Relevant bibliographies by topics / Crack in pipe

Academic literature on the topic 'Crack in pipe'

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Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Crack in pipe"

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Zhang, Zongyuan, Hongyuan Fang, Bin Li, and Fuming Wang. "Mechanical Properties of Concrete Pipes with Pre-Existing Cracks." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 24, 2020): 1545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041545.

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Concrete pipes are the most widely used municipal drainage pipes in China. When concrete pipes fall into years of disrepair, numerous problems appear. As one of the most common problems of concrete pipes, cracks impact on the deterioration of mechanical properties of pipes, which cannot be ignored. In the current work, normal concrete pipes and those with pre-existing cracks are tested on a full scale under an external compressive load. The effects of the length, depth, and location of cracks on the bearing capacity and mechanical properties of the concrete pipes are quantitatively analyzed. Based on the full-scale tests, three-dimensional finite element models of normal and cracked concrete pipes are developed, and the measured results are compared with the data of the finite element analysis. It is clear that the test measurements are in good agreement with the simulation results; the bearing capacity of a concrete pipe is inversely proportional to the length and depth of the crack, and the maximum circumferential strain of the pipe occurs at the location of the crack. The strain of the concrete pipe also reveals three stages of elasticity, plasticity, and failure as the external load rises. Finally, when the load series reaches the limit of the failure load of the concrete pipe with pre-existing cracks, the pipe breaks along the crack position.
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Sevcik, Martin, Pavel Hutar, Lubos Nahlik, Ralf Lach, Zdenek Knesl, and Wolfgang Grellmann. "Crack propagation in a welded polyolefin pipe." International Journal of Structural Integrity 3, no. 2 (May 25, 2012): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17579861211235174.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the effect of the material inhomogeneity on crack behavior initiated both axially and circumferentially in or near the butt weld and to discuss consequences on residual lifetime of the welded structure.Design/methodology/approachA three‐dimensional numerical model of pipe weld with smooth and continuous change of material properties has been used to study the fracture behavior of the cracked pipe structure. The stress intensity factor was considered as a parameter controlling the fracture behavior. The semi‐elliptical shape of the crack front was estimated under assumption of constant stress intensity factor along the crack front.FindingsAccording to the results obtained in the paper the following conclusions were deduced. First, the most critical location of the crack is in the middle of the inhomogeneous region (weld center) regardless of the crack orientation. The stress intensity factor is substantially higher than in the case of a crack located in the homogenous pipe. Second, with regard to crack shapes, the circumferentially oriented cracks are practically identical regardless to the crack location if compared with the axial cracks. Third, the stress intensity factors of axially‐oriented cracks are approximately twice higher than in the case of circumferential cracks. This implies that the cracks are more likely to grow in an axial direction.Originality/valueThe results described in the paper can be used for estimation of critical crack length or for estimation of the critical applied inner pressure of medium transported in the pipe and are of paramount importance for service life estimations of polymer welded pipes in actual use.
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Fezazi, Amina Ismahène, Belaïd Mechab, Salem Mokadem, and Boualem Serier. "Numerical prediction of the ductile damage for axial cracks in pipe under internal pressure." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 15, no. 58 (September 25, 2021): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.58.17.

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This study presents a numerical prediction of the ductile damage for axial cracks in pipe subjected to internal pressure. The three dimensional finite element methods used to evaluate the J-integral. The effect of the external radius (Rext),the thickness (t), length crack (a) , the applied loads (P) and the crack position of the pipes has studied. The Monte Carlo method was used to determine the probabilistic characteristics of the J-integral. It’s also used later to predict the failure probability based on initiation of the crack growth. We note that the crack size and the geometries of the pipe are an important factor influencing on the durability of the pipe.
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Jinxin, Dou, Yang Tongguang, Yu Xiaoguang, Xue Zhengkun, Liu Zhongxin, and Sun Jie. "Model-driven fault diagnosis of slant cracks in aero-hydraulic straight pipes." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 9 (September 2020): 168781402095497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814020954970.

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A model-driven fault diagnosis method for slant cracks in aero-hydraulic straight pipes is presented in this paper. First, fracture mechanics theory and the principle of strain energy release are used to derive an expression for the local flexibility coefficient of straight pipes with slant cracks. The inverse method of total flexibility is used to calculate the stiffness matrix of straight pipe elements with slant cracks. Second, the Euler-Bernoulli beam model theory is used in conjunction with the finite element method to construct a dynamic model of the cracked pipe. Finally, a contour map method is used to diagnose the slant crack fault and quantitatively determine the crack position and depth. Experimental results show that the proposed method can accurately and effectively identify a slant crack fault in aero-hydraulic pipelines.
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Wang, Fusheng, Zheng Wei, Pu Li, Lingjun Yu, and Weichao Huang. "Initial Crack Propagation and the Influence Factors of Aircraft Pipe Pressure." Materials 12, no. 19 (September 23, 2019): 3098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12193098.

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In aircraft engineering, an increase of internal pressure in a hydraulic pipe increases the probability of pipe damage, leading to crack propagation becoming a serious issue. In this study, the extended finite element method (XFEM) is applied to simulate initial crack propagation in hydraulic pipes and to investigate the influence factors. Stress intensity factors are extracted to verify the mesh independence of XFEM, which is based on the level set method and unit decomposition method. A total of 30 finite element models of hydraulic pipes with cracks are established. The distribution of von Mises stress under different initial crack lengths and internal pressures is obtained to analyze the change of load-carrying capacity in different conditions. Then, a total of 300 finite element models of hydraulic pipes with different initial crack sizes and locations are simulated under different working conditions. The relationship between the maximum opening displacement and crack length is analyzed by extracting the opening displacement under different initial crack lengths. The length and depth of the initial crack are changed to analyze the factors affecting crack propagation. The opening size and crack propagation length are obtained in different directions. The results show that radial propagation is more destructive than longitudinal propagation for hydraulic pipes in the initial stage of crack propagation.
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Zahoor, A. "Analysis of Part-Throughwall Crack in a Pipe Under Combined Tension and Bending." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 114, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2904168.

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J-resistance curve solution is developed for a circumferential part-throughwall crack in a pipe under combined tension and bending. The J solution can be applied with load-displacement-crack extension data from one pipe test. Material resistance curves are developed for part-throughwall cracks in Type-304 stainless steel base material and SAW weld, and SA333 Gr6 and A106 GrB carbon steel base materials. Posttest tearing instability analyses are performed to predict the load carrying capacity of pipes containing part-throughwall cracks and to assess the accuracy of a Jestimation scheme solution.
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Okodi, Allan, Yong Li, Roger Cheng, Muntaseer Kainat, Nader Yoosef-Ghodsi, and Samer Adeeb. "Crack Propagation and Burst Pressure of Pipeline with Restrained and Unrestrained Concentric Dent-Crack Defects Using Extended Finite Element Method." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (October 27, 2020): 7554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217554.

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Mechanical damage in form of dents, cracks, gouges, and scratches are common in pipelines. Sometimes, these damages form in proximity of each other and act as one defect in the pipe wall. The combined defects have been found to be more injurious than individual defects. One of the combined defects in pipeline comprises of a crack in a dent, also known as dent-crack defect. This paper discusses the development of finite element models using extended finite element criterion (XFEM) in Abaqus to predict burst pressure of specimens of API X70 pipeline with restrained and unrestrained concentric dent-crack defects. The models are calibrated and validated using results of full-scale burst tests. The effects of crack length, crack depth, dent depth, and denting pressure on burst pressure are investigated. The results show that restrained dent-crack defects with shallow cracks (depth less than 50% wall thickness) inside dents do not affect pipeline operations at maximum allowable operating pressure if crack lengths are less than 200 mm. Releasing restrained dent-cracks when the pressure is at maximum allowable operating pressure can cause propagation of deep cracks (depth of 50% wall thickness or more) longer than 60 mm. However, only very long cracks (200 mm and higher) propagate to burst the pipe. Cracks of depth less than 20% of wall thickness inside dents formed at zero pressure are not propagated by the maximum allowable operating pressure. Dent-crack defects having dents of depth less than 2% outside diameter of pipe behave as plain cracks if the dents are formed at zero denting pressure but are more injurious than plain cracks if the dents are formed in pressurized pipes.
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Yang, Zhuan Zhao, Dao Xin Liu, and Xiao Hua Zhang. "Crack Analysis of Induction Heating Bent Pipe." Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (August 2010): 697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.697.

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There were 20 of 103 length of pipe found cracks on the extrados surface of the bent pipe made of Φ406.4×10mm L360 Longitudinal Submerged Arc Welding (LSAW) pipe, the cracks were mostly distributed in the extrados surface and the arc initial point of the bent pipe, the cracks were spindle-shaped and narrow at both ends with the longitudinal direction vertical to the axis of bent pipe. The mechanism and the causes of the cracks were studied by macro inspection, mechanical property test, microscope, scanning electron microscopy and energy spectrum analysis, which shown that the cracks were result from the contamination of copper or its alloy during or before the bent pipe production. The contaminated material like copper infiltrated and diffused into the base metal at high temperature, and could hardly stead to and transfer the normal stress from the base metal where the inertial crack was shaped. Meanwhile, the new crack was formed at the tip of inertial crack after the new infiltration and diffusion under the condition of both high temperature and tensile stress, so that the crack progressed and extended in this way.
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Kim, D. S., and K. H. Lo. "Crack Interaction Criteria in Pressure Vessels and Pipe." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 117, no. 4 (November 1, 1995): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2827232.

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An attempt was made to define a new crack interaction criterion for pressurized cylinders with two co-planar surface cracks. Elastic-plastic finite element method with line spring concept (line spring element method) was used to verify the validity of the new interaction criterion and to establish the relative conservatism built into various codes/standards. The crack interaction criteria of two co-planar surface cracks as defined by ASME Section XI and BS PD6493 were studied and a new interaction criterion which accounts for crack shape and load factor was introduced. The basic idea behind the crack interaction criteria for co-planar surface cracks was the plastic zone and stress interaction near crack tips. To verify the new crack interaction criterion, comparisons of J-integral values were made for various crack sizes with different distances between cracks and loading conditions. Based upon these comparisons, the new crack interaction criteria, comparing a physical distance, s, to a characteristic distance d=(σ/σy)2(c1Q1 + c2Q2), proved to be a reasonable parameter for indication of the crack driving force interaction for co-planar cracks. The characteristic distance also represents a rigorous measure of an equivalent crack driving force for interacting cracks.
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Olamide, Ayodeji, Abdeldjalil Bennecer, and Stefan Kaczmarczyk. "Finite Element Analysis of Fatigue in Offshore Pipelines with Internal and External Circumferential Cracks." Applied Mechanics 1, no. 4 (November 24, 2020): 193–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmech1040013.

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Fatigue lifetime of offshore pipelines with semi-elliptical circumferential surface cracks is often underestimated. An accurate prediction of the pipeline structural integrity is nevertheless important in order to prevent unnecessary and expensive downtime, failures leading to leakage or spillage of pipeline contents to the surrounding environment, and ultimately improve the reliability of the pipeline. The estimation of crack growth in pipelines under varying loads is highly dependent on the calculation of crack driving parameters, such as the stress intensity factor and the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) using the 3D J-integral or its equivalent. This paper presents a numerical study to predict the fatigue lifetime of cracks in pipes, determining the J-integral that includes first and second derivatives of the displacement field for pipes containing a range of circumferential surface cracks. A pipe segment is structurally loaded and stress intensity factors (SIF) evaluated using the finite element method (FEM). Based on the results, a number-of-cycles to failure curve shows a longer lifetime than previously predicted by about 5% for a pipe with semi-elliptical external surface cracks. In addition, they indicate that the external short cracks are more dangerous than the internal long surface crack hereby requiring earlier assessment.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crack in pipe"

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Genussov, Ron M. S. "Rapid crack propagation in pipe grades of poly-ethylene." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47444.

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Beheshti, Milad. "Fatigue life prediction of threaded pipe connection." Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/15588.

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In the oil and gas industry, threaded pipe connection is frequently used to connect the casing string, drill pipe strings or production and transportation risers and pipelines. The connection is normally preloaded in order to maintain a sealed and secure connection while in service and avoid leakage. Tapered thread are a common connection and in order to introduce preload to the threaded connection when they are assembled a certain make-up torque is going to be applied. The make-up torque plus external loads result in a multiaxial stress distribution over the connection, where the threaded connections act as stress risers. Environment such as waves and currents cause dynamic loads acting on the pipe line and offshore structures. The weakest point in offshore structure is the pipe connection because of fatigue crack initiated in the connection's threads. Researchers and engineers developed a variety of patented threaded pipe connection which all claiming to improve a connection's fatigue life. The experimental data for patented designs, available in literature, is limited. Most published studies usually comprise experiments on a single connection type. For detailed fatigue analysis those published studies cannot be used since there is no uniformity in testing setup, loading conditions and damage detection technique exist. Moreover, current design curves in codes and standards lead to overly conservative or inaccurate results. The aim of this work is to provide a better understanding of the fatigue mechanisms of threaded pipe connections and to study the effect of different design features on a connection's fatigue life. The final goal is to formulate guidelines for new fatigue resistant connection designs. API connection is used as a reference in this study. Several modifications and design features are applied to the connection type. To simulate the effect of these modifications, a parametric 2D axisymmetric finite element model, ABAQUS is used. 2D finite element result are compared with a 3D model to prove its validity for both make-up. In addition, the results of the 2D axisymmetric simulation are validated by static strain gauge measurements during a make-up test and an axial tension test. The validated model is then used to evaluated the influence of the connection properties and design features on the threaded connection's behaviour. Test rigs were designed to perform axial fatigue experiment on two scales: the small-scale experiments on 1" (33.4 mm outer diameter) connections are performed in axial fatigue testing, the medium scale tests on 4.5" (114.3 mm) connections are carried out under axial tension for which a setup is developed. The majority of the performed fatigue tests are small scale experiments. Several modified configurations are tested. The S-N curve is constructed, so that the effect of certain configuration on the connection's fatigue life can be quantified. The local modification of the threaded connection's geometry as well as the connection's contact condition's contact conditions can have an important influence on the fatigue life of the connection. A beach marking technique is used to visualized the crack fronts at different moments during the tests so that exact crack shape can be seen during post-mortem analysis. The result shown that a crack initiates at the root of the last engaged thread of the male part of the connection, and propagates slowly over a large segment of the circumference, forming a long shallow crack. When the crack penetrates the pipe wall, it rapidly increases in size along two crack fronts. The shape of crack observed in beach mark analysis do not have a semi-elliptical shape as commonly used in fracture mechanics. A fatigue crack growth analysis that considers the crack as an annular flaw, is effective in describing the crack growth behaviour. The experimentally obtained S-N curves and the result from the finite element simulations are combined in multiaxial damage evolution law. The observed trend in fatigue lives of the configuration are explained by using the fatigue analysis. Using a connection's thread load distribution as a measure for its fatigue life is proven to be inaccurate. The main reason for this is that the load distribution is related to axial stresses over the connection. The fatigue life of a threaded connection is determined by the local multiaxial stress distribution and strain range around the root of the last engaged thread. These local conditions are not only the result of the load distribution, but they are also affected by the hoop stress introduced during make-up, which can additionally be affected by a changed connection stiffness. The multiaxial damage evolution law is used to analyse the influence of several features on a connection's fatigue life. It is not for all patented modifications that an increased fatigue life is predicted when applied to the API connection. The final conclusion reached is that, in order to optimize a fatigue resistant connection, several design features must be combined together. The thread shape can be optimized to obtained a low stress concentration factor and reduce the local strains at the thread root. The connection's global geometry and make-up conditions can be optimized to improve the load distribution over the threads and reduce local stresses and strains at the threads.
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Wheel, Marcus A. "High speed double torsion testing of pipe grade polyethylenes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318493.

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Argyrakis, Christos. "Models for designing pipe-grade polyethylenes to resist rapid crack propagation." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/5564.

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Plastic pipeline systems have now become dominant for fuel-gas and water distribution networks. Although they have an impressive service record failures do occur, with Rapid Crack Propagation being characterised as the least probable but most potentially catastrophic one. This study investigates the effect of structural morphology and bulk residual strains on the RCP performance of polyethylene pipes, and proposes a new methodology for predicting a safe service envelope. During crack propagation in PE pipes, the fracture surface has two distinct regions; plane strain and plane stress. In addition to the Instrumented Charpy, Reversed Charpy, High Speed Double Torsion, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and uniaxial tensile testing, S4 tests of extruded pipe specimens were employed in order to evaluate the structural and fracture parameters of pipe grade resins in these two fracture modes on pipe. A new experimental technique, which modified the pipe bore crystallinity without altering the residual strain field (as evaluated from slit ring tests) showed that the bore surface layer properties had much less influence on RCP than previously thought. Parallel with the experimental work, modeling of the fracture mechanisms was also undertaken. Using previous models in the field, such as the adiabatic decohesion model, the plane strain fracture toughness was evaluated while the plane stress fracture toughness was evaluated either from the Reversed Charpy or from the stability of adiabatic drawing in a tensile test. A mixed mode, temperature sensitive toughness was finally evaluated, leading to an overall fracture properties assessment for polyethylene pipes which could be compared directly to the crack driving force during RCP in pipe. By employing a new mathematical approach, which incorporated both the effects of residual strains and pipe stiffness behind the pressure decay length, a previous basic analytical RCP model was further developed and compared to more elaborate finite element and finite volume solutions. The new results were also compared to S4 experiments using high-speed photography and showed that the new methodology could be employed by the end user even when testing facilities are not directly available
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Ayyer, Ravishankar. "Failure Processes in Polymers: Environmental Stress Crack Growth and Adhesion of Elastomeric Copolymers to Polypropylene." Cleveland, Ohio : Case Western Reserve University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1243608270.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2009
Title from PDF (viewed on 19 August 2009) Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Includes abstract Includes bibliographical references Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center
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Hazra, Sumit Kumar. "Crazing and yielding in polyethylene under impact." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369223.

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Ingham, Edward John. "The development of impact toughness and resistance to slow crack growth in modified polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene pipe grade polymers." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271274.

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Arun, Sutham. "Finite element modelling of fracture & damage in austenitic stainless steel in nuclear power plant." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/finite-element-modelling-of-fracture-and-damage-in-austenitic-stainless-steel-in-nuclear-power-plant(031e5ceb-b3b5-4499-8094-dbe362e27ff7).html.

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The level of residual stresses in welded components is known to have a significant influence on their failure behaviour. It is, therefore, necessary to understand the combined effect of mechanical loading and residual stresses on the ductile fracture behaviour of these structures in order to provide the accurate structural safety assessment. Recently, STYLE (Structural integrity for lifetime management-non-RPV component) performed a large scale bending test on a welded steel pipe containing a circumferential through-thickness crack (the MU2 test). The purpose of this test is to study the impact of high magnitude weld residual stresses on the initiation and growth of cracks in austenitic stainless steels. This research presents the simulation part of the STYLE project which aims to develop the finite element model of MU2 test in ABAQUS to enhance the understanding and ability to predict the combined influence of mechanical loading and residual stresses on the ductile fracture behaviour of nuclear pressure vessel steels. This research employs both fracture mechanics principles (global approach) and Rousselier damage model (local approach) to study this behaviour including crack initiation and growth. In this research, the Rousselier model was implemented into ABAQUS via the user defined subroutines for ABAQUS/Standard and ABAQUS/Explicit modules, i.e. UMAT and VUMAT. The subroutines were developed based on the integration algorithm proposed by Aravas and Zhang. The validation of these subroutines was checked by comparing the FE results obtained from the implementation of these subroutines with the analytical and other benchmark solutions. This process showed that UMAT and VUMAT provide accurate results. However, the UMAT developed in this work shows convergence problems when the elements start to fail. Hence, only VUMAT was used in the construction of the finite element model of the MU2 test. As mentioned above, the results obtained from both fracture mechanics approach and Rousselier model are compared with the experimental data to validate the accuracy of the model. The results shows that both fracture mechanics approach and the Rousselier model predict similar final crack shapes which correspond closely to the test results in south direction. The other conclusions about the influence of residual stress on ductile fracture obtained from this work are also summarized in this thesis.
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Yayla, Pasa. "Rapid crack propagation in polyethylene gas pipes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8711.

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Santos, Elielson Alves dos. "Resistência à fadiga de tubo API 5L X65 cladeado e soldado circunferencialmente com eletrodos de Inconel® 625." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18158/tde-08062016-084524/.

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As recentes descobertas de petróleo e gás na camada do Pré-sal representam um enorme potencial exploratório no Brasil, entretanto, os desafios tecnológicos para a exploração desses recursos minerais são imensos e, consequentemente, têm motivado o desenvolvimento de estudos voltados a métodos e materiais eficientes para suas produções. Os tubos condutores de petróleo e gás são denominados de elevadores catenários ou do inglês \"risers\", e são elementos que necessariamente são soldados e possuem fundamental importância nessa cadeia produtiva, pois transportam petróleo e gás natural do fundo do mar à plataforma, estando sujeitos a carregamentos dinâmicos (fadiga) durante sua operação. Adicionalmente, um dos problemas centrais à produção de óleo e gás das reservas do Pré-Sal está diretamente associado a meios altamente corrosivos, tais como H2S e CO2. Uma forma mais barata de proteção dos tubos é a aplicação de uma camada de um material metálico resistente à corrosão na parte interna desses tubos (clad). Assim, a união entre esses tubos para formação dos \"risers\" deve ser realizada pelo emprego de soldas circunferenciais de ligas igualmente resistentes à corrosão. Nesse contexto, como os elementos soldados são considerados possuir defeitos do tipo trinca, para a garantia de sua integridade estrutural quando submetidos a carregamentos cíclicos, é necessário o conhecimento das taxas de propagação de trinca por fadiga da solda circunferencial. Assim, neste trabalho, foram realizados ensaios de propagação de trinca por fadiga na região da solda circunferencial de Inconel® 625 realizada em tubo de aço API 5L X65 cladeado, utilizando corpos de prova do tipo SEN(B) (Single Edge Notch Bending) com relações entre espessura e largura (B/W) iguais a 0,5, 1 e 2. O propósito central deste trabalho foi de obter a curva da taxa de propagação de trinca por fadiga (da/dN) versus a variação do fator de intensidade de tensão (ΔK) para o metal de solda por meio de ensaios normatizados, utilizando diferentes técnicas de acompanhamento e medição da trinca. A monitoração de crescimento da trinca foi feita por três técnicas: variação da flexibilidade elástica (VFE), queda de potencial elétrico (QPE) e análise de imagem (Ai). Os resultados mostraram que as diferentes relações B/W utilizadas no estudo não alteraram significantemente as taxas de propagação de trinca por fadiga, respeitado que a propagação aconteceu em condições de escoamento em pequena escala na frente da trinca. Os resultados de propagação de trinca por fadiga permitiram a obtenção das regiões I e II da curva da/dN versus ΔK para o metal de solda. O valor de ΔKlim obtido para o mesmo foi em torno de 11,8 MPa.m1/2 e os valores encontrados das constantes experimentais C e m da equação de Paris-Erdogan foram respectivamente iguais a 1,55 x10-10 [(mm/ciclo)/(MPa.m1/2)m] e 4,15. A propagação de trinca no metal de solda deu-se por deformação plástica, com a formação de estrias de fadiga.
Recent oil and gas discoveries in the Pre-Salt layer represent a huge exploration potential in Brazil, however, the technological challenges for the exploitation of these mineral resources are immense and therefore have motivated the development of studies looking for efficient methods and materials for their productions. The oil and gas pipellines, called risers, are elements that are necessarily welded and have fundamental importance in the production chain, since they transport oil and natural gas from the sea bed to the platforms and are subject to dynamic loads (fatigue) during operation. Additionally, one of the central problems in the production of oil and gas in the Pre-Salt reserves is directly associated with a highly corrosive media, such as H2S and CO2. A cheaper way to protect the pipelines from these medias is applying a protective layer of a corrosion resistant metal on the inner diameter of these pipes, creating a cladded pipe. Thus, a joining process of these pipes to form the risers must be carried out by the use of girth welds with a corrosion resistance material similar to the clad metal. As the welded structures are seen as potential location of \"crack like\" defects, to ensure the structural integrity of such component when subjected to repetitive loading conditions, it is necessary to know the fatigue crack growth rates for the girth weld. Therefore, in this work it was carried out fatigue crack propagation tests in the weld region of an API 5L X65 cladded pipe with Inconel® 625, girth welded using Inconel® 625 electrodes. From the welded region, Single Edge Notch Bending specimens, SEN(B), were removed with different thickness and width ratios (B/W= 0.5, 1, and 2). From the fatigue tests, the crack propagation rates (da/dN) as function of the variation of the stress intensity factor (ΔK), were determined for the weld metal, using different crack size measurement techniques: the elastic compliance (EC), electric potential drop (EPD) and image analysis (IA). The results showed that the different B/W ratios used in study did not modified significantly the fatigue crack growth rates, considering that crack propagation took place under small scale yielding conditions. The results of fatigue crack growth tests allowed to obtain the regions I and II of da/dN x ΔK curves for the weld metal. The ΔKth value obtained for the weld metal was around 11,8 MPa.m1/2 and the found values of the experimental constants C and m of Paris-Erdogan\'s equation were respectively equal to 1,55 x10-10 [(mm/cycle)/( MPa.m1/2)m] and 4.15. The micromechanism of fatigue crack growth took place by plastic deformation, with the formation of fatigue striations.
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Books on the topic "Crack in pipe"

1

Jones, Solomon. Pipe dream: A novel. New York: Villard/Strivers Row, 2001.

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Jones, Solomon. Pipe dream: A novel. New York: Villard Books/Strivers Row, 2001.

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Kikō, Genshiryoku Anzen Kiban. Fukuzatsu keijōbu kiki haikan kenzensei jisshō (IAF) jigyō: Ōryoku kakudai keisu hyōka dēta-shū : yōki kantsūbu ICM haujingu no hyōmen kiretsu = Project of integrity assessment of flawed components with structural discontinuity (IAF) : data book for estimation stress intensity factor : surface crack on ICM housing for penetration in reactor vessel. Tōkyō-to Minato-ku: Genshiryoku Anzen Kiban Kikō, 2012.

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Foley, W. J. Closeout of IE bulletin 79-17: Pipe cracks in stagnant borated water systems at PWR plants. Washington, DC: Division of Operational Events Assessment, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1990.

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Morgan, G. J. High pressure gas permeation and liquid diffusion studies of Coflon and Tefzel thermoplastics. Austin, Tex: [Texas Research Institute, 1997.

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Ratner, Mitchell S. Crack Pipe As Pimp: An Ethnographic Investigation of Sex-For-Crack Exchanges. Lexington Books, 1992.

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S, Ratner Mitchell, ed. Crack pipe as pimp: An ethnographic investigation of sex-for-crack exchanges. New York: Lexington Books, 1992.

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Ratner, Mitchell S. Crack Pipe As Pimp: An Ethnographic Investigation of Sex-For-Crack Exchanges. Lexington Books, 1992.

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Jones, Solomon. Pipe Dream. Tandem Library, 2001.

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D, Chitwood Dale, ed. The American pipe dream: Crack cocaine and the inner city. Fort Worth: Harcourt, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Crack in pipe"

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Maksimov, Alexander, and Yulia Pronina. "On Crack Propagation in a Two-Component Thermally Reinforced Pipe." In Advanced Problems in Mechanics, 179–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49882-5_17.

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Kundu, Akash, Sandip Ghosh, Shawan Mondal, Alip Ghosh, and Samrat Roy. "A Comparative Analysis of Sensor-Based Pipe Crack Detection System." In Studies in Autonomic, Data-driven and Industrial Computing, 71–78. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7305-4_7.

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Aeberli, K. E., D. Schulze, P. Morawietz, H. Fuhlrott, J. Heerens, and K. H. Schwalbe. "Fracture Mechanics Tests on Axially Cracked Pipe Sections Subjected to Internal Pressure." In The Crack Tip Opening Displacement in Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics, 341–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82818-8_17.

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He, Bo Lin, Ying Xia Yu, Li Xing Huo, and Yu Feng Zhang. "Effects of External Loads on the Reliability of Welded Pipe with Circumferential Crack." In Key Engineering Materials, 2513–16. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-456-1.2513.

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Raghava, G., S. Vishnuvardhan, M. Saravanan, P. Gandhi, Suranjit Kumar, P. K. Singh, I. A. Khan, and V. Bhasin. "Monotonic Fracture Studies on Bi-metallic Pipe Weld Joints Having Circumferential Through-Wall Crack." In Advances in Structural Integrity, 419–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7197-3_35.

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Kashima, K., and Y. Takahashi. "Theoretical Analysis of Fracture Criterion for Stainless Steel Pipe with Circumferential Through-Wall Crack." In Computational Mechanics ’86, 1177–82. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68042-0_171.

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Nguyen, Khanh Q., Khaled Mohamed, Patrice Cousin, Mathieu Robert, and Brahim Benmokrane. "Stress Crack Resistance of Recycled and Virgin HDPE Corrugated Pipe for Transportation Infrastructure Applications." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 603–11. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1004-3_50.

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Lytvynenko, Iaroslav, Pavlo Maruschak, Olegas Prentkovskis, and Andriy Sorochak. "Modelling Kinetics of Dynamic Crack Propagation in a Gas Mains Pipe as Cyclic Random Process." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 262–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74454-4_25.

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Suresh Kumar, R., Kaushik, B. N. Rao, and K. Velusamy. "Fatigue Crack Growth Behaviour of Prototype Sized Pipe Bend and Its Equivalent Plate Type Geometry." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 143–51. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4779-9_12.

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Chausov, Mykola, Pavlo Maruschak, Andrii Pylypenko, and Andriy Sorochak. "Effect of Impact-Oscillatory Loading on the Variation of Mechanical Properties and Crack Resistance of Pipe Steel." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 189–201. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58073-5_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Crack in pipe"

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Rafi, Abu, Jorge Silva, Sara Kenno, Sreekanta Das, Richard Kania, and Rick Yahua Wang. "Strength of Line Pipe With Dent and Crack Defect." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31095.

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Pipeline industry and various research organizations have been undertaking studies to understand how the pressure strength of line pipes reduces as the defects in the line pipes grow. Defect in pipe lines can be in the form of corrosion, dent, wrinkle, gouge, crack, and combinations of these. A large number of studies have been completed in developing methods for determining the pressure strength of line pipes with dent and gouge defects and also in the form of combined dent-gouge defect. Some of these studies were undertaken with the intention of determining the pressure strength of line pipes when a combined dent and crack (dent-crack) defect has formed. However, in these studies no cracks were simulated in the test pipe specimens; instead, a gouge (machined cut or notch) was produced and considered as a crack. Therefore, it is not realistic to call this defect a dent-crack defect; rather, it should be called dent-gouge defect. Hence, the current project is being undertaken at the University of Windsor to study how the dent-crack defect influences the pressure strength of line pipes. In this study, a crack in true sense was introduced in the pipe wall. Two different techniques were used to simulate the crack in the pipe wall. This paper discusses the procedures used in this study to simulate crack and dent. In addition, the test procedure and test data obtained from denting and pressure tests are discussed.
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El-Bagory, Tarek M. A. A., and Maher Y. A. Younan. "Crack Growth Behavior of Pipes Made From Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe Material." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45657.

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The behavior of crack growth of polymeric materials is affected by several operating conditions such as, crosshead speed, specimen thickness, load line, and specimen configurations which reverse the behavior of crack from stable to unstable crack growth behavior. The main objective of the present paper is the determination of plane strain fracture toughness (KIC) for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) used in piping water transmission systems. The dimensions of the PVC pipe are outside diameter, Do=315 mm, standard dimensions ratio, SDR=13.23, ratio between outside to inside radii Ro/Ri =1.179 and pipe thickness, t =24 mm. Curved specimens are prepared from a pipe by cutting 12 mm thickness ring segments. The curved specimens are divided into two specimen configurations, namely curved three point bend, CTPB and C-shaped tension, CST specimens. All specimens are provided artificially with a pre-crack. CTPB specimen is further cut into five 72° sectors with each being centrally notched to a depth approximately a = 0.479 of the wall thickness. CST specimen configuration is characterized by the eccentricity X = 0, and 0.5W, of the loading holes from the bore surface. Linear elastic fracture mechanics theory (LEFM) is used to predict the plane strain fracture. The tests are carried out at room temperature, Ta equal 20 °C and different crosshead speeds of (10–500 mm/min). The fracture test results reveal that, the crosshead speed has been proven to affect the mode of failure and mode of fracture. At lower crosshead speeds the mode of failure is ductile, while at higher crosshead speeds it is brittle. The specimen configuration affects also on the fracture toughness. C-shaped tension specimens show higher fracture toughness in case of pin loading location X = 0.5W than X = 0 by about (12%). Transitional crosshead speed is affected by specimen geometry. C-shaped tension specimens (CST) at x= 0 and 0.5W have higher transitional crosshead speed compared with CTPB specimen configuration.
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Bae, Kyung-Dong, Ho-Wan Ryu, Seung-Jae Kim, Hyun-Suk Nam, and Yun-Jae Kim. "Assessment Method for Complex Cracked Pipe Using Equivalent Pipe Concept." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63427.

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This paper proposes the assessment method of complex cracked pipes. Complex crack is the form of crack existing through-wall crack and surface crack at the same time [1–2]. Complex crack is mainly caused by PWSCC phenomenon in pipe with overlay maintenance welding. At first, circumferential surface crack is developed by PWSCC phenomenon in the weakest point which is nickel alloy welding point. And this crack propagates to axisymmetric crack in inner surface. After that the crack initiates in not only pipe part but also overlay maintenance welding part, complex crack shape which is main subject in this paper is formed. Unlike through-wall cracked pipes or surface cracked pipes, complex cracked pipes have a complex behavior because of combining through-wall crack behaviors and surface crack behaviors in cracked part. So calculating J-integral and defining amount of crack growth of complex cracked pipes are more difficult than those of through-wall cracked pipes and surface cracked pipes. Therefore, in this paper, the concept using equivalent pipe is proposed for assessment method of complex cracked pipes. To determine equivalent pipe, maximum loads of various through-wall cracked pipes having same circumferential crack size and different thickness are calculated. The reason why through-wall cracked pipe is selected for equivalent pipe is that many researches about J-integral and crack growth of through-wall cracked pipes are already performed and those results are sufficiently validated. In addition, it can be not only directly utilized procedure of leak before break assessment but also compared previous research results using only through-wall cracked part in complex cracked pipes referred to reduced thickness method. Maximum loads of complex cracked pipes and through-wall cracked pipes are calculated using stress-modified fracture strain model in finite element analysis [3–6]. This model is technics removing load bearing capacity in elements which satisfy damage criteria. Damage criteria is determined by using tensile experiment results, fracture toughness experiment results and validated by comparing with real size pipe experiment results. All the experiment results are in pipe fracture encyclopedia published by Battelle [7]. The experiments utilized in the paper are performed in operating temperature 288°C and materials of pipes are stainless steel SA376 TP304 and carbon steel A106 Gr.B. Finally, the results of equivalent through-wall cracked pipe thickness are provided.
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Amaechi, E. L., and M. Gujral. "A Case of the Forgotten Crack Pipe." In American Thoracic Society 2022 International Conference, May 13-18, 2022 - San Francisco, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2022.205.1_meetingabstracts.a2980.

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Vaziri, A., H. Nayeb-Hashemi, and H. E. Estekanchi. "Dynamic Response of Cracked Cylindrical Shells With Internal Pressure." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33582.

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Sub-surface cracks in pipelines with internal pressure may severely affect their dynamic response. The extreme cases of these cracks are when these cracks go through the thickness of the pipes. Dynamic responses of cracked and un-cracked pipes with fixed ends and under various internal pressures were evaluated experimentally and theoretically. In the experimental part, the effects of pipe internal pressure on the resonant frequencies and damping of the pipe were evaluated. In the theoretical part, finite element analyses were performed to find dynamic response of pipes with various crack length and orientation respect to the axis of the pipe. The experimental results showed resonant frequencies of the pipe are little sensitive to the pipe internal pressure. Similar results were obtained from the theoretical investigations. An axial crack had little effect on the pipe resonant frequencies. In contrast, cracks oriented at an angle to the axis of the pipe had a pronounced effect on some of the resonant frequencies of the pipe. This depended on the crack location in a particular mode shapes. For frequencies where the nodal point of the mode shape was located on the crack region, the frequencies were not significantly affected by the presence of the crack in the pipe. Furthermore, it was observed that the pipe internal pressure had little effect on the resonant frequencies of the cracked pipes.
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Aihara, Shuji, Kazuki Shibanuma, Yasuhito Imai, Taishi Fujishiro, and Takuya Hara. "Evaluation on Dependence of Ductile Crack Propagation Resistance on Crack Velocity." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90637.

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Plastic strains were measured near a propagating ductile crack in drop-weight tear tests (DWTT). Plastic work evaluated from the plastic strains agreed with crack propagation energy evaluated from dynamic load versus displacement curve. Furthermore, plastic strains were measured near a propagating ductile crack in a full-scale burst tested pipes. Plastic work of the burst pipe was found to be much larger than that of the DWTT. Values of the plastic work of the DWTT and the burst pipe were plotted against crack velocity to construct crack resistance curve. Reason to the increased crack resistance with crack velocity was understood as a dependence of plastic strain distribution on crack velocity by elasto-plastic dymanic finite element analysis.
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Van Wittenberghe, Jeroen, Patrick De Baets, and Wim De Waele. "Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Threaded Pipe Couplings." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57497.

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Threaded couplings are used in various applications to connect steel pipes. To maintain a secure connection, such couplings are preloaded and during service additional dynamic loads can act on the connections. The coupling’s threads act as stress raisers, initiating fatigue cracks, which can cause the connection to fail in time. Accurate knowledge of the fatigue behavior, taking into account crack initiation and propagation is necessary to understand the fatigue mechanisms involved. In this study, the fatigue behavior of tapered couplings with NPT threads is studied. This is done by analyzing the results of an experimental four-point bending test. The fatigue crack propagation is monitored using an optical dynamic 3D displacement measurement device and LVDTs to measure the crack opening. At certain times during the test, the load ratio is changed to apply a number of beach marking cycles. This way a fine line is marked in the fracture surface. These marked crack shapes are used as input for a finite element model. The measured deflection and crack opening are compared to the results of the numerical simulations. Using this methodology a distinction is made between fatigue crack initiation and propagation. By analyzing the fracture surface it was observed that once the crack is initiated, it propagates over a wide segment of the pipe’s circumference and subsequently rapidly penetrates the wall of the pipe. The observed crack growth rates are confirmed by a fracture mechanics analysis. Since the appearing long shallow crack is difficult to detect at an early stage the importance is demonstrated of accurate knowledge of the fatigue behavior of threaded connections in order to define acceptable flaw sizes and inspection intervals.
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Shen, G., S. M. Adeeb, R. I. Coote, D. J. Horsley, W. R. Tyson, J. A. Gianetto, and R. Bouchard. "Fatigue Crack Driving Force for Axial Surface Cracks in Pipes." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10177.

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Fatigue life assessment procedures require knowledge of the fatigue crack driving force, such as stress intensity factor range (ΔK) and cyclic J-integral (ΔJ), for the flaw geometry detected during inspection. Because three-dimensional closed-form crack driving force solutions are not available for typical flaws in pipelines, it is common practice to obtain these solutions from finite element analysis (FEA) or to adopt a closed-form crack driving force solution for the equivalent flawed plate and include a correction factor to take account of the pipe bulging effect. In the present study, pipes and plates with an axial rectangular crack with filleted corners under fatigue loading are simulated by FEA. The initial results show that the stress intensity factor range (ΔK) for a thin-walled pipe with a shallow crack (a/t < 0.5) is given reasonably well by the bulging factors given in BS 7910 combined with the stress intensity factor equation given by Newman and Raju for a plate with a semi-elliptical crack. However, the stress intensity factor is significantly over-estimated for a long and deep crack using this procedure. Different parameters for elastic-plastic fatigue are calculated and are proposed to be correlated with the rate of crack growth for thin-walled pipes with an axial rectangular crack with filleted corners. It is intended to use the results presented here in combination with full scale experimental fatigue data to obtain pipeline fatigue crack growth formulations, to accurately predict the rate of crack growth within a pipeline due to fluctuating internal pressure.
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Hosseini, Ali, Duane Cronin, Alan Plumtree, and Richard Kania. "Experimental Testing and Evaluation of Crack Defects in Line Pipe." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31158.

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Pipelines are in wide use throughout the world, and aging pipelines may experience defects such as environmental or stress-induced cracking. The evaluation of crack defects is important for continued safe operation of pipelines. At present, there are several assessment methods for crack-like defects in pipelines including API579, BS 7910, NG18, software applications, as well as numerical modeling approaches. All have been used successfully to evaluate crack defects, but the degree of conservatism and sensitivity to the various input parameters is not known. To address this need, a series of full-scale burst tests was undertaken on end-capped, seam-welded pipe specimens. The tests were carried out on 508 mm (20 inch) diameter Grade API 5L X60 line pipe with a 5.7 mm wall thickness. Elliptical cracks were created by first cutting a longitudinally oriented narrow slit in each pipe and then pre-fatiguing the pipes to create sharp cracks of different depths. Rupture tests were conducted by pressurizing the pipes to failure and the failure pressure was evaluated using current assessment methods. Examination of the fracture surface showed that the pipe sections failed by ductile tearing, as expected for the material and crack sizes. It was found that the Level 3 FAD for API 579 (J approach, using the cylinder equations) and CorLAS provided the most accurate prediction in comparison with the other methods i.e. BS7910 and NG-18.
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Hoh, Hsin Jen, John H. L. Pang, and Kin Shun Tsang. "Fatigue Modelling of Semi-Elliptical Surface Cracks in Welded Pipe Geometries." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54683.

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Offshore pipelines and risers transfer oil and gas across long distances, from seabed to production facility to the surface. The long pipelines are formed by welding together pipe segments. The welded joints formed are a source of stress concentration and defects from which fatigue cracks can grow. Hence, it is imperative that the effect of the weld geometry on the stress concentration be understood so that appropriate measures can be taken to assess the potential remaining service life of the welded structure. The effects can be understood by the linear elastic fracture mechanics approach, where the stress intensity factors quantify the stress concentration. While the classical equations of Newman and Raju have been long available for semi-elliptical surface cracks in plates, no similarly elegant stress intensity factor solutions are available for pipes. There have been solutions in tabular form which can be cumbersome in practice. Moreover, solutions of welded pipe geometries have not been developed. The objectives of the current work are to develop closed-form solutions for stress intensity factors for external semi-elliptical surface cracks in plates. The welded pipe geometry will also be studied to develop solutions for the weld toe magnification factors of welded pipe geometries. The stress intensity factors can be used to determine the propagation rate of cracks in pipe or welded pipe geometries. The stress intensity factors are obtained by the J-integral output of the three-dimensional finite element method. First, a plate with a circular crack is modelled. The initial step transforms the model to a plate with a semi-elliptical crack with the appropriate crack aspect ratio and width. A second transformation follows to transform the geometry to pipe form. The main parameters studied are the relative crack depth to thickness, crack aspect ratio, radius and thickness. The developed stress intensity factor solutions can be reduced to the classical equations. The new solutions show good agreement compared to previous work. A similar approach is developed to study the welded pipe geometry to develop weld toe magnification factor solutions. The weld toe magnification factor solutions for certain geometries are presented as a function of the relative crack depth. The stress intensity factor solutions are then applied to predict the crack growth rates of cracks in pipe geometries. The prediction was conducted by a program written to assess the fatigue life of single and multiple cracks in pipes and welded pipes. The fatigue life assessment of welded pipes using the weld toe magnification factor solutions shows how significantly the weld geometry affects fatigue life.
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Reports on the topic "Crack in pipe"

1

Tylczak, Joseph. Measurement of Fatigue and Static Crack Growth Rate of X65 Line Pipe Steel in 3.5% NaCl containing CO2 under Cathodic Polarization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1634188.

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Villamil, Julie, Caique Lara, Anthony Abrahao, Aparna Arvelli, Guilherme Daldegan, Sharif Sarker, and Dwayne McDaniel. Development of a Pipe Crawler Inspection Tool for Fossil Energy Power Plants. Florida International University, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25148/mmeurs.009772.

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Fossil fuel power plants are complex systems containing multiple components that create extreme environments for the purpose of extracting usable energy. Failures in the system can lead to increased down time for the plant, reduction of power and significant cost for repairs. In the past, inspections and maintenance of the plant's superheater tubes has been predominantly manual, laborious, and extremely time consuming. This is due to the pipe's small diameter size (between 1.3 and 7.6 cm) and the coiled structure of the tubing. In addition, the tubes are often stacked close to each other, limiting access for external inspection. Detection of pipe degradation, such as increased levels of corrosion, creep, and the formation of micro-cracks is possible using standard non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods, including ultrasonic, radiography and electromagnetic methods. However, when the access to the sub-systems is limited or the configuration of the structure is prohibitive, alternative methods are needed for deploying the NDE tools. This research effort considers a novel robotic inspection system for the evaluation of small pipes found in typical boiler superheaters that have limited access. The pipe crawler system is an internal inspection device that can potentially navigate through the entire pipe length using linear actuators to grip the walls and inch along the pipe. The modular nature of the system allows it to traverse through straight sections and multiple 90-degree and 180-degree bends. The crawler is also capable of providing visual inspections, ultrasonic thickness measurements, and generating inner diameter surface maps using LiDAR (light detection and ranging). Ultimately, the development of this robotic inspection tool can provide information regarding the structural integrity of key pipeline components in fossil fuel power plants that are not easily accessible
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Rahman, S., F. Brust, N. Ghadiali, P. Krishnaswamy, G. Wilkowski, Y. H. Choi, F. Moberg, and B. Brickstad. Refinement and evaluation of crack-opening-area analyses for circumferential through-wall cracks in pipes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/46620.

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Scott, P., R. Francini, S. Rahman, A. Rosenfield, and G. Wilkowski. Fracture evaluations of fusion line cracks in nuclear pipe bimetallic welds. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/53643.

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Scott, P., R. Olson, C. Marschall, and D. Rudland. IPIRG-2 task 1 - pipe system experiments with circumferential cracks in straight-pipe locations. Final report, September 1991--November 1995. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/453762.

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Foley, W., R. Dean, and A. Hennick. Closeout of IE Bulletin 79-17: Pipe cracks in stagnant borated water systems at PWR (pressurized water reactors) plants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7156744.

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Brust, F. W., P. Scott, and S. Rahman. Assessment of short through-wall circumferential cracks in pipes. Experiments and analysis: March 1990--December 1994. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/46619.

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PREDICTION OF ULTRALOW CYCLE FATIGUE DAMAGE OF THIN-WALLED STEEL BRIDGE PIERS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2021.17.4.9.

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Ultralow cycle fatigue (ULCF) failure was first observed on steel bridge piers in the Kobe earthquake, and the ultimate strength and ductility evaluation formulas of thin-walled steel bridge piers were established. In this study, parametric analysis of steel piers was carried out to study the influence of the structural parameters on the ULCF damage evolution. The evolution of the ULCF damage of the base metal, the deposited metal, and the heat-affected zones was studied based on two types of steel piers with hollow box and pipe sections. Then, practical formulas to predict the ULCF damage level of steel piers under cyclic loading were proposed. Finally, the proposed formulas were validated by comparisons with the experimental results. The results show that the heat-affected zone is more vulnerable to ULCF failure than the base metal and the deposited metal. Moreover, the practical formulas to predict the ULCF damage index of the steel piers under cyclic loading were proposed, and the formulas effectively predicted the ULCF crack of the steel piers.
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Restaurant maintenance worker wedged between sump pump pipe support bar and sump pump crock rim. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshsface01mi064.

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