Relevant bibliographies by topics / Crack tip element

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Crack tip element'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Crack tip element"

1

Liu, C. H., and Jui-Hsiang Lin. "Finite Element Analysis of Interface Cracks Using Multiple Point Constraints." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 41, no. 4 (May 1, 2006): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247jsa112.

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A finite element technique to analyse closed-mode interface cracks is proposed in this study. Stress boundary conditions for a closed-tip model are transformed into multiple point constraints (MPCs) for nodal displacements. These constraints are imposed upon the finite element solutions to simulate closed-tip stress fields in crack-tip elements. This technique can deal with small as well as large crack-tip contact zones, and no special elements other than the standard quarter-point elements are needed. Since stresses approach infinity at the crack tip in a quarter-point element, dominant terms
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Yan, Xiangqiao. "An Efficient and Accurate Numerical Method of Stress Intensity Factors Calculation of a Branched Crack." Journal of Applied Mechanics 72, no. 3 (May 1, 2005): 330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1796449.

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Based on the analytical solution of Crouch to the problem of a constant discontinuity in displacement over a finite line segment in an infinite elastic solid, in the present paper, the crack-tip displacement discontinuity elements, which can be classified as the left and the right crack-tip elements, are presented to model the singularity of stress near a crack tip. Furthermore, the crack-tip elements together with the constant displacement discontinuity elements presented by Crouch and Starfied are used to develop a numerical approach for calculating the stress intensity factors (SIFs) of gen
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Lenkovskiy, T. M., V. V. Kulyk, Z. A. Duriagina, R. A. Kovalchuk, V. G. Topilnytskyy, V. V. Vira, T. L. Tepla, O. V. Bilash, and K. I. Lishchynska. "An effective crack tip region finite element sub-model for fracture mechanics analysis." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 2, no. 87 (October 1, 2017): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7446.

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Purpose: To create an effective in engineering strength calculation three-dimensional submodel of the near crack tip region in solids for hi-fidelity analysis of their stress-strain state by the finite element method. Design/methodology/approach: To create a volume near the crack tip, regular threedimensional 20-node prismatic isoparametric elements and 15-node special elements with edge length of 12.5 μm with shifted nodes in order to simulate the singularity of stress at the crack tip were used. Using these two types of elements, a cylindrical fragment of diameter of 100 μm was built. In its
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Zhong, Zhi Peng, Shui Wan, and Lin Yun Zhou. "A new Interface Element Method on Computation of the Interface Crack Propagation Energy Release Rate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 4573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.4573.

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A new interface element method was proposed to calculate the strain energy release rates(SERR) based on the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT). A Lagrange multiplier was introduced between the node pair at crack tip to obtain the internal forces. Then from the VCCT, the SERR was solved by using the forces and displacements near the crack tip. Examples for stationary cracks under the two typical cases are given. Meanwhile, the relationship curves between crack energy release rate and the length of crack, plate depths were plotted respectively.The example shows that the interface element use
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Selvadurai, A. P. "Nonlinear mechanics of cracks subjected to indentation." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 33, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 766–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l06-019.

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The paper presents the application of a boundary element technique to study the behaviour of plane cracks that are located at corner regions of an elastic solid and open during indentation. In particular, the surfaces of the planes on which indentation takes place also exhibit Coulomb frictional responses and degradation in the friction angle with plastic energy dissipation. An incremental boundary element formulation, in which special singularity elements model the behaviour at the crack tip, is used to examine the crack problems. The methodology is applied to investigate the mode I stress in
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Chu, Seok Jae, and Cong Hao Liu. "Finite Element Simulation of Stable Fatigue Crack Growth Using Critical CTOD Determined by Preliminary Finite Element Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (March 2014): 1675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.1675.

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Finite element simulation of stable fatigue crack growth using critical crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) was done. In the preliminary finite element simulation without crack growth, the critical CTOD was determined by monitoring the ratio between the displacement increments at the nodes above the crack tip and behind the crack tip in the neighborhood of the crack tip. The critical CTOD was determined as the vertical displacement at the node on the crack surface just behind the crack tip at the maximum ratio. In the main finite element simulation with crack growth, the crack growth rate wi
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Choi, Hyeon Chang. "The Prediction of Fatigue Crack Opening Behavior Using Cyclic Crack Tip Opening Displacement by Finite Element Analysis." Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.295.

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An elastic-plastic finite element analysis (FEA) is performed to examine the opening behavior of fatigue crack, where the contact elements are used in the mesh of the crack tip area. The relationship between fatigue crack opening behavior and cyclic crack tip opening displacement was studied in the previous study. In this paper, we investigate the effect of the element size when predict fatigue crack opening behavior using the cyclic crack tip opening displacement obtained from FEA. The cyclic crack tip opening displacement is well related to fatigue crack opening behavior.
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Hai, Gong, Yi Bin, Wu Yunxin, Liao Zhiqi, Liu Yaoqiong, and Du Fei. "Integral Aircraft Wing Panels with Penetration Cracks: The Influence of Structural Parameters on the Stress Intensity Factor." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 16, 2020): 4142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124142.

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The finite element model of integral wing panels with central penetration cracks under bending load was established, and the crack propagation process of the aircraft panel was simulated. The stress intensity factor (SIF) of the crack tip during crack propagation under varying conditions of crack length and panel structural parameters was determined. The effects of the panel structure parameters and crack size on the crack tip SIF were obtained. The regression analysis of the finite simulation element results has been performed and a regression model of SIF at the crack tip of the integral pan
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Hinneh, Perry, and Pi Hua Wen. "Displacement Correlation Technique for Interface Crack by FEM." Key Engineering Materials 713 (September 2016): 346–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.713.346.

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Interface crack is evaluated using modified quarter point crack tip displacement method. Quarter point elements around the crack tip were employed in the Finite Element (ABAQUS) analysis to determine the near crack tip grid point displacements. In this study, a technique is adopted in which the crack opening displacement of the near crack tip grid point is forced to satisfy a known constraint. The linear term in the distance around the crack tip is reduced to zero. The complex stress intensity factor for interface crack is determined using the quarter point and the displacement correlation tec
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Gray, L. J., A. V. Phan, Glaucio H. Paulino, and T. Kaplan. "Improved quarter-point crack tip element." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 70, no. 2 (January 2003): 269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7944(02)00027-9.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crack tip element"

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Potirniche, Gabriel Petru. "FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF CRACK TIP PLASTIC ANISOTROPY WITH APPLICATION TO SMALL FATIGUE CRACKS AND TEXTURED ALUMINUM ALLOYS." MSSTATE, 2003. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-06242003-220551/.

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For the characterization of crack advance in mechanical components and specimens under monotonic and fatigue loading, many engineering approaches use the assumption that the plastic deformation at the crack tip is isotropic. There are situations when this assumption is not correct, and the modeling efforts require additional correction factors that account for this simplification. The goal of this work is to study two cases where the plastic anisotropy at the crack tip is predominant and influences the magnitude crack-tip parameters, which in turn determine the amount of crack advance under ap
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Karedla-Ravi, Shankar. "Modeling of crack tip high inertia zone in dynamic brittle fracture." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/5783.

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A phenomenological cohesive term is proposed and added to an existing cohesive constitutive law (by Roy and Dodds) to model the crack tip high inertia region proposed by Gao. The new term is attributed to fracture mechanisms that result in high energy dissipation around the crack tip and is assumed to be a function of external energy per volume input into the system. Finite element analysis is performed on PMMA with constant velocity boundary conditions and mesh discretization based on the work of Xu and Needleman. The cohesive model with the proposed dissipative term is only applied in the hi
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Yu, LiJie. "A three-dimensional crack tip element for energy release rate determination and delamination growth prediction." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Unosson, Mattias. "On failure modelling in finite element analysis : material imperfections and element erosion." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-4679.

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Mikulik, Zoltan Mechanical &amp Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Application of fracture mechanics to predict the growth of single and multi-level delaminations and disbonds in composite structures." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41560.

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The high stiffness to weight ratio and fatigue resistance make carbon fibre composites suitable for both military and large civil aircraft. The limited ability of current numerical methods to capture the complex growth of damage in laminated composites leads to a conservative design approach applied in today??s composite aircraft structures. The aim of the presented research was to develop an improved methodology for the failure prediction of laminated composites containing delaminations located between arbitrary layers in the laminate, and to extend the investigations to composite structures
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Dharmawan, Ferry, and ferry dharmawan@rmit edu au. "The Structural Integrity And Damage Tolerance Of Composite T-Joints in Naval Vessels." RMIT University. Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20081216.163144.

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In this thesis, the application of composite materials for marine structures and specifically naval vessels has been explored by investigating its damage criticality. The use of composite materials for Mine Counter Measure Vessels (MCMVs) was desirable, especially for producing material characteristics, such as light weight, corrosion resistance, design flexibility due to its anisotropic nature and most importantly stealth capability. The T-Joint structure, as the primary connection between the hull and bulkhead forms the focus of this research. The aim of the research was to determine the met
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Mokashi, Prasad Shrikant. "Numerical modeling of homogeneous and bimaterial crack tip and interfacial cohesive zones with various traction-displacement laws." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1180621217.

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Sun, Ta-chien. "Fundamental study of contact resistance behavior in RSW aluminum." Connect to this title online, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1069807481.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xxviii, 314 p.; also includes graphics (some col.) Includes bibliographical references (p. 303-314). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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來海, 博央, Hirohisa KIMACHI, 拓. 田中, Hiroshi TANAKA, 敏弘 佐藤, Toshihiro SATOH, 啓介 田中 та Keisuke TANAKA. "モードⅡ荷重を受ける長繊維強化複合材料の層間マトリックスき裂先端での塑性領域". 日本機械学会, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9170.

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來海, 博央, Hirohisa KIMACHI, 拓. 田中, Hiroshi TANAKA, 敏弘 佐藤, Toshihiro SATOH, 啓介 田中 та Keisuke TANAKA. "モードⅠき裂を有する長繊維強化複合材料における塑性領域の弾塑性有限要素法解析". 日本機械学会, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9173.

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Books on the topic "Crack tip element"

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Riks, E. A finite element analysis of cracks in a thin walled cylinder under internal pressure. Amsterdam: National Aerospace Laboratory, 1987.

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Barwell, Craig A. A study of failure in small pressurized cylindrical shells containing a crack. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1998.

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Naik, Rajiv A. Fracture mechanics analysis for various fiber/matrix interface loadings. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1991.

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C, Newman J., Bigelow C. A, and Langley Research Center, eds. Three-dimensional CTOA and constraint effects during stable tearing in a thin-sheet material. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1995.

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C, Newman J., Bigelow C. A, and Langley Research Center, eds. Three-dimensional CTOA and constraint effects during stable tearing in a thin-sheet material. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1995.

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Three-dimensional CTOA and constraint effects during stable tearing in a thin-sheet material. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1995.

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Three-dimensional CTOA and constraint effects during stable tearing in a thin-sheet material. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1995.

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Fracture analysis of stiffened panels under biaxial loading with widespread cracking. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1995.

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Center, Langley Research, ed. Fracture analysis of stiffened panels under biaxial loading with widespread cracking. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1995.

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C, Newman J., and Langley Research Center, eds. Methodology for predicting the onset of widespread fatigue damage in lap-splice joints. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Crack tip element"

1

Kitagawa, Hiroshi, and Shunsuke Komeda. "Finite Element Analysis of Crack-Tip Opening." In Computational Mechanics ’86, 1141–46. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68042-0_166.

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Go, C. G., and M. S. Wu. "The Generation of Crack-Tip Element Using Iteration Method." In Computational Mechanics ’86, 1047–49. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68042-0_151.

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Sang, Jian Bing, Su Fang Xing, Xiao Lei Li, and Jie Zhang. "Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Crack Tip of Rubber-Like Material." In Key Engineering Materials, 1013–16. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-456-1.1013.

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Shao, Zhuoping, and Fuli Wang. "Finite Element Analysis of Wood Crack Tip Stress Field and Prediction of the Crack Propagation Direction." In The Fracture Mechanics of Plant Materials, 87–102. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-9017-2_5.

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Choi, Hyeon Chang. "The Prediction of Fatigue Crack Opening Behavior Using Cyclic Crack Tip Opening Displacement by Finite Element Analysis." In Fracture and Damage Mechanics V, 295–98. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-413-8.295.

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Zhang, J. Z., Xiao Dong He, X. Song, and Shan Yi Du. "Elastic-Plastic Finite Element Analysis of the Effect of the Compressive Loading on the Crack Tip Plasticity." In Fracture and Damage Mechanics V, 73–76. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-413-8.73.

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Gori, Yatika, and Rajesh P. Verma. "Estimation of Plastic Zone at Crack Tip Under Fatigue Loading of AA6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy by Finite Element Analysis Using ANSYS." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 595–606. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6469-3_55.

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Walters, H. G., and G. S. Gipson. "Parametric Continuous Crack Tip Boundary Elements in Two-Dimensional Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics." In Boundary Elements XIII, 603–13. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3696-9_48.

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Su, R. K. L., H. Y. Sun, and A. Y. T. Leung. "Determination of crack tip asymptotic stress field by fractal finite element method." In Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics 2003, 662–65. Elsevier, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008044046-0.50163-9.

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Kishimoto, K., T. Yoshida, S. Aoki, and M. Sakata. "Finite Element Analysis on Ductile Fracture Near a Crack Tip Under Mixed Mode Conditions." In Advances in Plasticity 1989, 511–14. Elsevier, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-040182-9.50126-0.

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Conference papers on the topic "Crack tip element"

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Terfas, Osama A. "Crack Tip Constraint for a Surface Crack Under Fully Plastic Conditions." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77371.

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The development of the crack shape in a thick wall pressure vessel is important in fitness-for-service evaluations such as leak-before-break. In this work the crack tip stress field for surface cracks in a thick plate is investigated using 3-D finite element analyses. The mean stress around the crack from the deepest point to the free surface is investigated for a semi-circular surface breaking crack. A new empirical procedure is developed that allows ductile crack growth to be modelled on the basis of standard deep and shallow cracked fracture toughness test data. In conjunction with this pro
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Hotwani, Vishal, and Ashok V. Kumar. "Efficient Implementation of Extended Finite Element Method." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70893.

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Extended finite element method (or XFEM) locally enriches the finite element solution using a priori known analytical solution. XFEM has been used extensively in fracture mechanics to compute stress concentration at crack tips. It is a mesh independent method that allows crack to be represented as an equation instead of using the mesh to approximate it. When this approach is used along with Implicit Boundary Finite Element Method (IBFEM) to apply boundary conditions, a fully mesh independent approach for studying crack tip stresses can be implemented. An efficient scheme for blending the enric
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Lam, Poh-Sang, Yil Kim, and Yuh J. Chao. "Crack Tip Opening Displacement and Angle for a Growing Crack in Carbon Steel." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71485.

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The crack tip opening displacements and angles (CTOD/CTOA) are calculated with finite element method based on the test data of a set of constraint-dependent J-R curves for A285 carbon steel. The values of the CTOD/CTOA are initially high at initiation, but rapidly decrease to a nearly constant value. When the common practice is adopted by using only the constant part of CTOD/CTOA as the fracture criterion, the crack growth behavior is shown to be severely underestimated. However, with a bilinear form of CTOD/CTOA fracture criterion which approximates the initial non-constant portion, the exper
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Xue, He, Zhanpeng Lu, Hiroyoshi Murakami, and Tetsuo Shoji. "Effect of Uneven Crack Front on Crack Tip Mechanics and the Implication to Stress Corrosion Crack Growth." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77625.

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Uneven crack fronts have been observed in laboratory stress corrosion cracking tests. For example, cracking fronts of nickel-base alloys tested in simulated boiling water reactor (BWR) and pressurized water reactor (PWR) environments could exhibit uneven crack front. Analyzing the effect of an uneven crack front on further crack growth is important for quantification of crack growth. Finite-Element analysis shows that the local KI distribution can be significantly affected by the shape and size of the uneven crack front. Stress intensity factor at the locally extended crack front can be signif
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Dai, H., J. F. Kelleher, and P. J. Withers. "Crack Tip Behaviour in Residual Stress Field: Finite Element Modelling and Neutron Diffraction Measurements." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57316.

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Simple analyses of fracture and fatigue often make use of the stress intensity at a crack tip or the J-integral surrounding it. However, there is no universally accepted method of including the effect of residual stress in these values, even though the qualitative effect of residual stress on crack growth is well known. In this work, we create a cracked compact tension C(T) specimen with a residual stress field that affects the crack tip behaviour, in particular by altering the level of expected crack closure. Neutron diffraction measurements under in situ applied loading reveal strain distrib
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DAVIDSON, BARRY, and TODD KRAFCHAK. "MIXED MODE ENERGY RELEASE RATE DETERMINATION FOR DELAMINATION BUCKLING USING A CRACK TIP ELEMENT." In 34th Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1993-1453.

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El Emam, Hesham M., Alaa Eldin M. El-Sisi, Hani A. Salim, and Hossam E. M. Sallam. "Cyclic Deformation at the Tip of Inclined Cracks in Steel Plates." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45233.

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The evaluation of the crack tip deformation is essential to the estimation of crack growth under either static or cyclic loading. A 3-D elastic-plastic finite element analysis was developed to simulate the crack tip deformation along mixed mode inclined edge cracks in a steel plate subjected to either monotonic or cyclic loading at selected R-ratios. Bilinear kinematic hardening model was used to describe the material behavior. The development of the monotonic (Δm) and cyclic (Δc) crack tip plastically deformed zones and opening displacements were traced to find the effect of the crack inclina
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Hadidimoud, Saeid, Ali Mirzaee-Sisan, Chris E. Truman, and David J. Smith. "Predicting How Crack Tip Residual Stresses Influence Brittle Fracture." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1113.

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A probability distribution model, based on the local approach to fracture, has been developed and used for estimating cleavage fracture following prior loading (or warm pre-stressing) in two ferritic steels. Although there are many experimental studies it is not clear from these studies whether the generation of local residual stress and/or crack tip blunting as a result of prior loading contribute to the enhancement in toughness. We first identify the Weibull parameters required to match the experimental scatter in lower shelf toughness of the candidate steels. Second we use these parameters
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Gonzalez, Marco, and Manuel Martinez. "Stress Intensity Factors for Axial Cracks in Pressurized Cylindrical Elements Using the Boundary Element Method." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97670.

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Pressure vessels and pipes are inspected to establish the presence of cracks that could affect their integrity for a reliable operation avoiding the possible negative impact of their failure. The Boundary Element Method (BEM) is a relatively new numerical method in this kind of applications, which is based on Integral Equations (IE), considering only the contour of the solid (meaning an easier meshing). The BEM has a good accuracy that promotes its use in stresses analysis. Crack growth modeling is one of the most important applications for the BEM, since it allows an accurate stress analysis
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Wang, Z. X., Jian-ye Huang, Y. J. Chao, and P. S. Lam. "Crack Tip Constraint Under Biaxial Loading in Elastic-Plastic Materials." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25854.

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Crack tip constraint is known to affect the fracture resistance of materials. The effect of biaxial loading on a center crack in an X100 steel plate has been investigated. The crack driving force and the constraint parameter are estimated based on the two-parameter J-A2 theory in elastic-plastic fracture mechanics with the aid of finite element analysis. The center-cracked plate is subject to various degrees of biaxiality (defined as the ratio of the transverse stress parallel to the crack and the opening stress normal to the crack). Using the constraint parameter (A2) in uniaxial loading cond
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You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Crack tip element' for particular source types:
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