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Areerob, P., W. Dahlan, and K. Angkanaporn. "Dietary crude palm oil supplementation improves egg quality and modulates tissue and yolk vitamin E concentrations of laying hen." Animal Production Science 59, no. 8 (2019): 1491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an18220.
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Crude palm oil (CPO) is a valuable energy supplement for poultry diets and a rich source of vitamin A and E. Data on the effect of vitamin E tocotrienol in CPO on laying hen metabolism are limited. The present study examined the effects of dietary CPO supplementation on the performance and tissue distribution of vitamin E in laying hens and on egg quality. In total, 144 49-week old Hysex Brown hens were allocated randomly into four groups (36 per group), in single cages, and received corn–soybean basal diet supplemented with either lard at 20 g/kg (control), or CPO at 20 (CPO1), 30 (CPO2) or 40 g/kg (CPO3). Egg quality, hen performance, egg yolk cholesterol and hen tissue concentrations of vitamin E were examined. Dietary supplementation with CPO increased the egg yolk colour, egg and yolk weight compared with the control group, but not specific gravity, albumen quality, albumen weight and shell weight. Importantly, CPO supplementation significantly decreased egg yolk cholesterol concentrations (lowest level in the CPO3 group) and enhanced (P < 0.05) the total vitamin E tocopherols in CPO1 and total tocotrienols in CPO2 and CPO3. Hens fed on CPO3 had the lowest total tocopherol concentrations in their egg yolk and adipose tissue, but the highest tocotrienol in their plasma, egg yolk and adipose tissue. In addition, dietary CPO supplementation resulted in the highest deposition of tocotrienol in the hen’s adipose tissue compared with in the egg yolk, or hen’s liver and plasma. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with CPO improved the egg yolk weight and yolk colour, while it reduced the total cholesterol concentration and resulted in more vitamin E in the egg and hen’s adipose tissue, with increased concentrations of α-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol and γ-tocotrienol.
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Liu, Anlei, Lingli Zhou, Huadong Zhu, Yi Li, and Jing Yang. "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Hereditary Coproporphyria: Two Different Entities Diagnosed by WES in the Same Patient." BioMed Research International 2022 (May 28, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9096999.
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Background. Hereditary coproporphyria (HCP) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by a partial deficiency of coproporphyrinogen III oxidase (CPOX), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with a strong genetic predisposition. SLC7A7 (solute carrier family 7 member 7) may be associated with monogenic lupus disease; however, only 2 cases of concomitant HCP and SLE have been reported. Methods. We report a 30-year-old woman with a six-year history of SLE presenting with abdominal pain, vomiting, dysuria, tachycardia, and hyponatremia. Whole exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing were carried out for the proband and members of her pedigree to detect the genetic background. The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used to search the related gene expression profiles. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using GEO2R. Result. A novel heterozygous splicing mutation of CPOX (NM_000097): c.700+2 T > C (intron 2) was detected by WES in the proband, and it was considered likely pathogenic (PSV1+PM2). Sanger sequencing verified the heterozygous mutation of CPOX in the proband, although it was not detected in her father. WES also identified 62 other gene variants, especially two heterozygous variants in SLC7A7 (NM_001126106): c.250G > A (p. V84I) and c.625+1G > A (splicing). DEGs were detected from GSE51997, and the expression of CPOX was downregulated in SLE patients compared with normal controls (adj. P = 0.0071 , logFC = − 1.0975 ). Conclusion. This study presents the first reported case of SLE coexisting with HCP in China; moreover, a novel splicing mutation of CPOX, i.e., c.700+2 T > C (intron 2), and two heterozygous mutations of SLC7A7 were reported. The simultaneous mutations of CPOX and SLC7A7 may explain the etiopathogenetic connections of HCP and SLE.
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Chen, Xiajun, Jixiang He, Mengying Zhang, Zhiyi Bai, and Jiale Li. "Identification of a coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase gene and its correlation with nacre color in Hyriopsis cumingii." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 21, 2022): e0265318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265318.
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Pearl color is an important factor influencing pearl value, and is affected by the nacre color of the shell in Hyriopsis cumingii. Coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase (CPOX) is a key enzyme in porphyrin synthesis, and porphyrins are involved in color formation in different organisms, including in the nacre color of mussels. In this study, a CPOX gene (HcCPOX) was identified from H. cumingii, and its amino acid sequence was found to contain a coprogen-oxidase domain. HcCPOX mRNA was expressed widely in the tissues of white and purple mussels, and the highest expression was found in the gill, followed by the fringe mantle. The expression of HcCPOX in all tissues of purple mussels (except in the middle mantle) was higher than that of white mussels. Strong hybridization signals for HcCPOX were observed in the dorsal epithelial cells of the outer fold of the mantle. The activity of CPOX in the gill, fringe mantle, and foot of purple mussels was significantly higher than that in white mussels. Moreover, the expression of HcCPOX and CPOX activity were decreased in RNA interference experiments. The findings indicate that HcCPOX might contributes to nacre color formation in H. cumingii by being involved in porphyrin synthesis.
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Spille, Dorothee C., Eva C. Bunk, Christian Thomas, Zeynep Özdemir, Andrea Wagner, Burak H. Akkurt, Manoj Mannil, et al. "Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) Fluorescence during Meningioma Surgery: Correlations with Histological Findings and Expression of Heme Pathway Molecules." Cancers 15, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15010304.
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Background: The usefulness of 5-ALA-mediated fluorescence-guided resection (FGR) in meningiomas is controversial, and information on the molecular background of fluorescence is sparse. Methods: Specimens obtained during 44 FGRs of intracranial meningiomas were analyzed for the presence of tumor tissue and fluorescence. Protein/mRNA expression of key transmembrane transporters/enzymes involved in PpIX metabolism (ABCB6, ABCG2, FECH, CPOX) were investigated using immunohistochemistry/qPCR. Results: Intraoperative fluorescence was observed in 70 of 111 specimens (63%). No correlation was found between fluorescence and the WHO grade (p = 0.403). FGR enabled the identification of neoplastic tissue (sensitivity 84%, specificity 67%, positive and negative predictive value of 86% and 63%, respectively, AUC: 0.75, p < 0.001), and was improved in subgroup analyses excluding dura specimens (86%, 88%, 96%, 63% and 0.87, respectively; p < 0.001). No correlation was found between cortical fluorescence and tumor invasion (p = 0.351). Protein expression of ABCB6, ABCG2, FECH and CPOX was found in meningioma tissue and was correlated with fluorescence (p < 0.05, each), whereas this was not confirmed for mRNA expression. Aberrant expression was observed in the CNS. Conclusion: FGR enables the intraoperative identification of meningioma tissue with limitations concerning dura invasion and due to ectopic expression in the CNS. ABCB6, ABCG2, FECH and CPOX are expressed in meningioma tissue and are related to fluorescence.
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Pianko-Oprych, Paulina, Seyed Mehdi Hosseini, and Zdzislaw Jaworski. "Model development of integrated CPOx reformer and SOFC stack system." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2016-0069.
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Abstract The main purpose of this study was to develop a mathematical model, in a steady state and dynamic mode, of a Catalytic Partial Oxidation (CPOx) reformer – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) stack integrated system in order to assess the system performance. Mass balance equations were written for each component in the system together with energy equation and implemented into the MATLAB Simulink simulation tool. Temperature, gas concentrations, pressure and current density were computed in the steady-state mode and validated against experimental data. The calculated I–V curve matched well the experimental one. In the dynamic modelling, several different conditions including step changes in fuel flow rates, stack voltage as well as temperature values were applied to estimate the system response against the load variations. Results provide valuable insight into the operating conditions that have to be achieved to ensure efficient CPOx performance for fuel processing for the SOFC stack applications.
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ROBINSON, J. A., T. J. DEVLIN, K. M. WITTENBERG, and N. E. STANGER. "THE INFLUENCE OF MOLYBDENUM AND SULFUR ON VARIOUS COPPER PARAMETERS OF AFAUNATED RAM LAMBS OF DIFFERENT SIRE BREEDS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 1 (March 1, 1987): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-008.
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Thirty-two afaunated ram lambs, sired by Dorset, Suffolk or Line M rams, were used in a randomized complete block experiment with repeated measures to study the effect of sire breed and dietary supplemental molybdenum ((NH4)6 Mo7O24°4H2O) and sulfur (Na2SO4) on selected criteria of copper (Cu) status. Criteria used included whole blood, plasma and liver Cu concentrations and plasma ceruloplasmin oxidase (CpOx) activity. The basal diet (64.2% crushed barley, 29.6% chopped alfalfa-brome hay) contained 7.7 mg Cu, 1.4 mg molybdenum (Mo) and 2.4 g sulfur (S) kg−1 dry matter (DM). Basal diet was fed to control lambs (Diet I). Mo and S were added to the premix such that diets fed to lambs assigned to Diets II, III and IV provided 1.4, 6.6 and 11.0 mg Mo kg−1 DM, and 3.8, 4.0 and 3.8 g S kg−1 DM, respectively. Dietary Cu concentrations fed to lambs in Diets II, III and IV were 7.4, 7.4 and 8.0 mg kg−1 DM, respectively. The diets were pelleted and fed free-choice with the alfalfa-brome hay for 105 d. Tap water was available to the animals at all times. Blood samples were taken by jugular venipuncture and liver samples by biopsy every 35 d. Total Cu was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry following wet ashing of the sample. Oxidase activity of a Cu-containing enzyme, CpOx, was also measured in plasma. Blood and plasma Cu were reduced (P < 0.01) in Diet III only. Liver Cu and CpOx activity were reduced (P < 0.05) in all supplemented groups. Diet IV had high blood and plasma Cu (> 15.7 μM L−1) when liver Cu (< 50 μg g−1 wet basis) and CpOx activity (< 40 ΔA min−1 L−1) were low, characteristic of conditioned Cu deficiency. The effect of S alone was inconclusive due to a 10-d contamination of Diet II with 28.3 mg Mo kg−1 DM. Diet by sire breed interaction, significant (P < 0.05) only with blood and plasma Cu data, suggests a genetic influence on Cu metabolism. Key words: Sheep, lambs, copper, sulfur, molybdenum, afaunation
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Motos Garcia, J. A., N. Garcia Lax, M. L. Martinez Navarro, A. M. Garcia Medina, A. Sanz Monllor, M. Palao Rico, I. Sanchez Ortuño, et al. "New mutation in the CPOX gene associated with hereditary coproporphyria." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 357 (October 2015): e448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2015.09.098.
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Adhikari, Puran, and Mohamed Abdelrahman. "Gain Scheduled Decoupled Control of CPOX Reformer for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell." ECS Transactions 30, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3562488.
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Mischkulnig, M., T. Roetzer-Pejrimovsky, D. Lötsch-Gojo, N. Kastner, K. Bruckner, R. Prihoda, A. Lang, et al. "P07.04.B Heme biosynthesis factors and 5-ALA induced fluorescence: analysis of mRNA and protein expression in fluorescing and non-fluorescing gliomas." Neuro-Oncology 24, Supplement_2 (September 1, 2022): ii40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noac174.136.
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Abstract Background The intraoperative visualization of adult-type diffuse gliomas with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) induced fluorescence is widely used in the neurosurgical field. While visible 5-ALA induced fluorescence is found in the majority of high-grade gliomas, most low-grade gliomas lack visible fluorescence during surgery. Recently, the heme biosynthesis pathway was identified as crucial influencing factor for presence of visible fluorescence since it metabolizes 5-ALA to fluorescing Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). However, the exact alterations within the heme biosynthesis pathway resulting in visible 5-ALA induced fluorescence in gliomas are still unclear. The aim of the present study was thus to compare the mRNA and protein expression of promising intramitochondrial heme biosynthesis enzymes/transporters in glioma tissue samples of different fluorescence behavior. Material and Methods A total of 19 strongly fluorescing and 21 non-fluorescing tissue samples from neurosurgical adult-type diffuse gliomas (WHO grades II-IV) were included in the current analysis. In these samples, we investigated the mRNA expression by quantitative real time PCR and protein expression using immunohistochemistry of the intramitochondrial heme biosynthesis enzymes Coproporphyrinogen Oxidase (CPOX), Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (PPOX), Ferrochelatase (FECH) and the transporter ATP-binding Cassette Subfamily B Member 2 (ABCG2). Results Regarding mRNA expression analysis, we found a significantly decreased ABCG2 expression in fluorescing specimens compared to non-fluorescing samples (p=0.001), whereas no difference in CPOX, PPOX and FECH was present. With respect to protein expression, significantly higher levels of CPOX (p=0.005), PPOX (p<0.01) and FECH (p=0.003) were detected in fluorescing samples. Similar to mRNA expression analysis, the protein expression of ABCG2 (p=0.001) was significantly lower in fluorescing samples. Conclusion Distinct alterations of the analyzed heme biosynthesis factors were found primarily on protein level. Our data indicate that heme biosynthesis pathway activity in general is enhanced in fluorescing gliomas with upregulation of PpIX generating enzymes and decreased ABCG2 mediated PpIX efflux outweighing the also increased further metabolization of PpIX to heme. Intramitochondrial heme biosynthesis factors thus constitute promising pharmacological targets to optimize intraoperative 5-ALA fluorescence visualization of usually non-fluorescing tumors such as low-grade gliomas.
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Alikina, Inga N., Oleg V. Dolgikh, and Olga A. Kazakova. "Peculiarities of the Expression of immune mediators under aerogenic exposure of aluminum." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 11 (December 22, 2020): 1203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-11-1203-1210.
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Introduction. Chemical admixtures, including those containing aluminum contaminate the R.F. territory environment. There is a well-proven dependence between hygienic factors and population health. Both facts call for developing scientifically substantiated sanitary recommendations for diagnostics and prevention that should involve applying up-to-date critical technologies, including research on proteins acting as immune modulators. Material and methods. We performed a diagnostic examination and comparatively analyzed the health of children living on territory under the ambient air exposure to aluminum compounds in 78 children who had lived there for not less than four years. The reference group consisted of 20 children who lived in a recreation zone. Immune indices in the examined children were assessed using flow cytometry (Bcl-2, TNFRI), enzyme immunoassay (carcinoembryonic antigen CEA), and allergosorbent (IgG-specific to the aluminum) methods. Genetic indices (TLR4, CPOX, ANKK1) were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We also identified aluminum in ambient air and biological media with mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. Results. We took ambient air exposure to aluminum in 2 reference concentrations. The average aluminum contents in children’s blood were established to be authentically (p < 0.05) higher than reference levels (by 5.5 times) and the same indices in children from the reference group (by 4.5 times). Average aluminum contents in the blood of children from the test group amounted to 0.037 µg/cm3. It was authentically different from the same index in the reference group (0.02 µg/cm3). Simultaneously we revealed that exposed children had polymorph genotypes of proteomic profile genes in blood plasma, namely TLR4 rs1927911, CPOX (rs1131857), ANKK1 rs1800497. Adverse effects of the exposure to aluminum became apparent due to disorders of neural immune regulation as hyperproduction of IgG specific to aluminum and anti-apoptotic transcription protein Bcl-2. It was confirmed by authentic relations between exposure markers and effects that are absent in the reference group as well as by apparent health disorders such as asthenovegetative syndrome. Conclusion. The expression of immune mediators (protein that take part in apoptosis, such as TNFR or anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2) and related sections in candidate genes (CPOX rs1131857, ANKK1 rs1800497) with polymorphic changes in them can be recommended as indices for determining and preventing the risk of harm to health in conditions of excessive aerogenic contamination with aluminum compounds.
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Moghe, A., V. M. S. Ramanujam, J. D. Phillips, R. J. Desnick, and K. E. Anderson. "Harderoporphyria: Case of lifelong photosensitivity associated with compound heterozygous coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPOX) mutations." Molecular Genetics and Metabolism Reports 19 (June 2019): 100457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgmr.2019.100457.
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Farnak, M., J. A. Esfahani, and S. Bozorgmehri. "An experimental investigation on flow-rate effects of internal CPOX reforming in SOFCs." Applied Thermal Engineering 163 (December 2019): 114411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114411.
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Nozoe, Mikio, Yuichi Tsunoyama, Yoko Ishizaki, Yoichi Nakahira, and Takashi Shiina. "Selective Activation of Chloroplast psbD Light-Responsive Promoter and psaA/B Promoter in Transplastomic Tobacco Plants Overexpressing Arabidopsis Sigma Factor AtSIG5." Protein & Peptide Letters 27, no. 2 (January 6, 2020): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929866526666191014130605.
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Background: Plastid-encoded eubacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) plays a critical role in the transcription of photosynthesis genes in chloroplasts. Notably, some of the reaction center genes, including psaA, psaB, psbA, and psbD genes, are differentially transcribed by PEP in mature chloroplasts. However, the molecular mechanism of promoter selection in the reaction center gene transcription by PEP is not well understood. Objective: Sigma factor proteins direct promoter selection by a core PEP in chloroplasts as well as bacteria. AtSIG5 is a unique chloroplast sigma factor essential for psbD light-responsive promoter (psbD LRP) activity. To analyze the role of AtSIG5 in chloroplast transcription in more detail, we assessed the effect of AtSIG5 hyper-expression on the transcription of plastid-encoded genes in chloroplast transgenic plants. Results: The chloroplast transgenic tobacco (CpOX-AtSIG5) accumulates AtSIG5 protein at extremely high levels in chloroplasts. Due to the extremely high-level expression of recombinant AtSIG5, most PEP holoenzymes are most likely to include the recombinant AtSIG5 in the CpOXAtSIG5 chloroplasts. Thus, we can assess the promoter preference of AtSIG5 in vivo. The overexpression of AtSIG5 significantly increased the expression of psbD LRP transcripts encoding PSII reaction center D2 protein and psaA/B operon transcripts encoding PSI core proteins. Furthermore, run-on transcription analyses revealed that AtSIG5 preferentially recognizes the psaA/B promoter, as well as the psbD LRP. Moreover, we found that psbD LRP is constitutively active in CpOX-AtSIG5 plants irrespective of light and dark. Conclusion: AtSIG5 probably plays a significant role in differential transcription of reaction center genes in mature chloroplasts.
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Mizutani, Yasunobu, Koji Hisada, Kenji Ukai, Misuzu Yokoyama, and Hirofumi Sumi. "Experiences With the First Japanese-Made Solid-Oxide Fuel-Cell System." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 2, no. 3 (February 23, 2005): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1895986.
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A solid-oxide fuel-cell (SOFC) system based on planar type cells and a cylindrical stack design was examined for small-scale stationary applications. To reduce the operating temperature of electrolyte-supported type cells, scandia-stabilized zirconia (ScSZ) was employed as the electrolyte. A compact catalytic partial oxidation (CPOx) reformer was employed and thin ferritic stainless steel was used for the interconnect bipolar plates. As a result, a carefully designed internal manifold-type 68 cell stack produced an output of 1kW at 1073K with thermal self-sustaining conditions. Also, important issues in realizing high-efficiency, cost-effective SOFC systems are discussed.
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Ma, Ruoshui, Bang Xu, and Xiao Zhang. "Catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) of natural gas and renewable hydrocarbons/oxygenated hydrocarbons—A review." Catalysis Today 338 (November 2019): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2019.06.025.
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Hettel, Matthias, Eric Daymo, and Olaf Deutschmann. "3D modeling of a CPOX-reformer including detailed chemistry and radiation effects with DUO." Computers & Chemical Engineering 109 (January 2018): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2017.11.005.
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Liu, Chang, Hiroki Miyahara, Jian Dai, Xiaoran Cui, Ying Li, Xiaojing Kang, Keiichi Higuchi, and Masayuki Mori. "Involvement of increased endoplasmic reticulum stress in the development of cataracts in BALB.NCT-Cpox mice." Experimental Eye Research 215 (February 2022): 108905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2021.108905.
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Pustogarov, Nikolay, Dmitriy Panteleev, Sergey A. Goryaynov, Anastasia V. Ryabova, Ekaterina Y. Rybalkina, Alexander Revishchin, Alexander A. Potapov, and Galina Pavlova. "Hiding in the Shadows: CPOX Expression and 5-ALA Induced Fluorescence in Human Glioma Cells." Molecular Neurobiology 54, no. 7 (September 19, 2016): 5699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12035-016-0109-7.
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Takahashi, K., N. Ikeda, N. Nonoguchi, Y. Kajimoto, S. I. Miyatake, Y. Hagiya, S. I. Ogura, H. Nakagawa, T. Ishikawa, and T. Kuroiwa. "Enhanced expression of coproporphyrinogen oxidase in malignant brain tumors: CPOX expression and 5-ALA-induced fluorescence." Neuro-Oncology 13, no. 11 (August 8, 2011): 1234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nor116.
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Pauletto, Gianluca, Nicole Libretto, Daria C. Boffito, Jeffrey T. Miller, Andreas Jentys, Gregory S. Patience, and Johannes A. Lercher. "Ni/CeO2 promoted Ru and Pt supported on FeCrAl gauze for cycling methane catalytic partial oxidation—CPOX." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 286 (June 2021): 119849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119849.
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Swami Vetha, Berwin Singh, Angela Guma Adam, and Azeez Aileru. "Redox Responsive Copolyoxalate Smart Polymers for Inflammation and Other Aging-Associated Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 5607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115607.
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Polyoxalate (POx) and copolyoxalate (CPOx) smart polymers are topics of interest the field of inflammation. This is due to their drug delivery ability and their potential to target reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to accommodate small molecules such as curcumin, vanilline, and p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol. Their biocompatibility, ultra-size tunable characteristics and bioimaging features are remarkable. In this review we discuss the genesis and concept of oxylate smart polymer-based particles and a few innovative systemic delivery methods that is designed to counteract the inflammation and other aging-associated diseases (AADs). First, we introduce the ROS and its role in human physiology. Second, we discuss the polymers and methods of incorporating small molecule in oxalate backbone and its drug delivery application. Finally, we revealed some novel proof of concepts which were proven effective in disease models and discussed the challenges of oxylate polymers.
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PEDREIRA, Ruth Helena da Silveira, Laima REMENCIUS, Maria Fidela de Lima NAVARRO, and Nilce Emy TOMITA. "Condições de saúde bucal de drogaditos em recuperação." Revista de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo 13, no. 4 (December 1999): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-06631999000400013.
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Trinta e oito pacientes drogaditos em recuperação foram avaliados através de questionários e exames de fluxo salivar (fs), capacidade tampão (ct), CPOD e CPOS para que o perfil psicológico e as condições de saúde bucal fossem determinadas. O fs e ct variam, respectivamente, de 0,64 a 0,94 e de 5,00 a 5,71. Os valores de CPOD e CPOS variaram de 6,28 a 14,69 para o componente Cariado, de 14,64 a 34,52 para o componente Perdido; de 3,45 a 18,14 para o componente Obturado e de 0,0 a 2,86 para o componente Extração Indicada. Pode-se concluir que esses pacientes encontravam-se extremamente carentes e perturbados emocionalmente. O fs e ct apresentaram-se normais e o CPOD e CPOS mostraram-se elevados.
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Dean, Angela, Emilian Jungwirth, Keith Bailey, Katrin Panzitt, Martin Wagner, and Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk. "RF03 | PMON288 Determining Mechanisms of Farnesoid×Receptor Regulation of Heme Biosynthesis and Ductular Reaction." Journal of the Endocrine Society 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): A730—A731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvac150.1507.
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Abstract Bile acids are increasingly becoming recognized as hormones, and their main endogenous receptor is the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). In order to investigate whether FXR is necessary to maintain proliferation of the bile ducts in response to injury, we challenged male and female wild-type (WT) and Fxr knockout (FxrKO) mice with 0.1% 1,4 dihydro 2,4,6 trimethyl 3,5 pyridinediacarboxylic acid diethyl ester (DDC) in the diet for two weeks. DDC is an inhibitor of ferrochelatase, the final enzyme of heme biosynthesis, resulting in a buildup of bile plugs in the liver causing an inflammatory response called ductular reaction. We found that deletion of Fxr led to a dramatic reduction in the ductular reaction independent of the sex. Then we tested if the inhibition of ferrochelatase was compensated for in FxrKO mice by analyzing the expression of genes in the heme biosynthesis pathway. Although we find a decrease in basal Alad gene expression in FxrKO mice in both sexes, upon DDC treatment, expression does not decrease as much as seen in the WT mice. Intriguingly, we also noted sex-specific changes. Cpox expression was increased in male FxrKO mice, but FxrKO mice showed reduced suppression of Cpox expression when treated with DDC. Conversely, Ppox expression was reduced in male FxrKO mice compared to WT mice, and both male WT and FxrKO mice had a comparable reduction in Ppox expression upon DDC treatment. Female FxrKO mice showed a significant decrease in Fech expression basally that did not change with DDC treatment. These results suggest that FXR may contribute towards regulating expression of genes in the heme biosynthesis pathway. However, these observations do not explain the lack of ductular reaction. Since PGC1α was previously shown to control heme biosynthesis through its downstream targets, FOXO1 and NRF1, we examined their transcript expression in our study to determine if the pathway is playing a role in our observations. We examined this pathway and observed a significant decrease in Foxo1 expression in both sexes of WT and FxrKO mice basally but only a reduction in Nrf1 expression upon DDC treatment. We are currently investigating other potential regulators of heme biosynthesis and ductular reaction, such as Klf1 which regulates erythropoiesis and plays a role in ductular reaction and the nuclear receptors Rev-Erbα/β that use heme as a ligand, to determine how FXR is regulating heme biosynthesis. Presentation: Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:24 p.m. - 1:29 p.m., Monday, June 13, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.
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Cypriano, Silvia, Maria da Luz Rosário de Sousa, and Ronaldo Seichi Wada. "Avaliação de índices CPOD simplificados em levantamentos epidemiológicos de cárie dentária." Revista de Saúde Pública 39, no. 2 (April 2005): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102005000200021.
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OBJETIVO: Analisar a utilização de dois índices simplificados "CPO em 6 Dentes" e "CPO em 2 Hemiarcos" em levantamentos epidemiológicos em saúde bucal, segundo a distribuição da cárie dental. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi proveniente de dados epidemiológicos de 29 municípios, totalizando 2.378 exames em escolares de 12 anos de idade. Considerando a média CPOD em cada localidade, obtiveram-se três grupos de prevalência (baixa, moderada e alta), para os quais foram estimados os índices simplificados. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando o Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse, o Teste de Wilcoxon e o qui-quadrado, com significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: A correlação entre o índice CPOD e os índices simplificados variou de 0,82 a 0,95 (p<0,05). Não foram observadas diferenças significantes (p>0,05) entre as médias do índice CPOD com o índice simplificado "CPO em 2 Hemiarcos" nas prevalências estudadas, o que não ocorreu com o "CPO em 6 dentes". A proporção de dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados também foi semelhante entre o "CPO em 2 hemiarcos" e o CPOD (p>0,05). CONCLUSÕES: O índice simplificado "CPO em 2 Hemiarcos" pode ser utilizado em levantamentos epidemiológicos em baixa, moderada e alta prevalência de cárie dentária. Porém, o "CPO em 6 Dentes" deve ser melhor avaliado.
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Heyer, Nicholas J., Alvah C. Bittner, Diana Echeverria, and James S. Woods. "A cascade analysis of the interaction of mercury and coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPOX) polymorphism on the heme biosynthetic pathway and porphyrin production." Toxicology Letters 161, no. 2 (February 2006): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.09.005.
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Barbaro, M., M. Kotajärvi, P. Harper, and Y. Floderus. "Identification of an AluY-mediated deletion of exon 5 in the CPOX gene by MLPA analysis in patients with hereditary coproporphyria." Clinical Genetics 81, no. 3 (February 6, 2011): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01628.x.
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Ogihara, Kumi, Hajime Isomoto, Hiroyuki Ishii, Hitomi Minami, Yuko Akazawa, Naoyuki Yamaguchi, Ken Ohnita, et al. "Mo1995 Expression of CPOX and PEPT1 Is Associated With Detection of Upper Gastrointestinal Carcinomas By 5-Aminolevlinic Acid Induced-Photodynamic Diagnosis." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 83, no. 5 (May 2016): AB488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2016.03.687.
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SILVA, Berenice Barbachan e., and Marisa MALTZ. "Prevalência de cárie, gengivite e fluorose em escolares de 12 anos de Porto Alegre - RS, Brasil, 1998/1999." Pesquisa Odontológica Brasileira 15, no. 3 (September 2001): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-74912001000300006.
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O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de cárie, gengivite e fluorose em escolares de 12 anos de Porto Alegre - RS. Foram examinados 1.000 escolares da rede de ensino público e particular da cidade. Os índices utilizados foram o ISG, CPO e o ITF. Após a coleta do ISG, a criança foi submetida à remoção da placa e secagem dos dentes para proceder-se aos exames de cárie e fluorose. A média e erro padrão do CPOD, incluindo as lesões não cavitadas, foi de 2,22 ± 0,08, o ISG foi de 19,76% ± 0,54% e a prevalência de escolares com fluorose foi de 52,9%. Em relação à severidade, 45,9% das crianças apresentaram ITF 1, 6,1%, ITF 2 e 0,9%, ITF 3. Os escolares com CPOS maior que 7 (51,2%) compreenderam 14,4% da amostra. Quanto ao sangramento gengival, observou-se que 12% das crianças apresentavam ISG > ou = 40%. O CPOD de Porto Alegre é comparável ao de países desenvolvidos, resultado provavelmente em decorrência do uso intensivo de flúor, que também está ocasionando a fluorose. A severidade da fluorose encontrada não justifica qualquer medida de saúde pública. As medidas de saúde pública de impacto populacional estão sendo efetivas, porém, existe uma parcela da população que necessita de cuidados adicionais.
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Whatley, Sharon D., Nicola G. Mason, Jacqueline R. Woolf, Robert G. Newcombe, George H. Elder, and Michael N. Badminton. "Diagnostic Strategies for Autosomal Dominant Acute Porphyrias: Retrospective Analysis of 467 Unrelated Patients Referred for Mutational Analysis of the HMBS, CPOX, or PPOX Gene." Clinical Chemistry 55, no. 7 (July 1, 2009): 1406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.122564.
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Abstract Background: Clinically indistinguishable attacks of acute porphyria occur in acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), hereditary coproporphyria (HCP), and variegate porphyria (VP). There are few evidence-based diagnostic strategies for these disorders. Methods: The diagnostic sensitivity of mutation detection was determined by sequencing and gene-dosage analysis to search for mutations in 467 sequentially referred, unrelated patients. The diagnostic accuracy of plasma fluorescence scanning, fecal porphyrin analysis, and porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) assay was assessed in mutation-positive patients (AIP, 260 patients; VP, 152 patients; HCP, 31 patients). Results: Sensitivities (95% CI) for mutation detection were as follows: AIP, 98.1% (95.6%–99.2%); HCP, 96.9% (84.3%–99.5%); VP, 100% (95.7%–100%). We identified 5 large deletions in the HMBS gene (hydroxymethylbilane synthase) and one in the CPOX gene (coproporphyrinogen oxidase). The plasma fluorescence scan was positive more often in VP (99% of patients) than in AIP (68%) or HCP (29%). The wavelength of the fluorescence emission peak and the fecal coproporphyrin isomer ratio had high diagnostic specificity and sensitivity for differentiating between AIP, HCP, and VP. DNA analysis followed by PBGD assay in mutation-negative patients had greater diagnostic accuracy for AIP than either test alone. Conclusions: When PBG excretion is increased, 2 investigations (plasma fluorescence scanning, the coproporphyrin isomer ratio) are sufficient, with rare exceptions, to identify the type of acute porphyria. When the results of PBG, 5-aminolevulinate, and porphyrin analyses are within reference intervals and clinical suspicion that a past illness was caused by an acute porphyria remains high, mutation analysis of the HMBS gene followed by PBGD assay is an effective strategy for diagnosis or exclusion of AIP. .
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Llorens, Maria-Gema, Albert Griera, Paul D. Bons, Ilka Weikusat, David J. Prior, Enrique Gomez-Rivas, Tamara de Riese, Ivone Jimenez-Munt, Daniel García-Castellanos, and Ricardo A. Lebensohn. "Can changes in deformation regimes be inferred from crystallographic preferred orientations in polar ice?" Cryosphere 16, no. 5 (May 25, 2022): 2009–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2009-2022.
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Abstract. Creep due to ice flow is generally thought to be the main cause for the formation of crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs) in polycrystalline anisotropic ice. However, linking the development of CPOs to the ice flow history requires a proper understanding of the ice aggregate's microstructural response to flow transitions. In this contribution the influence of ice deformation history on the CPO development is investigated by means of full-field numerical simulations at the microscale. We simulate the CPO evolution of polycrystalline ice under combinations of two consecutive deformation events up to high strain, using the code VPFFT (visco-plastic fast Fourier transform algorithm) within ELLE. A volume of ice is first deformed under coaxial boundary conditions, which results in a CPO. The sample is then subjected to different boundary conditions (coaxial or non-coaxial) in order to observe how the deformation regime switch impacts the CPO. The model results indicate that the second flow event tends to destroy the first, inherited fabric with a range of transitional fabrics. However, the transition is slow when crystallographic axes are critically oriented with respect to the second imposed regime. Therefore, interpretations of past deformation events from observed CPOs must be carried out with caution, particularly in areas with complex deformation histories.
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Khuri, Walid, Robert M. McLauglin, David S. Mitchell, and David W. Selden. "Commodity Futures Trading Commission provides new streamlined process for commodity pool operators to request no-action relief for delegating certain activities to registered CPOs." Journal of Investment Compliance 15, no. 3 (August 26, 2014): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-08-2014-0033.
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Purpose – To provide an overview of a new, streamlined process from the Division of Swap Dealer and Intermediary Oversight (DSIO) of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) by which a commodity pool operator (CPO) may request expedited no-action relief for failure to register under Section 4m(1) of the Commodity Exchange Act if such CPO has designated another, registered CPO to serve as the CPO of the commodity pool. Design/methodology/approach – Explains the background to the CPO registration no-action relief related to CPO delegation and the streamlined process for requesting no-action relief, including the procedure for requesting relief and the applicable criteria that must be satisfied to utilize the streamlined process. Findings – By providing an alternative, streamlined process for requesting no-action relief from CPO registration in the context of delegation arrangements in certain circumstances, the CFTC staff is attempting to facilitate obtaining such relief, particularly since relief may be sought on behalf of multiple commodity pools by means of a single request. However, the criteria that must be fulfilled in order to utilize the streamlined process are not necessarily applicable to all CPOs and in all scenarios. Thus, certain CPOs may need to request no-action relief outside of the new, streamlined process or consider alternative fund structures. Originality/value – Practical guidance from experienced asset management lawyers.
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Lau, Ka Hing, Maureen Yin Lee Chan, Cynthia Lok Sum Yeung, and Robin Stanley Snell. "An Exploratory Study of the Community Impacts of Service-Learning." Metropolitan Universities 33, no. 1 (September 9, 2021): 106–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/25482.
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Research on community impacts from service-learning has been scarce, yet this area is worth exploring in order to understand how and why service-learning can make a difference. The current research sought to validate a conceptual framework (Lau & Snell, 2020), which categorizes the impacts of service-learning on community partner organizations (CPOs) and on end-beneficiaries. Under the framework, impacts on end-beneficiaries can arise directly from service-learning interventions, but can also arise indirectly as a result of impacts on CPOs. For the research, semi-structured, one-to-one or focus group interviews were conducted with 13 CPO representatives, seeking their perceptions of positive and negative impacts of service-learning. Most described impacts were positive, including, for CPOs: achieving project goals to further the CPO’s mission; augmenting resources of the CPO; and gaining knowledge, insights, ideas and techniques. These positive impacts for CPOs appear to reflect three factors: alignment between service-learning project goals and the CPO’s mission; mutual recognition of students’ potential for transferring knowledge from universities to CPOs; and mutual understanding of students’ status as semi-outsiders, free to challenge existing practices or systems. Further studies can explore impacts from the end-beneficiary's perspective, and adopt longitudinal and action research approaches.
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Kratzer, Simon, Patrick Lohmann, Maximilian Roeglinger, Lea Rupprecht, and Michael zur Muehlen. "The role of the chief process officer in organizations." Business Process Management Journal 25, no. 4 (July 3, 2019): 688–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bpmj-07-2017-0192.
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Purpose The design and execution of business processes are important drivers of organizational performance. Organizations design their operations around cross-functional processes adopting business process management (BPM) methods, tools and systems. This often involves assigning BPM accountability to senior executives such as the chief operating officer (COO), chief information officer (CIO), or chief technology officer (CTO). Some organizations appoint a chief process officer (CPO), a phenomenon raising important questions about the skills and responsibilities of this position within the top management team. The purpose of this paper is to conduct an empirical study to explore the skills and responsibilities of CPOs and differences to other executives. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted an exploratory content analysis of job resumes from LinkedIn.com to investigate the skills and careers of individuals appointed as COO, CIO, CTO and CPO in organizations from different industries and sizes. The content analysis was complemented with expert interviews of CPOs to obtain rich insights into their perception of the responsibilities of this position. Findings CPOs possess a unique skill set to serve as change agents. Their skills enable them to serve as integrators and influencers across managerial ranks and corporate functions. COOs, CIOs and CTOs possess more specialized skills related to their corporate function, whereas CPOs are more generalists who facilitate process-oriented strategy and execution, driving cultural change throughout the organization. These findings are consistent across industry and size. Originality/value This is the first paper to examine the CPO position in relation to other senior executive positions. Hence, it addresses an important gap in the BPM literature which can help organizations to make informed decisions whether they need a CPO position or have it become a part-time role of one of their existing C-level positions.
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Mischkulnig, Mario, Barbara Kiesel, Daniela Lötsch, Thomas Roetzer, Martin Borkovec, Lisa I. Wadiura, Petra A. Mercea, et al. "TCGA mRNA Expression Analysis of the Heme Biosynthesis Pathway in Diffusely Infiltrating Gliomas: A Comparison of Typically 5-ALA Fluorescent and Non-Fluorescent Gliomas." Cancers 12, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 2043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12082043.
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5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a fluorescent dye that after metabolization to Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) by the heme biosynthesis pathway typically leads to visible fluorescence in WHO grade IV but not grade II gliomas. The exact mechanism for high PpIX levels in WHO grade IV gliomas and low PpIX levels in WHO grade II gliomas is not fully clarified. To detect relevant changes in mRNA expression, we performed an in-silico analysis of WHO grade II and IV glioma sequencing datasets provided by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to investigate mRNA expression levels of relevant heme biosynthesis genes: Solute Carrier Family 15 Member 1 and 2 (SLC15A1 and SLC15A2), Aminolevulinate-Dehydratase (ALAD), Hydroxymethylbilane-Synthase (HMBS), Uroporphyrinogen-III-Synthase (UROS), Uroporphyrinogen-Decarboxylase (UROD), Coproporphyrinogen-Oxidase (CPOX), Protoporphyrinogen-Oxidase (PPOX), ATP-binding Cassette Subfamily B Member 6 (ABCB6)/G Member 2 (ABCG2) and Ferrochelatase (FECH). Altogether, 258 WHO grade II and 166 WHO grade IV samples were investigated. The mRNA expression levels showed significant differences in 8 of 11 examined genes between WHO grade II and IV gliomas. Significant differences in mRNA expression included increases of HMBS, UROD, FECH and PPOX as well as decreases of SLC15A2, ALAD, UROS and ABCB6 in WHO IV gliomas. Since the majority of changes was found in directions that might actually impair PpIX accumulation in WHO grade IV gliomas, additional studies are needed to analyze the corresponding factors of the heme biosynthesis also on protein level.
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Goodman, Katherine E., Patricia J. Simner, Eili Y. Klein, Abida Q. Kazmi, Avinash Gadala, Matthew F. Toerper, Scott Levin, et al. "Predicting probability of perirectal colonization with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and other carbapenem-resistant organisms (CROs) at hospital unit admission." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 40, no. 05 (March 27, 2019): 541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2019.42.
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AbstractBackground:Targeted screening for carbapenem-resistant organisms (CROs), including carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and carbapenemase-producing organisms (CPOs), remains limited; recent data suggest that existing policies miss many carriers.Objective:Our objective was to measure the prevalence of CRO and CPO perirectal colonization at hospital unit admission and to use machine learning methods to predict probability of CRO and/or CPO carriage.Methods:We performed an observational cohort study of all patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit (MICU) or solid organ transplant (SOT) unit at The Johns Hopkins Hospital between July 1, 2016 and July 1, 2017. Admission perirectal swabs were screened for CROs and CPOs. More than 125 variables capturing preadmission clinical and demographic characteristics were collected from the electronic medical record (EMR) system. We developed models to predict colonization probabilities using decision tree learning.Results:Evaluating 2,878 admission swabs from 2,165 patients, we found that 7.5% and 1.3% of swabs were CRO and CPO positive, respectively. Organism and carbapenemase diversity among CPO isolates was high. Despite including many characteristics commonly associated with CRO/CPO carriage or infection, overall, decision tree models poorly predicted CRO and CPO colonization (C statistics, 0.57 and 0.58, respectively). In subgroup analyses, however, models did accurately identify patients with recent CRO-positive cultures who use proton-pump inhibitors as having a high likelihood of CRO colonization.Conclusions:In this inpatient population, CRO carriage was infrequent but was higher than previously published estimates. Despite including many variables associated with CRO/CPO carriage, models poorly predicted colonization status, likely due to significant host and organism heterogeneity.
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Nanda, Doris, Germain Kansci, Sylvain Rafflegeau, Claire Bourlieu, Georges Ngando Ebongue, and Claude Genot. "Impact of post-harvest storage and freezing of palm fruits on the extraction yield and quality of African crude palm oil extracted in the laboratory." OCL 27 (2020): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2020046.
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In the frame of African artisanal small-scale extraction of palm oil, the effects of post-harvest storage time and freezing of palm fruits on the extraction yield and quality of crude palm oil (CPO) were studied at laboratory scale using a process mimicking artisanal extraction. The extraction yield and free fatty acid (FFA) content of CPO increased with the length of fruit storage time at room temperature and freezing. FFA, total fatty acid and triacylglycerol profiles indicated a lack of specificity of the lipases at work. During post-harvest storage, the carotenoid content of CPO decreased slightly, tocopherols and tocotrienols (tocols) remained steady, while lipid oxidation remained at a very low level. For frozen fruits, carotene and tocol contents decreased sharply as a function of storage time, thought remaining quite high, but decreasing amounts of secondary oxidation products were detected. The FFA content and lipid oxidation level were highly correlated, indicating a pro-oxidant effect of FFAs. To conclude, three days of storage prior to artisanal extraction seemed the best trade-off between extraction yield and CPO quality. Combined storage at room temperature and freezing of palm fruits led to a large range of FFA contents in CPO. Optimization of the FFA contents of artisanal CPOs in line with local consumer’s demand calls for an assessment of their functional properties and sensory perception of foods formulated with CPOs.
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Sundberg, Christopher D., and Oliver Hankinson. "A CRISPR/Cas9 Whole-Genome Screen Identifies Genes Required for Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Dependent Induction of Functional CYP1A1." Toxicological Sciences 170, no. 2 (May 14, 2019): 310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfz111.
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Abstract Environmental pollutants including halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzo[a]pyrene, exert their deleterious effects through the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and by the resulting transcription of genes not yet fully identified. Ligand-bound AHR translocates from cytoplasm to nucleus, where it dimerizes with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) protein. The AHR/ARNT dimer binds to enhancer regions of responsive genes to activate transcription. AHR also mediates carcinogenesis caused by PAHs, likely via CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, which are massively induced by activated AHR in many tissues and generate carcinogenic electrophilic derivatives of PAHs. In the current study, we have used the mouse GeCKOv2 genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 library to identify novel genes in the AHR pathway by taking advantage of a B[a]P selection assay that we previously used to identify core AHR pathway genes in Hepa-1c1c7 murine hepatoma cells. Besides Ahr, Arnt, and Cyp1a1, we report the identification of multiple additional putative AHR pathway genes including several that we validated. These include cytochrome P450 reductase (Por), which mediates redox regeneration of cytochromes P450, and 5 genes of the heme biosynthesis pathway: delta-aminolevulinate synthase 1 (Alas1), porphobilinogen deaminase (Hmbs), uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (Urod), coproporphyrinogen oxidase (Cpox), and ferrochelatase (Fech): heme being an essential prosthetic group of cytochrome P450 proteins. Notably, several of these genes were identified by GeCKO screening, despite not being identifiable by reverse genetics approaches. This indicates the power of high-sensitivity genome-wide genetic screening for identifying genes in the AHR pathway.
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Rankin, Danielle A., Justine M. Celli, Danielle L. Walden, Allison Chan, Albert Burks, Nicole Castro, Sasha Nelson, et al. "Regional Public Health Response to Emerging Carbapenamase-Producing Organisms in Central Florida, 2019." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.532.
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Background: Detection of unusual carbapenemase-producing organisms (CPOs) in a healthcare facility may signify broader regional spread. During investigation of a VIM-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (VIM-CRPA) outbreak in a long-term acute-care hospital in central Florida, enhanced surveillance identified VIM-CRPA from multiple facilities, denoting potential regional emergence. We evaluated infection control and performed screening for CPOs in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) across the region to identify potential CPO reservoirs and improve practices. Methods: All SNFs in 2 central Florida counties were offered a facility-wide point-prevalence survey (PPS) for CPOs and a nonregulatory infection control consultation. PPSs were conducted using a PCR-based screening method; specimens with a carbapenemase gene detected were cultured to identify the organisms. Infection control assessments focused on direct observations of hand hygiene (HH), environmental cleaning, and the sink splash zone. Thoroughness of environmental cleaning was evaluated using fluorescent markers applied to 6 standardized high-touch surfaces in at least 2 rooms per facility. Results: Overall, 21 (48%) SNFs in the 2-county region participated; 18 conducted PPS. Bed size ranged from 40 to 391, 5 (24%) facilities were ventilator-capable SNFs (vSNFs), and 12 had short-stay inpatient rehabilitation units. Of 1,338 residents approached, 649 agreed to rectal screening, and 14 (2.2%) carried CPOs. CPO-colonized residents were from the ventilator-capable units of 3 vSNFs (KPC-CRE=7; KPC-CRPA=1) and from short-stay units of 2 additional facilities (VIM-CRPA, n = 5; KPC-CRE, n = 1). Among the 5 facilities where CPO colonization was identified, the prevalence ranged from 1.1% in a short-stay unit to 16.1% in a ventilator unit. All facilities had access to soap and water in resident bathrooms; 14 (67%) had alcohol-based hand rubs accessible. Overall, mean facility HH adherence was 52% (range, 37%–66%; mean observations per facility = 106) (Fig. 1). We observed the use of non–EPA-registered disinfectants and cross contamination from dirty to clean areas during environmental cleaning; the overall surface cleaning rate was 46% (n = 178 rooms); only 1 room had all 6 markers removed. Resident supplies were frequently stored in the sink splash zone. Conclusions: A regional assessment conducted in response to emergence of VIM-CRPA identified a relatively low CPO prevalence at participating SNFs; CPOs were primarily identified in vSNFs and among short-stay residents. Across facilities, we observed low adherence to core infection control practices that could facilitate spread of CPOs and other resistant organisms. In this region, targeting ventilator and short-stay units of SNFs for surveillance and infection control efforts may have the greatest prevention impact.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
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Chan, June L., Elizabeth Nazarian, Kimberlee A. Musser, Monica Fung, Sarah B. Doernberg, Stephanie M. Pouch, Stephanie M. Pouch, et al. "918. Pilot Surveillance for Carbapenemase Gene-positive Organisms Among Hospitalized Solid Organ Transplant Recipients." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S493—S494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1106.
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Abstract Background Carbapenemase gene-positive organisms (CPOs) are associated with infections with high mortality rates and have the potential to facilitate epidemic spread of carbapenem resistance. Passive reporting to CDC identified CPOs among organ transplant recipients, potentially representing an emerging reservoir for spread. We aimed to determine the prevalence of CPOs in hospital units where solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients receive care in order to inform public health action to prevent transmission. Methods All healthcare facilities identified one medical unit where SOT recipients received inpatient care and conducted point prevalence surveys (PPS) of all consenting patients on 1-2 designated calendar days. We used the Cepheid Xpert® Carba-R assay to identify carbapenemase genes (blaKPC, blaNDM, blaVIM, blaIMP, blaOXA-48) from rectal swabs; carbapenemase-positive swabs were cultured for organisms. All laboratory testing was conducted at the Wadsworth Center, part of CDC’s Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory Network. Results Five participating hospitals performed nine PPS from September 2019 through June 2020. In total, 154 patients were screened and 92 (60%) were SOT recipients (Table). The most common transplanted organs were kidney (44, 48%) and liver (39, 42%). Carbapenemase genes were detected among 5 (5%) SOT recipients, all from a single healthcare facility; 4 (80%) were blaKPC and 1 (20%) was blaNDM. Of the positive specimens cultured, blaKPC was carried by Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC), Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Klebsiella oxytoca and blaNDM was carried by K. oxytoca; blaKPC was carried by both ECC and K. pneumoniae in a single individual. For SOT patients with CPOs, the median interval from transplantation to swab collection was 108 days (range: 12 to 323). CPOs were only detected in 1 (2%) of 62 non-transplant patients. TABLE Characteristics of Carbapenemase Gene-positive Organism (CPO) Pilot Surveillance Participants Conclusion Among participating facilities, most did not identify CPOs among patients admitted to transplant units. These findings represent a small number of patients and facilities; additional PPS in areas with varied CPO epidemiology are needed to understand whether SOT recipients should be routinely screened for CPOs. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Xu, Qi, Ziyu Chen, Borong Zhu, Gaorui Wang, Qi Jia, Yiming Li, and Xiaojun Wu. "A-Type Cinnamon Procyanidin Oligomers Protect Against 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine-Induced Neurotoxicity in Mice Through Inhibiting the P38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/P53/BCL-2 Associated X Protein Signaling Pathway." Journal of Nutrition 150, no. 7 (May 9, 2020): 1731–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa128.
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ABSTRACT Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. Cinnamon procyanidin oligomers (CPOs) are flavonoids with many claimed health benefits. Objective This study aimed to elucidate the neuroprotection of A-type CPOs (CPO-A) and the underlying mechanisms in cultured cell and animal models of PD. Methods Thirty male mice (C57BL/6, 9-wk old) were assigned to 3 groups (n = 10), and were given daily gavage of saline [control and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) groups] or CPO-A (150 mg/kg, CPO-A group) during days 1–15 and daily intraperitoneal injections of saline (control group) or MPTP (20 mg/kg; MPTP and MPTP + CPO-A groups) during days 11–15. After the motor behavior test, all mice were killed on day 16 to collect the substantia nigra (SN) for assaying the neuroprotective effects of CPO-A. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with 12.5 μM CPO-A for 2 h or 3 activators of stress-related kinases (5–25 μM) for 12–48 h followed by 1 mM 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) for assays of viability, morphology, and stress status. Results Compared with the control, the MPTP treatment decreased (P < 0.05) locomotor activity by 21%, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons by 55% and Th mRNA concentration by 51% in the SN. The CPO-A treatment attenuated or restored (P < 0.05) these changes and inhibited (P < 0.05) the MPTP-induced activation of P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38MAPK) and P53, along with the downstream expression of BCL-2 associated X protein (BAX) in the SN. In SH-SY5Y cells, the CPO-A treatment blocked (P < 0.01) the MPP+-induced accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and neurotoxicity. However, this protection was abolished (P < 0.05) by activators of the P38MAPK/P53/BAX pathway. Conclusion CPO-A protected against MPP+-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells and MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in mice by regulating the P38MAPK/P53/BAX signaling. Our findings reveal a novel role and mechanism of a food flavonoid CPO-A in preventing neurodegeneration.
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Meer, Cary, and Lawrence B. Patent. "CFTC clarifies and expands relief relating to delegation of commodity pool operator responsibilities." Journal of Investment Compliance 16, no. 1 (May 5, 2015): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-01-2015-0011.
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Purpose – To explain CFTC No-Action Letter 14-126, issued on October 15, 2014 by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission Division of Swap Dealer and Intermediary Oversight, which sets forth a number of conditions with which a commodity pool operator (“CPO”) that delegates its CPO responsibilities (“Delegating CPO”) to a registered CPO (“Designated CPO”) must comply in order to take advantage of no-action relief from the requirement to register as a CPO. Design/methodology/approach – Explains the modified conditions provided by Letter 14-126, including clarification of the permissible activities in which a Delegating CPO seeking to take advantage of registration no-action relief may engage regarding investment management, solicitation, and management of pool property; lists other criteria carried over from Letter 14-69 of May 12, 2014; provides analysis and discusses limitations of the relief provided by the CFTC No-Action letter. Findings – The letter makes more liberal several of the conditions set forth in CFTC Letter 14-69 of May 12, 2014, with which many Delegating CPOs could not comply. Originality/value – Practical guidance from experienced financial services lawyers.
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Lutz, Franz, David J. Prior, Holly Still, M. Hamish Bowman, Bia Boucinhas, Lisa Craw, Sheng Fan, et al. "Ultrasonic and seismic constraints on crystallographic preferred orientations of the Priestley Glacier shear margin, Antarctica." Cryosphere 16, no. 8 (August 24, 2022): 3313–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3313-2022.
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Abstract. Crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs) are particularly important in controlling the mechanical properties of glacial shear margins. Logistical and safety considerations often make direct sampling of shear margins difficult, and geophysical measurements are commonly used to constrain the CPOs. We present here the first direct comparison of seismic and ultrasonic data with measured CPOs in a polar shear margin. The measured CPO from ice samples from a 58 m deep borehole in the left lateral shear margin of the Priestley Glacier, Antarctica, is dominated by horizontal c axes aligned sub-perpendicularly to flow. A vertical-seismic-profile experiment with hammer shots up to 50 m away from the borehole, in four different azimuthal directions, shows velocity anisotropy of both P waves and S waves. Matching P-wave data to the anisotropy corresponding to CPO models defined by horizontally aligned c axes gives two possible solutions for the c-axis azimuth, one of which matches the c-axis measurements. If both P-wave and S-wave data are used, there is one best fit for the azimuth and intensity of c-axis alignment that matches the measurements well. Azimuthal P-wave and S-wave ultrasonic data recorded in the laboratory on the ice core show clear anisotropy of P-wave and S-wave velocities in the horizontal plane that match that predicted from the CPO of the samples. With quality data, azimuthal increments of 30∘ or less will constrain well the orientation and intensity of c-axis alignment. Our experiments provide a good framework for planning seismic surveys aimed at constraining the anisotropy of shear margins.
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Zhang, Anru, Xiaojuan Wang, Xinyue Liang, Chaoe Zhou, Qi Wang, Jiangang Zhang, and Hui Wang. "Performance Evaluation of Diagnostic Assays for Detection and Classification of Carbapenemase-Producing Organisms." Antibiotics 10, no. 12 (November 26, 2021): 1457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10121457.
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Rapid and accurate detection can help optimize patient treatment and improve infection control against nosocomial carbapenemase-producing organisms (CPO). In this study, a total of 217 routine clinical isolates (Enterobacterales and A. baumannii), including 178 CPOs and 39 non-CPOs, were tested to evaluate the performance of six phenotypic carbapenemase detection and classification assays, i.e., BD Phoenix CPO detect panel, Rapidec Carba-NP, O.K.N detection kit, and three carbapenem inactivation methods (CIMs; mCIM, eCIM, sCIM). The overall detection sensitivity and specificity were 98.78% (95.21–99.79%) and 79.49% (63.06–90.13%), respectively, for the BD phoenix CPO P/N test; 91.93% (86.30–95.45%) and 100% (88.83–100%), respectively, for the Rapidec Carba-NP; 98.06% (94.00–99.50%) and 97.44% (84.92–99.87%), respectively, for mCIM; and 96.89% (92.52–98.85%) and 94.87% (81.37–99.11%), respectively, for sCIM. The classification sensitivity and specificity for the BD phoenix CPO Ambler test, the O.K.N detection kit, and the mCIM and eCIM were 56.71% (48.75–64.34%) and 94.87% (81.37–99.11%), 99.28% (95.43–99.96%) and 100% (88.83–100%), and 92.90% (87.35–96.23%) and 97.44% (84.92–99.87%), respectively. All detection assays were reliable in detecting carbapenemase. However, the Rapidec Carba-NP and mCIM were insufficient in detecting OXA-48-like enzymes. The BD phoenix CPO detect panel had a strong ability to detect carbapenemase but failed to classify 48/59 (81.36%) KPC, 8/52 (15.38%) NDM, 8/22 (36.36%) OXA-23-like, and 6/11 (54.55%) dual enzymes. The O.K.N detection kit accurately detected and differentiated KPC, NDM, and OXA-48-like enzymes existing alone or in combination. The results of this study will support reliable laboratory work tools and promote therapeutic and infection control decisions.
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Xu, Qi, Ziyu Chen, Borong Zhu, Yiming Li, Manju B. Reddy, Huilin Liu, Guodong Dang, Qi Jia, and Xiaojun Wu. "Neuroprotective Effects of B-Type Cinnamon Procyanidin Oligomers on MPP+-Induced Apoptosis in a Cell Culture Model of Parkinson’s Disease." Molecules 26, no. 21 (October 24, 2021): 6422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216422.
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Cinnamon procyanidin oligomers (CPOs) are water-soluble components extracted from cinnamon. This study aims to explore the neuroprotection of B-type CPO (CPO-B) against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-mediated cytotoxicity and the molecular mechanisms underlying its protection. The results demonstrated that CPO-B showed protection by increasing cell viability, attenuating an intracellular level of reactive oxygen species, downregulating cleaved caspase-3 expression, and upregulating the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Moreover, CPO-B completely blocked the dephosphorylation of extracellular, signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (Erk1/2) caused by MPP+. Treatment with an Erk1/2 inhibitor, SCH772984, significantly abolished the neuroprotection of CPO-B against MPP+. Taken together, we demonstrate that CPO-B from cinnamon bark provided protection against MPP+ in cultured SH-SY5Y cells, and the potential mechanisms may be attributed to its ability to modulate the dysregulation between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins through the Erk1/2 signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that the addition of cinnamon to food or supplements might benefit patients with PD.
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Buchhaupt, Markus, Sonja Hüttmann, Christian Carsten Sachs, Sebastian Bormann, Achim Hannappel, and Jens Schrader. "Caldariomyces fumago DSM1256 Contains Two Chloroperoxidase Genes, Both Encoding Secreted and Active Enzymes." Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 25, no. 4 (2015): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000375123.
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Inspection of transcriptome data from the chloroperoxidase (CPO)-producing fungus <i>Caldariomyces fumago</i> DSM1256 led to the discovery of two distinct <i>CPO</i> mRNA sequences. This strain could be shown to contain the newly identified isogene as well as produce and secrete both isoenzymes. The CPO2 enzyme bears high sequence similarity to the well-characterized CPO (87% identity for the mature proteins). It shows two insertions in the signal peptide and in the C-terminal propeptide, and one deletion in the mature polypeptide close to the C-terminus. Furthermore, it lacks one of the serine residues known to be O-glycosylated in the CPO sequence. The demonstration of a <i>CPO</i> isogene which is expressed as a secreted and active CPO clarifies the nature of this isoenzyme already identified in earlier reports. A structure model comparison shows a high conservation of the active site and the substrate channel, suggesting very similar catalytic properties.
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Walblay, Kelly, Tristan McPherson, Elissa Roop, David Soglin, Ann Valley, Latania Logan, Snigdha Vallabhaneni, Stephanie Black, and Massimo Pacilli. "Candida auris and Carbapenemase-Producing Organism Prevalence in an Extended Stay Pediatric Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, 2019." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s145—s146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.662.
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Background:Candida auris and carbapenemase-producing organisms (CPO) are multidrug-resistant organisms that can colonize people for prolonged periods and can cause invasive infections and spread in healthcare settings, particularly in high-acuity long-term care facilities. Point-prevalence surveys (PPSs) conducted in long-term acute-care hospitals in the Chicago region identified median prevalence of colonization to be 31% for C. auris and 24% for CPO. Prevalence of C. auris colonization has not been described in pediatric populations in the United States, and limited data exist on CPO colonization in children outside intensive care units. The Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) conducted a PPS to assess C. auris and CPO colonization in a pediatric hospital serving high-acuity patients with extended lengths of stay (LOS). Methods: CDPH conducted a PPS in August 2019 in a pediatric hospital with extended LOS to screen for C. auris and CPO colonization. Medical devices (ie, gastrostomy tubes, tracheostomies, mechanical ventilators, and central venous catheters [CVC]) and LOS were documented. Screening specimens consisted of composite bilateral axillae and groin swabs for C. auris and rectal swabs for CPO testing. The Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene tested all specimens. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were used to detect C. auris DNA and carbapenemase genes: blaKPC, blaNDM, blaVIM, blaOXA-48, and blaIMP (Xpert Carba-R Assay, Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA). All axillae and groin swabs were processed by PCR and culture to identify C. auris. For CPO, culture was only performed on PCR-positive specimens. Results: Of the 29 patients hospitalized, 26 (90%) had gastrostomy tubes, 24 (83%) had tracheostomies, 20 (69%) required mechanical ventilation, and 3 (10%) had CVCs. Also, 25 (86%) were screened for C. auris and CPO; 4 (14%) lacked parental consent and were not swabbed. Two rectal specimens were unsatisfactory, producing invalid CPO test results. Median LOS was 35 days (range, 1–300 days). No patients were positive for C. auris. From CPO screening, blaOXA-48 was detected in 1 patient sample, yielding a CPO prevalence of 3.4% (1 of 29). No organism was recovered from the blaOXA-48 positive specimen. Conclusions: This is the first documented screening of C. auris colonization in a pediatric hospital with extended LOS. Despite a high prevalence of C. auris and CPOs in adult healthcare settings of similar acuity in the region, C. auris was not identified and CPOs were rare at this pediatric facility. Additional evaluations in pediatric hospitals should be conducted to further understand C. auris and CPO prevalence in this population.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
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Satsukawa, T., B. Ildefonse, D. Mainprice, L. F. G. Morales, K. Michibayashi, and F. Barou. "A database of plagioclase crystal preferred orientations (CPO) and microstructures – implications for CPO origin, strength, symmetry and seismic anisotropy." Solid Earth Discussions 5, no. 2 (August 14, 2013): 1191–257. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-5-1191-2013.
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Abstract. This study presents a unique database of 170 plagioclase Crystallographic Preferred Orientations (CPO) of variously deformed gabbroic rocks. The CPO characteristics as a function of the deformation regime (magmatic or crystal-plastic) are outlined and discussed. The studied samples are dominantly from slow- and fast-spread present-day ocean crust, as well as from the Oman ophiolite. Plagioclase is the dominant mineral phase in the studied samples. Plagioclase CPOs are grouped in three main categories: Axial-B, a strong point alignment of (010) with a girdle distribution of [100]; Axial-A, a strong point maximum concentration of [100] with parallel girdle distributions of (010) and (001); and P-type, point maxima of [100], (010), and (001). A majority of CPO patterns are Axial-B and P-type, in samples showing either magmatic or crystal-plastic deformation textures. Axial-A CPOs are less common; they represent 21% of the samples deformed by crystal-plastic flow. Although fabric strength (ODF J-index) does not show any consistent variation as a function of the CPO patterns, there is a significant difference in the relationship between the ODF and pole figures J-indices; the magmatic type microstructures have high (010) pole figures J-indices, which increase linearly with ODF J-index, whereas the high [100] pole figures J-indices of plastically deformed samples vary in a more scattered manner with ODF J-index. The multistage nature of plastic deformation superposed on a magmatic structure compared with magmatic flow, and the large number of possible slip-systems in plagioclase probably account for these differences. Calculated seismic properties (P wave and S wave velocities and anisotropies) of plagioclase aggregates show that anisotropy (up to 12% for P wave and 14% for S wave) tends to increase as a function of ODF J-index. In comparison with the olivine 1998 CPO database, the magnitude of P wave anisotropy for a given J-index is much less than olivine, whereas it is similar for S wave anisotropy. Despite a large variation of fabric patterns and geodynamic setting, seismic properties of plagioclase-rich rocks have similar magnitudes of anisotropy. There is a small difference in the aggregate elastic symmetry, with magmatic microstructures having higher orthorhombic and hexagonal components, whereas plastic deformation microstructures have a slightly higher monoclinic component, possibly correlated with predominant monoclinic simple shear flow in plastically-deformed samples. Overall, plots for CPO strength (ODF J-index), pole figure strength, CPO symmetry and seismic anisotropy show significant scattering. This could be related to sampling statistics, although our database is a factor of ten higher than the olivine database of 1998, or it could be related to the low symmetry (triclinic) structure of plagioclase resulting in the addition of degrees of freedom in the processes creating the CPOs.
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Satsukawa, T., B. Ildefonse, D. Mainprice, L. F. G. Morales, K. Michibayashi, and F. Barou. "A database of plagioclase crystal preferred orientations (CPO) and microstructures – implications for CPO origin, strength, symmetry and seismic anisotropy in gabbroic rocks." Solid Earth 4, no. 2 (December 18, 2013): 511–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-4-511-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. This study presents a unique database of 172 plagioclase Crystallographic Preferred Orientations (CPO) of variously deformed gabbroic rocks. The CPO characteristics as a function of the deformation regime (magmatic or crystal-plastic) are outlined and discussed. The studied samples are dominantly from slow- and fast-spread present-day ocean crust, as well as from the Oman ophiolite. Plagioclase is the dominant mineral phase in the studied samples. Plagioclase CPOs are grouped into three main categories: Axial-B, a strong point alignment of (010) with a girdle distribution of [100]; Axial-A, a strong point maximum concentration of [100] with parallel girdle distributions of (010) and (001); and P-type, point maxima of [100], (010), and (001). A majority of CPO patterns are Axial-B and P-type, in samples showing either magmatic or crystal-plastic deformation textures. Axial-A CPOs are less common; they represent 21% of the samples deformed by crystal-plastic flow. Although fabric strength (ODF J index) does not show any consistent variation as a function of the CPO patterns, there is a significant difference in the relationship between the ODF and pole figures J indices; the magmatic type microstructures have high (010) pole figures J indices, which increase linearly with ODF J index, whereas the high [100] pole figures J indices of plastically deformed samples vary in a more scattered manner with ODF J index. The multistage nature of plastic deformation superposed on a magmatic structure compared with magmatic flow, and the large number of possible slip-systems in plagioclase probably account for these differences. Calculated seismic properties (P wave and S wave velocities and anisotropies) of plagioclase aggregates show that anisotropy (up to 12% for P wave and 14% for S wave) tends to increase as a function of ODF J index. In comparison with the olivine 1998 CPO database, the magnitude of P wave anisotropy for a given J index is much less than olivine, whereas it is similar for S wave anisotropy. Despite a large variation of fabric patterns and geodynamic setting, seismic properties of plagioclase-rich rocks have similar magnitudes of anisotropy. There is a small difference in the aggregate elastic symmetry, with magmatic microstructures having higher orthorhombic and hexagonal components, whereas plastic deformation microstructures have a slightly higher monoclinic component, possibly correlated with predominant monoclinic simple shear flow in plastically deformed samples. Overall, plots for CPO strength (ODF J index), pole figure strength, CPO symmetry and seismic anisotropy show significant scattering. This could be related to sampling statistics, although our database is a factor of ten higher than the olivine database of 1998, or it could be related to the low symmetry (triclinic) structure of plagioclase resulting in the addition of degrees of freedom in the processes creating the CPOs.
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Monz, Morgan E., Peter J. Hudleston, David J. Prior, Zachary Michels, Sheng Fan, Marianne Negrini, Pat J. Langhorne, and Chao Qi. "Full crystallographic orientation (<i>c</i> and <i>a</i> axes) of warm, coarse-grained ice in a shear-dominated setting: a case study, Storglaciären, Sweden." Cryosphere 15, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 303–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-303-2021.
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Abstract. Microstructures provide key insights into understanding the mechanical behavior of ice. Crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) develops during plastic deformation as ice deforms dominantly by dislocation glide on the basal plane, modified and often intensified by dynamic recrystallization. CPO patterns in fine-grained ice have been relatively well characterized and understood in experiments and nature, whereas CPO patterns in “warm” (T>-10∘C), coarse-grained, natural ice remain enigmatic. Previous microstructural studies of coarse-grained ice have been limited to c-axis orientations using light optical measurements. We present the first study of a axes as well as c axes in such ice by application of cryo-electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and do so in a shear-dominated setting. We have done this by developing a new sample preparation technique of constructing composite sections, to allow us to use EBSD to obtain a representative, bulk CPO on coarse-grained ice. We draw attention to the well-known issue of interlocking grains of complex shape and suggest that a grain sampling bias of large, branching crystals that appear multiple times as island grains in thin sections may result in the typical multimaxima CPOs previously identified in warm, coarse-grained ice that has been subjected to prolonged shear. CPOs combined from multiple samples of highly sheared ice from Storglaciären provide a more comprehensive picture of the microstructure and yield a pronounced cluster of c axes sub-normal to the shear plane and elongate or split in a plane normal to the shear direction as well as a concomitant girdle of a axes parallel to the shear plane with a maximum perpendicular to the shear direction. This pattern compares well with patterns produced by subsampling datasets from ice sheared in laboratory experiments at high homologous temperatures up to strains of ∼1.5. Shear strains in the margin of Storglaciären are much higher than those in experimental work. At much lower natural strain rates, dynamic recrystallization, particularly grain boundary migration, may have been more effective so that the CPO represents a small, final fraction of the shear history. A key result of this study is that multimaxima CPOs in coarse-grained ice reported in previous work may be due to limited sample sizes and a sampling bias related to the presence of island grains of a single host that appear several times in a thin section.
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Anderson, Karen, Maria Karlsson, Sandra Boyd, Natashia Reese, Uzma Ansari, Davina Campbell, Amelia Bhatnagar, et al. "New Approaches to Colonization Screening in Response to Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.933.
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Background: The capacity to monitor the emergence of carbapenemase-producing organisms (CPO) is critical in limiting transmission. CPO-colonized patients can be identified by screening rectal specimens for carbapenemase genes and the Cepheid GeneXpert Carba-R (XCR), the only FDA-approved test, is limited to 5 carbapenemase genes and cannot identify the bacterial species. Objective: We describe the development and validation of culture-based methods for the detection of CPO in rectal cultures (RCs) and nonrectal cultures (NRCs) of tracheal aspirate and axilla-groin swabs. Methods: Colonization screening was performed at 3 US healthcare facilities; specimens of RC swabs and NRC ESwabs were collected. Each specimen was inoculated to a MacConkey broth enrichment tube for overnight incubation then were subcultured to MacConkey agar with meropenem and ertapenem 10 µg disks (BEMA) and CHROMagar KPC (KCHR) or CHROMagar Acinetobacter (ACHR). All media were evaluated for the presence of carbapenem-resistant organisms; suspect colonies were screened by real-time PCR for the most common carbapenemase genes. MALDI-TOF was performed for species identification. BEMA, a previously validated method, was the comparator for 52 RCs; clinical culture (CC) served as the comparator method for 66 NRCs. Select CPO-positive and -negative specimens underwent reproducibility testing. Results: Among 56 patients undergoing colonization screening, 12 (21%) carried a CPO. Only 1 patient had CPO solely from RC. Also, 6 patients had both CPO-positive RC and NRC, and 5 patients only had a CPO-positive NRC. Of the latter, 4 had a CPO-positive tracheal specimen, and 1 had a positive culture from both tracheal and axilla-groin specimens. Sensitivity of BEMA (70%) for NRC was lower than for KCHR (96%) and ACHR (88 %) for all specimens. All methods showed a specificity of 100% and reproducibility of 92%. The detected CPO included OXA-23–positive Acinetobacter baumannii, NDM-positive Escherichia coli, KPC-positive Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 4 genera of KPC-positive Enterobacteriaceae. Conclusions:The addition of nonrectal specimens and use of selective media contributed to increased sensitivity and enhanced identification of CPO-colonized patients. Positive cultures were equally distributed among the 3 specimen types. The addition of the nonrectal specimens resulted in the identification of more colonized patients. The culture-based method was successful in detecting an array of different CPOs and target genes, including genes not detected by the Carba-R assay (eg, blaOXA-23-like). Enhanced isolation and characterization of CPOs will be key in aiding epidemiologic investigations and strengthening targeted guidance for containment strategies.Funding: NoneDisclosures: We discuss the drug combination aztreonam-avibactam and acknowledge that this drug combination is not currently FDA approved.