple cracks perpendicular to the stress axis developed only after sufficiently thick oxide layer was formed and cracked in low temperature loading half-cycle. The cracks in oxide allowed localized repeated oxidation and finally also cracking. The cracks grow transgranularly and result in longer fatigue life.
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Pais, Jorge. "The Reflective Cracking in Flexible Pavements." Romanian Journal of Transport Infrastructure 2, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rjti-2015-0012.

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Abstract Reflective cracking is a major concern for engineers facing the problem of road maintenance and rehabilitation. The problem appears due to the presence of cracks in the old pavement layers that propagate into the pavement overlay layer when traffic load passes over the cracks and due to the temperature variation. The stress concentration in the overlay just above the existing cracks is responsible for the appearance and crack propagation throughout the overlay. The analysis of the reflective cracking phenomenon is usually made by numerical modeling simulating the presence of cracks in the existing pavement and the stress concentration in the crack tip is assessed to predict either the cracking propagation rate or the expected fatigue life of the overlay. Numerical modeling to study reflective cracking is made by simulating one crack in the existing pavement and the loading is usually applied considering the shear mode of crack opening. Sometimes the simulation considers the mode I of crack opening, mainly when temperature effects are predominant.
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Zhang, Yong Shen, and Yan Ying Li. "Research on the Rigidity of Continuous Beam with Equal Span under the Temperature Load." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 846–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.846.

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Cracks appeared in concrete structure is always concerned in construction engineering. As the cracks appear, the rigidity of structure will descend. So only the combination of slip theory and the non-slip theory could reflect the development of cracks in the course of analysis of cracks development. For axial tension and bending components, stiffness changes before and after cracking. The continuous beam with equal span is analyzed under the temperature load by the finite element method. As the cracks with different space appear, there is an abrupt bending moment with every crack. Different crack spacing, crack steep drop differently. So the wider the crack’s space is, the higher the abrupt bending moment is.
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Lee, Hosin (David), and Jungyong (Joe) Kim. "Development of a Crack Type Index." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1940, no. 1 (January 2005): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105194000112.

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Many automated systems for crack analysis have been developed to measure the extent and severity of pavement cracking objectively. However, the accuracy of such an automated crack analysis system has not been satisfactory. This paper presents a crack type index (CTI) that can be easily adopted to determine the crack type objectively as longitudinal, transverse, and alligator cracking. The CTI is based on the spatial distribution of the image tiles rather than image pixels, where a tile is defined as a subimage of a whole digital image. The spatial distribution of image tiles is analyzed vertically and horizontally, with a resulting single index, which can be used to identify a spatial orientation of cracking. To determine the accurate CTI threshold values for longitudinal, transverse, and alligator cracks, 150 pavement images were captured with a digital video camera mounted on a sport-utility vehicle: 50 images for each of three types of cracking. These 150 images were analyzed automatically to compute the CTI values that correlate with crack types. To validate the CTI system, another 150 pavement images were captured. The CTI system identified 150 images as proper crack types with an 86% accuracy for alligator cracking, 92% accuracy for transverse cracking, and 94% accuracy for longitudinal cracking. The CTI system is further validated against images of block cracking and multiple cracks. The validation result against block cracking and multiple cracks indicates that the proposed CTI system in conjunction with UCI is robust and can be extended to identify block cracking and multiple cracks. The CTI method can be used to determine crack types from the digital images automatically without any human intervention.
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Zamora, M., and J. P. Poirier. "Experimental study of acoustic anisotropy and birefringence in dry and saturated Fontainebleau sandstone." GEOPHYSICS 55, no. 11 (November 1990): 1455–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442793.

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The velocities of ultrasonic P, SH, and SV waves have been measured in two perpendicular directions, in samples of Fontainebleau sandstone as received or thermally cracked, dry, or saturated, under uniaxial stress. We have investigated the effect of cracking, saturation, and uniaxial stress on the velocity of P and S waves in two orthogonal directions (anisotropy) and the velocity of S waves with two orthogonal polarizations in each direction of propagation (birefringence). The effect of cracking, saturation, and uniaxial stress on Poisson’s ratio has also been investigated. The velocity anisotropy is larger for S waves than for P waves and practically disappears in saturated samples. Birefringence is attenuated in saturated samples. Inversion of the results using Crampin’s model gives values of the crack densities in three directions, in qualitative agreement with the state of cracking observed by scanning electron microscopy. In particular, the crack density is found to be near zero in sandstones with rounded pores only. After thermally induced cracking the crack density is found to be ≈20 percent; uniaxial stress closes the cracks in the plane normal to the stress. Also, in naturally cracked samples the crack density is found to be quite high. Uniaxial stress causes the density of cracks to decrease, mostly in the plane normal to the stress.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cracks and Cracking"

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Mohammad, Noor. "Desiccation Cracking Behaviour in Thin Bentonite Layers." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/22231.

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This thesis investigates the behaviour of desiccation cracks in thin bentonite layers under different conditions (initial water content, layer thickness, temperature and mixtures with kaolinite). For this, a comprehensive series of experiment was conducted as well as some theoretical models were developed. The theoretical model was developed based on the critical cracking thickness following the principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics (Chapter 4). This model was then used in the following chapters and validated with the experimental investigations. Also, hydraulic properties of the cracked soil mass were modelled and the effects of cracks on hydraulic conductivity and water retention properties were shown. In the experimental investigations, firstly, the combined effects of initial water content and layer thickness were studied in a phase diagram to observe the behaviour of desiccation cracks (Chapter 5). It was found that critical cracking thickness could be an important factor in distinguishing cracked and non-cracked samples in the phase diagram. Characteristics of cracks (crack density, total crack length, average crack length and crack width) increase with increasing layer thicknesses as well as initial water contents. The effects of temperature (Chapter 6) and mixtures of bentonite-kaolinite (Chapter 7) on desiccation cracking were investigated in the phase diagram developed in Chapter 5. At higher temperatures, the critical thickness of a clay layer ould be decreased. Results of bentonite-kaolinite mixture demonstrated that the phase boundary shifted to increase the critical thickness of the clay layers of mixtures containing less bentonite (i.e. more kaolinite). Crack morphology was also affected by the change in temperatures and properties of the mixtures. In summary, this study shows some understanding of desiccation cracking behaviour and could provide insights for better design of clay liners, which often at risk of desiccation problem.
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Steadman, David Lawrence. "Growth-arrest behavior of small fatigue cracks." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11731.

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Xue, Yibin. "Three dimensional interface cracks in anisotropic bimaterials." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17273.

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Kaul, Vivek. "Tracking and detection of cracks using minimal path techniques." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37214.

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The research in the thesis investigates the use of minimal path techniques to track and detect cracks, modeled as curves, in critical infrastructure like pavements and bridges. We developed a novel minimal path algorithm to detect curves with complex topology that may have both closed cycles and open sections using an arbitrary point on the curve as the sole input. Specically, we applied the novel algorithm to three problems: semi-automatic crack detection, detection of continuous cracks for crack sealing applications and detection of crack growth in structures like bridges. The current state of the art minimal path techniques only work with prior knowledge of either both terminal points or one terminal point plus total length of the curve. For curves with multiple branches, all terminal points need to be known. Therefore, we developed a new algorithm that detects curves and relaxes the necessary user input to one arbitrary point on the curve. The document presents the systematic development of this algorithm in three stages. First, an algorithm that can detect open curves with branches was formulated. Then this algorithm was modied to detect curves that also have closed cycles. Finally, a robust curve detection algorithm was devised that can increase the accuracy of curve detection. The algorithm was applied to crack images and the results of crack detection were validated against the ground truth. In addition, the algorithm was also used to detect features like catheter tube and optical nerves in medical images. The results demonstrate that the algorithm is able to accurately detect objects that can be modeled as open curves.
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Hejman, Ulf. "On initiation of chemically assisted crack growth and crack propagation paths of branching cracks in polycarbonate." Licentiate thesis, Malmö högskola, Teknik och samhälle, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-7790.

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Stress corrosion, SC, in some cases gives rise to stress corrosion cracking, SCC, which differs from purely stress intensity driven cracks in many aspects. They initiate and grow under the influence of an aggressive environment in a stressed substrate. They grow at low load and may branch. The phenomenon of SCC is very complex, both the initiation phase and crack extension itself of SCC is seemingly associated with arbitrariness due to the many unknown factors controlling the process. Such factors could be concentration of species in the environment, stress, stress concentration, electrical conditions, mass transport, and so on.In the present thesis, chemically assisted crack initiation and growth is studied with special focus on the initiation and branching of cracks. Polycarbonate plates are used as substrates subjected to an acetone environment. Experimental procedures for examining initiation and branching in polycarbonate are presented. An optical microscope is employed to study the substrate.The attack at initiation is quantified from pits found on the surface, and pits that act as origin for cracks is identified and the distribution is analysed. A growth criterion for surface cracks is formulated from the observations, and it is used to numerically simulate crack growth. The cracks are seen to coalesce, and this phenomenon is studied in detail. Branching sites of cracks growing in the bulk of polycarbonate are inspected at the sample surface. It is found that the total width of the crack branches are approximately the same as the width of the original crack. Also, angles of the branches are studied. Further, for comparison the crack growth in the bulk is simulated using a moving boundary problem based algorithm and similar behaviour of crack branching is found.
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Karim, Md Rezaul. "Transient response of laminated composites with subsurface cracks." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184541.

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The dynamic response of subsurface cracks in fiber reinforced composites is analytically studied. The response of layered half-space and three-layered plate with two interface cracks excited by a plane SH-wave and line load respectively are studied by formulating the problem as integral equations in the frequency domain. The governing equations along with boundary, regularity and continuity conditions across the interface are reduced to a coupled set of singular integral equations by using Betti's reciprocal theorem along with the Green's functions. In addition, the transient response of an orthotropic half-space with a subsurface crack subjected to inplane line load at an arbitrary angle is analyzed. Two new Green's functions for the uncracked medium are developed and used along with the representation theorem to derive the scattered field. Satisfaction of the traction free condition at the crack surfaces gives rise to a system of singular integral equations. Singular integrals involved in the analysis are computed numerically by removing the poles. Part of the integrals containing the poles are then obtained analytically by using residue theorem. The solution of singular integral equations are obtained by expanding the unknown crack opening displacements (COD) in terms of a complete set of Chebychev polynomials. The problem is first solved in the frequency domain, the time histories are then obtained numerically by inverting the spectra via Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) routine. Numerical results are presented for isotropic and anisotropic materials for several different crack geometries. The results show significant influence of crack geometries and material properties on the COD and surface response of composites.
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Venkateswaran, Anuradha. "Role of cracks in creep of brittle, polycrystalline, structural ceramics." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49951.

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An analytical study was conducted of the effect of cracks on creep of polycrystalline, brittle structural ceramics. Two independent mechanisms of contribution of cracks were defined. The mechanism of elastic creep by crack growth represents the rate of increase in strain, with time, resulting from the time-dependent decrease in elastic moduli of the material, due ·to crack growth. The mechanism of crack-enhanced creep provides a measure of the increase in creep rate over that in an identical but crack-free material, due to the local stress field associated with the cracks and the resultant transfer of stress to the adjacent, crack-free material. Creep rates due to these mechanisms were quantified for simple crack geometries. It was shown that the contribution of cracks can result in an idealized 4-stage creep curve for a brittle, polycrystalline ceramic, in contrast to the conventional 3-stage creep curve for metals. The four stages consist of a primary or crack incubation period, a secondary sigmoidal region resulting from growth of microcracks along grain boundary facets, a tertiary or crack-enhanced stage associated with arrested microcracks, and a quarternary stage comprising crack linkage and coalescence. It was demonstrated that the formation and growth of cracks during creep can result in apparent power-law creep, positive grain size dependence of the creep rate, and grain size-dependent creep activation energy. It can also account for observations of decreasing creep rate with increasing time in constant load creep tests, anomalous stress relaxation behavior in structural ceramics, significantly higher creep rates in tension tests than in compression tests, and discrepancy between diffusion coefficients inferred from creep studies and measured in diffusivity experiments. A simple model was presented for the effect of cracks on creep rate in bending, based on the time-rate of change of curvature of a bend specimen. Analysis of the effect of cracks on creep was extended to a general state of multiaxial stress, through matrix formulation of stress, creep rate, and creep compliance tensors. Derivation of components of the creep compliance tensor from analogs in elasticity was demonstrated for crack-enhanced creep, for uniaxial and uniform triaxial tension, for simple crack geometries. It was demonstrated that materials containing cracks can exhibit a finite rate of creep under hydrostatic tension, in contrast to a corresponding creep rate of zero in crack-free materials. Recommendations are made for analysis and interpretation of experimental creep data for structural ceramics.
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Patel, Akshay Mahesh. "Growth of small fatigue cracks in PH 13-8 Mo stainless steel." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/18185.

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Clements, Harold William. "An analysis of stress absorbing membrane interlayers used to inhibit tensile fatigue reflective cracking." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342402.

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Miller, Douglas Dwight. "Stress intensity factors for circumferential part-through cracks from holes in hollow cylinders subjected to tension and bending loads." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16055.

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Books on the topic "Cracks and Cracking"

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National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), ed. Effect of drying shrinkage cracks and flexural cracks on concrete bulk permeability. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2000.

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S, Rahman, Battelle Memorial Institute, and U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Division of Engineering Technology., eds. Refinement and evaluation of crack-opening-area analyses for circumferential through-wall cracks in pipes. Washington, DC: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1995.

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R, Jolles M., U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Division of Engineering., and Materials Engineering Associates, eds. Fatigue crack growth of part-through cracks in pressure vessel and piping steels: Air environment results. Washington, DC: Division of Engineering, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1988.

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R, Jolles M., U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Division of Engineering., and Materials Engineering Associates, eds. Fatigue crack growth of part-through cracks in pressure vessel and piping steels: Air environment results. Washington, DC: Division of Engineering, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1988.

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M, Heslin T., and Goddard Space Flight Center, eds. Preventing cracking of anodized coatings. Greenbelt, Md: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 1995.

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M, Heslin T., and Goddard Space Flight Center, eds. Preventing cracking of anodized coatings. Greenbelt, Md: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 1995.

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Clear, C. A. The effects of autogenous healing upon the leakage of water through cracks in concrete. Wexham Springs, Slough: Cement and Concrete Association, 1985.

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Ganapuram, Sai. Quantification of cracks in concrete bridge decks in Ohio District 3. Columbus, OH: Ohio Dept. of Transportation, Research & Development, 2012.

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Bryan, Kurt. Reconstruction of multiple cracks from experimental electrostatic boundary measurements. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1994.

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Bryan, Kurt. Reconstruction of multiple cracks from experimental electrostatic boundary measurements. Hampton, Va: Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cracks and Cracking"

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Saouma, Victor E., and M. Amin Hariri-Ardebili. "Finite Element Modeling of Cracks." In Aging, Shaking, and Cracking of Infrastructures, 317–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57434-5_14.

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Pais, Jorge, Manuel Minhoto, and Shakir Shatnawi. "Multi-cracks Modeling in Reflective Cracking." In 7th RILEM International Conference on Cracking in Pavements, 441–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4566-7_43.

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Sumi, Yoichi. "Analysis of Two-Dimensional Cracks." In Mathematical and Computational Analyses of Cracking Formation, 31–44. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54935-2_3.

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Sumi, Yoichi. "Pattern-Formation of Interacting Brittle Cracks." In Mathematical and Computational Analyses of Cracking Formation, 93–113. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54935-2_6.

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Hribar, Dejan. "Hypothesis of Existence Semicircular Shaped Cracks on Asphalt Pavements." In 7th RILEM International Conference on Cracking in Pavements, 1049–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4566-7_100.

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Kozinov, Sergey, and Volodymyr Loboda. "Literature Review on Cracks Located at the Interface of Dissimilar Materials (Interface Cracks)." In Fracture Mechanics of Electrically Passive and Active Composites with Periodic Cracking along the Interface, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43138-9_1.

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Sha, Ai-min, and Shuai Tu. "Cracks Characteristics and Damage Mechanism of Asphalt Pavement with Semi-rigid Base." In 7th RILEM International Conference on Cracking in Pavements, 985–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4566-7_94.

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Pei, Eujin, and Israt Kabir. "Development of FGM and FGAM." In A Guide to Additive Manufacturing, 307–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05863-9_8.

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AbstractFGM is a special class of composite material that was first developed in Japan around 1984 for the propulsion system and airframe of space planes. The challenge was to create a thermal barrier that would be capable of withstanding a temperature of 1000 °C over a cross-section of 10 mm. A sharp interface between the matrix and the reinforcement in a traditional composite material would cause cracking in high temperatures. The cracks occur due to the generation of interfacial stress induced by the mismatch of thermal expansion between two different materials.
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Yan, Bing, Yaoyu Zhu, Cheng Meng, and Zhiyuan Yuanzhou. "Study on Fatigue Performance of Typical Fatigue Detail in Orthotropic Steel Deck." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 11–17. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2532-2_2.

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AbstractOrthotropic steel decks (OSDs) are easily subjected to fatigue cracking under the cyclic vehicle loading, and arc notch between diaphragm and U-rib is one of the typical fatigue details. The strain values of three measuring points at arc notch in a steel bridge were monitoring to obtain the stress time histories. Then, fatigue stress amplitudes and fatigue damage degrees were analysed. It was found that this typical fatigue detail was under tension–compression cyclic stress. The maximum stress amplitude appeared at U-rib weld toe, which indicated that fatigue cracks were more prone to propagate on this area, comparison of fatigue damage degrees also corroborated it.
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Aliha, M. R. M., M. Ameri, A. Mansourian, and M. R. Ayatollahi. "Finite Element Analysis of a New Test Specimen for Investigating Mixed Mode Cracks in Asphalt Overlays." In 7th RILEM International Conference on Cracking in Pavements, 359–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4566-7_35.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cracks and Cracking"

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"Cracks-Concrete Repair’s life Threatening Wounds." In SP-204: Design and Construction Practices to Mitigate Cracking. American Concrete Institute, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/10823.

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Rami´rez, J. A., and J. L. Gonza´lez. "Hydrogen Induced Cracking of Welds in Steel Pipelines." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-2182.

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The phenomenon of Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) by the absorption of hydrogen from a sour fluid in carbon steel plates is well known, however the question if HIC cracks can penetrate weld deposits is still subject of controversy in both laboratory and field studies. In this research, plates containing Submerged Arc Welding, Resistance Seam Welding and Shield Metal Arc welds, were exposed to cathodic charging to induce HIC and to determine if HIC cracks can grow and pass through the weld materials. The HIC progress in the plates was detected and monitored by straight beam ultrasonic inspection in the A-Scan mode. The results showed that HIC can occur in the weld by the same mechanism as in normal plate in the case of SAW welds, while in the other two (RSEW, SMAW) the crack deviates from its original trajectory to form radial cracks when the HIC cracks penetrate into the weld material. The study is completed by metallographic and fractographic observations of the cracked specimens.
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""Stresses, Strains, and Bursting Cracks in Anchorage Zones of PostTensioned Beams"." In SP-113: Cracking in Prestressed Concrete Structures. American Concrete Institute, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/3001.

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Duff, Jonathan A., and Thomas J. Marrow. "In-Situ Observations of Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61208.

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The development and validation of predictive models for intergranular stress corrosion cracking requires knowledge of short crack growth kinetics in response to mechanical driving forces. A new experimental method for in-situ observation of the early stages of crack growth during stress corrosion cracking, via full field Digital Image Correlation, is described and data for crack growth development are presented. Intergranular stress corrosion cracks were nucleated in sensitised 304 stainless steel under static uniaxial flexural deflection, within a potassium tetrathionate environment. High resolution optical images of a 2mm by 2mm area are recorded through the test solution during the experiment. The raw images show no observable cracking. However, the high sensitivity of digital image correlation allows small crack opening displacements to be detected. The derived strain map of the sample surface thereby enables imaging of the cracks. Surface cracks with lengths exceeding approximately 30μm can be observed. Post processing of the strain maps is then used to track the development of the cracks.
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Elapolu, Mohan S. R., and Alireza Tabarraei. "Stress Corrosion Cracking of Graphene." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23842.

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Abstract We use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of monolayer graphene sheets with an initial edge cracks. Two types of edge cracks are considered in the simulations; one with armchair edges and another one with zigzag edges. All the simulations are conducted at 300 K and the corrosive environment is O2 molecules. Tensile stresses are induced in the graphene sheet by applying mode–I loading. To understand the mechanism of the sub–critical crack growth during SCC, we expose the graphene sheets to O2 molecules at strains of 0.047 and 0.076. Our MD simulations capture the chemisorption process between the O2 molecules and pre–stressed graphene sheet. Oxygen molecules react with carbon radicals at the edges of the crack tip and gets adsorbed to the graphene surface. The atomic stresses in the vicinity of crack tip relaxes due to the adsorption of O2 molecule. Our results show that the reaction of O2 molecules with the carbon radicals at the crack tip can cause the failure of C–C bonds which leads to the sub critical cracking.
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Lam, Poh-Sang, Changmin Cheng, Yuh J. Chao, Robert L. Sindelar, Tina M. Stefek, and James B. Elder. "Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel Weldments." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71327.

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An experiment was conducted to investigate the role of weld residual stress on stress corrosion cracking in welded carbon steel plates prototypic to those used for nuclear waste storage tanks. Carbon steel specimen plates were butt-joined with Gas Metal Arc Welding technique. Initial cracks (seed cracks) were machined across the weld and in the heat affected zone. These specimen plates were then submerged in a simulated high level radioactive waste chemistry environment. Stress corrosion cracking occurred in the as-welded plate but not in the stress-relieved duplicate. A detailed finite element analysis to simulate exactly the welding process was carried out, and the resulting temperature history was used to calculate the residual stress distribution in the plate for characterizing the observed stress corrosion cracking. It was shown that the cracking can be predicted for the through-thickness cracks perpendicular to the weld by comparing the experimental KISCC to the calculated stress intensity factors due to the welding residual stress. The predicted crack lengths agree reasonably well with the test data. The final crack lengths appear to be dependent on the details of welding and the sequence of machining the seed cracks, consistent with the prediction.
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Wang, Y. Z., R. W. Revie, M. T. Shehata, R. N. Parkins, and K. Krist. "Initiation of Environment Induced Cracking in Pipeline Steel: Microstructural Correlations." In 1998 2nd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1998-2061.

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Initiation of environment-induced cracks in pipeline steels involves interactions among microstructural features, loading conditions and environmental variables. Cyclic, or dynamic, loading has an important role in crack initiation, a competitive process in which cracks form first at the most favorable sites. Under simultaneous cyclic loading and exposure of a Grade 448 (X-65) pipeline steel to aqueous solution of near-neutral pH, NS-4 solution saturated either with CO2 or 5% CO2/ balance N2, cracks that initiated early in the process were associated with pits. A correlation between pits and non-metallic inclusions has been observed. Other locations favorable for localized corrosion attack, such as along the steel surface at the edge of a coating, were also found to be sites for crack initiation. The dense population of cracks that appeared at a later stage of exposure most likely developed from slip-dissolution along certain crystallographic planes. Cracks that formed at an early stage did not always remain as the largest cracks, as crack coalescence, dormancy and/or re-activation, as well as initiation of new cracks, all occurred simultaneously on different parts of the exposure surface.
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Price, John W. H. "Thermal Shock Cracking: Design and Assessment Guidelines." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71108.

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Repeated thermal shock cracking is common in the operation of pressure equipment where water and steam are present. Surprisingly it is not directly covered in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel code nor in fitness-for-purpose recommended practice such as API 579. An example of thermal shock stresses occurs when hot surfaces exposed to splashing of cold water. This eventually may lead to crack nucleation and crack growth. However not all thermal shock cracks lead to failures (such as rupture, leak or in more brittle material fragmentation), indeed the most frequent situation is that the cracking arrests at a depth of a few millimeters. This paper presents a unique experimental study and analysis the information being gained from this study in terms of design guidelines and crack growth mechanisms. In the experiments, cracks are initiated and then grown in low carbon steel specimens exposed to repeated thermal shock. The test-rigs achieve large thermal shocks through the repeated water quenching of heated flat plate specimens. The effect of steady state loads on the growth and environmental effects due to the aqueous nature of the testing environment are found to be major contributors to the crack growth kinetics. The most important findings are that are that the conditions leading to both the initiation and the arrest of cracks can be identified and that the depth of a starter notch contributes little to the crack propagation.
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Klein, Marvin, Niels Portzgen, Munendra S. Tomar, Martin Fingerhut, and Homayoon Ansari. "Sizing Stress Corrosion Cracking Using Laser Ultrasonics." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64468.

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Managing Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) damaged pipe has been a formidable challenge to the pipeline industry. Development of a practical solution for measurement and evaluation of SCC has been marred by the complexity of crack shapes, their distribution within a crack colony, and the lack of non-destructive technology capable of reliably measuring the crack depths. Laser Ultrasonics is an inspection technology wherein lasers are used for generation and detection of ultrasonic waves in the pipeline steel to be inspected. Unlike conventional ultrasonic testing, Laser Ultrasonics has a large frequency bandwidth and a tiny (∼0.5mm) footprint. These characteristics make it ideally suited for application as a depth sizing tool for closely-spaced cracks in a colony. It has been conclusively proved that laser ultrasonic inspection using the time of flight diffraction (TOFD) technique can reliably and accurately measure the depth of naturally occurring SCC and potentially other cracks and seam weld anomalies. This presentation describes the results of this co-sponsored project, including recent full scale demonstrations where a laser ultrasonic measurement subsystem has been built onto a prototype scanner.
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"Mitigation of Seismic Induced Diagonal Cracks in Concrete Columns by External Prestressing." In SP-204: Design and Construction Practices to Mitigate Cracking. American Concrete Institute, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/10820.

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Reports on the topic "Cracks and Cracking"

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Parkins. L51623 Environment Sensitive Cracking (Low pH Stress-Corrosion Cracking) of High Pressure Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010308.

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This is a review of the current situation relating to transgranular environment sensitive cracking of the type experienced on an in-service pipeline, by comparison with the commoner intergranular cracking experienced on many systems. It is probable that the cracking is not unique. Quite apart from the crack paths, there are other significant differences between the conditions in which the two types of cracking occur, particularly in relation to the environments involved, and sufficiently so to indicate that the mechanisms of cracking are different. The circumstances in which the two types of environment form are discussed. If the creation of a reliable model for practical application to transgranular cracking is to be achieved, there is need for data relating to the effects of stressing conditions upon the crack nucleation and� growth rates of such cracks and of the circumstances in which these cracks coalesce.
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Leis and Mohan. L51803 Failure Criterion for Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010327.

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Failures due to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) generally involve several adjacent, parallel, deep cracks that because of their proximity coalesce to form long flaws, which can cause ruptures.Recent studies indicate that such multiple flaws cause a local increase in compliance as compared to a single crack that represents the largest of the cracks involved.This means that the failure pressure for such a group of cracks can be poorly represented by a single flaw failure criterion, such as the Pipe Axial Flaw Failure Criterion (PAFFC) developed for the Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. The objective of this project was to develop a failure criterion for the multiple flaw situations typical of SCC based on available literature data for a repeating pattern of cracks (a regular array of cracks). This report begins with a discussion of predicted failure pressures for several typical field failures due to SCC. This discussion clearly demonstrates significant errors in predicted failure pressure for the multiple cracking typical of SCC when the failure pressure is predicted in terms of available single-flaw failure criteria for part-through-wall flaws in pipelines. This is followed by an analysis based on available literature data. It is shown that the literature data fail to represent the essential features of typical patches of cracks that control SCC failures. Analysis representing realistic cracking patterns is then introduced and used in conjunction with PAFFC to show that very accurate predictions can be made if the typical nature of the SCC patch is embedded in the failure criterion.
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Xie, Yazdanfar, and Given. PR-261-103605-R01 Investigation on the Dormancy of Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) Cracks. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010178.

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The objectives of this research were to investigate SCC dormancy and re-activation behavior in term of 1) effect of low frequency (= 10-5 Hz) and cyclic stress typical of pressure fluctuation (R = 0.8) and 2) the inhibitive effect of organics on the growth rate of SCC cracks. The project tasks included 1) Summary of literature on the dormancy of SCC cracks; 2) Literature results of near neutral pH SCC of X65 steels; 3) Upgrade and calibration of potential drop technique; 4) Crack growth rate measurements under steady cycle fluctuation of loading; 5) Crack growth rate measurements under fluctuating loading conditions; 6) Effect of organics. The dormancy of near neutral pH SCC has been investigated using potential - drop technique to measure crack growth rates under constant cyclic loading and fluctuating loading conditions.
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Arumugam, Udayansankar, Pablo Cazenave, and Ming Gao. PR-328-133702-R01 Study of the Mechanism for Cracking in Dents in a Crude Oil Pipeline. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011556.

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Phase one report: Crack fields (colonies) in dents are often observed in liquid pipe lines. Because of their colonial appearance, these cracks in dents are often thought to be associated with stress corrosion cracking (SCC). However, a recent full-scale dent fatigue testing under a PRCI mechanical damage program showed that crack colonies in dents can be produced by fatigue. This observation facilitated PRCI to launch a further study of the cracking mechanism in dents using samples extracted from a liquid pipeline. A total of 6 pipe samples containing dent with crack/metal loss were investigated. Evidences from this investigation showed that cracks in dents are aligned in an axial direction with appearance similar to crack colony. Fractographic analyses showed that the mechanism for cracking in these dents was fatigue. No evidence of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) was found. Fractographic analyses also showed that cracks in the colony were associated with a corrosion pit, suggesting corrosion pits are the initiation sites for fatigue crack. A combination of corrosion pitting and fatigue crack growth is the overall mechanism for the observed cracking, that is, corrosion may be the first degrading mechanism followed by the fatigue crack growth. Based on the understanding of the mechanism for cracking, a review is given to the currently available pit-to-crack transition and overall life prediction models. Applicability and limitations of these models to cracks in dent are discussed. Gaps and areas for further study are discussed. An example of rate competing between pit and crack growth and for overall life estimate is illustrated. In this report, sample selection and the approach used in this investigation are presented first. The findings from fractographic analysis are summarized. Currently available modelling efforts for pitto-fatigue are reviewed. Gaps and further research areas are discussed.
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Roesler, Jeffery, Roberto Montemayor, John DeSantis, and Prakhar Gupta. Evaluation of Premature Cracking in Urban Concrete Pavement. Illinois Center for Transportation, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-001.

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This study investigated the causes for premature, transverse cracking on urban jointed plain concrete pavements in Illinois. A field survey of 67 sections throughout Illinois coupled with ultrasonic evaluation was completed to synthesize the extent of premature cracking on urban JPCP. The visual survey showed some transverse and longitudinal cracks were a result of improper slab geometry (excessive slab length and width). Ultrasonic tests over the contraction joints determined some notched joints had not activated and adjacent transverse cracks were likely formed as a result. Three-dimensional finite-element analyses confirmed that cracking would not develop as a result of normal environmental factors and slab-base frictional restraint. The concrete mixture also did not appear to be a contributing factor to the premature cracks. Finally, the lack of lubrication on dowel bars was determined to potentially be a primary mechanism that could restrain the transverse contraction joints, produce excessive tensile stresses in the slab, and cause premature transverse cracks to develop.
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Parkins and Leis. L51654 Spatial Densities of Stress-Corrosion Cracks in Line-Pipe Steels. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010367.

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There was a need to define the spatial density of stress-corrosion crack arrays that develop in operating gas-transmission pipelines and in laboratory test specimens of line-pipe steel, to improve understanding of the factors that control the density and provide data to test models of pipeline cracking. Within the broad definition of crack density are included the locations, numbers, lengths, depths, and degree of linkage of cracks. An analysis has been conducted of location, numbers, lengths, depths, and degree of linkage of stress-corrosion crack colonies in samples from the field and from laboratory tests. This has provided data to test any model of the cracking of pipelines. Thus, it is shown that crack densities are of the order of 5 cracks/mm of distance normal to the crack length direction and that the depths and lengths of cracks are distributed according to log normal and Weibull functions. During the growth stage of cracks in a colony, their spatial distribution is not random, because of the interaction of their associated stress fields. That interaction also results in the coalescence of cracks, an extremely important part of the overall growth process, and that interaction is defined quantitatively to provide further information to which modeling must aspire.
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Wilmott, Martyn, and Weixing Chen. PR-261-9710-R01 Assessment of the Aggressiveness of Various Type of Soil Towards Low PH SCC. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012137.

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Environmental cracking processes are caused by the synergistic interaction of a corrosive environment and applied service stress (mechanical contribution) with a susceptible pipeline material. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is one form of environmental cracking. Current understanding of the processes associated with SCC suggests that cracks proceed through a continuum of events leading to final failure. In the "life" of a crack, cracks initiate, proceed through a period of growth, link with other cracks to produce a critical defect size that can then cause the failure of the pipeline. The relative contributions of environmental, mechanical, and material factors will depend on where a crack is in its "life". The objectives of the project are to improve the understanding of the role of the local soil environment in the development and growth of neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of line pipe steels and to develop a risk-based model to help prioritize SCC site selection based on soil classification.
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Yunovich. L51923 Stress Corrosion Crack Depth Measurement Program. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011224.

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To be able to answer each of the questions that an operator faces upon encountering stress corrosion cracking, the following must be achieved:- Accurate depth measurement for near-critical flaws- Accurate depth measurement for sub-critical flaws- Accurate discrimination of inconsequential cracks from cracks that may grow to failure.This program compared the depth measurement accuracy of ten crack-depth measurement technologies using a common set of stress-corrosion crack samples.
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Leis. L51807 Characterization of Axial Flaws in Pipelines with a Focus of Stress Corrosion Cracks. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010328.

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This report presents the results of a series of projects that involved: (1) characterizing the behavior of crack colonies associated with stress-corrosion cracking (SCC); (2) developing failure criteria to provide safety without undue conservatism; and (3) developing criteria to characterize crack coalescence prior to SCC leaks. Analytical details are given for the various types of axial cracks, with a focus on short, deep cracks, patches of SCC cracks often found in field-digs, and deep, co-parallel cracks. All analyses were done in a fracture mechanics framework for use in developing criteria to ensure safety and assess the serviceability of natural gas transmission pipelines.
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Koch, Beavers, and Berry. L51491 Effect of Temperature on Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Pre-Cracked Line-Pipe Steel. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010078.

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Research conducted in the Stress-Corrosion-Cracking Phase of the NG-18 program has demonstrated that a number of factors influence the rate of stress-corrosion cracking. These factors are the susceptibility of the steel, the stress level, and loading amplitude, the chemical environment in contact with the steel surface, the electrochemical potential established on the steel surface, and the temperature of the steel/environment system. The temperature, as was pointed out by Fessler et al., has an effect on crack growth rate, the width of the potential range where stress-corrosion cracking occurs, and the range of strain rates within which stress-corrosion cracking is possible. It was shown that each of these effects can act to decrease the susceptibility of line pipe steel to stress-corrosion cracking. Although the beneficial effects of lowering the temperature on the stress-corrosion cracking behavior of line pipe steels in carbonate/bicarbonate solutions was shown, no data are available concerning the effect on initiation of stress-corrosion cracks. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of temperature on the KISCC and the stress-corrosion crack velocity of line pipe steels. This study was initiated to determine whether lowering the temperature of the environment could prevent a stress-corrosion crack from initiating or could stop existing and propagating cracks.
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