Academic literature on the topic 'Cracker Lake'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Cracker Lake.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Cracker Lake"
1
Leeson, A. A., A. Shepherd, S. Palmer, A. Sundal, and X. Fettweis. "Simulating the growth of supra-glacial lakes at the western margin of the Greenland ice sheet." Cryosphere Discussions 6, no. 2 (March 30, 2012): 1307–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-6-1307-2012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. We present a method of modelling the growth of supra-glacial lakes at the western margin of the Greenland ice sheet, based on routeing runoff estimated by a Regional Climate Model (RCM) across a digital elevation model (DEM) of the ice sheet surface. Using data acquired during the 2003 melt season, we demonstrate that the model is 18 times more likely to correctly predict the presence or absence of lakes identified in MODIS satellite imagery within an elevation range of 1000 to 1600 metres above sea level (m.a.s.l.) than it is to make incorrect predictions. Our model does not, however, simulate processes leading to lake stagnation or decay, such as refreezing or drainage – a process which affects approximately 17% of lakes in our study area (Selmes et al., 2011). This likely explains much of why our model over-predicts cumulative area by 32% although other factors including uncertainty in the DEM and in the MODIS derived observations used for validation contribute to this error. Simulated lake filling tends to lead observations by approximately 5 days which could be related to a filling period required to saturate cracks, crevasses and other porous space within the ice. We find that the maximum modelled lake covered ice sheet area is 6% and suggest that this is a topographic limitation for this sector. We can take this as an upper bound; given the absence of drainage in the model. In 2003, the difference between RCM estimates of runoff and the maximum volume of water simulated to be stored in lakes was 12.49 km3. This can be taken as a measure of potential water available for lubrication and is calculated to be 1.86 m3 per square metre of ice. This study has proved a good first step towards capturing the variability of supra-glacial lake evolution with a numerical model; we are optimistic that the model will develop further into a useful tool for use in analysing the behaviour of supra-glacial lakes on the Greenland ice sheet in the present day and beyond.
2
Huang, Y. S., and O. H. Yeoh. "Crack Initiation and Propagation in Model Cord-Rubber Composites." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 62, no. 4 (September 1, 1989): 709–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536270.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The present study suggests that the development of penny-shaped cracks at cord ends is the first stage of fatigue failure of cord-rubber composites. An approximate theory for calculating the strain-energy release rate (tearing energy) for the propagation of penny-shaped cracks and predicting the life of model composites has been outlined. The basic premise of this theory is that the rate of propagation of these penny-shaped cracks is governed by the usual crack-growth characteristics of rubber vulcanizates customarily determined using simple test pieces such as the pure-shear test piece. Fatigue studies on two model composites show experiment and theory to be in semiquantitative agreement. Breidenbach and Lake have already established the relationship between the crack-growth characteristics of the rubber material to interply crack propagation, a later stage in the fatigue failure of cord-rubber composites. Therefore, it is clear that the crack-growth characteristics are an important screening criterion for compound development aimed at improving the life of cord-rubber composites.
3
Jitprasithsiri, Siriphan, Hosin Lee, Robert G. Sorcic, and Richard Johnston. "Development of Digital Image-Processing Algorithm to Compute Unified Crack Index for Salt Lake City." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1526, no. 1 (January 1996): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196152600118.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents the recent efforts in developing an image processing algorithm for computing a unified pavement crack index for Salt Lake City. The pavement surface images were collected using a digital camera mounted on a van. Each image covers a pavement area of 2.13 m (7 ft) × 1.52 m (5 ft), taken at every 30-m (100-ft) station. The digital images were then transferred onto a 1-gigabyte hard disk from a set of memory cards each of which can store 21 digital images. Approximately 1,500 images are then transferred from the hard disk to a compact disc. The image-processing algorithm, based on a variable thresholding technique, was developed on a personal computer to automatically process pavement images. The image is divided into 140 smaller tiles, each tile consisting of 40 × 40 pixels. To measure the amount of cracking, a variable threshold value is computed based on the average gray value of each tile. The program then automatically counts the number of cracked tiles and computes a unified crack index for each pavement image. The crack indexes computed from the image-processing algorithms are compared against the manual rating procedure in this paper. The image-processing algorithms were applied to process more than 450 surveyed miles of Salt Lake City street network.
4
Kavanaugh, Jeffrey, Ryan Schultz, Laurence D. Andriashek, Mirko van der Baan, Hadi Ghofrani, Gail Atkinson, and Daniel J. Utting. "A New Year’s Day icebreaker: icequakes on lakes in Alberta, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, no. 2 (February 2019): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0196.
Full textAbstract:
Any process that causes a sudden brittle failure of material has the potential to cause earthquake-like seismic events. Cryoseisms represent an underreported class of seismic event due to their (often) small magnitudes. In this paper, we document the phenomenon of some of the largest magnitude lake-associated icequakes (ML 2.0) yet reported. These events occurred nearly simultaneously (within ∼2 h) on geographically separate lakes in Alberta, Canada, starting 1 January 2018. We conjecture that these events were caused by the sudden brittle failure of lake ice due to thermal expansion; the effects of the thermal expansion were compounded by the lack of insulating snow cover, high lake water levels, and a rapid onset of atmospheric warming. These factors also contributed to ice-jacking — a repeating process in which thermal contraction produces tensile cracks (leads) in lake ice that are then filled with water that is frozen during the cooling cycle. Thus, any subsequent thermal expansion must be accommodated by new deformation or brittle failure. This ice-jacking process caused creeping ground deformation after the initial brittle failure and again two weeks later following a second warming period. In many cases, the resulting ground deformation was significant enough to cause property damage.
5
Rong, Jigang, Jun Yang, Youjian Huang, Wenbo Luo, and Xiaoling Hu. "Characteristic Tearing Energy and Fatigue Crack Propagation of Filled Natural Rubber." Polymers 13, no. 22 (November 10, 2021): 3891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13223891.
Full textAbstract:
Below the incipient characteristic tearing energy (T0), cracks will not grow in rubber under fatigue loading. Hence, determination of the characteristic tearing energy T0 is very important in the rubber industry. A rubber cutting experiment was conducted to determine the T0, using the cutting method proposed originally by Lake and Yeoh. Then, a fatigue crack propagation experiment on a edge-notched pure shear specimen under variable amplitude loading was studied. A method to obtain the crack propagation rate da/dN from the relationship of the crack propagation length (Δa) with the number of cycles (N) is proposed. Finally, the T0 obtained from the cutting method is compared with the value decided by the fatigue crack propagation experiment. The values of T0 obtained from the two different methods are a little different.
6
Manasypov, R. M., S. N. Vorobyev, S. V. Loiko, I. V. Kritzkov, L. S. Shirokova, V. P. Shevchenko, S. N. Kirpotin, et al. "Seasonal dynamics of organic carbon and metals in thermokarst lakes from the discontinuous permafrost zone of western Siberia." Biogeosciences 12, no. 10 (May 21, 2015): 3009–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3009-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Despite relatively good knowledge of the biogeochemistry of Siberian thermokarst lakes during summer base flow, their seasonal dynamics remains almost unexplored. This work describes the chemical composition of ~130 thermokarst lakes ranging in size from a few m2 to several km2, located in the discontinuous permafrost zone. Lakes were sampled during spring flood, just after the ice break (early June), the end of summer (August), the beginning of ice formation (October) and during the full freezing season in winter (February). The lakes larger than 1000 m2 did not exhibit any statistically significant control of the lake size on dissolved organic carbon (DOC), the major and trace element concentrations over three major open water seasons. On the annual scale, the majority of dissolved elements including organic carbon increased their concentration from 30 to 500%, with a statistically significant (p < 0.05) trend from spring to winter. The concentrations of most trace elements (TEs) increased in the order spring > summer > autumn > winter. The ice formation in October included several stages: first, surface layer freezing followed by crack (fissure) formation with unfrozen water from the deeper layers spreading over the ice surface. This water was subsequently frozen and formed layered ice rich in organic matter. As a result, the DOC and metal (Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Ba and Pb) concentrations were highest near the surface of the ice column (0 to 20 cm) and decreased by a factor of 2 towards the bottom. The main implications of discovered freeze-driven solute concentrations in thermokarst lake waters are enhanced colloidal coagulation and removal of dissolved organic matter and associated insoluble metals from the water column to the sediments. The measured distribution coefficients of a TE between amorphous organo-ferric coagulates and lake water (<0.45 μm) were similar to those reported earlier for Fe-rich colloids and low molecular weight (<1 kDa, or <1–2 nm) fractions of thermokarst lake waters, suggesting massive co-precipitation of TE with amorphous Fe oxyhydroxide stabilized by organic matter. Although the concentration of most elements was lowest in spring, this period of maximal water coverage of land created a significant reservoir of DOC and soluble metals in the water column that can be easily mobilized to the hydrological network. The highest DOC concentration observed in the smallest (<100 m2) water bodies in spring suggests their strongly heterotrophic status and, therefore, a potentially elevated CO2 flux from the lake surface to the atmosphere.
7
Mackay, J. Ross. "The first 7 years (1978–1985) of ice wedge growth, Illisarvik experimental drained lake site, western Arctic coast." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 1782–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e86-164.
Full textAbstract:
A large lake, measuring 600 m × 300 m and with a depth of nearly 5 m, was artificially drained on 13 August 1978. Observations on the formation, width, and depth of thermal contraction cracks for the first 7 years show that the crack profiles and ice wedge growth rates differ markedly from those of old ice wedges reported in the literature. The first winter's cracks had box-like profiles, with surface widths to 10 cm and depths to 2.5 m. Some cracks continued to widen and deepen, once opened in early winter, and then narrowed or even closed completely in summer. Mean growth rates for the ice wedges for the first few years have been as much as 3.5 cm/year. Temperature gradients at the time of first cracking have been in the range of 10–15 °C/m. The growth rate of young ice wedges is site specific and temperature dependent, varying with factors such as the temperature gradient, vegetation, and snow cover, so an estimate of the age of an ice wedge from its width will usually be impossible. A study of crack widths indicates that the apparent coefficient of linear expansion of frozen ground may be several times that of ice. Upward cracking has been proven.
8
Mackay, J. Ross. "The sound and speed of ice-wedge cracking, Arctic Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-040.
Full textAbstract:
Rifle-like sounds produced by ice-wedge cracking, although seldom heard, have been reported in the permafrost literature for a century. The sounds, similar to those produced by the rapid cracking of lake ice, indicate a high speed of crack propagation. The speed of ice-wedge crack propagation has been measured at two field sites for the 1966-1989 period. No evidence of rapid crack propagation has been detected at these sites. The fracture patterns of ribs, as seen on vertical crack faces, and the numerous short interacting cracks, as seen in plan view, suggest slow rates of cracking. Enquiries made of many northern residents indicate that rifle-like sounds are uncommon along the mainland coast from the Alaska–Yukon boundary eastward to Coppermine, N.W.T. but are heard more frequently in the Arctic islands. High speeds of crack propagation appear associated with sharp drops in temperature, windblown sites, and long, straight ice wedges. As a preliminary estimate, crack propagation rates exceeding about 200 m/s are necessary to produce rifle-like sounds and accompanying ground tremors.
9
Dupont, Todd K., and Richard B. Alley. "Conditions for the reversal of ice/air surface slope on ice streams and shelves: a model study." Annals of Glaciology 40 (2005): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756405781813780.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractReversals in the ice/air surface slope are important in geomorphic and glaciological contexts, thus motivating consideration of the conditions under which they form. Surface slope reversals are seen in numerous places, such as ice rumples on ice shelves, as surficial lakes, and at the down-glacier end of Vostok lake, Antarctica. Such slope reversals can reduce or reverse the subglacial hydrological gradient, thereby rerouting subglacial water transport and possibly leading to the creation of subglacial lakes. Supraglacial lakes produced by slope reversals in ablation zones may aid in driving water-filled cracks that allow surface water access to the bed. Surface slope reversals, in the absence of a concomitant reversal in ice flow, indicate a local violation of the so-called ‘shallow-ice’ approximation, and in this circumstance the longitudinal deviatoric stress becomes critical in the stress equilibrium. Using a simple numerical model, we have explored the conditions under which surface slope reversals form for certain simple scenarios. The results indicate that ice which initially possesses a normal slope will tend toward a reversed slope if the ice is thinned, the bed is strengthened or the downstream buttressing is increased.
10
Manasypov, R. M., S. N. Vorobyev, S. V. Loiko, I. V. Kritzkov, L. S. Shirokova, V. P. Shevchenko, S. N. Kirpotin, et al. "Seasonal dynamics of organic carbon and metals in thermokarst lakes from the discontinuous permafrost zone of western Siberia." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 2 (January 30, 2015): 1975–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-1975-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Western Siberia's thermokarst (thaw) lakes extend over a territory spanning over a million km2; they are highly dynamic hydrochemical systems that receive chemical elements from the atmosphere and surrounding peat soil and vegetation, and exchange greenhouse gases with the atmosphere, delivering dissolved carbon and metals to adjacent hydrological systems. This work describes the chemical composition of ~ 130 thermokarst lakes of the size range from a few m2 to several km2, located in the discontinuous permafrost zone. Lakes were sampled during spring floods, just after the ice break (early June), the end of summer (August), the beginning of ice formation (October) and during the full freezing season in winter (February). Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the major and trace elements do not appreciably change their concentration with the lake size increase above 1000 m2 during all seasons. On the annual scale, the majority of dissolved elements including organic carbon increase their concentration from 30 to 500%, with a statistically significant (p < 0.05) trend from spring to winter. The maximal increase in trace element (TE) concentration occurred between spring and summer and autumn and winter. The ice formation in October included several stages: first, surface layer freezing followed by crack (fissure) formation with unfrozen water from the deeper layers spreading over the ice surface. This water was subsequently frozen and formed layered ice rich in organic matter. As a result, the DOC and metal concentrations were the highest at the beginning of the ice column and decreased from the surface to the depth. A number of elements demonstrated the accumulation, by more than a factor of 2, in the surface (0–20 cm) of the ice column relative to the rest of the ice core: Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Ba and Pb. The main consequences of discovered freeze-driven solute concentrations in thermokarst lake waters are enhanced colloidal coagulation and the removal of dissolved organic matter and associated insoluble metals from the water column to the sediments. The measured distribution coefficient of TE between amorphous organo-ferric coagulates and lake water (< 0.45 μm) were similar to those reported earlier for Fe-rich colloids and low molecular weight (< 1 kDa) fractions of thermokarst lake waters, suggesting massive co-precipitation of TE with amorphous Fe oxy(hydr)oxide stabilized by organic matter. Although the concentration of most elements is lowest in spring, this period of maximal water coverage of land creates a significant reservoir of DOC and soluble metals in the water column that can be easily mobilized to the hydrological network. The highest DOC concentration observed in the smallest (< 100 m2) water bodies in spring suggests their strongly heterotrophic status and, therefore, elevated CO2 flux from the lake surface to the atmosphere.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cracker Lake"
1
Jeppsson, Amanda. "Skärvstenshögen i tid och rum : En landskapsanalys av Upplands skärvstenshögars geografiska och kronologiska placeringsmönster." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385712.
Full textAbstract:
Heaps of fire-cracked stone is an archaeological site category frequently found in Sweden. The heaps were constructed by piling a massive amount of deposited fire-cracked stones and occasionally they contain artefacts, for example, grindstones, ceramics or bones from both humans and animals. The heaps are sometimes also constructed with complex inner stone patterns in forms of e.g. circles and spirals. The heaps have been found all over Sweden, but the largest concentration is associated with the county of Uppland, north of Stockholm in eastern Sweden. In general, the structures have been linked chronologically to the Bronze Age (1800 B.C.–500 B.C.), although the heaps might be one of the least understood features of Scandinavian prehistory, as a result of their complex and varying content and spatial location. The remains are thoroughly debated, and the interpretation of them varies, ranging from graves to household indications, from sacral to profane, from piles of waste to markers of claimed land. The interpretations of the fire cracked stone heaps have mainly been made by comparing the contents of the heaps with finds from the surrounding archaeological landscape. In this study, the heaps will be analysed by using a landscape perspective by which they will be examined in relation to dynamic high-resolution shoreline reconstructions, vegetation and local topography. By examining the heaps by applying a high-resolution landscape model, suggests that their placement patterns are strongly connected to past shorelines. The analysis has in turn resulted in a non-prejudicial dating method for the heaps. The shoreline model was in the next step tested by a comparison to 118 published 14C-dates associated with fire-cracked stone heaps by using Kernel Density Estimations (KDE). The main result of the study is that the high-resolution shoreline model, in combination with KDE, provides an effective dating method for heaps of fire-cracked stone, which in the extension suggests an alternative motive for the construction of the heaps.
2
Bergström, Philip. "Block och skärvig sten. En arkeologi av det abiotiska : Ett symmetriskt perspektiv på blockanläggningar från yngre bronsålder - äldre järnålder med utgångspunkt i Kättsta i Uppland." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens kultur, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-131868.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation investigates how a symmetrical approach to archaeology can be applied to identify the properties and effects of the non-living, abiotic materials. And to reconfigure the relationship between humans and non-human objects, bridging the divide between what has been termed ‘cultural’ and ‘natural’ and thus placed in different ontological realms. This is examined by studying the practices surrounding “boulder graves”, from the Late Bronze Age - Early Iron Age (approx. 1000 – 0 BC) in Kättsta, Ärentuna parish in Uppland, Sweden. The boulders tend to be studied from an anthropocentric point of view, in which they are seen primarily as passive objects, interpreted only for what they represent. The objective of this research, however, is to gain new insights into the agency of boulders, and how they contributed to the practices carried out adjacent to them. The dissertation is based on a case study where a thematic analysis is performed, focusing on the properties and characteristics of boulders, their affordances, the distribution of finds and their interrelations, and the effects their relations generated. The results show that the boulders themselves contributed in human-stone relations and were vital in the formation of the grave-like features they became part of. It is argued that a symmetrical, non-anthropocentric approach to these features will broaden our view on materialities in the past, affording ontological as well as ecological implications.
Books on the topic "Cracker Lake"
1
Bell, Patti Alsop. Through the cracks: Horrendous child abuse and murder. New York: Vantage Press, 1995.
Find full text
2
Doty, Gene C. Inflow to a crack in playa deposits of Yucca Lake, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada. Denver, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1985.
Find full text
3
Canada, Atomic Energy of. Effects of Crack Healing on the Microback Structure of Core Samples From Borehole Atk-1, in the Eye-Dashwa Lakes Pluton, Northwestern Ontario. S.l: s.n, 1985.
Find full text
4
Leonard, Debbie, and Patti Alsop Bell. Through the Cracks: Horrendous Child Abuse and Murder. Vantage Pr, 1996.
Find full text
5
Thomson, Peter. Sacred Sea. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195170511.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Absoliutno blagopoluchnoe ozero Baikal! the Russian scientist looking out over the great lake says. "Lake Baikal is Perfect!" And humans can never harm it. For a man cut loose from his life in the U.S., Lake Baikal-Siberia's sacred inland sea-becomes a place of pilgrimage, the focal point of a 25,000-mile journey by land and sea in search of connection, permanence, restoration and hope. Following a difficult divorce, veteran environmental journalist Peter Thomson sets off from Boston with his younger brother for one of nature's most remarkable creations, in one of the farthest corners of the planet. Lake Baikal, a gargantuan crack in the Siberian plateau, is the world's largest body of fresh water, its deepest and oldest lake, and a cauldron of evolution, home to hundreds of unique creatures, including the world's only freshwater seal. It's also among the most pristine lakes on earth, with a mythical ability to protect itself from the growing human impact-a "perfect," self-cleansing ecosystem. A trip halfway around the world by train, cargo ship and rubber raft brings the brothers to a place of sublime beauty, deep history and immense natural power. But at Baikal they also find ominous signs that this perfect piece of nature could yet succumb to the even more powerful forces of human hubris, carelessness and ignorance. They find that despite its isolation, Baikal is connected to everything else on Earth, and that it will need the love and devotion of people around the world to protect it. On their trek to and from Siberia the author and his brother also encounter a stream of people who are also lonely, displaced and yearning for something beyond the limits of their own lives, but many of whom are also big-hearted and deeply connected to their own communities and the world around them. What begins as a search for restoration in nature becomes as well a discovery of the restorative power of trust, faith and human connection.
6
Jaime, Karen. The Queer Nuyorican. NYU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479808281.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The Queer Nuyorican critically studies the historical, political, and cultural conditions under which the term “Nuyorican” shifts from a raced/ethnic identity marker to “nuyorican,” an aesthetic practice. While “Nuyorican,” uppercase N, marks an ethnic, political, and cultural identity signifying Puerto Rican community, culture, and struggle in New York City from the late 1960s through the 1980s, “nuyorican,” lowercase n, references an aesthetic practice that developed alongside the spoken word and competitive slam poetry scene in the 1990s. The nuyorican aesthetic queers fixed definitions of Nuyorican identity by recognizing and including queer poets and performers of color whose cultural works build upon the linguistic, spatial, and ethno-cultural politics inherent in the Cafe’s founding. Initially situated within the Cafe’s physical space and countercultural discursive history, the nuyorican aesthetic extends beyond these gendered and ethnic boundaries, broadening the ethnic marker “Nuyorican” in order to include queer, trans, and diasporic performance modalities. Focusing on the interventions made by queer and trans artists of color—Miguel Piñero, Regie Cabico, Glam Slam participants, and Ellison Glenn/Black Cracker—this book argues that the Nuyorican Poets Cafe has operated as a queer space since its inception.
7
Dad Jokes for Kids and Their Adults! 1000 Clean and Absurdly Lame Jokes That Will Crack up the Entire Family! Independently Published, 2019.
Find full text
8
Como, David R. Rumor Wars. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199541911.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
Following military failures in late 1644, long-simmering religious differences burst into public, threatening to sunder parliament’s cause. A formidable presbyterian alliance gathered strength, deploying multiple tactics to pressure parliament to settle the church and crack down on the sects; at the same time, a developing independent coalition adopted equally sophisticated techniques of organization and propaganda to counter this push. This chapter analyzes these practices—including petitioning, lobbying, secret printing, street propaganda, rumormongering, and regular meetings—to reveal a novel environment of energetic partisan politics. These organizational developments were accompanied by ideological shifts, in which presbyterians drew back from earlier militant political commitments, while some independents articulated newly radical political ideas, hinting at social egalitarianism, press freedom, democratization of the polity, or limitations on state power. Moreover, these ideological shifts and religious divisions increasingly dovetailed with disputes over military reorganization, culminating in the creation of the New Model Army.
9
Juárez-Almendros, Encarnación. Disabled Bodies in Early Modern Spanish Literature. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781786940780.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The book examines, from the perspective of feminist disability theories, the concepts and role of women in selected Spanish discourses and literary texts from the late fifteenth to seventeenth centuries. It explores a wide range of Spanish medical, regulatory and moral discourses in order to show how these inherit, reproduce and propagate an amalgam of Western traditional concepts of the female embodiment. The book also examines concrete representations of deviant female characters, with a focus in the figure of the syphilitic prostitute and the physically decayed aged women, in a variety of literary texts such Celestina, Lozana andaluza and selected works by Cervantes and Quevedo. The analysis of the personal testimony of Teresa de Avila, a nun suffering neurological disorders, complements the discussion of early modern women’s disability. By expanding the meanings of present materiality/social construction disability theories, the book concludes that femininity, bodily afflictions, and mental instability characterize the new literary heroes in paradoxical contrast with the Spanish apex of imperial power. The broken female bodies of pre-industrial Spanish literature reveal the cracks in the foundational principles of established masculine truths such as physical and moral integrity and religious and ethnic intolerance.
10
Wang, Fei-Hsien. Pirates and Publishers. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691171821.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book reveals the unknown social and cultural history of copyright in China from the 1890s through the 1950s, a time of profound sociopolitical changes. It draws on a vast range of previously underutilized archival sources to show how copyright was received, appropriated, and practiced in China, within and beyond the legal institutions of the state. Contrary to common belief, copyright was not a problematic doctrine simply imposed on China by foreign powers with little regard for Chinese cultural and social traditions. Shifting the focus from the state legislation of copyright to the daily, on-the-ground negotiations among Chinese authors, publishers, and state agents, the book presents a more dynamic, nuanced picture of the encounter between Chinese and foreign ideas and customs. Developing multiple ways for articulating their understanding of copyright, Chinese authors, booksellers, and publishers played a crucial role in its growth and eventual institutionalization in China. These individuals enforced what they viewed as copyright to justify their profit, protect their books, and crack down on piracy in a changing knowledge economy. As China transitioned from a late imperial system to a modern state, booksellers and publishers created and maintained their own economic rules and regulations when faced with the absence of an effective legal framework. Exploring how copyright was transplanted, adopted, and practiced, the book demonstrates the pivotal roles of those who produce and circulate knowledge.
Book chapters on the topic "Cracker Lake"
1
Verbaan, Niels, Tassos Grammatikopoulos, Mike Johnson, Jing Liu, John Goode, Kris Raffle, and Craig Taylor. "Hydrometallurgical Flowsheet Options for Treatment of Wicheeda Lake Flotation Concentrate: Acid Bake Versus Caustic Crack." In Proceedings of the 61st Conference of Metallurgists, COM 2022, 721–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17425-4_84.
Full text
2
Blandford, Steve. "Soaps, series and serials: Brookside, Cracker, Hearts and Minds, The Lakes." In Jimmy McGovern, 24–62. Manchester University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719082481.003.0002.
Full text
3
"Cracks in the mirror." In Virtue Ethics and Education from Late Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century, 281–328. Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9789048535101-013.
Full text
4
Colopy, Cheryl. "Melting Ice Rivers." In Dirty, Sacred Rivers. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199845019.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
From a remote outpost of global warming, a summons crackles over a two-way radio several times a week: . . . Kathmandu, Tsho Rolpa! Babar Mahal, Tsho Rolpa! Kathmandu, Tsho Rolpa! Babar Mahal, Tsho Rolpa! . . . In a little brick building on the lip of a frigid gray lake fifteen thousand feet above sea level, Ram Bahadur Khadka tries to rouse someone at Nepal’s Department of Hydrology and Meteorology in the Babar Mahal district of Kathmandu far below. When he finally succeeds and a voice crackles back to him, he reads off a series of measurements: lake levels, amounts of precipitation. A father and a farmer, Ram Bahadur is up here at this frigid outpost because the world is getting warmer. He and two colleagues rotate duty; usually two of them live here at any given time, in unkempt bachelor quarters near the roof of the world. Mount Everest is three valleys to the east, only about twenty miles as the crow flies. The Tibetan plateau is just over the mountains to the north. The men stay for four months at a stretch before walking down several days to reach a road and board a bus to go home and visit their families. For the past six years each has received five thousand rupees per month from the government—about $70—for his labors. The cold, murky lake some fifty yards away from the post used to be solid ice. Called Tsho Rolpa, it’s at the bottom of the Trakarding Glacier on the border between Tibet and Nepal. The Trakarding has been receding since at least 1960, leaving the lake at its foot. It’s retreating about 200 feet each year. Tsho Rolpa was once just a pond atop the glacier. Now it’s half a kilometer wide and three and a half kilometers long; upward of a hundred million cubic meters of icy water are trapped behind a heap of rock the glacier deposited as it flowed down and then retreated. The Netherlands helped Nepal carve out a trench through that heap of rock to allow some of the lake’s water to drain into the Rolwaling River.
5
Pugin, A. W. N. "To John Gregory Crace Ramsgate, Late August 1850?" In The Collected Letters of A. W. N. Pugin, Vol. 4: 1849–1850, 616. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00206850.
Full text
6
Pavlova, Irina B. "Functions of the Motive of Aquatic Element and Water Substance in the Artistic System of the Epic Novel “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy." In L.N. Tolstoy: Moral Search and Creative Laboratory, 165–82. A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/lt-978-5-9208-0664-2-165-182.
Full textAbstract:
The content of the article is connected with the motive of aquatic element and water substance in the epic novel, which performs world-organizing, psychological, socio-ethical, plot-forming functions. The ambivalent image of waters is rooted in world and Russian cultural traditions, in folklore and mythology. In the epic novel, the historical process, the movement of human masses is likened to flow. Rivers / lakes that need to cross, protrude between life and death, salvation and death. Moving on water symbolizes movement in time, spiritual changes. One hypostage of water is an update, cleansing, the other is associated with the dark, destructive start, with death. Rivers are connected with a space-time organization of the text: a cracker and war become participants in the fateful collision of the Russian and Napoleonic armies. In “War and Peace” rivers are also a symbol of utopian democratic ashes. The motive of aquatic element and water substance is a representation of the universal concept “Water”, which, together with other mental units, reflects the artist’s life philosophy, the originality of his thinking, the national picture of the world.
7
Crandall, Russell. "Supply Side." In Drugs and Thugs, 175–90. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300240344.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter describes how America was in “full fury” over drugs with the alleged crack epidemic when George H. W. Bush took office on January 20, 1989. It talks about how Bush took to network television to warn the American public of the national emergency of drugs, using a bag of crack that the Drug Enforcement Administration had managed to purchase near the White House as a prop. It also refers to “drug czar” William Bennett, who echoed Progressive-era reformers in framing the question about substance use in terms of American moral identity and contended that drugs represented a crisis of national character. The chapter cites the late 1980s and early 1990s as the period in which the United States most forcefully brought the drug war to source countries, aiming to cease the operation of poppy, coca, and cannabis fields in Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, and Mexico. It elaborates Bush's support in taking military action in other countries to interrupt drug production.
8
Bullivant, Stephen. "The Night Before." In Mass Exodus, 85–132. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837947.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
The late 1940s and 1950s are rightly regarded as a period of social upheaval and restructuring on both sides of Atlantic. The post-war Baby Boom, the GI Bill, the Cold War, suburbanization, growing prosperity, urban regeneration, social mobility, road building, and car and television ownership all form part of this story. These years are also often viewed in retrospect as a ‘boom time’ for mainstream religion: a time of growing devotion, church building, and—among Catholics particularly—growing self-confidence and social acceptance. Yet under the surface, cracks were beginning to form, with lapsation (or leakage) a source of growing anxiety. This chapter narrates the socio-religious history of this period, in light of three theoretical lenses: social network theory, plausibility structures, and Credibility Enhancing Displays (CREDs).
9
Molyneaux, P. L., A. G. Nicholson, N. Hirani, and A. U. Wells. "Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Pallav L. Shah, 4177–85. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0415.
Full textAbstract:
The synonymous terms idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis refer to a relentlessly progressive fibrotic lung disorder. Incidence is about 5–15 per 100,000, men are more often affected than women, and it most commonly presents in the seventh and eighth decades. Aetiology remains uncertain. Typical presentation is with progressive exertional dyspnoea without wheeze, a non-productive cough, digital clubbing, and very fine end-inspiratory crackles. Central cyanosis and clinical evidence of pulmonary hypertension are late features. Diagnosis depends on careful exclusion of known causes of interstitial lung disease, followed by demonstration by radiological imaging or biopsy of the pathognomonic lesion of usual interstitial pneumonia. Two antifibrotic compounds, pirfenidone and nintedanib, have been proven to slow functional decline in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lung transplantation is appropriate in selected cases. Supportive therapy is central to the management of advanced disease. Five-year survival is 10–15%.
10
Bishop, Daniel. "Introduction." In The Presence of the Past, 1–27. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190932688.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
In film culture of the late sixties and seventies, often between the cracks of more dominant forms and topics of discourse, we can locate a concern with the historical past as a complex field of imagined experiential presence. This concern was fueled by and found expressive purchase in the era commonly known as the New Hollywood cinema. This “presence” of the past played out not just as cultural allegory, but as a complex dialectic of presence and absence that became tangible in diverse genres and aesthetic sensibilities. These sensibilities were mutually inscribed into broader culture discourses of the sixties and seventies, as well as into the transformational changes of film culture, criticism, theory, and industrial filmmaking. Stylistically, they also become significant to the increasing diversity and eclecticism of film music and the development of the creative category of sound design.
Conference papers on the topic "Cracker Lake"
1
Zimmermann, F., A. Plech, S. Richter, A. Tünnermann, and S. Nolte. "Morphological evolution of nanopores and cracks as fundamental components of ultrashort pulse laser-induced nanogratings." In SPIE LASE, edited by Alexander Heisterkamp, Peter R. Herman, Michel Meunier, and Stefan Nolte. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2042135.
Full text
2
Schaefer, Marcel, Steffen Kessler, Philipp Scheible, Nicolai Speker, and Thomas Harrer. "Hot cracking during laser welding of steel: influence of the welding parameters and prevention of cracks." In SPIE LASE, edited by Stefan Kaierle and Stefan W. Heinemann. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2254424.
Full text
3
von Witzendorff, P., S. Kaierle, O. Suttmann, and L. Overmeyer. "Monitoring of solidification crack propagation mechanism in pulsed laser welding of 6082 aluminum." In SPIE LASE, edited by Friedhelm Dorsch and Stefan Kaierle. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2209630.
Full text
4
Sakakura, Masaaki, Naoaki Fukuda, Yasuhiko Shimotsuma, and Kiyotaka Miura. "Dynamics of interference of femtosecond laser-induced stress waves and crack formation inside a LiF single crystal." In SPIE LASE, edited by Yoshiki Nakata, Xianfan Xu, Stephan Roth, and Beat Neuenschwander. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2036866.
Full text
5
Chen, Renyi, Guosheng Xu, Yan Lin, Guoai Xu, and Miao Zhang. "Recognition Method of Road Cracks with Lane Lines Based on Deep Learning." In ICMLC 2020: 2020 12th International Conference on Machine Learning and Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3383972.3384056.
Full text
6
Seijas, Antonio J., Tim Munsterman, and Kevin Parr. "Minimum Pressurization Temperature and Pressure-Temperature Envelope of a 1-1/4Cr-1/2Mo Steel Heavy Wall Vessel." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93310.
Full textAbstract:
An aged heavy wall pressure vessel for high temperature-high pressure service was to be reused in a new service. The vessel was built in the late sixties with 1-1/4Cr-1/2Mo alloy steel. The integrity of “old vintage” Cr-Mo steel vessels for high pressure service depends heavily on whether the material of construction has sufficient toughness and if they have remained crack free. Cracks or discontinuities may trigger brittle fracture. Because brittle fracture is more likely to occur when the vessel is cold, the planned hydrotest for future conditions as well as the normal start-up and shutdown procedures needed to be established to reduce the risk of brittle fracture by unstable crack propagation. A fracture mechanics and current engineering practice assessment was performed to determine the recommended hydrotest temperature and Minimum Pressurization Temperature (MPT) to avoid brittle fracture. A safe pressure-temperature envelope for future start-up and shutdown procedures was also developed. The evaluation was based on removal of actual test samples using LR Capstone’s proprietary device, the Scoop SamplerSM. Results showed that methods based on chemistry, while conservative, can be overly restrictive.
7
Serre, Ingrid, and Jean-Bernard Vogt. "Mechanical Resistance in Liquid Lead-Bismuth of 316L/T91 Welded by Electron Beam." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75209.
Full textAbstract:
The paper deals with the mechanical strength in air and in liquid lead bismuth at 300°C and 380°C of a T91/316L weld joint assembled by electron beam process. Prior to this, the individual response of each base material has been investigated using the small punch test. The T91 is tested according to several tempering conditions. 316L and T91 tempered at 750°C did not exhibit any sign of liquid metal embrittlement. However, for the T91 steel tempered at 600°C or 500°C, a ductile to brittle transition is induced by liquid lead bismuth. After tempering at 650°C and 700°C, liquid lead bismuth promotes a decrease in mechanical properties and a reduction of the ductility of materials. The load-displacement curves in air of the weld joint are similar to that of the T91 base material. The plastic deformation is mainly concentrated in the T91 part of the weld joint which promotes cracking in this material. Testing in liquid lead bismuth bath results in a reduction in ductility and the formation of brittle cracks. The T91/weld interface is found to be rather resistant as it cracks late in the test and after a large crack propagated in the T91 steel.
8
Bennett, Surussawadi, Michael Bennett, Tom Havelock, Anna Barney, Peter Howarth, and Anne Bruton. "LATE-BREAKING ABSTRACT: The relationship between crackle characteristics and regional ventilation/perfusion ratio measured by SPECT/CT." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa3738.
Full text
9
Bale, Hrishikesh, and Jay C. Hanan. "High Residual Stress Between Zirconia Grains Observed With Laue Micro-Diffraction." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11640.
Full textAbstract:
Highly focused synchrotron X-rays were used to measure residual stresses in dental grade yttria stabilized zirconia. The technique uses a sub-micron polychromatic beam to produce Laue diffraction spots. Diffraction spots from individual grains of zirconia provide the deviatoric stress tensor of the residual stress. Significant local grain-grain stresses were observed nearly 10–15% of the 1500 grains examined exhibiting stresses above 500 MPa. These residual stresses influence crack propagation and fracture.
10
White, G., J. Broussard, J. Collin, M. Klug, C. Harrington, and G. DeBoo. "Advanced FEA Modeling of PWSCC Crack Growth in PWR Dissimilar Metal Piping Butt Welds and Application to the Industry Inspection and Mitigation Program." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61616.
Full textAbstract:
In late summer 2005, the U.S. pressurized water reactor (PWR) fleet imposed mandatory inspection requirements upon itself to address the challenge posed by primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) in PWR reactor coolant system (RCS) dissimilar metal (DM) piping butt welds. Under this program, the highest temperature, and thus most susceptible, locations have been addressed first. The set of highest temperature locations comprises the DM piping butt welds on the pressurizer. Within three years of promulgating the requirements, all pressurizer locations will have been inspected and nearly 90% of these locations will have been mitigated. In October 2006, several indications of circumferential flaws were reported in the pressurizer nozzles at Wolf Creek. These indications raised questions about the need to accelerate refueling outages or take mid-cycle outages at other plants. In order to address these concerns, an industry effort was undertaken to evaluate the viability of detection of leakage from a through-wall flaw in an operating plant to preclude the potential for rupture of pressurizer nozzle DM welds given the potential concern about growing circumferential stress corrosion cracks. Previous calculations of growth of PWSCC in Alloy 600 wrought materials and Alloy 82/182 weld metal materials have assumed an idealized crack shape, typically a semi-ellipse characterized by a length-to-depth aspect ratio. A key aspect of the industry effort involved developing an advanced finite-element analysis (FEA) methodology for predicting crack growth when loading conditions do not lead to a semi-elliptical flaw shape. The work also investigated an extensive crack growth sensitivity matrix to cover geometry, load, and fabrication factors, as well as the uncertainty in key modeling parameters including the effect of multiple flaw initiation sites in a single weld. Other key activities included detailed welding residual stress simulations covering the subject welds, development of a conservative crack stability calculation methodology, development of a leak rate calculation procedure using existing software tools (EPRI PICEP and NRC SQUIRT), and verification and validation studies. This paper will describe the study undertaken to model growth of circumferential weld cracks and its application to a group of nine PWRs with regard to implementation of the industry inspection and mitigation program [1]. The paper will also explore implementation progress of the industry program as the three-year mark approaches, as well as industry actions to support completion of baseline DM weld examinations.
Reports on the topic "Cracker Lake"
1
DeSantis, John, and Jeffery Roesler. Longitudinal Cracking Investigation on I-72 Experimental Unbonded Concrete Overlay. Illinois Center for Transportation, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-002.
Full textAbstract:
A research study investigated longitudinal cracking developing along an experimental unbonded concrete overlay (UBOL) on I-72 near Riverton, Illinois. The project evaluated existing literature on UBOL (design, construction, and performance), UBOL case studies, and mechanistic-empirical design procedures for defining the mechanisms that are contributing to the observed distresses. Detailed distress surveys and coring were conducted to assess the extent of the longitudinal cracking and faulting along the longitudinal lane-shoulder joint. Coring over the transverse contraction joints in the driving lane showed stripping and erosion of the dense-graded hot-mix asphalt (HMA) interlayer was the primary mechanism initiating the longitudinal cracks. Cores from the lane-shoulder joint confirmed stripping and erosion was also occurring there and leading to the elevation difference between the driving lane and shoulder. Field sections by surrounding state departments of transportation (DOTs), such as Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, and Pennsylvania, with similar UBOL design features to the I-72 section were examined. Site visits were performed in Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania, while other sections were reviewed via state DOT contacts as well as Google Earth and Maps. Evidence from other DOTs suggested that HMA interlayers, whether dense graded or drainable, could experience stripping, erosion, and instability under certain conditions. An existing performance test for interlayers, i.e., Hamburg wheel-tracking device, and current models reviewed were not able to predict the distresses on I-72 eastbound. Adapting a dynamic cylinder test is a next step to screen HMA interlayers (or other stabilized layers) for stripping and erosion potential. To slow down the cracking and faulting on I-72 eastbound, sealing of the longitudinal lane-shoulder joint and driving lane transverse joints is suggested. To maximize UBOL service life, an HMA overlay will minimize water infiltration into the interlayer system and significantly slow down the HMA stripping and erosion mechanism that has led to longitudinal cracking and lane-shoulder faulting.
2
Delwiche, Michael, Yael Edan, and Yoav Sarig. An Inspection System for Sorting Fruit with Machine Vision. United States Department of Agriculture, March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7612831.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Concepts for real-time grading of fruits and vegetables were developed, including multi-spectral imaging with structured illumination to detect and distinguish surface defects from concavities. Based on these concepts, a single-lane conveyor and inspection system were designed and evaluated. Image processing algorithms were developed to inspect and grade large quasi-spherical fruits (peaches and apples) and smaller dried fruits (dates). Adjusting defect pixel thresholds to achieve a 25% error rate on good apples, classification errors for bruise, crack, and cut classes were 51%, 42%, and 46%, respectively. Comparable results for bruise, scar, and cut peach clases were 48%, 22%, and 58%, respectively. Acquiring more than two images of each fruit and using more than six lines of structured illumination per fruit would reduce sorting errors. Doing so, potential sorting error rates for bruise, crack, and cut apple classes were estimated to be 38%, 38%, and 33%, respectively. Similarly, potential error rates for the bruitse, scar, and cut peach classes were 9%, 3%, and 30%, respectively. Date size classification results were good: 68% within one size class and 98% within two size classes. Date quality classification results were not adequate due to the problem of blistering. Improved features were discussed. The most significant contribution of this research was the on-going collaboration with producers and equipment manufacturers, and the resulting transfer of research ideas to expedite the commercial application of machine vision for postharvest inspection and grading of agricultural products.
3
Lamontagne, M. Macroseismic information for the 1935 moment magnitude 6.1 earthquake, near Témiscamingue, Quebec. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329136.
Full textAbstract:
The November 1st, 1935, Témiscaming earthquake occurred within 20 km of the town of Témiscaming, Quebec. This earthquake was felt west to Fort William (now part of Thunder Bay), Ontario, east to Saint John, New Brunswick, and south to Kentucky and Virginia. Damaged chimneys were reported in Témiscaming, Quebec, and North Bay and Mattawa, Ontario. In the epicentral region, rockfalls were observed as well as cracks in gravel and sand along the shores of islands and lakes. Some 350 km away from the epicentre, near Parent, Quebec, earthquake vibrations triggered a 30 metre slide of railroad embankment. Numerous aftershocks were felt in Témiscaming and Kipawa during the following months, the largest rated as magnitude ML 5.4 (or mN 4.9). For the main shock and its largest aftershock, this Open File Report provides the available macroseismic information interpreted on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale using newspaper accounts as the main source of information for Canada. Macroseismic information from total of 126 localities in Canada and nearly 900 communities in the US (from the NOAA database of intensities) are tabulated in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. When available, newspaper clippings are included, together with some original damage accounts, photographs and scientific reports. The Open File also includes a Google Earth kmz file that allows the felt information reports to be viewed in a spatial tool.
4
Hudgens, Bian, Jene Michaud, Megan Ross, Pamela Scheffler, Anne Brasher, Megan Donahue, Alan Friedlander, et al. Natural resource condition assessment: Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2293943.
Full textAbstract:
Natural Resource Condition Assessments (NRCAs) evaluate current conditions of natural resources and resource indicators in national park units (parks). NRCAs are meant to complement—not replace—traditional issue- and threat-based resource assessments. NRCAs employ a multi-disciplinary, hierarchical framework within which reference conditions for natural resource indicators are developed for comparison against current conditions. NRCAs do not set management targets for study indicators, and reference conditions are not necessarily ideal or target conditions. The goal of a NRCA is to deliver science-based information that will assist park managers in their efforts to describe and quantify a park’s desired resource conditions and management targets, and inform management practices related to natural resource stewardship. The resources and indicators emphasized in a given NRCA depend on the park’s resource setting, status of resource stewardship planning and science in identifying high-priority indicators, and availability of data and expertise to assess current conditions for a variety of potential study resources and indicators. Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park (hereafter Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP) encompasses 1.7 km2 (0.7 mi2) at the base of the Mauna Loa Volcano on the Kona coast of the island of Hawaiʻi. The Kona coast of Hawaiʻi Island is characterized by calm winds that increase in the late morning to evening hours, especially in the summer when there is also a high frequency of late afternoon or early evening showers. The climate is mild, with mean high temperature of 26.2° C (79.2° F) and a mean low temperature of 16.6° C (61.9° F) and receiving on average 66 cm (26 in) of rainfall per year. The Kona coast is the only region in Hawaiʻi where more precipitation falls in the summer than in the winter. There is limited surface water runoff or stream development at Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP due to the relatively recent lava flows (less than 1,500 years old) overlaying much of the park. Kiʻilae Stream is the only watercourse within the park. Kiʻilae Stream is ephemeral, with occasional flows and a poorly characterized channel within the park. A stream gauge was located uphill from the park, but no measurements have been taken since 1982. Floods in Kiʻilae Stream do occur, resulting in transport of fluvial sediment to the ocean, but there are no data documenting this phenomenon. There are a small number of naturally occurring anchialine pools occupying cracks and small depressions in the lava flows, including the Royal Fishponds; an anchialine pool modified for the purpose of holding fish. Although the park’s legal boundaries end at the high tide mark, the sense of place, story, and visitor experience would be completely different without the marine waters adjacent to the park. Six resource elements were chosen for evaluation: air and night sky, water-related processes, terrestrial vegetation, vertebrates, anchialine pools, and marine resources. Resource conditions were determined through reviewing existing literature, meta-analysis, and where appropriate, analysis of unpublished short- and long-term datasets. However, in a number of cases, data were unavailable or insufficient to either establish a quantitative reference condition or conduct a formal statistical comparison of the status of a resource within the park to a quantitative reference condition. In those cases, data gaps are noted, and comparisons were made based on qualitative descriptions. Overall, the condition of natural resources within Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP reflects the surrounding landscape. The coastal lands immediately surrounding Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP are zoned for conservation, while adjacent lands away from the coast are agricultural. The condition of most natural resources at Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP reflect the overall condition of ecological communities on the west Hawai‘i coast. Although little of the park’s vegetation...
5
Inflow to a crack in playa deposits of Yucca Lake, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada. US Geological Survey, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri844296.
Full text