Dissertations / Theses: 'Cpet, metabolic syndrome, exercise'

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PASSONI, ELISABETTA ANGELA. "Prevention-treatment of metabolic syndrome based on CPET (cardio-pulmonary exercise test)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/46813.

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We plan to evaluate (study period estimated in 6 months), the positive effects (decreased body weight, increased aerobic work capacity, changes in blood chemistry parameters, any change in drug therapy), of personalized physical training developed on the basis of metabolic parameter derived from a CPET. The index we propose to use for a correct prescription of exercise is the anaerobic threshold that represents the maximum aerobic potential of a subject.

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Mestek, Michael Louis. "The effects of sccumulated and continuous bouts of aerobic exercise and differing levels of exercise intensity on postprandial lipemia." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Spring%20Dissertations/MESTEK_MICHAEL_10.pdf.

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Stuart, Charles A., Mark A. South, Michelle L. Lee, Melanie P. McCurry, Mary E. A. Howell, Michael W. Ramsey, and Michael H. Stone. "Insulin Responsiveness in Metabolic Syndrome after Eight Weeks of Cycle Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4122.

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Introduction Insulin resistance in obesity is decreased after successful diet and exercise. Aerobic exercise training alone was evaluated as an intervention in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Methods Eighteen nondiabetic, sedentary subjects, 11 with the metabolic syndrome, participated in 8 wk of increasing intensity stationary cycle training. Results Cycle training without weight loss did not change insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome subjects or sedentary control subjects. Maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2max), activated muscle AMP-dependent kinase, and muscle mitochondrial marker ATP synthase all increased. Strength, lean body mass, and fat mass did not change. The activated mammalian target of rapamycin was not different after training. Training induced a shift in muscle fiber composition in both groups but in opposite directions. The proportion of type 2x fibers decreased with a concomitant increase in type 2a mixed fibers in the control subjects, but in metabolic syndrome, type 2x fiber proportion increased and type 1 fibers decreased. Muscle fiber diameters increased in all three fiber types in metabolic syndrome subjects. Muscle insulin receptor expression increased in both groups, and GLUT4 expression increased in the metabolic syndrome subjects. The excess phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) at Ser337 in metabolic syndrome muscle tended to increase further after training in spite of a decrease in total IRS-1. Conclusions In the absence of weight loss, the cycle training of metabolic syndrome subjects resulted in enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and increased the expression of insulin receptors and GLUT4 in muscle but did not decrease the insulin resistance. The failure for the insulin signal to proceed past IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation may be related to excess serine phosphorylation at IRS-1 Ser337, and this is not ameliorated by 8 wk of endurance exercise training.

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Taylor, Carmen L. "The effects of varying exercise volumes on the metabolic syndrome in women." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1273273.

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This study examined the trend of varying volumes of exercise on the risk factors embodying the metabolic syndrome in sedentary women (n=21, 49.2 ± 5.7 years). The following measurements: waist and hip circumference, weight, height, resting blood pressure, body composition, fasting levels of blood glucose, lipids, and insulin, peak V02 and treadmill time were measured at baseline and upon the completion of the study. Women were randomly assigned to one of three energy expenditure groups: 600 kcals/week (n=6), 800 kcals/week (n=8) or 1000 kcals/week (n=7). They were instructed to perform cardiovascular exercise three times a week for three months in a moderate exercise-training program with no modifications in their diet. The results revealed few significant changes in the risk factors embodying the metabolic syndrome. Nevertheless, these volumes of exercise were adequate in reducing at least one metabolic disorder in nearly half (48%) of our subject population. This impact of exercise on metabolic syndrome risk factors was clinically important because as metabolic disorders decreased so did the mortality risk from cardiovascular and coronary disease within these women.
School of Physical Education

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Kirby, Ricky McCoy. "Effects of Dietary and Exercise Interventions On The Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome." UNF Digital Commons, 2009. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/200.

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Metabolic syndrome is a serious health problem in the United States. The presence of metabolic syndrome significantly increases the risk of developing type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease by producing a prothrombic state. The prothrombic state that results from the clustering of several independent cardiovascular risk factors within one individual increases the risk of micro and macro vascular changes and eventually to end organ damage. There is considerable evidence to support the serious nature of this medical condition. Medications used to treat the hypertension, diabetic, and dyslipidemia components of metabolic syndrome can be a significant drain on the monthly budget of individuals and families, especially if they do not have health insurance. Diet and exercise programs have been shown to be effective in reducing adiposity and decreasing insulin resistance. These changes in lifestyle may be adjuncts or a low cost alternative to expensive medications for some individuals. The purpose of this project was to identify the effect of an intensive dietary and exercise program on patients with metabolic syndrome. This study even with a small sample size (n = 5) showed that waist size, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and high density lipoprotein levels were trending towards levels that would remove the patient from the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. The greatest benefit for the general population would result from intervention prior to a diagnosis of hypertension and diabetes and with medication naïve individuals. Early intervention would decrease the cost of medical treatment and hospitalizations.

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Frappier, Alexandrine. "The Metabolic Syndrome and the Effects of Different Types of Exercise Modalities in Adolescents with Obesity: a HEARTY Study." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31970.

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Purpose: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including high waist circumference and blood pressure, elevated triglyceride, glucose, and, insulin concentrations and low high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. The prevalence of MetS in overweight and obese adolescents ranges from 10 to 66% depending of the definition used and the population studied. Obese adolescents are more prone to have MetS, highlighting the necessity of designing effective none pharmacological interventions targeting the specific needs of adolescents and to improve the management of the metabolic syndrome. Objectives: The objectives of this thesis were first, to perform a secondary data analysis of the Healthy Eating Aerobic and Resistance Training in Youth (HEARTY) trial to determine the effects of different modalities of exercise training on the prevalence of the MetS and second, to do a critical analysis of the literature surrounding the MetS concept and diagnostic for the pediatric population. Methods: Among the 304 participants of the HEARTY trial, 65 (21%) participants were classified as having MetS by the International Diabetes Federation. Measures of waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting plasma concentrations of lipids, glucose and insulin and prevalence of MetS were compared to baseline and post-6 months intervention (Aerobic training, Resistance training, Combined aerobic and resistance training and Control). Results: There were no significant changes in the prevalence of MetS within and between Aerobic, Resistance, Combined aerobic and resistance and Control groups after the 6-month intervention. However, significant improvements in MetS parameters were observed from baseline to post-intervention within groups. Aerobic and Resistance training alone significantly decreased waist circumference and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Combined aerobic and resistance significantly decreased triglyceride concentrations and increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations whereas Control significantly decreased systolic blood pressure and insulin levels. Conclusions: Exercise, regardless of the modality, and diet counseling were not statistically effective for reducing the prevalence of MetS but did improve some of the independent MetS parameters. The absence of statistical difference in the prevalence of the MetS may be due to a lack of statistical power. Moreover, the critical analysis of the MetS literature bring us to conclude that the first step towards a standard definition of MetS for the adolescent population is to define the true clinical purpose of a MetS diagnostic in the pediatric population.

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South, Mark A., Andrew S. Layne, N. Travis Triplett, William A. Sands, Satoshi Mizuguchi, W. Guy Hornsby, Ashley Kavanaugh, and Michael H. Stone. "Effects of Short‐Term Free‐Weight and Semi‐block Periodization Resistance Training on Metabolic Syndrome." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5094.

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The effects of short-term resistance training on performance and health variables associated with prolonged sedentary lifestyle and metabolic syndrome (MS) were investigated. Resistance training may alter a number of health-related, physiological, and performance variables. As a result, resistance training can be used as a valuable tool in ameliorating the effects of a sedentary lifestyle including those associated with MS. Nineteen previously sedentary subjects (10 with MS and 9 with nonmetabolic syndrome [NMS]) underwent 8 weeks of supervised resistance training. Maximum strength was measured using an isometric midthigh pull and resulting force-time curve. Vertical jump height (JH) and power were measured using a force plate. The muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and type were examined using muscle biopsy and standard analysis techniques. Aerobic power was measured on a cycle ergometer using a ParvoMedics 2400 Metabolic system. Endurance was measured as time to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. After training, maximum isometric strength, JH, jump power, and V_ O2peak increased by approximately 10% (or more) in both the metabolic and NMS groups (both male and female subjects). Over 8 weeks of training, body mass did not change statistically, but percent body fat decreased in subjects with the MS and in women, and lean body mass increased in all groups (p # 0.05). Few alterations were noted in the fiber type. Men had larger CSAs compared those of with women, and there was a fiber-specific trend toward hypertrophy over time. In summary, 8 weeks of semiblock free-weight resistance training improved several performance variables and some cardiovascular factors associated with MS

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Dunn, Sarah Louise Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Effects of exercise and dietary intervention on metabolic syndrome markers of inactive premenopausal women." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Medical Sciences, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43914.

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The effects of exercise and dietary intervention on metabolic syndrome (Mets) markers of inactive premenopausal women were investigated. In Study I, early markers of MetS were examined in young, (21.2 ?? 0.3 years), healthy but unfit women (N = 66) consuming a processed food diet. A second aim was to examine the relationship between ethnic influences (European versus Chinese) and early markers of MetS (e.g., hyperinsulinemia). Study II compared the hormonal and metabolic responses to steady state exercise (SSE) and high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in untrained young women (N = 18, 21.7 ?? 0.8 years). Women were further divided into high and low fasting insulin levels to determine if hyperinsulinemia influenced hormonal and metabolic response to SSE and HIIE. Study III examined the hormonal and metabolic response to a randomized controlled intervention named the Fish oil, Exercise and Mediterranean diet (FEM) trial. The FEM trial was conducted with overweight, inactive young (23.5 ?? 0.6 years) women (N = 56) for 12 weeks. Characteristics of a subset of women (N = 34, 23.5 ?? 0.7 years) in the FEM trial, non-responders (NRES), who did not lose weight (??? 1% loss in mass), were also examined. Metabolic profiles were developed based on body composition, aerobic fitness, blood markers, diet, resting metabolic rate, medical history, blood pressure, and autonomic function. Body composition was measured by skinfolds and girths, bioimpedance (Tanita, Japan), and Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry. Peak oxygen uptake was assessed using an open circuit spirometer, TrueMax 2400 Metabolic Cart. Venepuncture and cannulation techniques were used for collecting blood samples that were also centrifuged and frozen for later analysis. In Study I young women who were physically unfit and consumed a processed food diet possessed high levels of fasting insulin, HOMA-IR (an insulin resistance index), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Insulin, p < .001, and HOMA-IR, p < .05, were significantly greater in Chinese Australians compared to European Australians, whereas plasma CRP levels were significantly, p < .05, lower. Significant differences, p < .05, existed between the groups with the Chinese Australians possessing lower body composition indices. However, ethnic differences still existed for insulin, HOMA-IR, and CRP after adjusting for body composition. Both groups consumed significantly high protein relative to their body mass. Thus, it appears that hyperinsulinemia is one of the earliest markers of MetS in young inactive females of both European and Asian descent who are unfit and consume a high level of dietary protein. In Study II, HIIE compared to SSE proved to be more effective at preventing an increase in insulin levels in the two hours after exercise. Resting respiratory quotient (RQ) was significantly lower, p < .05, following both HIIE and SSE, whereas plasma glycerol levels were higher, p = .06, suggesting greater lipolysis following HIIE. The women were divided by baseline fasting plasma insulin (> 9.98 ??IU/ml) into high insulin (HI) and low insulin groups (LI). The fasting plasma human growth hormone levels of the HI women were significantly lower at baseline compared to that of LI women. Baseline RQ was correlated with baseline glycerol, r = - .54, p < .05. Insulin levels at one hour post HIIE was related to fasting plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) one hour post exercise, r = .52, p < .05. Fasting plasma leptin at one, r = .56, p < .05, and two, r = .53, p < .05, hours post exercise was associated with 2 hour post insulin levels. Interestingly, fasting ACTH was significantly elevated in the 2 hours post exercise in the HI women compared to LI. All diet data between the groups were similar and lipids were in the healthy range with no significant differences between the women possessing high or low fasting plasma insulin. Thus, young women who completed one session of short duration HIIE compared to SSE improved certain aspects of their metabolic profile (e.g., reduced insulin levels) and enhanced their fat oxidation in the immediate two-hour exercise recovery period. Following FEM (a 12-week multi-component lifestyle intervention) overweight women recorded significantly lower, p < .05, body composition (mass, fat mass, percent body fat, waist circumference), insulin, inflammation (CRP), blood pressure, and lipids. The improvements within the Mediterranean diet (Mediet) were related to the reductions in body weight, fat mass, and insulin. Consumption of saturated fats, legumes, meat, poultry, and egg were also significantly decreased, p < .05, following the trial. Adherence to the Mediet and fish oil consumption, measured through a Mediet score, was significantly increased, p < .001, and was associated with reduced levels of fat mass, r = .43, p < .05. Autonomic function (measured by power frequency analysis), aerobic fitness, and fat oxidation were all significantly, p < .05, enhanced. Therefore, an intervention incorporating fish oil consumption, HIIE, and Mediet significantly reduced body fat, fasting insulin, inflammatory markers, and some blood lipids. Interestingly, some women did not lose fat mass following the FEM intervention, despite experiencing significant reductions in insulin, inflammation, waist circumference, blood pressure, and an increase in aerobic power. The major differences between those women who lost fat and those that did not was that the non-responders possessed significantly lower, p < .05, systolic blood pressure, lower resting heart rate, and a higher resting RQ. In summary, in Study I, young, unfit women consuming a processed diet, demonstrated hyperinsulinemia and low grade inflammation. The high levels of fasting insulin suggest that these women are at a higher risk for developing MetS and type 2 diabetes. The results of Study II suggests that one bout of HIIE compared to a longer bout of SSE was more effective at preventing a rise in post-exercise insulin levels. Finally, results of Study III indicate that a 12-week lifestyle intervention, encompassing HIIE, fish oil ingestion, and a Mediet positively influenced early MetS markers (e.g., hyperinsulinemia), aerobic and anaerobic fitness, low grade inflammation, and body composition in young women.

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Ho, Thanh C. "Metabolic and biochemical responses during sustained forearm exercise in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome /." Title page and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbh678.pdf.

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Thesis (B. Sc.(Hons.))--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physiology, 1998?
Spine title: Metabolic responses during exercise in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 14-16).

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Guo, Qianyu. "Skeletal muscle JNK activity after acute resistive exercise in elder adults with T2D: Metabolic and clinical correlates." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/7207.

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Objective This study describes the results of the baseline sub-study of a randomized double-blind, sham-exercise controlled trial designed to assess the efficacy of power training in older adults with type 2 diabetes. The primary purpose of this sub-study was to define the state of total and activated JNK in skeletal muscle which had been exposed to an acute resistive bout of exercise. In addition, metabolic and clinical characteristics were investigated in an attempt to explain the variance and the metabolic relevance of the JNK expression (total JNK, tJNK) and activation (ratio of phosphorylated/total JNK, p/tJNK) observed. We hypothsized that greater JNK expression and activation would be related to impaired health status, chronic inflammation, metabolic disturbance and insulin resistance in our cohort. We hypothsized that greater JNK expression and activation would be related to impaired health status (decreasing habitual exercise amount and burdens of diseases), chronic inflammation (increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreasing anti-inflammatory cytokines), metabolic disturbance (disturbance of blood glucose and lipid regulation) and insulin resistance in our cohort. Methods Our cohort consisted of sedentary adults over 60 years of age with type 2 diabetes. The study recruited 103 participants from Aug 2006 to Dec 2009. Since the 50th participant completed theirassessments in Apr 2009 and this thesis was to be submitted in Aug 2010, it only included analysis of baseline data from the first 50 participants which were available at the time of submission. Insulin resistance was measured by homeostasis model assessment 2 (HOMA 2) computerized model; body composition was measured by computed tomography (CT) scan, bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) and anthropometrics; glucose, insulin and serum cytokines (adiponectin, c-reactive protein (CRP) were measured by serum assays, factors related to the insulin signalling pathway obtained from skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies (Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), Tumour Necrosis Factor-α (TNFα), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Heat Shock Protein 72 (HSP72), phospho-Jun N-terminal Kinase (pJNK) and total JNK (tJNK) in muscle, and Adiponetin, TNFα, IL-6 in adipose tissue) were measured by cytokine assays and Western Blot. The secondary outcomes, including health status, medications, physical performance and quality of life, were assessed by validated questionnaires. Results 35 of the 50 subjects had baseline measures of skeletal muscle JNK. As hypothesized, higher JNK was related or had the tendency to related to potentially poorer health status: number of medications/day(r=0.304, 0.081) and lower habitual physical activity (r=-0.333, p=0.055). Similarly, the relationships we found between total and activated JNK and anti-inflammatory/metabolic factors supported our hypotheses: higher tJNK was related to lower serum (r=-0.364, p=0.057) and adipose tissue (r=-0.465, p=0.060) HMW/adiponectin ratios, and higher p/tJNK was related to higher skeletal muscle IL-6 (rho=0.644, p<0.001), lower serum total (r=-0.336, p=0.081) and HMW adiponectin (r=-0.504, p=0.006), and lower HOMA β cell function (r=-0.332, p=0.055). By contrast, the relationships we found between JNK and systemic pro-inflammatory and local anabolic factors were inconsistent with our hypothesis. Specifically, higher tJNK was related to lower serum CRP (r=-0.457,p=0.015) and higher skeletal muscle IGF-1(r=0.641, p<0.001). Also contrary to our expectations, higher p/tJNK was related to lower serum total cholesterol (r=-0.059, p<0.001) and LDL (r=-0.401, p=0.016). Conclusion This was the first study to describe activated and total skeletal muscle JNK expression after acute resistive exercise in older adults with type 2 diabetes, and the first study to analyze potential correlations between skeletal muscle JNK and other aspects of health status, metabolism, and inflammation in this cohort. As hypothesized, higher JNK was related to more impaired health status (age, inactivity) and inversely related to anti-inflammatory adiponectin and HOMA2 β cell function. Unexpectedly, however, higher JNK was related to higher skeletal muscle IGF-1 and inversely related to CRP, serum total cholesterol and LDL. Additional studies are warranted to investigate whether chronic exercise training in type 2 diabetes alters the expression and activation of JNK, and to determine whether beneficial adaptations in JNK may explain a portion of the variance in exercise-related metabolic benefits in this cohort.

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South, Mark A., Andrew S. Layne, Charles A. Stuart, N. Travis Triplett, Michael W. Ramsey, Mary E. A. Howell, William A. Sands, Satoshi Mizuguchi, W. Guy Hornsby, and Michael H. Stone. "Effects of Short-Term Free-Weight and Semiblock Periodization Resistance Training on Metabolic Syndrome." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4116.

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Effects of short-term free-weight and semiblock periodization resistance training on metabolic syndrome. J Strength Cond Res 30(10): 2682–2696, 2016—The effects of short-term resistance training on performance and health variables associated with prolonged sedentary lifestyle and metabolic syndrome (MS) were investigated. Resistance training may alter a number of health-related, physiological, and performance variables. As a result, resistance training can be used as a valuable tool in ameliorating the effects of a sedentary lifestyle including those associated with MS. Nineteen previously sedentary subjects (10 with MS and 9 with nonmetabolic syndrome [NMS]) underwent 8 weeks of supervised resistance training. Maximum strength was measured using an isometric midthigh pull and resulting force-time curve. Vertical jump height (JH) and power were measured using a force plate. The muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and type were examined using muscle biopsy and standard analysis techniques. Aerobic power was measured on a cycle ergometer using a ParvoMedics 2400 Metabolic system. Endurance was measured as time to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. After training, maximum isometric strength, JH, jump power, and V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak increased by approximately 10% (or more) in both the metabolic and NMS groups (both male and female subjects). Over 8 weeks of training, body mass did not change statistically, but percent body fat decreased in subjects with the MS and in women, and lean body mass increased in all groups (p ≤ 0.05). Few alterations were noted in the fiber type. Men had larger CSAs compared those of with women, and there was a fiber-specific trend toward hypertrophy over time. In summary, 8 weeks of semiblock free-weight resistance training improved several performance variables and some cardiovascular factors associated with MS.

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Layne, Andrew S., Sami Nasrallah, Mark A. South, Mary E. A. Howell, Melanie P. McCurry, Michael W. Ramsey, Michael H. Stone, and Charles A. Stuart. "Impaired Muscle AMPK Activation in the Metabolic Syndrome May Attenuate Improved Insulin Action after Exercise Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4126.

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Context: Strength training induces muscle remodeling and may improve insulin responsiveness. Objective: This study will quantify the impact of resistance training on insulin sensitivity in subjects with the metabolic syndrome and correlate this with activation of intramuscular pathways mediating mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle fiber hypertrophy. Design: Tens ubjects with the metabolic syndrome(MS) and nine sedentary controls underwent 8 wk of supervised resistance exercise training with pre-and post-training anthropometric and muscle biochemical assessments. Setting: Resistance exercise training took place in a sports laboratory on a college campus. Main Outcome Measures: Pre- and posttraining insulin responsiveness was quantified using a euglycemic clamp. Changes in expression of muscle 5-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways were quantified using immunoblots. Results: Strength and stamina increased in both groups. Insulin sensitivity increased in controls (steady-state glucose infusion rate 7.0 2.0 mg/kg min pretraining training vs. 8.7 3.1 mg/kg min posttraining; P 0.01) but did not improve in MS subjects (3.3 1.3 pre vs. 3.1 1.0 post).Muscleglucosetransporter4increased67%incontrolsand36%intheMSsubjects.Control subjects increased muscle phospho-AMPK (43%), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator1 (57%),andATPsynthase(60%),morethanMSsubjects(8,28,and21%,respectively). In contrast, muscle phospho-mTOR increased most in the MS group (57 vs. 32%). Conclusion: Failure of resistance training to improve insulin responsiveness in MS subjects was coincident with diminished phosphorylation of muscle AMPK, but increased phosphorylation of mTOR, suggesting activation of the mTOR pathway could be involved in inhibition of exercise training-related increases in AMPK and its activation and downstream events

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Feldmann, Daneil. "Inactivity and overfeeding related changes in skeletal muscle composition and metabolism in captive felids - are they at risk of developing metabolic syndrome?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24478.

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Obesity and physical inactivity are established key risk factors in the development of skeletal muscle insulin-resistance and type II diabetes in human and domestic animal populations. Wild animals are similarly exposed to these risk factors as a result of captivity. This study aimed at describing the skeletal muscle properties of captive lions (Panthera leo) who present with obesity and are physically inactive, with a group of free roaming wild lions. Skeletal muscle biopsies were collected from the Triceps brachii and analysed for fibre type composition, fibre size, and maximum oxidative (citrate synthase (CS), 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (3HAD) and glycolytic (phosphofructokinase (PFK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme capacities. The type IIA fibres were the predominant fibre type in both the wild (48%) and captive (44%) lions. No significant differences were evident in the overall fibre type composition between groups, although a trend towards less type I (28% vs 36%) and more type IIX (28% vs 16%) fibres in the captive group were observed. The captive lions displayed significantly larger cross-sectional areas (CSA) of the type I (5847μm² vs 3318 μm²) and IIA fibres (8344μm² vs 4360μm²) with no difference evident in the CSA of the IIX fibres. Relationships were observed between body mass and the CSAs of type I (r = 0.68, P = 0.0002) and IIA (r = 0.44; P = 0.03) fibres. Metabolically, the captive lions displayed higher flux through the glycolytic pathway as represented by their higher PFK activities (551 ± 287 vs. 338 ± 123 μmol/min/g protein, P < 0.05). In contrast, their CS activities (11 ± 3 vs. 14 ± 2 μmol/min/g protein) were lower than free roaming lions, suggesting lower oxidative capacity. No differences in LDH and 3HAD activities were observed between the two groups. Relationships were observed between 3HAD activity and MHC IIx fibre content (r = -0.43, P = 0.001), 3HAD activity and MHC I content (r = 0.55, P = 0.001). A positive correlation was observed between CS activity and MHC I content (r = 0.35, P = 0.009). In light of previous research, the data collected from this project follows that observed in exercise training models, where a sedentary lifestyle decreases oxidative capacity of muscle and increases type II fibre content. However, due to the low sample size in the free roaming wild lion group, interpretation of the data is difficult. Therefore, future research must strive to increase the sample number of the free roaming group.

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Esgin, Tuguy. "Evaluation of acceptance and efficiency of exercise for Indigenous Australians to benefit physiological, anthropometric and metabolic syndrome outcomes." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2017. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2003.

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The proposed study will provide an increased understanding in a much-understudied area of how the Australian Indigenous community perceives physical activity and the beneficial effects for improving health outcomes. The PhD will be made up of three studies: 1) To design an exercise prescription that is culturally appropriate and specifically addresses the major Indigenous health issues around metabolic syndrome. The first will be a cross sectional study that surveys the motivators and barriers to physical activity within the Perth Noongar community. The results of this study will be used to enhance the intervention section of the PhD. It will provide a more accurate and the best means of ensuring not only a greater uptake, but also ways of developing positive lifelong physical activity habits. 2) Determining the amount of physical activity taking place within the Noongar community. Utilising the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire to measure the amount of physical activity and sedentary rates within the Indigenous community. 3) Evaluate the compliance and effectiveness of the developed intervention to inform future exercise therapy programmes for this population. The second study will be a randomised control trial looking at the physiological responses to a combination of aerobic and anabolic (resistance) exercise. The significance of this aspect of the PhD will be to capture and record physiological and quality of life measures some not previous recorded in the Indigenous community. This will inform policy relation to the most appropriate targets for eliciting successful behaviour change to improve health in Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations

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Rohadhia, Wafina. "Cardio-metabolic and neuromuscular adaptations following whole-body eccentric resistance training in older adults." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2019. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2203.

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Regular exercise is key to minimise the negative effects of aging on health; however, it is reported that 65% of older Australians are categorised as physically inactive. Recent studies reported that eccentric resistance training (ECC-RT) is an effective modality to produce cardio-metabolic and neuromuscular benefits for older adults. The present study tested the hypothesis that ECC-RT of several major muscle groups would produce positive changes in cardio-metabolic and neuromuscular parameters in older adults with metabolic syndrome. Six men and 11 women aged between 60 and 80 (70.0 ± 5.0) years old with dyslipidaemia and BMI >25 kg/m2 participated in this study. It is important to note that no control group nor control period applied before the participants commenced their training. All participants performed a whole-body ECC-RT program consisting of eight exercises (i.e. chest press, lateral pulldown, leg extension, leg curl, biceps curl, triceps extension, calf raises and abdominal crunch). The training sessions were performed twice a week for 8-weeks (16 sessions in total), with progressively increasing intensity from 10-100% of the individual’s one repetition maximum (1RM) for each exercise. Physical function (400-m walk, 30-s repeated chair rise, timed up-and-go), 1RM strength for all exercises, blood lipid profiles (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglyceride), and glycaemic control parameters (fasting glucose, insulin, fructosamine, HOMA-IR index) were measured at baseline, mid-point (after 8 training sessions), and post-training (1-2 days after the last training session). Sensory organisation (SOT), body composition and isometric (MVIC) and isokinetic concentric (MVCC) maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) strength of the knee and elbow extensors and flexors were measured at baseline and post-training. 1RM strength increased significantly (p<0.05) for all exercises with 34–115% improvements from baseline. Physical function variables such as 400-m walk (12 ± 7%), 30-s repeated chair rise (18 ± 15%), timed up-and-go (13 ± 6%), and sensory organisation test (6 ± 8%) also showed significant improvements from baseline to post-training. However, no significant increases in isometric and isokinetic concentric MVC strength of the knee and elbow extensors and flexors were found. Although some participants showed some changes in body composition variables, no significant changes in percentage of body fat, fat mass and lean body mass were evident as a group. Total cholesterol (TC) (-5 ± 11%) and LDL-cholesterol (-8 ± 13%) decreased significantly after 4-weeks of training, and HDL-cholesterol showed a significant increase after 8-weeks (4 ± 9%), but the magnitude of changes in these variables were not large. Triglyceride (TG), fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and fructosamine did not show any significant changes over time. These results did not necessarily support the hypothesis, but were in agreement with previous studies that showed improvements in muscle strength and physical functions following ECC-RT. Interestingly, the magnitude of the changes in 1RM strength (leg extension, leg curl, triceps extension, biceps curl) did not necessarily correlate with those of MVIC and MVCC assessed by the isokinetic dynamometer for the same muscle groups (i.e. the increases in 1RM strength were much greater than that of MVIC and MVCC). Although the TC, LDL and HDL-cholesterol showed some improvements, the magnitude of the changes was not large. TG and other glycaemic control parameters did not show significant changes, although previous studies reported greater changes after ECC-RT of the knee extensors or descending stair walking training. It is interesting that the amount of muscles trained in the present study appear to be much greater than that of previous studies, but the training effects found in the present study were less. It may be that 16 sessions of whole-body ECC-RT over 8-weeks were not enough to induce large changes in some of the parameters. Thus, future studies need to examine whether ECC-RT with varying frequency, volume, intensity and duration could produce more positive changes in body composition and blood markers in older adults.

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South, Mark Allen. "Effects of Short-Term Resistance Training on Adult Men and Women with and without Metabolic Syndrome." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1749.

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Resistance training can alter a number of health-related and performance variables. These alterations include beneficial effects on body composition, blood pressure, and blood lipids and enhanced maximum strength, rate of force development, and power. These enhancements may translate into a better quality of life. As a result, resistance training can be used as a valuable tool in ameliorating the effects of a sedentary lifestyle, including those associated with metabolic syndrome. Nineteen subjects (10 metabolic syndrome, 9 previously sedentary nonmetabolic syndrome) underwent 8 weeks of supervised resistance training. After training, strength and V̇O2 peak increased by approximately 10% in the metabolic and nonmetabolic syndrome groups and the male and female groups. Percent body fat decreased in subjects with the metabolic syndrome and in females. Additionally, lean body mass increased in all groups (p<0.05). Eight weeks of resistance training improves several cardiovascular risk factors of metabolic syndrome.

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Mabry, Jessica Erin. "Obstructive Sleep Apnea Risk in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Disease Patients: Associations with Physical Activity Status, Metabolic Syndrome, and Exercise Tolerance." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50607.

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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common in older U.S. adults and the prevalence is anticipated to rise in this age group along with obesity, a prominent risk factor for OSA. Recently, OSA was determined to be highly prevalent among patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease. Objectives: Examine associations between OSA risk and physical activity (PA), metabolic syndrome (MetSyn), and exercise responses to cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in elderly patients with AAA disease. Methods: Elderly patients (n=326 for Studies 1 and 2; n=114 for Study 3) newly diagnosed with small AAAs (aortic diameter "2.5 and < 5.5 cm) were recruited. Data collection for all participants included: extraction of medical history and drug information from medical records; completion of a physical examination to assess resting vital signs and anthropometrics; fasting blood draw for several biochemical analyses; completion of a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET); and completion of interviews and questionnaires for health history, PA, and OSA risk. Results: 57% of subjects were High-risk for OSA and 17% were classified in the highest-risk Berlin Risk Score (BRS) 3 group; these subjects reported fewer blocks walked/day, flights of stairs climbed/day, and expended fewer Calories when engaged in these activities compared to Low-risk counterparts, independent of obesity. Among those at High-risk for OSA, 45% had MetSyn. Subjects with the highest BRS also had the highest prevalence of MetSyn and values for the MetSyn component biomarkers. Exercise capacity and physiological responses at rest, during exercise, and recovery were similar between groups at High- and Low-risk for OSA. Conclusions: Reduced levels of PA among elderly AAA patients at High-risk for OSA could have unfavorable implications for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and all-cause and CVD mortality. Subjects demonstrating the most clinical symptoms of OSA showed a significantly higher prevalence for MetSyn and several of the biomarkers that determine MetSyn. In clinical practice, the BRS may be useful for identifying those AAA patients at increased risk for both OSA and MetSyn.
Ph. D.

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Stuart, Charles A., Melanie P. McCurry, Anna Marino, Mark A. South, Mary E. A. Howell, Michael W. Ramsey, and Michael H. Stone. "Metabolic Syndrome Insulin Resistance is Associated with Discordant Distrbution of GLUT4 and the Insulin Receptor in Fast‐Twitch and Slow‐Twitch Muscle Fiber Types." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5096.

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Metabolic Syndrome Insulin Resistance Is Associated with Discordant Distribution of GLUT4 and the Insulin Receptor in Fast-Twitch and Slow-Twitch Muscle Fiber Types We have previously shown that We have previously shown that strength training alone improved insulin responsiveness in sedentary controls but not in metabolic syndrome subjects. Immunoblots of metabolic syndrome subjects[apos] muscle homogenates showed training-related increases in GLUT4 and mitochondrial enzymes was half that seen in the controls. To determine if this was due to changes primarily in fast-twitch fibers (strength fibers), we performed immunohistochemical (IHC) studies on muscle sections from these subjects to quantify fiber-specific changes in GLUT4, phospho-AMPK, phospho-mTOR, ATP synthase, and the insulin receptor. Signal intensity in confocal microscopic images was digitally quantified and the amount in each fiber type was adjusted by the fiber composition and the average size of each fiber type. Fiber type was classified using monoclonal antibodies against slow-twitch (type 1 fibers) and fast-twitch (type 2a and 2b fibers) myosin heavy chains. At baseline, both groups had slightly more insulin receptor in slow-twitch fibers, and most of the ATP synthase (mitochondrial marker) was in fast-twitch fibers. In controls, 55% of GLUT4 was in slow-twitch fibers, whereas metabolic syndrome subjects had only 33% of their GLUT4 in slow-twitch fibers. The IHC data showed modest increases in GLUT4 (9-25%), and substantial increases of ATP synthase (55-95%), and insulin receptors (44-104%) in both fiber types in both groups. Training-related increases were seen in phospho-AMPK (25% in slow-twitch, 15% in fast-twitch) only in the control subjects but no change in phospho-mTOR in either subject group. At baseline, metabolic syndrome subjects[apos] muscle had 56% of insulin receptors expressed in slow-twitch fibers, but only 33% of the GLUT4 was in these fibers. Thus, the untrained muscle composition of the metabolic syndrome subjects exhibited a mismatch between insulin receptors and GLUT4 in their fiber-specific distributions. This mismatch may contribute to the insulin resistance seen in the metabolic syndrome and may be involved in the diminished insulin sensitivity response to strength training in these subjects.

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Camhi, Sarah Michelle. "The effects of low-fat diet and exercise on C-reactive protein and metabolic syndrome findings from a randomized controlled trial /." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8340.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Kinesiology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Childress, K. Suzanne. "Assessments of physical activity before and after an exercise intervention in overweight/obese older adults with CVD or the metabolic syndrome." Winston-Salem, NC : Wake Forest University, 2009. http://dspace.zsr.wfu.edu/jspui/handle/10339/42706.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Wake Forest University. Dept. of Health and Exercise Science, 2009.
Title from electronic thesis title page. Thesis advisor: Peter H. Brubaker. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 52-59).

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Stuart, Charles A., Andrew S. Layne, Mark A. South, S. Nasrallah, Mary E. A. Howell, Melanie P. McCurry, Michael W. Ramsey, and Michael H. Stone. "Lack Of Improvement In Insulin Responsiveness In The Metabolic Syndrome After Resistance Training Only May Be Due To Fewer Muscle Slow‐Twitch Fibers And Decreased Activation Of AMPK." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5097.

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Lack of Improvement in Insulin Responsiveness in the Metabolic Syndrome after Resistance Training Only May Be Due to Fewer Muscle Slow-Twitch Fibers and Decreased Activation of AMPK Ten non-diabetic subjects (fi Ten non-diabetic subjects (five males, five females) with the Metabolic Syndrome underwent eight weeks of supervised strength training. Training consisted of five weekly sessions. A brief orientation period was followed by two blocks of progressively increasing intensity training. Nine control subjects were trained at the same time following the same protocols. At the completion of training, strength and VO[sub]2[/sub]max increased by 10% in both groups, but body composition and body weight had not changed. Insulin responsiveness, quantified using a three hour euglycemic clamp procedure, did not improve in the insulin resistant Metabolic Syndrome subjects, but increased significantly (13%) in the control group. Control subjects had significantly more slow-twitch muscle fibers at baseline (50% vs. 36%). The fiber composition was not changed in either group by training. Expression of GLUT4, the principle insulin-responsive glucose transporter, increased significantly in both groups (39% in Metabolic Syndrome subjects, 76% in the control group). The muscle mitochondrial biogenesis pathway reflected by AMPK total expression and activation, and the muscle hypertrophy pathway as indicated by mTOR expression and activation were increased in both groups. Even though total AMPK and total mTOR increased about 40% in both groups, the change in activated phospho-AMPK was greater in the control group (38% vs. 8%), and the activated phospho-mTOR increased more in the Metabolic Syndrome group (50% vs. 25%). Since AMPK is predominantly expressed in slow-twitch muscle fibers and mTOR is expressed at higher levels in fast-twitch fibers, these data may reflect the difference in fiber composition between the two groups. Strength training resulted in qualitatively similar effects on muscle remodeling in persons at low risk or high risk for diabetes, but greater activation of AMPK was associated with increased insulin responsiveness. In Metabolic Syndrome subjects, resistance training alone activated muscle hypertrophy pathways and increased muscle GLUT4 expression, but did not improve insulin responsiveness.

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Lee, Angela. "Type 1 Diabetes with Metabolic Syndrome Features: Exploring this Modern-Day Phenotype and the Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/24555.

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Introduction Type 1 diabetes is characterised by insulin deficiency, however the ‘double diabetes’ phenotype of type 1 diabetes with insulin resistance and/or metabolic syndrome is becoming increasingly recognised, especially given rising global obesity rates. The effects of exercise on metabolic health have not been adequately studied in people with type 1 diabetes, and exercise-related hypoglycaemia is a major barrier. Aims This thesis aimed to examine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adults with type 1 diabetes, and its association with diabetes complications. The safety and benefits of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on glycaemic control, cardiometabolic measures and liver fat were studied in people with type 1 diabetes and metabolic syndrome features. Methods Three related studies were conducted. Firstly, a cross-sectional study examined the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes, and its age-related association with diabetes complications. Secondly, the safety of HIIT in type 1 diabetes on exercise-related hypoglycaemia was examined in a pilot study using continuous glucose monitoring. Thirdly, a randomised controlled trial examined the effect of HIIT on HbA1c, cardiometabolic health and liver fat in adults with type 1 diabetes and overweight or obesity. Results Metabolic syndrome was common in adults with type 1 diabetes and was associated with a higher prevalence of diabetes complications, with the greatest impact at a younger age. HIIT performed with diabetes self-management strategies was not associated with increased exercise-related hypoglycaemia over 24 hours. In the randomised controlled trial, 12 weeks of HIIT did not significantly reduce HbA1c compared with control (-0.53% vs -0.14%, p=0.08). After 24 weeks, HIIT resulted in improvements in HbA1c, cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition compared with baseline. There was a favourable trend towards liver fat reduction with HIIT. Conclusions Metabolic syndrome can identify a high-risk population of type 1 diabetes, who may benefit from interventions targeting insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk. This thesis provides novel evidence that HIIT can be performed safely, and can improve glycaemic control and cardiometabolic health in people with type 1 diabetes and metabolic syndrome features.

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Skleryk, Julia R. "Comparison of short-term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training on metabolic adaptations in sedentary overweight/obese men." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2011. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/377.

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While exercise is essential to reduce chronic disease risk, many individuals do not adhere to exercise recommendations, with the primary reason being ‘lack of time’. In recreationally trained individuals, short-term sprint interval training (SIT) has been shown to induce metabolic and performance adaptations that parallel those of traditional exercise recommendations (TER), and require considerably less time commitment. However, little is known about the effectiveness of short-term SIT in sedentary overweight individuals. This study compared the effects of SIT and TER on metabolic and health-related markers in sedentary and overweight/obese men. Sixteen sedentary overweight men (37.8 ± 5.8 yrs; BMI 32.8 ± 4.7 kg·m-2) were evenly assigned to 2 weeks of either SIT or TER performed on a cycle ergometer (SIT, 6 sessions of 8-12 x 10 s cycle sprints; TER, 10 sessions of 30 min at 65% V̇O2peak). Fasting plasma glucose, insulin and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), body composition and peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak) were assessed at baseline and 72 h after the final training bout. Muscle biopsy samples were taken from the vastus lateralis at the same time points, and analysed for proteins associated with glucose uptake and mitochondrial function. No significant changes in BMI, body composition,V̇ O2peak, fasting plasma glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR were observed from pre to post training time points, either within or between groups. A decrease (p < 0.05) in fasting plasma NEFA was found in the TER group post training. Muscle biopsy analysis revealed that total protein content and phosphorylation of specific markers (AS160, COX II, COX IV, GLUT-4, Nur77 or SIRT1) did not change in either training group. Further analysis revealed that 50% of the subjects were classified as having the metabolic syndrome and were grouped to compare against normal subjects. Total protein content and phosphorylation of specific skeletal muscle metabolic markers (AS160, COX IV and Nur77; P < 0.05) were found to increase with exercise training in normal subjects only, while these markers did not change in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. In summary, two weeks of TER elicits minimal training adaptations in sedentary overweight/obese men, while SIT failed to elicit any change. These findings also suggest that short-term skeletal muscle adaptations to training may be impaired in those with the metabolic syndrome. Further research is needed to examine the long-term effects of TER and SIT in sedentary overweight/obese individuals.

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Figueiredo, Maria Paula Ferreira de [UNESP]. "Efeitos do treinamento aeróbio intervalado periodizado sobre os parâmetros antropométricos, bioquímicos e clínicos em portadores de síndrome metabólica." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138865.

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Introdução: Pesquisas retratam a importância do exercício físico para a população como prevenção e tratamento da Síndrome Metabólica (SMet). Dentre os tipos de treinamento, destaca-se o aeróbio intervalado (TAI) como benéfico na melhora dos indicadores da SMet, entretanto, novas abordagens no tocante às dinâmicas de cargas e nos métodos aplicados para esta população, merecem atenção. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos do TAI periodizado sobre os parâmetros antropométricos, bioquímicos e clínicos em participantes sedentários portadores de síndrome metabólica. Métodos: O estudo consistiu de 31 participantes de ambos os sexos com idade entre 35 e 60 anos, sedentários, com diagnostico de SMet, os quais foram randomizados em dois grupos, um exposto ao TAI periodizado (n=18) e outro controle (n=12) sem intervenção. O grupo TAI periodizado foi submetido à periodização por 16 semanas, três vezes por semana, com intervalos de recuperação entre 24 e 72h totalizando 39 sessões de treino e nove sessões recuperativas. A dinâmica de carga foi dividida em etapas de acordo com três níveis de intensidade: leve, moderada e alta. Antes e após o treinamento foram realizadas avaliações para análise da estatura, impedância bioelétrica corporal, circunferências corporais por fita métrica, perfil lipídico e glicemia em jejum de 12 horas, pressão arterial e frequência cardíaca (FC) em repouso. Análise estatística: Para análise estatística foi utilizado 5% de significância. Foi realizada análise de variância com ajuste por sexo e idade (Ancova) e correlação de Sperman das variáveis antropométricas com bioquímicas e clínicas. Resultados: Embora sem efeitos sobre o diagnóstico de SMet, os resultados mostram que houve elevada relevância clínica do TAI periodizado na redução de massa corpórea, IMC e circunferências corporais, com efeito moderado sobre a pressão arterial diastólica (PAD). No grupo controle houve aumento moderado da glicemia e massa gorda, e elevado da FC. As demais variáveis não tiveram significância estatística. Conclusão: O TAI não foi suficiente para mudar o diagnóstico de SMet nos participantes, porém obteve elevado efeito na redução de massa corpórea, IMC e circunferências corporais, moderado na PAD e caráter de manutenção sobre a massa gorda, glicemia, colesterol total, LDL, VLDL e FC.
Introduction: Research shows the importance of exercise for the population as prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Among the types of training, there is aerobic interval (AIT) as beneficial in improving the MetS indicators, however, new approaches with regard to dynamic loads and methods applied to this population, deserve attention. Objective: To analyze the effects of periodized TAI on anthropometric, biochemical and clinical parameters in sedentary individuals with metabolic syndrome. Methods: The study consisted of 31 participants of both sexes aged between 35 and 60 years, sedentary, with diagnosis of MetS, which were randomized into two groups, one exposed to TAI periodized (n = 18) and a control (n = 12) without intervention. The periodized TAI group underwent periodization for 16 weeks, three times a week, with recovery intervals between 24 and 72 hours totaling 39 training sessions and nine recuperative sessions. The load dynamics was divided into stages according to three levels of intensity: mild, moderate and high. Before and after training evaluations were performed for analysis of height, body bioelectrical impedance, body circumferences by tape measure, lipid profile and fasting glucose 12 hours, blood pressure and heart rate (HR) at rest. Statistical analysis: Statistical analysis was performed using a 5% significance. We performed analysis of variance with adjustment for sex and age (ANCOVA) and Spearman correlation of anthropometric variables with clinical and biochemical. Results: Although no effect on the diagnosis of MetS, the results show that there was a high clinical relevance of TAI periodized in reducing body mass, BMI and body circumferences, with moderate effect on diastolic blood pressure (DBP). In the control group there was a moderate increase in blood glucose and fat mass, and high HR. The other variables were not statistically significant. Conclusion: TAI periodized was not enough to change the diagnosis of MetS in participating, but got high effect in reducing body mass, BMI and body, moderate in DBP and maintaining character on fat mass, glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL and FC.

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Santos, Natália Soares dos. "Efeitos do treinamento aquático e terrestre sobre os fatores de risco cardiometabólico, qualidade de vida e saúde mental em adolescentes com excesso de peso: ensaio clínico randomizado." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/133612.

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Valores elevados de gordura corporal estão relacionados com alterações no metabolismo da glicose, dislipidemia, resistência à insulina e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em grupos pediátricos. Embora a modificação de comportamentos de vida, como melhora nos hábitos alimentares e a presença de exercícios físicos na rotina dos adolescentes sejam reconhecidos como estratégias para tratar e prevenir a obesidade e suas co-morbidades, não há consenso sobre as abordagens mais eficazes. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do treinamento aquático e terrestre sobre os fatores de risco cardiometabólico, qualidade de vida e saúde mestal, além de comparar as alterações decorrentes das intervenções em variáveis antropométricas, de composição corporal e psicológicas, em adolescentes com excesso de peso. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico controlado, randomizado, em paralelo, com 12 semanas de intervenção, no qual 77 adolescentes com excesso de peso com idades entre 10-18 anos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos: grupo hidroginástica (GH) e grupo jump (GJ), com três sessões semanais de hidroginástica e jump e o grupo controle (sem intervenção com exercício). Todos os grupos realizaram uma sessão semanal de orientação nutricional. Avaliações antropométricas, de pressão arterial, bioquímicas e avaliações de aspecto psicológico foram realizadas pré e pós-intervenções, com índice de massa corporal (IMC) como desfecho primário. Na análise por protocolo, a verificação das possíveis diferenças entre os grupos, entre os tempos (pré e pós) e a interação grupo*tempo foi realizada pelo modelo de Equações de Estimativa Generalizadas – GEE, considerando apenas os sujeitos que cumpriram todo o protocolo de estudo em cada grupo, com frequência mínima de 80% das sessões. Na análise por intenção de tratar todos sujeitos participaram das análises. A análise demonstrou aumento significante da massa corporal no grupo Controle (p < 0,05) e redução significante nesta variável para o grupo Jump (p < 0,05). O IMC reduziu de forma significante tanto no grupo Hidro (p < 0,05) quanto no grupo Jump (p < 0,01). Redução significante da pressão arterial sistólica no grupo controle (p < 0,05) e no grupo Hidro (p < 0,05). Além disso, melhoras significantes entre os períodos pré e pós-intervenção foram encontradas somente no grupo Hidro, para as variáveis HDL-C (p < 0,05) e QUICKI (p < 0,05), que aumentaram, e para Insulina (p < 0,05) e HOMA-IR (p < 0,05), que reduziram. Nas variáveis psicológicas, houve melhora significante na dimensão física nos três grupos (p < 0,001), e na dimensão escolar somente no grupo Controle (p = 0,027). A qualidade de vida total também apresentou melhora significante para todos os grupos (p < 0,001), e o sumário psicossocial aumentou significantemente seu escore apenas no GH (p = 0,024). Na saúde mental houve melhora dos escores do domínio emocional nos dois grupos de exercícios físicos (p < 0,001). Sendo assim pode-se concluir que, de uma forma geral, o treinamento no meio aquático mostrou melhores resultados no controle dos fatores de risco cardiometabólico, apresentando implicações futuras para novas abordagens no tratamento da obesidade infantil.
High body fat mass is related to changes in glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in pediatrics groups. Although the modification of lifestyle behaviors, such as improvement in eating habits and the presence of physical exercises in the routine of adolescents are recognized as strategies for treating and preventing obesity and its comorbidities, there is no consensus on the most effective approaches. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two types of physical training, water and land, on cardiometabolic risk factors and to compare the changes resulting from interventions in anthropometric outcomes, body composition and psychological, in overweight adolescents. It is a controlled clinical trial randomized, parallel, with 12-week intervention in which 77 overweight teenagers aged 10-18 years were alocated into three groups: hydrogymnastics group (HG) and jump group (JG), with three weekly sessions of aerobics and jump and the control group (no exercise intervention). All groups carry out weekly sessions of nutritional guidance. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, biochemical and psychological aspect of evaluations were performed before and after the intervention, with a body mass index (BMI) as the primary outcome. In the per protocol analysis, verification of possible differences between the groups, between times (pre and post) and the interaction group * time was performed by Generalized Estimating Equation model - GEE considering only those subjects who met all protocol study in each group, with a minimum rate of 80% of the sessions. In the intention to treat analysis, all subjects participated. The analysis showed a significant increase in body weight in the control group (p < 0,05) and a significant reduction in this variable for the JG (p < 0,05). BMI decreased significantly both in the HG (p < 0,05) and in the JG (p < 0,01). Significant reduction in systolic blood pressure in the control group (p < 0,05) and HG (p < 0,05). In addition, significant differences between the pre- and post-intervention were found only in the HG, for the outcomes: HDL-C (p < 0,05), insulin (p < 0,05),, HOMA-IR (p < 0,05), and QUICKI (p < 0,05). There was significant improvement in psychological outcome in physical dimension in the three groups (p < 0,001), and school size only in the control group (p = 0,027). The overall quality of life also showed significant improvement for all groups (p < 0,001), and the psychosocial summary significantly increased its score only in GH (p = 0,024). In mental health there was an increase of the emotional domain scores in both groups of exercise (p < 0,001). Therefore it can be concluded that, in general, training in the aquatic environment showed better results in the control of cardiometabolic risk factors, with future implications for new approaches in the treatment of childhood obesity.

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Earl, Nathan R. "Microvascular Function in Metabolically Healthy Groups Differing in BMI and Waist Circumference." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4337.

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BACKGROUND: Microvascular dysfunction (MD: impaired performance of blood flow, tissue perfusion, blood pressure, etc.) is one of the earliest stages in the progression of various chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine if a difference in microvascular function existed between two metabolically healthy groups that differed in BMI and waist circumference. DESIGN: This study employed a causal comparative design, with two groups: I) normal weight (n =14, BMI 28 kg/m2). METHODS: Microvascular function was assessed by measuring skin blood flow (SkBF) using laser Doppler flowmetry during postocclusive reactive hyperemia (PORH). The area under the SkBF time curve during the 60-second PORH response was used to quantify the magnitude of the microvascular response. RESULTS: Group I (control) had a significantly higher average area under the SkBF time curve (3240 ± 879) than Group II (1948 ± 808) (Z= -3.0094, p = 0.0026). CONCLUSIONS: The overweight/obese subjects exhibited a diminished skin blood flow response to occlusion compared to their normal-weight counterparts. This supports the hypothesis that overweight/obese subjects who are otherwise metabolically healthy exhibit a biological change that is linked to chronic disease.

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Mikkola, I. (Ilona). "Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and changes in body composition, physical fitness and cardiovascular risk factors during military service." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2011. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514295577.

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Abstract Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of obesity-related cardiometabolic risk factors. It predicts the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, which are major public health concerns. Visceral obesity and insulin resistance are the predominant underlying factors of MetS, other diagnostic components being elevated blood pressure, high triglycerides, and low HDL-cholesterol. The most important treatment of MetS is through lifestyle changes. There are limited data concerning the prevalence of MetS among young populations. Furthermore, even though the effects of physical activity on MetS components are well established at an individual basis and in some subpopulations, large population-based data about associations of young men’s fitness and MetS-related cardiometabolic risk factor changes are warranted. In Finland, military service is compulsory for males. In 2005, 1,160 young men (mean age 19.2 years, range 18–28 years) were followed throughout their military service (6–12 months) in the Sodankylä Jaeger Brigade. The military service period includes high amounts of physical exercise, but no dietary restrictions. Physical fitness, anthropometrics, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk factors were assessed at the beginning and at the end of military service. Among the entire study population, the prevalence of MetS was 3.5–6.8 %, depending on the definition used, and increased in parallel with an increasing body mass index. On the average, the military training period resulted in a decrease in body weight and amount of fat tissue, especially visceral fat, and improved physical fitness. Body composition and fitness improvements were more pronounced in overweight and obese service men. Beneficial changes in body composition and related cardiovascular risk factor improvements were associated with increased physical fitness, especially aerobic fitness. This study indicates that an improvement in physical fitness is related to improvements in body fat distribution and cardiovascular health at population level in young men. This is an age when co-morbidities are usually as yet non-existing, but might be most efficiently prevented by lifestyle changes, such as becoming physically active
Tiivistelmä Metabolinen oireyhtymä on tyypin 2 diabeteksen ja valtimosairauksien riskitekijäryväs. Sen osatekijöitä vyötärölihavuuden lisäksi ovat kohonnut verenpaine, insuliiniresistenssi, korkea veren triglyseridipitoisuus ja HDL-kolesterolin pitoisuus. Viime vuosina metabolinen oireyhtymä on yleistynyt lihavuuden lisääntymisen myötä. Lihavuuden ja sen liitännäissairauksien tärkeimpiä hoitokeinoja ovat laihtumiseen tähtäävät elintapamuutokset. Liikunnan tiedetään johtavan edullisiin kehonkoostumusmuutoksiin sekä kardiovaskulaaririskitekijöiden parantumiseen. Laajat väestötason tutkimukset nuorten aikuisten kunnon ja varhaisten valtimosairausriskitekijöitten muutosten välisistä yhteyksistä kuitenkin puuttuvat. Varusmiespalvelus tarjoaa ainutlaatuisen mahdollisuuden tarkastella nuoria miehiä laajassa, lähes valikoitumattomassa väestöotoksessa, sillä Suomessa varusmiespalvelus on pakollinen kaikille miehille. Vuonna 2005 1160 miestä (keski-ikä 19,2 vuotta, vaihteluväli 18–28 vuotta) astui palvelukseen Sodankylän jääkäriprikaatissa. Kehonkoostumus, fyysinen kunto, antropometria sekä veren rasva-arvot mitattiin varusmiespalveluksen (6–12 kk) alussa ja lopussa. Metabolisen oireyhtymän vallitsevuus oli 3,5–6,8 % käytetystä määritelmästä riippuen. Se oli yleisempi korkeimmissa painoindeksiluokissa. Keskimäärin koko aineistossa varusmiesten paino laski, kehon rasvan määrä väheni ja kunto parani palvelusaikana. Edulliset muutokset fyysisessä kunnossa ja kehon koostumuksessa korostuivat ylipainoisilla ja lihavilla varusmiehillä. Nämä muutokset, erityisesti painon ja sisälmysrasvan väheneminen, olivat yhteydessä kestävyyskunnon paranemiseen. Vastaavasti kardiovaskulaaririskitekijöiden edulliset muutokset olivat yhteydessä erityisesti kestävyyskunnon paranemiseen ja vyötärölihavuuden vähenemiseen. Tämän tutkimuksen perusteella voidaan todeta, että nuorten miesten valtimosairauksien riskitekijöiden muutos on yhteydessä fyysisen kunnon nousuun. Nuoret miehet tulee saada lisäämään vapaa-ajan liikuntaa myös siviilielämässä. Keski-iässä yleistyvät valtimosairaudet ja diabetes voisivat olla huomattavissa määrin torjuttavissa vaikuttamalla nuorten miesten liikuntatottumuksiin

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Layne, Andrew Steven. "Resistance Training Increases the Expression of AMPK, mTOR, and GLUT4 in Previously Sedentary Subjects and Subjects with the Metabolic Syndrome." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1673.

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Exercise has been considered a cornerstone of diabetes prevention and treatment for decades, but the benefits of resistance training are less clear. Nineteen non-diabetic subjects (10 metabolic syndrome, 9 sedentary controls) underwent 8 weeks of supervised resistance training. After training, strength and V̇ O2max increased by 10% in both groups. Percent body fat decreased in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Additionally, lean body mass increased in both groups (p<0.05). Expression of glucose transporter protein-4 (GLUT4), the principle insulin-responsive glucose transporter, increased significantly in both groups. 5-adenosine monophosphateactivated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) expression increased in both groups, indicating increased protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. Markers of insulin resistance measured by a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp did not improve in subjects with the metabolic syndrome but increased significantly in control subjects (13%). Resistance training upregulates intracellular signaling pathways that may be beneficial for ameliorating the metabolic syndrome.

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Williams, Bethany Dawn. "Physical Activity, Body Mass Index, and Clustered Metabolic Risk in U.S. Adolescents: 2007-2012 NHANES." UNF Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/745.

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Objectives: To examine variation in clustered metabolic risk (cMetS) in adolescents classified as not overweight/active (NOA), not overweight/not active (NONA), overweight/active (OA), and overweight/not active (ONA). Background: While studies to date have shown that children and adolescents who meet the current physical activity (PA) recommendations and maintain a healthy body weight demonstrate significantly lower cardiometabolic risk, there are some studies that suggest the relationship between PA and metabolic risk may be mediated by adiposity. Methods: The sample included adolescent participants (n=875; 12-17 years) of the 2007-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The cMetS score included triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose, and mean arterial pressure. Age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) percentiles were utilized; overweight was defined as BMI percentile ≥ 85th. Activity data included self-reported frequency of moderate-to-vigorous PA. Adolescents reporting ≥ 60 min/day of PA were considered “active”. General linear models, adjusted for age, sex, and race-ethnicity, were used. A six-year fasting sample weight was applied to the analyses in order to ensure representativeness of the data. Results: The cMetS scores were significantly (p Conclusions: The cMetS scores were higher in OA and ONA adolescents when compared to those classified as NOA. Whereas only ONA males demonstrated significantly higher cMetS score when compared to the NOA referent, both OA and ONA cMetS scores (vs NOA) were significantly higher in females.

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Filho, Antonio Casella. "Influência do exercício físico nas lipoproteínas e no endotélio de pacientes com síndrome metabólica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5131/tde-10122007-215922/.

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A disfunção endotelial é um dos componentes básicos tanto da origem como das complicações de algumas doenças cardiovasculares, principalmente aquelas devidas a aterosclerose. Fatores de risco que compõe a Síndrome Metabólica (SMet) interferem na integridade endotelial por causarem marcante estresse oxidativo e conseqüente disfunção endotelial. Os benefícios de um treinamento físico de longa duração sobre o endotélio e sobre a concentração das lipoproteínas já são conhecidos. Entretanto, ainda restam lacunas de conhecimento dos efeitos que um treinamento de curta duração produziria em pacientes portadores de Síndrome Metabólica. Para elucidarmos este assunto, estudamos 40 indivíduos sedentários sendo 30 portadores de SMet e 10 normais para controle. Vinte dos pacientes com SMet (10 mulheres e 10 homens) realizaram treinamento físico (TF) aeróbio de moderada intensidade, em bicicleta ergométrica, por um período de 3 meses. A reatividade vascular e testes funcionais in vitro das lipoproteínas HDL e LDL foram realizados antes e depois do TF. Os resultados indicam melhora na unção endotelial, porém sem mudanças do índice de massa corpórea e dos níveis lipídicos. Houve redução da circunferência abdominal e dos níveis de Triglicérides. Os testes funcionais revelaram que, apesar de não terem ocorrido alterações na concentração, houve melhora funcional das lipoproteínas. Portanto, exercício de curta duração melhora a funcionabilidade endotelial e das lipoproteínas.
Endothelial dysfunction is one of the basic components of origin and complications of some cardiovascular diseases, especially those consequent to atherosclerosis. Risk factors that compose the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) modify the endothelial integrity causing significant oxidative stress and consequent endothelial dysfunction. The long-term exercise training benefits in lipoproteins concentration and endothelium are already known. However, the effects of short-term training in endothelial function and in LDL, HDL quantitative and functional profile are still doubtful, especially in patients with MetS. To address this issue, we studied 40 sedentary persons, 30 with MetS and 10 controls. Twenty of those with MetS (10 women and 10 men) were subjected to a 3 times/week moderate intensity controlled training load for 3 months on a bicycle ergometer. Vascular reactivity and in vitro HDL, LDL functional laboratorial tests were analyzed before and after the training. The results revealed that exercise training improved the endothelial function. There was no significant change in body mass index, but some reduction in the abdominal circumference was observed. Total cholesterol and lipoprotein concentrations were not affected by exercise, but triglyceride levels were reduced and lipoprotein subfractions functional tests significantly improved. Therefore, short-term exercise improves endothelium and lipoprotein functionability.

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Schoenell, Maira Cristina Wolf. "Efeitos do treinamento aeróbio, de força muscular e combinado no meio aquático em mulheres com síndrome metabólica : um ensaio clínico randomizado." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/172108.

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Pesquisas sobre diferentes modelos de treinamento no meio aquático já demonstraram seus efeitos benéficos em diferentes capacidades físicas, bem como para a população com doenças metabólicas. Entretanto, para sujeitos portadores de síndrome metabólica (SM) são escassos os estudos que investigaram qual modelo de treinamento no meio aquático poderia gerar melhoras físicas e metabólicas. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os efeitos neuromusculares e metabólicos de 12 semanas de treinamento aeróbio, treinamento de força e treinamento combinado no meio aquático em mulheres com SM. Foram selecionadas 51 mulheres, pós-menopáusicas, sedentárias e portadoras de SM que foram randomicamente divididas em três grupos de intervenção: hidro-aeróbica (HA; n=18; 63,77±5,03 anos), hidro-força (HF; n=16; 61,01±4,93 anos) e hidro-combinada (HC; n=17; 60,52±6,91). Uma sub-amostra participou de oito semanas sem prática de exercício físico para caracterizar um período controle. Os três grupos de intervenção realizaram duas sessões semanais de 60 minutos durante 12 semanas. Antes e após o período de treinamento foram realizadas análises sanguíneas, testes de força muscular, testes funcionais e questionário de qualidade de vida Para análise estatística foi utilizada o modelo de Equações de Estimativas Generalizadas (GEE) com post hoc de Bonferroni (α = 0,05). No período controle, nenhuma das variáveis avaliadas apresentou alteração significativa (p>0,05). Após o período de intervenção houve uma redução significativa da glicemia de jejum (HA: -7,6%; HF: -14,4%: HC: -14,0%), da pressão arterial sistólica (HA: -2,9%; HF: -8,5%: HC: -4,0%) e na contagem total dos fatores da SM (HA: -1,7%; HF: -6,7%: HC: -8,7%) sem diferença entre os grupos. Para a força muscular, houve um aumento significativo na força muscular dinâmica máxima de extensores de joelho (EJ) (HA: 29,6%; HF: 14,6%: HC: 26,7%) e flexores de cotovelo (FC) (HA: -0,1%; HF: 3,1%: HC: 7,4%), para a força resistente de EJ (HA: 25,2%; HF: 18,9%: HC: 23,8%) e FC (HA: 24,3%; HF: 16,6%: HC: 27,8%), para a contração isométrica voluntária máxima de EJ (HA: 11,0%; HF: 8,4%: HC: 26,4%), sem diferença entre os grupos de treinamento Para a atividade eletromiográfica (EMG) do reto femoral (RF) houve um aumento significativo apenas para o grupo HA (35,3%). A EMG de vasto lateral (VL) apresentou efeito significativo ao longo do tempo sem diferença entre os grupos (HA: 33,2%; HF: 40,4%: HC: 52,6%). Os testes funcionais apresentaram melhora significativa ao longo do tempo: Sentar e levantar (HA: 34,8%; HF: 29,0%: HC: 25,1%), Time-up-and-go (HA: -13,5%; HF: -11,8%: HC: -13,7%) sem diferença entre os grupos. A qualidade de vida apresentou aumento significativo no domínio físico (HA: 3,66%; HF: 3,88%: HC: 3,81%) sem diferença entre os grupos. Dessa forma, conclui-se que não houve diferenças expressivas entre os modelos de treinamento aeróbio, de força muscular ou combinado nas variáveis analisadas. Todos os treinamentos de hidroginástica foram eficientes para diminuir fatores da síndrome metabólica como a glicemia de jejum e a pressão arterial e para aumentar a força muscular dinâmica máxima, a força resistente e a força isométrica. Além disso, os treinamentos melhoraram a qualidade de vida e a capacidade funcional das mulheres.
Research about different training models in the aquatic environment has already demonstrated its beneficial effects on different physical capacities as well as for the population with metabolic diseases. However, for subjects with metabolic syndrome (MS) there are few studies that investigated which training model in the aquatic environment could generate physical and metabolic improvements. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare the neuromuscular and metabolic effects of 12 weeks of aerobic training, strength training and combined training in the aquatic environment in women with MS. Fifty-one women, postmenopausal, sedentary and SM carriers were randomly divided into three intervention groups: hydro-aerobic (HA, n = 18, 63.77 ± 5.03 years), hydro-power (HP; N = 16, 61.01 ± 4.93 years) and hydro-combined (HC; n = 17; 60.52 ± 6.91). A subsample participated in eight weeks without physical exercise to characterize a control period. The three intervention groups performed two weekly sessions of 60 minutes for 12 weeks. Before and after the training period, blood tests, muscle strength tests, functional tests and a quality of life questionnaire were performed For statistical analysis, the Generalized Estimates Equations (GEE) model with Bonferroni post hoc (α = 0.05) was used. In the control period, none of the evaluated variables presented significant alteration (p> 0.005). After the intervention period there was a significant reduction of fasting blood glucose (HA: -7.6%, HP: -14.4%: HC: -14.0%), systolic blood pressure (HA: -2.9 HP: -8.5%: HC: -4.0%) and in the total counting of the factors of the SM (HA: -1.7%, HP: -6.7%: HC: -8.7% ) without difference between groups. For muscle strength, there was a significant increase in maximal dynamic muscle strength of knee extensors (KE) (HA: 29.6%, HP: 14.6%: HC: 26.7%) and elbow flexors (EF) (HA: -0.1%, HP: 3.1%: HC: 7.4%), for maximal repetitions of KE (HA: 25.2%, HP: 18.9%: H: 23.8% ) and EF (24.3%; HF: 16.6%: HC: 27.8%), for the maximum voluntary contraction of KE (HA: 11.0%, HP: 8.4% 26.4%), without difference between the training groups. For the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the rectus femoris (RF) there was a significant increase only for the HA group (35.3%). The vastus lateralis (LV) EMG showed significant effect over time with no difference between the groups (HA: 33.2%, HP: 40.4%: HC: 52.6%) The functional tests showed significant improvement over time: sitting and lifting (HA: 34.8%, HP: 29.0%: HC: 25.1%), Time-up-and-go (HA: 5%, HP: -11.8%: HC: -13.7%) without difference between groups. The quality of life showed a significant increase in the physical domain (HA: 3.66%, HP: 3.88%: HC: 3.81%) without difference between the groups. Thus, it was concluded that there were no significant differences between the aerobic training, muscle strength or combined models in the analyzed variables. All water-based training was efficient to decrease metabolic syndrome factors such as fasting blood glucose and blood pressure and to increase maximal dynamic muscle strength, endurance strength and isometric strength. In addition, training improved the quality of life and functional capacity of women.

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Stuart, Charles A., Michelle L. Lee, Mark A. South, Mary E. A. Howell, and Michael H. Stone. "Muscle Hypertrophy in Prediabetic Men After 16 Wk of Resistance Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4651.

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Resistance training of healthy young men typically results in muscle hypertrophy and a shift in vastus lateralis composition away from type IIx fibers to an increase in IIa fiber content. Our previous studies of 8 wk of resistance training found that many metabolic syndrome men and women paradoxically increased IIx fibers with a decrease in IIa fibers. To confirm the hypothesis that obese subjects might have muscle remodeling after resistance training very different from healthy lean subjects, we subjected a group of nine obese male volunteers to progressive resistance training for a total of 16 wk. In these studies, weight loss was discouraged so that muscle changes would be attributed to the training alone. Detailed assessments included comparisons of histological examinations of needle biopsies of vastus lateralis muscle pretraining and at 8 and 16 wk. Prolonging the training from 8 to 16 wk resulted in increased strength, improved body composition, and more muscle fiber hypertrophy, but euglycemic clamp-quantified insulin responsiveness did not improve. Similar to prior studies, muscle fiber composition shifted toward more fast-twitch type IIx fibers (23 to 42%). Eight weeks of resistance training increased the muscle expression of phosphorylated Akt2 and mTOR. Muscle GLUT4 expression increased, although insulin receptor and IRS-1 expression did not change. We conclude that resistance training of prediabetic obese subjects is effective at changing muscle, resulting in fiber hypertrophy and increased type IIx fiber content, and these changes continue up to 16 wk of training.

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Nolte, Sulize. "Die onderlinge verband tussen fisieke aktiwiteit, obesiteit en arteriële meegewendheid by 19-56-jarige vroue : POWIRS II-studie / Sulize Nolte." Thesis, North-West University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/485.

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Several research studies indicate the increasing problem obesity has become over the past few decades (Andersen 1999:41; Fox, 1999:56-60; Kuczmarshi et al., 1994:205-212). Obesity, after cigarette smoke, is the leading cause of death in the USA and a combination of diet factors and physical inactivity (two primary contributors of obesity) leads to an average of 300,000 deaths per year (McGinnis & Foege, 1993:2207-2212). Previously little information was available on the effect of obesity on the peripheral vascularization, and even less about the effect of obesity on arterial compliance (Raison et al., 1998:299-303). Research indicated a decrease in arterial compliance with an increase in body weight (Kumaran et al., 2002:7; Sutton-Tyrrell et al., 2001:431; Tounian et al., 2001:1400-1404; Stepniakowski & Egan, 1995:R567) however, contradictory research where no association between obesity and arterial compliance was indicated, has also been found (Singhal et al., 2002:1920; Mangoni et al., 1995:986). Mackey et al. (2002:16) also found that an increased aortic stiffness is positively associated with lowered physical activity levels. A lifestyle consisting of moderate physical activity, has a positive effect on the health, lowering of chronic illness risks, the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and the improvement of quality of lie in overweight and obese patients (Adams et al., 2003542; Ferreira et al., 2003:1670-1678; Macera, 2003:123; Mclnnis, 200396; Kolden et al., 2002:447). Moderate aerobic exercise is also seen as a potential non-pharmaceutical therapeutic method to increase age associated decrease in arterial compliance in young, middle aged and older adults (Gates et al., 2003:2213; Havlik et al., 2003:156; Seals, 2003:68; Moreau et al., 2003:865; Joyner, 2000:1214; Cameron et al., 1999:653). The objective of this study was firstly to determine the correlation between obesity and vascular function in Caucasian women between the ages 19 and 56 and to determine which marker of obesity is the best predictor of a weakened vascular function (see article one). The second objective was to determine the correlation between physical activity, obesity and arterial compliance in Caucasian women between the ages 19 and 56 years (see article 2). A total of 115 Caucasian women were recruited to participate in this study. Anthropometric measurements and a comprehensive body composition profile was taken using the BOD POD. The Finometer apparatus was used to measure the arterial compliance and the sphygmomanometer to measure the subjects blood pressure. The subjects completed the Yale Physical Activity Survey questionnaire to determine their physical activity index. This study seems to indicate a positive relationship between arterial compliance and obesity which could be explained by the influence blood volume had in determining arterial compliance. A negative correlation was found between obesity and blood pressure where an increase in obesity caused an increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. A positive correlation was found between physical activity and obesity. The higher the activity levels were in this study, the less obese the subjects tended to be. No correlation was found between physical activity and arterial compliance. A clear trend, even though no statistically significant differences, was found between physical activity and blood pressure. The more active the subjects were, the lower their blood pressure tended to be.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005

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Nunes, Cristiane Maki. "Dieta hipocalórica e treinamento físico em pacientes com síndrome metabólica e apnéia do sono." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5131/tde-30112011-175235/.

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INTRODUÇÃO. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que pacientes com síndrome metabólica (SMet) e apnéia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) apresentam hiperativação simpática e hipersensibilidade quimiorreflexa. Neste trabalho, testamos as hipóteses de que: 1) dieta hipocalórica associada à treinamento físico (D+TF) melhora a sensibilidade quimiorreflexa em pacientes com SMet e 2) Os efeitos da D+TF seriam mais pronunciados em pacientes com SMet+AOS que em pacientes sem AOS (SMet-AOS). MÉTODOS. Vinte e sete pacientes nunca tratados da SMet (ATP-III) foram alocados em: 1) SMet+AOS (n = 15, 53±2 anos) e 2) SMet-OSA (n = 12, 43±2 anos). A AOS foi caracterizada por um índice de apnéia-hipopnéia (IAH)> 15 eventos / hora (polissonografia). Atividade nervosa simpática muscular (ANSM) foi avaliada pela técnica de microneurografia e pressão arterial (PA) pelo método oscilatório. A sensibilidade quimiorreflexa periférica foi avaliada através da inalação de uma mistura gasosa contendo 10% O2 e 90% N2 com titulação de CO2; e a sensibilidade quimiorreflexa central através da inalação de 7% CO2 e 93% O2 por 3 min. A dieta hipocalórica foi de -500 kcal da taxa metabólica de repouso e o treinamento físico se estendeu por 4 meses, 3 vezes/ semana. RESULTADOS. A associação da D+TF reduziu semelhantemente peso corporal (5,5±0,7 e 6,2±0,6 kg, P = 0,44), circunferência abdominal (CA, 5,6±1,2 e 5,4±1,0 cm, P = 0,91), PA sistólica (10,9±3,2 vs 13,3±3,5 mmHg, P = 0,62) e diastólica (8,5±1,6 vs 8,3±1,4 mmHg, P = 0,95) e, similarmente, o aumento do consumo de oxigênio de pico (20±5,9 e 16±7,3%, P = 0,69) em pacientes com SMet+AOS e SMet-AOS. A D+TF, reduziu significativamente o IAH (38±6,2 vs 18±3,9 eventos / hora, P = 0,01) e aumentou a saturação mínima de O2 (81±2,3 vs 84±1,9 %, P = 0,01) em pacientes com SMet+AOS. Durante a estimulação hipóxica, D+TF reduziu significativamente os níveis de ANSM tanto em pacientes com SMet+AOS (41±1,9 versus 33±2,0 impulsos/ min, P = 0,02) como em SMet-AOS (36±3,2 versus 28±1,7 impulsos/ min, P = 0,05). Durante a estimulação hipercápnica, D+TF reduziu significativamente os níveis de ANSM em pacientes com SMet+AOS (39±2,0 versus 30±1,1 impulsos/ min, P = 0,0005), mas não em pacientes com SMet- AOS. CONCLUSÕES. Tratamento não-farmacológico como D+TF melhora o controle quimiorreflexo periférico da ANSM em pacientes com síndrome metabólica. Esta mudança autonômica é mais pronunciada em pacientes com SMet+AOS, nos quais D+TF melhora tanto o controle quimiorreflexo periférico como o central. Além disso, D+TF melhora o distúrbio do sono em pacientes com SMet+AOS. Sendo assim, estes resultados sugerem que D+TF pode reduzir o risco cardiovascular em pacientes com SMet e AOS
INTRODUCTION. Previous studies have shown that patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have sympathetic hyperactivation and chemoreflex hypersensitivity. We tested the hypothesis that: 1) Hypocaloric diet associated with exercise training (D+ET) would improve chemoreflex sensitivity in patients with MetS and 2) The effects of D+ET would be more pronounced in patients with MetS+OSA than in patients without OSA (MetS-OSA). METHODS. Twenty three never treated MetS patients (ATP-III) were allocated into: 1) MetS+OSA (n=15, 53±2 yrs); and 2) MetS-OSA (n=12, 43±2 yrs). OSA was characterized by an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) >15 events/hour (polysomnography). Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) was evaluated by microneurography technique and blood pressure (BP) by oscillatory method. Peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity was evaluated by inhalation of 10%O2 and 90%N2 with CO2 titrated, and central chemoreflex by 7%CO2 and 93%O2 for 3 min. The hypocaloric diet was set at -500 kcal of the resting metabolic rate and exercise training extended over 4 months, 3 times/ week. RESULTS. D+ET similarly reduced body weight (5.5±0.7 and 6.2±0.6kg, P=0.44), waist circumference (WC, 5.6±1.2 and 5.4±1.0 cm, P=0.91), systolic BP (10.9±3.2 vs. 13.3±3.5 mmHg, P=0.62) and diastolic BP (8.5±1.6 vs. 8.3±1.4 mmHg, P=0.95), and similarly increased peak oxygen consumption (20±5.9 and 16±7.3%, P=0.69) in MetS+OSA and MetS-OSA patients. D+ET significantly reduced AHI (38±6.2 vs. 18±3.9 events/hour, P=0.01) and minimal O2 saturation (81±2.3 vs. 84±1.9%, P=0.01) in MetS+OSA patients. D+ET significantly reduced MSNA levels during hypoxia in MetS+OSA (41±1.9 vs. 33±2.0 bursts/min, P=0.02) and MetS-OSA (36±3.2 vs. 28±1.7 bursts/min, P=0.05) patients. D+ET significantly reduced MSNA levels during hypercapnia in MetS+OSA patients (39±2.0 vs. 30±1.1 bursts/min, P= 0.0005), but not in MetS-OSA patients. CONCLUSIONS. Non-pharmacological treatment based on D+ET improves peripheral chemoreflex control of MSNA in patients with MetS. This autonomic change is more pronounced in patients with MetS+OSA, in whom D+ET improves both peripheral and central chemoreflex controls. In addition, D+ET improves sleep disorder in patients with MetS+OSA. Altogether, these findings suggest that D+ET reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with MetS+OSA

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Poole, Ruth Burnet. "Insulin sensitivity and the metabolic syndrome : prevalence and effect of body shape amongst middle aged women and the effects of electrically induced exercise in individuals with type 2 diabetes." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427416.

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36

Byberg, Liisa. "Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 and the Insulin Resistance Syndrome." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2002. http://publications.uu.se/theses/91-554-5307-4/.

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37

Stuart, Charles A., Mary E. A. Howell, Brian M. Cartwright, Melanie P. McCurry, Michelle L. Lee, Michael W. Ramsey, and Michael H. Stone. "Insulin Resistance and Muscle Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Serine Hyperphosphorylation." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4117.

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Insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome subjects is profound in spite of muscle insulin receptor and insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) expression being nearly normal. Insulin receptor tyrosine kinase phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) at Tyr896 is a necessary step in insulin stimulation of translocation of GLUT4 to the cell surface. Serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 by some kinases diminishes insulin action in mice. We evaluated the phosphorylation status of muscle IRS-1 in 33 subjects with the metabolic syndrome and seventeen lean controls. Each underwent euglycemic insulin clamps and a thigh muscle biopsy before and after 8 weeks of either strength or endurance training. Muscle IRS-1 phosphorylation at six sites was quantified by immunoblots. Metabolic syndrome muscle IRS-1 had excess phosphorylation at Ser337 and Ser636 but not at Ser307, Ser789, or Ser1101. Ser337 is a target for phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and Ser636 is phosphorylated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1). Exercise training without weight loss did not change the IRS-1 serine phosphorylation. These data suggest that baseline hyperphosphorylation of at least two key serines within muscle IRS-1 diminishes the transmission of the insulin signal and thereby decreases the insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4. Excess fasting phosphorylation of muscle IRS-1 at Ser636 may be a major cause of the insulin resistance seen in obesity and might prevent improvement in insulin responsiveness when exercise training is not accompanied by weight loss.

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Prudente, Paulo Adriano Naves. "Efeito do exercício combinado de intensidade moderada nos fatores de risco cardiometabólicos em mulheres com e sem síndrome metabólica." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/6529.

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Introduction: The phenomenon of metabolic syndrome (MS) is associated with a set of factors that constitute cardiometabolic risk, among them are the increase in abdominal fat, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and hypertension. Exercise can contribute to change the picture of the metabolic syndrome, however the type of exercise, the volume and intensity ideals are not yet fully established. Objective: Analyze the effects of 24 weeks of combined exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in women with no metabolic syndrome. Methods: The study is not a randomized experimental trial and not controlled with the participation of 36 sedentary women, divided into two groups, one with metabolic syndrome (CSM, n = 22) and one without (SSM, n = 14). Sociodemographic data were collected at the beginning. Anthropometric and cardiometabolic risk factors evaluations were performed before and after the exercises. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was based on IDF parameters. For the assessment of cardiometabolic risk were considered the following factors: waist circumference (WC), ratio waist / height (WHtR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic (DBP), HDL-C, triglycerides (TGL), blood glucose fasting, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. The participants underwent 24 weeks of combined exercise (resistance circuit + aerobic) of moderate intensity, verified by the perceived exertion, and performed with the use of low-cost equipment. Statistical analyzes were performed to compare the difference of the average values of cardiometabolic risk factors before and after exercise. Results: Comparing the groups, the CSM showed a significant reduction of the values of body mass (p = 0.02), BMI (p = 0.02), SBP (p = 0.01), DBP (p <0.001), WHtR (p <0.001). The SSM group showed no statistically significant changes in any of the cardiometabolic risk factors after the practice of combined exercises. Conclusion: We conclude that the combined exercises resulted in significant reductions and clinically positive for SBP and DBP in the CSM group
Introdução: O fenômeno da síndrome metabólica (SM) está associado a um conjunto de fatores que constituem riscos cardiometabólicos, dentre eles estão o aumento de gordura abdominal, a dislipidemia, a hiperglicemia e a hipertensão arterial sistêmica. O exercício físico pode contribuir para alterar o quadro da síndrome metabólica, entretanto o tipo de exercício, o volume e a intensidade ideais ainda não estão claramente estabelecidos. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos de 24 semanas de exercícios físicos combinados nos fatores de risco cardiometabólicos em mulheres com e sem síndrome metabólica. Métodos: O estudo é um estudo experimental não randomizado e não controlado com participação de 36 mulheres sedentárias, alocadas em dois grupos, um com síndrome metabólica (CSM, n=22) e outro sem (SSM, n=14). Dados sóciodemográficos foram coletados no início. As avaliações antropométricas e dos fatores de riscos cardiometabólicos foram realizadas antes e após a prática dos exercícios. O diagnóstico da síndrome metabólica foi realizado com base nos parâmetros da IDF. Para a avaliação do riscos cardiometabólicos consideraram-se os seguintes fatores: circunferência da cintura (CC), relação cintura/estatura (RCE), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), HDL-c, triglicerídeos (TGL), glicemia de jejum, insulina em jejum e o HOMA-IR. As participantes foram submetidas à 24 semanas de exercício combinado (resistido em circuito + aeróbio) de intensidade moderada, verificada por meio da percepção subjetiva de esforço, e realizados com a utilização de equipamentos de baixo custo. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas para comparar a diferença dos valores médios dos fatores de riscos cardiometabólicos antes e após os exercícios. Resultados: Na comparação entre os grupos, o CSM apresentou redução significativa para os valores da massa corporal (p=0,02), IMC (p=0,02), PAS (p=0,01), PAD (p<0,001), RCE (p<0,001). O grupo SSM não apresentou alterações estatisticamente significativas em nenhum dos fatores de riscos cardiometabólicos após a prática de exercícios combinados. Conclusão: Concluímos que os exercícios combinados resultaram em reduções significativas e clinicamente positivas para a PAS e PAD no grupo CSM.

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Judge, Lawrence W., Michael H. Stone, and Bruce Craig. "Reconditioning the Postcompetitive Football Lineman: Recognizing the Problem." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4601.

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Recently, the body mass of college football lineman has increased markedly and places them at higher risk for a number of postcompetitive pathogenic chronic health consequences. Recognition of problems associated with oversized athletes is easily accepted intellectually–however, the practicalities of solving the problem have not been fully realized.

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40

Peterson, Jonathan M., Ryan Mart, and Cherie E. Bond. "Effect of Obesity and Exercise on the Expression of the Novel Myokines, Myonectin and Fibronectin Type III Domain Containing 5." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/71.

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Metabolic dysfunction in skeletal muscle is a major contributor to the development of type 2 diabetes. Endurance exercise training has long been established as an effective means to directly restore skeletal muscle glucose and lipid uptake and metabolism. However, in addition to the direct effects of skeletal muscle on glucose and lipids, there is renewed interest in the ability of skeletal muscle to coordinate metabolic activity of other tissues, such as adipose tissue and liver. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of endurance exercise on the expression level of two novel muscle-derived secreted factors, or myokines, Myonectin and Fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5), the precursor for Irisin. Methods. We performed immunoblot analysis and quantitative real-time PCR analysis of Myonectin and FNDC5 in the diaphragm muscles of obese Zucker rat (OZR) and lean Zucker rat (LZR) with 9 weeks of aerobic training on a motorized treadmill. Results. We show that myonectin gene expression is increased in the OZR model of obesity and decreases with exercise in both lean and obese Zucker rats. Conversely, myonectin protein concentration was elevated with exercise. Similarly, FNDC5 mRNA levels are significantly higher in the OZR, however exercise training had no effect on the expression level of FNDC5 in either the LZR or OZR. We did not observe any difference in muscle protein content of Irisin with obesity or exercise. Conclusion. Our data shows that exercise training does not increase either FNDC5 or myonectin gene expression, indicating that increased transcriptional regulation of these myokines is not induced by exercise. However, our data also indicates a yet to be explored disconnect between myonectin gene expression and protein content. Further, this report highlights the importance of verifying reference genes when completing gene expression analysis. We found that many commonly used reference genes varied significantly by obesity and/or exercise and would have skewed the results of this study if used to normalize gene expression data. The unstable reference genes include: beta-Actin, beta-2-microglobulin, Non-POU domain containing, octamer-binding, Peptidylprolyl isomerase H, 18S ribosomal RNA, TATA box binding protein and Transferrin receptor.

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41

Rodrigues, Jhennyfer Aline Lima. "Efeitos de diferentes volumes e intensidades de treinamento físico aeróbio em parâmetros de saúde de indivíduos com fatores de risco para síndrome metabólica: influência de variantes genéticas do AGTR1, NAMPT, AKT1, LEPR e ?2 adrenérgico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/83/83131/tde-06122018-135815/.

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Introdução: A influência de variantes genéticas dos genes AGTR1, NAMPT, AKT1, LEPR e ?2 adrenérgico em resposta ao treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) e treinamento contínuo ainda não foi esclarecida na literatura. Objetivos: Verificar os efeitos do HIIT e treinamento contínuo sobre parâmetros de saúde de indivíduos com fatores de risco para síndrome metabólica e a influência das variantes genéticas previamente citadas na magnitude de resposta a 16 semanas de treinamento. Métodos: 70 indivíduos com sobrepeso/obesidade (43,7±9,6 anos) foram randomizados em três grupos de treinamento: 4x1 - 10 minutos a 70% da FCmáx, quatro minutos a 90% da FCmáx e cinco minutos de volta à calma, totalizando 19 minutos de treino; 4x4 - 10 minutos a 70% da FCmáx, quatro momentos de quatro minutos a 90% da FCmáx intercalados com três minutos de recuperação ativa a 70% da FCmáx, totalizando 40 minutos de treino; contínuo - 30 minutos a 70% da FCmáx. Antes e após o treinamento realizou-se avaliação da pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência da cintura (CC), composição corporal, aptidão física e análise da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC). Análises sanguíneas foram realizadas para genotipagem e avaliação do perfil lipídico, glicemia e leptina. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando modelo linear geral de efeitos mistos. Resultados: Após os treinamentos 4x4 e contínuo houve redução em variáveis antropométricas, composição corporal e aumento da aptidão física e VFC. Ainda houve redução dos níveis de leptina após o treinamento 4x4. Após o treinamento 4x1 houve redução somente da PAS e aumento do índice SD2. Na análise de cada polimorfismo, foi possível observar uma resposta ao treinamento físico para o gene AGTR1 (redução da PAS, IMC e CC); NAMPT, AKT1 e LEPR (redução do IMC e CC); Arg16Gly (redução da PAS e FCrep; aumento do VO2pico e VFC); e Gln27Glu (redução da PAS, PAD, FCrep e FCrecup; aumento do VO2pico e VFC). Conclusão: Os treinamentos 4x4 e contínuo são estratégias com efeitos positivos sobre parâmetros de saúde de indivíduos com fatores de risco para síndrome metabólica. Os polimorfismos estudados dos genes AGTR1, NAMPT, AKT1, LEPR e ?2 adrenérgico podem influenciar na resposta aos diferentes volumes e intensidades de treinamento físico aeróbio utilizados sobre os parâmetros de saúde de indivíduos com fatores de risco para síndrome metabólica, com exceção dos polimorfismos dos genes NAMPT e LEPR após 16 semanas de treinamento físico na modalidade 4x1
Introduction: The influence of AGTR1, NAMPT, AKT1, LEPR and ?2 adrenergic polymorphisms in response to high intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous training remain unclear. Objectives: To verify the effects of HIIT and continuous training on health parameters of individuals with risk factors for metabolic syndrome and to verify the influence of the genetic variants previously mentioned in response to 16 weeks of training. Methods: Seventy subjects (43.7 ± 9.6 years) were randomized into three training groups: 4x1 - 10 minutes at 70% of HRmax, four minutes at 90% of HRmax and five minutes of recovery, in total of 19 minutes of training session; 4x4 - 10 minutes at 70% of HRmax, four moments of four minutes at 90% of HRmax interspersed with three minutes of active recovery at 70% of HRmax, in total of 40 minutes of training session; continuous - 30 minutes at 70% of HRmax. Before and after the training, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), body composition, physical fitness and heart rate variability (HRV) were taken. Blood analyzes were performed for genotyping and evaluation of the lipid profile, glycemia and leptin. Statistical analysis was performed using a general linear mixed effects models. Results: The 4x4 and continuous training reduced anthropometric variables, body composition and increased in physical fitness and HRV. The leptin levels reduced after 4x4 training. After the 4x1 training, only SBP reduced and SD2 index increased. In the analysis of each polymorphism, it was possible to observe a response to physical training for the AGTR1 gene in the following variables (reduction of SBP, BMI and CC); NAMPT, AKT1 and LEPR (reduction of BMI and CC); Arg16Gly (reduction of SBP and FCrep; increase in VO2peak and HRV); Gln27Glu (reduction of SBP, PAD, FCrep and FCrecup, increase of VO2peak and HRV). Conclusion: The continuous and 4x4 training are a strategy with positive effects on health parameters of individuals with risk factors for metabolic syndrome. The studied polymorphisms AGTR1, NAMPT, AKT1, LEPR and ?2 adrenergic genes may influence the response to the different volumes and intensities of aerobic physical training used on the health parameters of individuals with risk factors for metabolic syndrome, with the exception of the gene polymorphisms NAMPT and LEPR after 16 weeks of physical training in the 4x1 modality

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Machi, Jacqueline Freire. "Influência do Treinamento Físico em parâmetros cardíacos, vasculares, inflamatórios e de estresse oxidativo em um modelo de menopausa e síndrome metabólica no envelhecimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-11092015-160041/.

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Em 2013, a população idosa mundial era de 841 milhões e espera-se que aumente mais de três vezes até 2050. Neste sentido, a expectativa de vida das mulheres tem sido maior do que a dos homens. Apesar das doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) se desenvolverem mais tarde nas mulheres do que nos homens ela ainda é a principal causa de morte em mulheres. Adicionalmente, o aumento do consumo calórico, especialmente carboidratos refinados e frutose, tem sido correlacionado com o aumento de síndrome metabólica (SM). Estes dados confirmam que a idade, maus hábitos alimentares e o gênero têm uma importância significativa na incidência de risco cardiovascular. Evidências consistentes sobre os benefícios do treinamento físico nas alterações cardiovasculares, metabólicas e autonômicas associadas a DCV, têm levado muitos pesquisadores a sugerirem o treinamento físico regular como um procedimento não farmacológico importante na prevenção e tratamento de diferentes patologias. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o papel do treinamento físico sobre os efeitos do envelhecimento e da ingestão de frutose em parâmetros metabólicos, cardiovasculares, inflamatórios e de estresse oxidativo em ratas submetidas à privação dos hormônios ovarianos. Métodos: Os experimentos foram realizados ratos Wistar fêmeas (n=56), jovens (3 meses) e idosas (22 meses) divididas nos seguintes grupos: jovem controle sedentária (JCS), jovem ooforectomizada sedentária (JOS), idosa controle sedentátia (ICS), idosa ooforectomizada sedentária (IOS), idosa ooforectomizada frutose (IOF), idosa ooforectomizada treinada (IOT) e idosa ooforectomizada frutose treinada (IOTF). A ovariectomia foi realizada por remoção dos ovários de forma bilateral. Os grupos frutose foram tratados com D-frutose (100g / L) na água de beber durante 10 semanas. O treinamento físico foi realizado em esteira durante 8 semanas. A morfometria e a função cardíaca foram avaliadas por ecocardiografia. A pressão arterial (PA) e a frequência cardíaca (FC) foram avaliadas pelo registro direto através de um sistema de PA para aquisição de dados. A sensibilidade do barorreflexo (SBR) foi avaliada pelas respostas de taquicardia (RT) e bradicardia (RB) às reduções e aumentos da PA, respectivamente. O. controle autonômico foi avaliado pelo bloqueio farmacológico por atenolol e atropina. O stress oxidativo foi medido em tecido cardíaco e hepático e o perfil inflamatório avaliado no plasma. Os resultados foram apresentados em 2 protocolos. No primeiro, os efeitos do envelhecimento e da ooforectomia em animais jovens e idosos foram descritos descritos. No segundo, foram avaliados os efeitos do treinamento físico em ratas idosas ooforectomizadas. Resultados do primeiro protocolo: O envelhecimento ou a privação dos hormônios ovarianos promoveram aumento no peso corporal, na gordura e na concentração de triglicérides, uma redução da sensibilidade à insulina e na capacidade de exercício, disfunção diastólica do VE e aumento no índice de desempenho miocárdico (IDM). O envelhecimento e a privação dos hormônios aumentaram o tônus simpático e diminuíram o tônus vagal. A PAM aumentou nos grupos ooforectomizados jovens (117±2 vs 107±1 mmHg) e envelhecidos (119±2 vs 110±2 mmHg) e a FC não se modificou enquanto a variabilidade da FC estava reduzida nos grupos velhos. O envelhecimento se caracterizou por maior concentração de algumas citocinas inflamatórias (IL-6 e TNF- ? ). As enzimas antioxidantes estavam aumentadas nos grupos ooforectomizados e o dano a proteínas foi maior nas idosas ooforectomizadas. O aumento do tecido adiposo nos grupos jovens e idosos ooforectomizados ou não, se correlacionou com o aumento da IL-6 e do efeito simpático assim como com a redução da sensibilidade a insulina. O TNF- ? foi inversamente associado com a razão GSH/GSSG e diretamente com a função cardíaca global (IDM) que foi inversamente associada com a capacidade física. Resultados do segundo protocolo: A associação da síndrome metabólica (tratamento com frutose) com ooforectomia induziu disfunção exacerbada de alguns parâmetros como, aumento do peso corporal, tecido adiposo, efeito simpático, balanço simpato vagal, variabilidade da PAS e estresse oxidativo. No entanto, quando foi realizado o treinamento físico, ouve uma diminuição do tecido adiposo (IOT: 3,94 ± 0,44; IOTF: 5,28 ± 0,66 g) e da resistência à insulina (IOT: 4,89 ± 0,14; IOTF: 5, 12 ± 0,43 mg / dl / min) em comparação com os grupos sedentários (IOS: 6,27 ± 0,62, IOFS: 10,7 ± 0,61 g), (IOS: 3,18 ± 0,31 ; IOFS: 3,59 ± 0,55 mg / dl / min). O treinamento físico aumentou a capacidade física (IOT: 19,99 ± 0,89, IOTF: 17,55 ± 1,05 vs. IOS: 10,52 ± 0,87; IOSF: 10,34 ± 0,59 min). Os resultados hemodinâmicos demonstraram que o treinamento físico atenuou o aumento da PAM induzido por ovariectomia e / ou sobrecarga de frutose (IOT: 103,3 ± 1,0; IOTF: 107 ± 1,1 vs .: IOS: 119,1 ± 1, 86; IOSF: 119,1 ± 2,7 mmHg) e reduziu a FC basal (IOT: 302,1 ± 13,20 IOTF: 306,40 ± 8,2 vs: IOS: 389,53 ± 20,10, IOSF: 348 , 93 ± 17,55 bpm). O tônus simpático foi menor nos grupos treinados (IOT: 62, 2 ± 3,1; IOTF: 51,2 ± 7,1) em relação aos grupos com sobrecarga de frutose e ou ooforectomizadas (IOS: 102,6 ± 12,3; IOSF: 85, 39 ± 3,75 batimentos / min). O tônus vagal aumentou apenas no grupo treinado sem frutose (IOT: 44, 76 ± 5,87 vs IOFT: 22,87 ± 3,38; IOS: 17,14 ± 4,21; IOSF: 9,21 ± 2, 82 batidas / min). Os grupos IOT e IOTF apresentaram bradicardia reflexa melhorada em relação aos grupos sedentários (IOT: -1,74 ± 0,12; IOFT: -1,77 ± 0,15 vs 0,93 ± IOS-0,07 ; IOSF: -1,21 ± 0,12 bpm / mmHg). A modulação simpática da PAS estava reduzida nos grupos treinados (IOT: 3,33 ± 0,50; IOFT: 4,60 ± 0,65 vs: IOS: 6,03 ± 0,95; IOSF: 7,07 ± 0, 49 mmHg). Finalmente, os grupos IOT e IOTF apresentaram melhor função diastólica com menor tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico (TRIV) (IOS: 3,08 ± 0; 21; IOSF: 2,9 ± 0,24; IOT: 1,98 ± 0,15; IOTF: 2,72 ± 0,2 ms), relação E / A (IOS: 1,60 ± 0,06 IOSF: 1,62 ± 0,05; IOT: 1,41 ± 0,17; IOTF: 1,66 ± 0,08 ms), e função global cardíaca (MPI) (IOS: 0,40 ± 0,06; IOSF: 0,46 ± 0,10; IOT: 0,14 ± 0,03; IOTF: 0 , 29 ± 0,04). O peso do tecido adiposo se associou positivamente com os níveis plasmáticos de IL-1B e com o efeito simpático e inversamente com a sensibilidade à insulina e com a sensibilidade barorreflexa. O tônus vagal foi positivamente relacionado com a razão redox da glutationa e com a função sistólica. De forma semelhante, os níveis de IL-6 foram positivamente associados com o índice de função cardíaca global. A melhora da capacidade física foi associada com a melhora autonômica e da função cardíaca. Nossos resultados demonstraram que o envelhecimento potencializou os efeitos deletérios cardíacos e funcionais da privação dos hormônios ovarianos em ratas, provavelmente associados à disfunção autonômica, à inflamação e ao estresse oxidativo. No entanto, o treinamento físico após a privação dos hormônios ovarianos, com ou sem sobrecarga de frutose, foi capaz de modular favoravelmente a função autonômica, reduzindo marcadores de inflamação e estresse oxidativo, e consequentemente induzindo melhora na função cardíaca e na capacidade física
In 2013 the world elderly population was 841 million and it is expected to increase more than three times in 2050. In this sense, women\'s life expectancy has been higher than men. In addition CVD develops later in women than in men and is still the major cause of death in women. Additionally increased caloric consumption, especially refined carbohydrates and fructose, has been correlated with the metabolic syndrome (MS) increase. These data, confirm that the age, habits and gender have a significant importance in the incidence of cardiovascular risk. Constant evidences of cardiovascular, metabolic and autonomic benefits of chronic exercise training have led many researchers to suggest a regular physical training as an important non-pharmacological procedure in the prevention and treatment in pathologies conditions. In this sense, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of aging and fructose on metabolic, cardiovascular, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters in female rats submitted to ovarian hormone deprivation (OVX), as well as the role of exercise training in this condition. Methods: experiments were performed on 56 female rats. Sixteen young rats with 3 months of age and forty old rats with 22 month of age (n = 8 in each group) were divided into: adult control (JCS), ovariectomized sedentary (IOS), aged sedentary control (ICS), aged ovariectomized sedentary (IOS), aged ovariectomized fructose (IOF), aged ovariectomized trained (IOT) and aged ovariectomized trained fructose (IOTF). Ovariectomy was performed by bilateral ovaries removal. Fructose-fed rats received D-fructose (100g/L) in drinking water for 10 weeks. The exercise training was performed on a treadmill for 8 weeks. Cardiac morphometric and function were evaluated by echocardiography. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were evaluated by recording direct through a PA system for data acquisition. The baroreflex sensitivity (SBR) was evaluated by tachycardic (RT) and bradycardic (RB) responses. Autonomic control was assessed by vagal and sympathetic tonus and effect. Oxidative stress was measured in cardiac and hepatic tissue and inflammatory profile in plasma. Results: Aging or OVX promoted an increase in body and fat weight, triglyceride concentration and a reduction in insulin sensitivity and exercise capacity. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and increased cardiac overload (IPM) were observed in old compared to young groups. Aging and OVX lead to increase in sympathetic tonus, vagal tonus was lower just in old groups. TNF-? was higher in ICS when compared to JCS. IL-6 was increased in old compared young groups. Glutathione redox balance was reduced in JOS, ICS and IOS groups when compared to JCS, indicating increased oxidative stress. The association of metabolic syndrome with ovariectomy induced exacerbation of some dysfunctions, such as increase in body weight, adipose tissue, sympathetic effect, LF/HF balance, VARR PAS and stress oxidative. However when the animal did exercise training decreased the adipose tissue (IOT: 3.94± 0.44; IOTF: 5.28± 0.66 g) and insulin resistance (IOT: 4.89±0.14; IOTF: 5.12±0.43 mg/dl/min) compared with the sedentary groups (IOS: 6.27 ±0.62, IOFS: 10.7 ±0.61 g), (IOS: 3.18±0.31; IOFS: 3.59 ±0.55 mg/dl/min). Exercise training increased physical capacity (IOT: 19.99 ±0.89, IOTF: 17.55 ±1.05 vs. IOS: 10.52± 0.87; IOSF: 10.34± 0.59 Min). Hemodynamic results demonstrated that the exercise training attenuated the increase in MBP induced by ovariectomy and/or overload of fructose (IOT: 103.3 ± 1.0; IOTF: 107±1.1 vs.: IOS: 119.1± 1.86; IOSF: 119.1±2.7 mmHg) and reduced the basal HR (IOT: 302.1±13.20; IOTF: 306.40±8.2 vs: IOS: 389.53±20.10, IOSF: 348.93±17.55 bpm). The sympathetic tonus was lower in exercise training groups (IOT: 62. 2± 3.1; IOTF: 51.2±7.1) compared to ovaryectomized and fructose overload groups (IOS: 102.6±12.3; IOSF: 85.39±3.75 beats/min). Vagal tonus was increased only in the trained group without fructose (IOT: 44.76± 5.87 vs IOFT: 22.87± 3.38; IOS: 17.14± 4.21; IOSF: 9.21±2.82 beats/min). IOT and IOTF groups presented reflex bradycardia similar and was observed to be higher than the sedentary groups (IOT: -1.74±0.12; IOFT: -1.77±0.15 vs IOS-0.93±0.07; IOSF: -1.21±0.12 bpm/mmHg). Sympathetic modulation of SAP was reduced in exercise training groups (IOT: 3.33±0.50; IOFT: 4.60 ±0.65 vs: IOS: 6.03±0.95; IOSF: 7.07 ±0.49 mmHg). Finally, the groups T and TF showed better diastolic function with lower isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) (IOS:3.08±0.21; IOSF:2.9±0.24; IOT: 1.98±0.15; IOTF: 2.72±0.2 ms), E/A ratio (IOS:1.60±0.06; IOSF:1.62±0.05; IOT:1.41±0.17; IOTF:1.66±0.08 ms), and cardiac global function by the myocardial performance index MPI (IOS:0.40±0.06; IOSF:0.46±0.10; IOT: 0.14±0.03; IOTF: 0.29±0.04). Our findings demonstrated that aging potentialized the deleterious cardiac and functional effects of OVX in rats, probably associated with exacerbated autonomic dysfunction, inflammation and oxidative stress. However, exercise training after ovarian hormone deprivation, with or without fructose overload, was able to positively modulate the autonomic function, reducing inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, consequently inducing improvement on cardiac function and physical capacity

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Bernardes, Nathalia. "Mecanismos associados ao desenvolvimento das complicações cardiometabólicas em SHR submetidos à sobrecarga de frutose: papel do treinamento físico aeróbio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-04082016-154155/.

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Neste estudo testamos a hipótese que alterações no controle autonômico precedem alterações cardiometabólicas em animais espontaneamente hipertensos tratados com frutose (SHR). Adicionalmente avaliamos os efeitos do treinamento físico aeróbio (TFA) no curso temporal das disfunções observadas neste modelo de síndrome metabólica. Para isso, foram utilizados ratos machos Wistar e SHR divididos em grupos (n=8): Controle (C), Hipertenso (H), Hipertenso+Frutose (HF) e Hipertenso+Frutose+Treinamento Físico (HFT). A sobrecarga de frutose (100g/L) e o TFA (esteira: 1h/d., 5d/sem.) foram iniciados 30 dias após o nascimento dos animais. Os grupos experimentais foram divididos em subgrupos que foram avaliados após 7, 15, 30 e 60 dias de protocolo. A partir dos 7 dias de protocolo a associação da hipertensão ao consumo de frutose (grupo HF) induziu redução da sensibilidade barorreflexa para respostas bradicárdicas (RB) e taquicárdicas (RT) em comparação ao grupo C; observando-se redução adicional da RB no grupo HF em relação ao grupo H (7 dias: -40% e 15 dias: -36%). A reatividade vascular à fenilefrina (8ug/ml: 7 aos 60 dias) estava prejudicada nos grupos H e HF em relação ao C; com prejuízo adicional do grupo HF ao nitroprussiato de sódio na dose de 20ug/ml (15 aos 60 dias de protocolo vs. C). Além disso, aos 15 e 30 dias de protocolo, o grupo HF apresentou um aumento marcante do TNFalfa e IL-6 no tecido adiposo e de IL-1beta no baço em relação aos grupos C e H. Houve redução de nitritos plasmáticos no grupo HF em 15 (55%) e 30 dias (58%) vs. o grupo C, acompanhado de aumento do peróxido de hidrogênio em 30 dias vs. o grupo H (98%). Em relação as defesas antioxidantes, o grupo HF apresentou menor atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD) vs. os grupos C (15 dias: 36%, 30 dias: 31% e 60 dias: 47%) e H (15 dias: 25%, 30 dias: 21% e 60 dias: 43%), sem alterações significantes na catalase e no potencial antioxidante total. O grupo HF teve maior lipoperoxidação e oxidação de proteínas vs. os grupos C (46% e 117%) e H (49% e 45%) somente aos 60 dias de protocolo. A partir de 15 dias de protocolo foram observadas alterações metabólicas no grupo HF, como o aumento dos triglicerídeos plasmáticos em relação aos grupos C (15 dias: 20%; 30 dias: 19%; 60 dias: 23%) e H (15 dias: 19%; 30 dias: 21%; 60 dias: 24%); aumento da insulina plasmática em comparação ao grupo C (30 dias: 160% e 60 dias: 260%); e redução da sensibilidade à insulina em relação aos grupos C (17%) e H (17%) em 60 dias de protocolo. Além das alterações metabólicas, houve aumento progressivo da pressão arterial (PA) nos grupos hipertensos, com aumento adicional da PA no grupo HF em relação ao grupo H em 30 dias (8%) e 60 dias de protocolo (11%). Por outro lado, o treinamento físico aeróbio atenuou parte destas disfunções. Nesse sentido, observamos aumento da sensibilidade barorreflexa no grupo HFT para as RB em 7 (100%), 15 (86%), 30 (76%) e 60 dias de protocolo (74%) e para as RT em 7 (34%), 15 (31%) e 30 dias de protocolo (49%) vs. grupo HF. Entretanto, o treinamento físico não atenuou o prejuízo na RT em 60 dias de protocolo e na reatividade vascular. Houve redução da razão entre TNF-alfa/IL-10 no tecido adiposo (40%) e da IL-1beta no baço (30%) no grupo HFT em relação ao grupo HF em 15 dias; todavia o TNF-alfa foi maior no baço no grupo HFT em 60 dias de protocolo em relação aos seus valores iniciais. Os nitritos plasmáticos estavam aumentados no grupo HFT quando comparado ao grupo HF em 7 e 15 dias de protocolo. Em relação ao estresse oxidativo, aos 60 dias de protocolo, observou-se aumento da SOD (74%) e redução da lipoperoxidação (46%) e do dano à proteína (60%) no plasma do grupo HFT em relação ao grupo HF. O treinamento físico reduziu a glicemia (15%) e aumentou a sensibilidade à insulina (31%) ao final do protocolo, apesar de não alterar os triglicerídeos sanguíneos ou a PA. Concluindo, os resultados demonstram que disfunções hemodinâmicas, autonômicas, inflamatórias e de estresse oxidativo são tempo dependente em animais SHR e que a associação ao consumo de frutose induz prejuízos adicionais. Além disto, a disfunção do barorreflexo precede as alterações hemodinâmicas, metabólicas, de inflamação e de estresse oxidativo nesse modelo. Por outro lado, o treinamento físico aeróbio foi eficaz em atenuar parte das disfunções neste modelo de síndrome metabólica
This study tested the hypothesis that changes in autonomic control precede cardiometabolic changes in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) treated with fructose. Additionally, the effects of aerobic exercise training (AET) were evaluated in the time course of the dysfunctions observed in this metabolic syndrome model. Wistar and SHR rats were divided into groups (n=8/group): control (C), hypertensive (H), hypertensive + fructose (HF) and hypertensive + fructose + AET (HFT). The fructose overload (100g/l) and the AET (treadmill 1h/d, 5d/wk) was initiated at 30 days of life. The experimental groups were divided into subgroups, which were evaluated after 7, 15, 30 and 60 days of protocol. Since 7 day of protocol the association of hypertension and fructose consumption (HF group) induced a reduction in baroreflex sensitivity for bradycardic (BR) and tachycardia responses (TR) when compared to the C group; there was an additional reduction of BR in the HF group when compared to the H group (7 days: 40% and 15 days: 36%). The vascular reactivity to phenylephrine (8ug/ml: 7 to 60 days) was impaired in H and HF groups when compared to the C group; it was observed an additional impairment in the HF group to sodium nitroprusside at the dose of 20?g/ml (15 to 60 days of protocol vs. C). Additionally, at 15 and 30 day of protocol, the HF group showed an increase in TNFalfa and IL-6 in adipose tissue and in IL-1beta in the spleen when compared to C and H groups. There was a reduction in plasma nitrites in the HF group in 15 (55%) and 30 days of protocol (58%) vs. the C group, accompanied by an increase of the hydrogen peroxide in 30 days vs. H group (98%). Regarding the antioxidant defenses, the HF group showed reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity as compared to C (15 days: 36%, 30 days: 31% and 60 days: 47%) and H groups (15 days: 25% 30 days: 21% and 60 days: 43%), without significant changes in catalase and in total antioxidant potential. The HF group had increased lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation vs. the C (46% and 117%) and H groups (49% and 45%) only at 60 days of protocol. Since 15 day of protocol, the metabolic changes were observed in the HF group, such as an increase in plasma triglycerides in HF group when compared to the C (15 days: 20%; 30 days: 19%; 60 days: 23%) and H groups (15 days 19%; 30 days: 21%, 60 days: 24%). It was observed an increase in plasma insulin in the HF group when compared to the C group (30 days: 160% and 60 days: 260%); and a decrease in insulin sensitivity in HF group when compared to the C (17%) and H groups (17%) at 60 days of protocol. In addition to metabolic changes, there was a progressive increase in blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive groups. There was a further increase in BP in the HF group when compared to the H group in 30 days (8%) and 60 days of protocol (11%). On the other hand, AET attenuated part of these dysfunctions. Accordingly, we observed an increase in baroreflex sensitivity in HFT group for BR at 7 (100%), 15 (86%), 30 (76%) and 60 days of protocol (74%) and for TR in 7 (34%), 15 (31%) and 30 days of protocol (49%) as compared to the HF group. However, the AET did not attenuate the impairment in TR at 60 days of protocol nor the vascular reactivity dysfunction. There was a reduction in the relation of TNF-alfa/IL-10 in fat tissue (40%) and IL-1beta in the spleen (30%) in the HFT group when compared to the HF group in 15 days of protocol. However, the TNF-alfa in spleen was higher in the HFT group at 60 days of protocol when compared to its initial values. The nitrites in plasma were increased in HFT group as compared to the HF group at 7 and 15 days of protocol. Regarding oxidative stress in plasma at 60 days of protocol, there was an increase in SOD activity (74%) and a decrease in lipid peroxidation (46%) and in protein oxidation (60%) in the HFT group when compared to the HF group. The AET reduced blood glucose (15%) and increased insulin sensitivity (31%) at the end of the protocol, although it did not alter blood triglycerides or BP. In conclusion, the results show that hemodynamic, autonomic, inflammatory and oxidative stress disorders are time dependent in SHR and that the association of fructose overload induces additional impairments. Furthermore, the baroreflex dysfunction precedes hemodynamic, metabolic, inflammatory and oxidative stress disorders in this model. On the other hand, the aerobic exercise training was effective in attenuate disorders in this model of metabolic syndrome

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Burini, Franz Homero Paganini. "Resposta dos componentes da Síndrome metabólica a programa de mudança do estilo de vida em adultos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/89/89131/tde-26082013-144014/.

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A síndrome metabólica (SM) é um conjunto de patologias caracterizadas pela obesidade abdominal, resistência insulínica, hipertensão arterial e dislipidemia aterogênica. Pelos seus desfechos, ocupa posição de destaque dentre as doenças crônicas com impacto crescente na economia do SUS. Não há modelo curativo efetivo para SM, restando a atenção primária pelo combate ao sedentarismo e a inadequação alimentar, mediante modificação do estilo de vida (MEV). O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito de programa de mudança do estilo de vida (MEV) sobre a SM em adultos. Preencheram os critérios de inclusão 131 indivíduos (55 ± 9 anos), 74% do sexo feminino 68,7% abaixo de 60 anos. Todos foram submetidos a programa de MEV composto de exercícios aeróbios dinâmicos (caminhadas - 65-80% V02máx.)supervisionados, 80minutos/sessão, 3-5x/semana. Adicionalmente, houve aconselhamento nutricional mensal. A duração do MEV foi de 6 meses com avaliações nos momentos inicial (M0) e final (M1). As avaliações incluíram dados clínicos, antropométricos, dietéticos, capacidade aeróbia e bioquímica sanguínea. O diagnóstico de SM foi feito pelo ATP III - NCEP (2003). Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente pelas variáveis contínuas (teste t de Student ou de Wilcoxon) ou categóricas (qui-quadrado), mediante software Stat for Windows 6.0 p=0,05. Em M0 a SM era de 50,3% tendo como principal componente a adiposidade abdominal (63,4%). Os portadores (G1) diferiram dos não portadores (G2) de SM pelos maiores valores de IMC e uricemia, e menor desempenho físico em esteira. O programa de MEV aumentou a pontuação do índice de alimentação saudável (IAS) e da ingestão de fibras, e reduziu a ingestão energética. Adicionalmente, aumentou o tempo de esteira e reduziu os valores plasmáticos de proteína C reativa (PCR-us), γ-glutamil transpeptidase (γ-GT) e ácido úrico. A redução da SM foi de 6,8%, resultante da redução de circunferência abdominal (CA), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e aumento do HDL-colesterol. O aparecimento de SM durante a MEV decorrente da elevação da glicemia, trigliceridemia e uricemia, acompanhada da menor ingestão de fibras durante o programa. Os dados mostram as características dos pacientes que respondem positiva e negativamente a este programa de MEV na atenção primária à SM.
Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors as abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension and atherogenic lipid profile, having an enormous economic impact on the national health system. There is no curative model for the MS, being the primary prevention, such as the combat of sedentary behavior and food intake inadequacy the aim of the primary care system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a lifestyle changing program (LFCP) on MS components in free-living adults. 131 individuais (55 ± 9 years, 74% females and 68,7% under 60 years of age) were submitted to the program, characterized by supervised aerobic exercise (65-80% V02max.) for 80 minutes per session, 3-5 times per week, additionally to monthly dietary counseling. The program lasted 6 months, involving clinic evaluations followed by anthropometric, nutritional and biochemistry, along with a maximal cardiorespiratory fitness test on a treadmill (Balke protocol), at baseline and at end (6 months). MS diagnosis was made according to ATP III - NCEP (2003), being the glycemic index altered as suggested (AHA, 2005). All results were analyzed with Statistic Software, with Student t test and Wilcoxon, when properly, being 5% the statistical level of significance (p<0,05). At baseline, MS prevalence was 50,3%, being elevated waist circumference the most prevalent component (63,4%). MS patients (G1) were different from non MS patients for higher BMI, high levels of uric acid and lower cardiorespiratory fitness. LFCP resulted in higher scores of health eating index (HEI) and dietary fiber intake, and lowered the caloric iintake. Additionaly, it improved the cardiorespiratory fitness and lowered C reactive protein (CRP-hs), γ-glutamil transpeptidase (γ-GT) and uric acid. MS prevalence dropped 6,8%, resulted from a reduction in waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure, and an increase in HDL-c levels. MS diagnosis after the program were due glycemic, tryclicerides and uric acid elevation, followed by reduction in fiber intake during the 6 months period. Datas presented in this study evidence patients characteristics with and without improvements with LFCP focusing MS prevention and treatment.

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Dupas, Julie. "Effets d'une alimentation hyper-fructosée et rôle de l'activité physique comme moyen de prévention chez le rat Wistar." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0113/document.

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L'augmentation récente de la prévalence du diabète de type 2 (DT2) et du syndrome métabolique est actuellement au coeur des préoccupations des organismes de santé publique ; ces deux maladies métaboliques favoriseraient le développement des maladies cardio-vasculaires. Ce rapide accroissement peut être relié aux changements de nos modes de vie, notamment la surconsommation en sucres et la sédentarité. L’impact de ces deux paramètres à différents niveaux physiologiques a été évalué grâce à la mise en place d’un modèle murin. Des rats Wistar ont été nourris à l'aide d'une boisson enrichie en fructose (20-25% w/v), induisant le développement progressif d'un syndrome métabolique (résistance à l'insuline, hypertension, dyslipidémie, hyperglycémie à jeun), sans pour autant présenter de DT2 (pas d'intolérance au glucose). Le régime hyper-fructosé entraîne des perturbations du système antioxydant (Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glutathion Peroxidase) et l'apparition tardive d'une dysfonction endothéliale de l'aorte thoracique.La pratique d'une activité physique modérée permet de prévenir l'apparition de la résistance à l'insuline et améliore le fonctionnement vasculaire de l'aorte thoracique. Ce dernier effet serait en lien avec un fonctionnement du système antioxydant plus performant. Malgré tout, l'entraînement associé au régime hyper-fructosé engendrerait des effets délétères au niveau hépatique
The recent increase of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome prevalence is a key concern of public health organizations. Both diseases can promote the development of cardiovascular diseases. This steep increase can be linked to lifestyle changes, such as sugar overconsumption and lack of physical activity. The effects of these two parameters can be evaluated at various physiological levels using a murine model. For this purpose, Wistar rats were fed with a fructose-enriched drink (20-25% w/v), which results in the progressive development of a metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, fasting hyperglycemia). These rats did not present T2D (no glucose intolerance). The fructose-enriched diet promotes perturbations in the antioxidant system (SOD, CAT, GPx) as well as a late endothelial dysfunction on the thoracic aorta.Moderate physical activity prevents the development of insulin resistance and increases thoracic aorta vascular function. This later may be link to the best performances of the antioxidant system. However, exercise training associated with fructose-enriched diet may be deleterious for hepatic health

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Koebke, Nicole C. "PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SLEEP PATTERNS, AND HEALTH OUTCOMES IN UNIVERSITY LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/6.

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Research indicates that law enforcement officers (LEOs) have a higher prevalence of developing coronary artery disease (CAD) compared to the general population. Sleep deprivation and physical inactivity have been found to be related to many risk factors for CAD. This cross-sectional study examined the health status and the relationship between sleep and physical activity outcomes versus CAD risk factors among 27 University LEOs. The subjects’ health behaviors, and CAD and metabolic syndrome risk factors were described using basic statistics. Accelerometer derived sleep and physical activity outcomes were correlated to measures of health to identify potential relationships. 33% of LEOs were classified as moderate risk for CAD; 92% had dyslipidemia, 58% had elevated triglycerides, 23% had prediabetes, and 22% suffered from obesity. The administrators and first shift LEOs slept more compared to second or third shift LEOs. The LEOs were more sedentary while on-duty. In addition, sedentary time was correlated to systolic blood pressure. LEOs accumulated 24.4 min·d-1 of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), but only spent 9.3 min·d-1 in continuous bouts of MVPA. In conclusion, multiple CAD risk factors were present in these LEOs and achieving adequate amounts of physical activity and sleep may decrease their risk of developing chronic diseases.

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Andersson, Jonas. "Inflammation and lifestyle in cardiovascular medicine." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Medicin, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-36221.

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Despite major advances in the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis the last several decades, cardiovascular disease still accounts for the majority of deaths in Sweden. With the population getting older, more obese and with rising numbers of diabetics, the cardiovascular disease burden may increase further in the future. The focus in cardiovascular disease has shifted with time from calcification and narrowing of arteries to the biological processes within the atherosclerotic plaque. C-reactive protein (CRP) has emerged as one of many proteins that reflect a low grade systemic inflammation and is suitable for analysis as it is more stable and easily measured than most other inflammatory markers. Several large prospective studies have shown that CRP is not only an inflammatory marker, but even a predictive marker for cardiovascular disease. C-reactive protein is associated with several other risk factors for cardiovascular disease including obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Our study of twenty healthy men during a two week endurance cross country skiing tour demonstrated a decline in already low baseline CRP levels immediately after the tour and six weeks later. In a study of 200 obese individuals with impaired glucose tolerance randomised to a counselling session at their health care centre or a one month stay at a wellness centre, we found decreased levels of CRP in subjects admitted to the wellness centre. The effect remained at one, but not after three years of follow-up. In a prospective, nested, case-referent study with 308 ischemic strokes, 61 intracerebral haemorrhages and 735 matched referents, CRP was associated with ischemic stroke in both uni- and multivariate analyses. No association was found with intracerebral haemorrhages. When classifying ischemic stroke according to TOAST criteria, CRP was associated with small vessel disease. The CRP 1444 (CC/CT vs. TT) polymorphism was associated with plasma levels of CRP, but neither with ischemic stroke nor with intracerebral haemorrhage. A study on 129 patients with atrial fibrillation was used to evaluate whether inflammation sensitive fibrinolytic variables adjusted for CRP could predict recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion. In multivariate iv models, lower PAI-1 mass was associated with sinus rhythm even after adjusting for CRP and markers of the metabolic syndrome. In conclusion, lifestyle intervention can be used to reduce CRP levels, but it remains a challenge to maintain this effect. CRP is a marker of ischemic stroke, but there are no significant associations between the CRP1444 polymorphism and any stroke subtype, suggesting that the CRP relationship with ischemic stroke is not causal. The fibrinolytic variable, PAI-1, is associated with the risk of recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion after adjustment for CRP. Our findings suggest a pathophysiological link between atrial fibrillation and PAI-1, but the relation to inflammation remains unclear.

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Dias, Edgar Toschi. "Efeito do treinamento físico e da dieta hipocalórica na modulação autonômica simpática em pacientes com síndrome metabólica e apneia obstrutiva do sono." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5131/tde-20052013-161112/.

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INTRODUÇÃO: Pacientes com síndrome metabólica (SMet) apresentam aumento na atividade nervosa simpática muscular (ANSM) e diminuição no ganho do controle barorreflexo arterial (CBR). E, a apnéia obstrutiva do sono (AOS), uma comorbidade frequentemente encontrada em pacientes com SMet, exacerba essas disfunções autonômicas. Sabe-se que a incidência dos disparos e o padrão oscilatório da ANSM dependem do ganho (sensibilidade) e do tempo de retardo (latência) do CBR da ANSM (CBRANSM). Contudo, o padrão oscilatório da ANSM e o tempo de retardo do CBRANSM em pacientes com SMet associada ou não à AOS são desconhecidos. Além disso, estudos prévios demonstram que o treinamento físico associado à dieta hipocalórica (TF+D) diminui a incidência dos disparos da ANSM e aumenta o ganho do CBR em pacientes com SMet. No entanto, os efeitos de TF+D no padrão oscilatório da ANSM e no ganho e tempo de retardo do CBRANSM em pacientes com SMet associado ou não a AOS permanecem desconhecidos. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados quarenta e quatro pacientes com SMet (critérios do ATP III), sem uso de medicamentos, que foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a presença da AOS (SMet-AOS, n=23 e SMet+AOS, n=21). Um grupo controle saudável (n=12) foi, também, incluído no estudo. Para avaliar o efeito da intervenção, os pacientes foram divididos consecutivamente em quatro grupos: 1- Sedentário sem AOS (SMet-AOS Sed, n=10); 2- Sedentário com AOS (SMet+AOS Sed, n=10); 3- TF+D sem AOS (SMet-AOS TF+D, n=13) e; 4- TF+D com AOS (SMet+AOS TF+D, n=11). Os grupos TF+D foram submetidos ao treinamento físico aeróbio (40 min, 3 vezes por semana) associado à dieta hipocalórica (-500 kcal/dia) durante quatro meses e os grupos sedentários não realizaram a intervenção (TF+D) e somente receberam orientações clínicas. A AOS foi determinada através do índice de apneia e hipopneia (IAH) >15 eventos/hora (polissonografia). A ANSM (microneurografia), pressão arterial (batimento a batimento, método oscilométrico), padrão oscilatório da ANSM (relação dos componentes de baixa frequência-BF, e alta frequência-AF da ANSM, BFANSM/AFANSM, análise espectral autorregressivo monovariada) e o CBRANSM espontâneo (ganho e tempo de retardo, análise espectral autorregressivo bivariada) foram avaliados durante o repouso na posição deitada por 10 minutos. RESULTADOS: No período pré-intervenção, os pacientes com SMet-AOS e SMet+AOS apresentaram redução no BFANSM/AFANSM (P=0,01 e P<0,001, respectivamente) e no ganho do CBRANSM (P=0,01 e P<0,001, respectivamente), em comparação com o grupo Controle. E, os pacientes com SMet+AOS apresentaram menor BFANSM/AFANSM (P=0,02) e ganho do CBRANSM (P<0,001) em comparação com SMet-AOS. Ainda, o tempo de retardo do CBRANSM estava aumentado no grupo SMet+AOS em comparação com os grupos SMet-AOS e Controle (P=0,01 e P<0,001, respectivamente). Após a intervenção TF+D, ambos os grupos SMet-AOS e SMet+AOS apresentaram redução do peso corporal, circunferência abdominal e pressão arterial sistólica e aumento consumo de oxigênio no pico do exercício. Nos pacientes com SMet-AOS, o TF+D aumentou o BFANSM/AFANSM (P<0,05) e o ganho do CBRANSM (P<0,01). Nos pacientes com SMet+AOS, o TF+D aumentou o nível de saturação mínima de O2 (P=0,02) durante a polissonografia, o BFANSM/AFANSM (P=0,001) e o ganho do CBRANSM (P<0,01) e, diminuiu o IAH (P<0,01) durante a polissonografia e o tempo de retardo do CBRANSM (P=0,01). Nenhuma alteração foi observada em ambos os grupos sedentários. CONCLUSÕES: O TF+D aumenta o padrão oscilatório da ANSM e o ganho do CBRANSM em pacientes com SMet, independentemente da presença da AOS. No entanto, este efeito é mais pronunciado em pacientes com SMet+AOS, já que após a intervenção o tempo de retardo do CBRANSM foi também diminuído nestes pacientes
INTRODUCTION: Patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) have increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and decreased arterial baroreflex control (BRC). Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a comorbidity often found in patients with MetS, exacerbates these autonomic dysfunctions. It is known that burst incidence and the oscillatory pattern of MSNA depend on the gain (sensitivity) and the time delay (latency) of BRC of MSNA (BRCMSNA). However, the oscillatory pattern of MSNA and the time delay of BRCMSNA in patients with MetS either with or without OSA are unknown. Moreover, previous studies have shown that exercise training associated with hypocaloric diet (ET+D) decreases the burst incidence of MSNA and increases the gain of BRC in patients with MetS. However, the effects of ET+D on the oscillatory pattern of MSNA and on the gain and time delay of BRCMSNA in patients with MetS with or without OSA remain unknown. METHODS: Forty-four never-treated MetS patients (ATP III criteria) were allocated in two groups according to the presence of OSA (MetS-OSA, n=23 and MetS+OSA, n=21). A healthy control group (n=12) was also included in the study. To evaluate the effect of the intervention, patients were consecutively divided into four groups: 1- Sedentary without OSA (MetS-OSA Sed, n=10); 2- Sedentary with OSA (MetS+OSA Sed, n=10); 3- ET+D without OSA (MetS-OSA TF+D, n=13) and 4- ET+D with OSA (MetS+OSA ET+D, n=11). ET+D groups were submitted to aerobic exercise (40 min, 3 times per week) associated to hypocaloric diet (-500 kcal / day) for four months and sedentary groups did not perform the intervention (ET+D) and only received clinical orientations. OSA was determined by the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) >15 events/hour (polysomnography). The MSNA (microneurography), blood pressure (beat-to-beat basis, oscillometry method), oscillatory pattern of MSNA (relationship of the components of low frequency - LF, and high frequency - HF of MSNA, LFMSNA/HFMSNA, monovariate autoregressive spectral analysis) and spontaneous BRCMSNA (gain and time delay, bivariate autoregressive spectral analysis) were evaluated during rest at lying position for 10 min. RESULTS: In the pre-intervention period, patients with MetS-OSA and MetS+OSA showed reduced LFMSNA/HFMSNA (P=0.01 and P<0.001, respectively) and gain of BRCMSNA (P=0.01 and P<0.001, respectively) compared to Control group. And, the patients with MetS+OSA had lower LFMSNA/HFMSNA (P=0.02) and gain of BRCMSNA (P<0.001) compared to MetS- OSA. The time delay of BRCMSNA was higher in MetS+OSA group compared to MetS-OSA and Control groups (P=0.01 and P<0.001, respectively). After ET+D, both groups MetS-OSA and MetS+OSA decreased body weight, waist circumference and systolic blood pressure and increased peak oxygen uptake during exercise. In patients with MetS-OSA, the ET+D increased LFMSNA/HFMSNA (P<0.05) and the gain of BRCMSNA (P<0.01). In patients with MetS+OSA, ET+D increased minimum oxygen saturation level (P=0.02) during polysomnography, the LFMSNA/HFMSNA (P=0.001) and the gain of BRCMSNA (P<0.01) and decresed AHI (P<0.01) during polysomnography and the time delay of BRCMSNA (P=0.01). No alterations were observed in both sedentary groups. CONCLUSION: ET+D increase the oscillatory pattern of MSNA and the gain of BRCMSNA in patients with MetS, regardless of the presence of OSA. However, this effect is more pronounced in patients with MetS+OSA, since after intervention the time delay of BRCMSNA was also diminished in these patients

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Fonseca, Felipe Xerez Cepêda. "Resposta hemodinâmica, metabólica e ventilatória durante esforço progressivo máximo em pacientes com síndrome metabólica e apneia obstrutiva do sono." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-04022015-145041/.

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Introdução. A síndrome metabólica (SMet) diminue a capacidade funcional (VO2pico). A apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS), uma comorbidade frequentemente encontrado nos pacientes com SMet, causa um aumento adicional na atividade nervosa simpática. Testamos as hipóteses que: 1) A sobreposição da SMet e AOS prejudica o VO2pico e as respostas hemodinâmicas, metabólicas e ventilatória durante o teste de esforço cardiopulmonar máximo (TECP); e 2) A hiperativação simpática está envolvida no prejuízo dessas respostas. Métodos. Foram estudados 60 pacientes recém diagnosticados com SMet segundo o ATP-III, sedentários, não medicados, divididos em 2 grupos pelo corte do indíce de apneia-hipopneia (IAH) >= 15 eventos/h: SMet+AOS (49±1,7 anos, n=30), e SMet-AOS (46±1,4 anos, n=30). Um grupo controle saudável pareado por idade foi arrolado (C, 46±1,7 anos, n=16). O IAH foi avaliado pela polissonografia noturna e a atividade nervosa simpática muscular (ANSM) pela microneurografia. No TECP foram avaliados: VO2pico, FC reserva (FCpico-FCrepouso), atenuação da FC na recuperação (deltaFCrec =FCpico-FC no 1º, 2º, 4º e 6º min), comportamento da pressão arterial (PA), duplo produto (PASxFC), ventilação (VE), pulso de oxigênio (VO2/FC), equivalente ventilatório de oxigênio (VE/VO2) e equivalente ventilatório de gás carbônico (VE/VCO2). Resultados. SMet+AOS e SMet-AOS foram semelhantes nas características físicas e nos fatores de risco da SMet. Ambos os grupos com SMet apresentaram maior ANSM comparados com C, sendo que esses níveis foram maiores no SMet+AOS do que no SMet-AOS. O TECP não revelou diferenças nas variáveis ventilatórias e metabólicas entre os grupos. Entretanto, ambos os grupos com SMet apresentaram maiores valores de FCrep e de PAS e PAD (no repouso, durante o exercício, no pico e na recuperação), assim como menor VO2pico e pulso de O2pico, comparados ao C. Ambos os grupos com SMet apresentaram diminuição da FC reserva comparados com C, sendo menor no SMet+AOS comparado com SMet-AOS. SMet+AOS apresentou prejuízo no ?FCrec no 1º (16±2, 18±1 e 24±2 bpm impulsos/min, interação P=0,008), 2º (26±2, 32±2 e 40±3 bpm impulsos/min, interação P < 0,001), 4º (40±2, 50±2 e 61±3 bpm, interação P < 0.001) e 6º min (48±3, 58±2 e 65±3 impulsos/min, interação P < 0,001), enquanto SMet-AOS apresentou prejuízo no ?FCrec no 2º e 4º min comparado com C. Além disso, SMet+AOS apresentou menores valores de deltaFCrec 4º e 6º min comparado ao SMet-AOS. Análises adicionais mostraram uma correlação entre a ANSM e a FCrep (R=-0,37; P < 0,001) e entre a ANSM e o deltaFCrec no 1º (R=-0,35; P=0,004), 2º (R=-0,42; P < 0,001), 4º (R=-0,47; P < 0,001) e 6ºmin (R=-0,35; P=0,006). Conclusão. A sobreposição da AOS diminue o VO2pico e potencializa o prejuízo nas respostas hemodinâmicas durante o exercício e em pacientes com SMet, o que parece ser explicado, pelo menos em parte, pela hiperativação simpática. Portanto, a AOS é uma comorbidade que pode piorar o prognóstico de pacientes com SMet
Introduction. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) decreases functional capacity (peakVO2). Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a comorbidity often found in patients with MetS, leads to an additional increase in the sympathetic nerve activity. We tested the hypotheses that: 1) The overlap of MetS and OSA impairs peakVO2 and hemodynamic, metabolic and ventilatory responses during maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET); and 2) Sympathetic hyperactivation is involved in this impairment. Methods. We studied 60 newly diagnosed MetS outpatients (ATP III), sedentary, untreated, divided in 2 groups by the cut off the apnea-hypopnea index of (AHI) >= 15 events/h: MetS+OSA (49±1.7yr, n=30), and MetS-OSA (46±1.4yr, n=30). A healthy age-matched control group was also enrolled (C, 46±1.7yr, n=16). The AHI was evaluated by polysomnography and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) by microneurography. The variables evaluated from CEPT were: peakVO2, HR reserve (peakHR-restHR), attenuation of HR recovery (deltaHRR=peakHR-HR at 1st, 2nd, 4th and 6th min), blood pressure response (BP), double product (SBPxHR), ventilation (VE), O2 pulse (VO2/HR), ventilatory equivalent ratio for oxygen (VE/VO2) and ventilatory equivalent ratio for carbon dioxide (VE/VCO2). Results. MetS+OSA and MetS-OSA were similar in physical characteristics and risk factors of MetS. Both groups with MetS had higher MSNA compared with C, and these levels were higher in the MetS+OSA compared to MetS-AOS. No differences among groups were found in the CPET on ventilatory and metabolic variables. However, both groups with MetS showed higher restHR, SBP and DBP (at rest, during exercise and at recovery) and lower peakVO2 and peak O2 pulse compared to C. Both MetS groups had lower HR reserve compared with C, with lower levels on MetS+OSA compared with MetS-OSA. MetS+OSA had lower deltaHRR at 1st (16±2, 18±1 and 24±2 bpm, interaction P=0.008), 2nd (26±2, 32±2 and 40±3 bpm, interaction P < 0.001), 4th (40±2, 50±2 and 61±3 bpm, interaction P < 0.001) and 6th min (48±3, 58±2 e 65±3 bpm, interaction P < 0.02), whereas MetS-OSA had lower deltaHRR at 2nd and 4th compared to C. In addition, MetS+OSA had lower deltaHRR at 4th and 6th min compared to MetS-AOS. Further analysis showed association between MSNA with restHR (R=-0,37; P < 0,001) and between MSNA and deltaHRR at 1st (R=-0.35; P=0.004), 2nd (R=-0.42; P < 0.001) 4th (R=-0,47; P < 0,001) and 6thmin (R=-0,35; P=0,006). Conclusion. The overlap of OSA decreases peakVO2 and potentiates the impairement over hemodynamic responses during exercise in patients with MetS, which may be explained, at least in part, by sympathetic hyperactivation. Therefore, OSA is a comorbidity that could worsen the prognosis in MetS patients

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McMath, Arden Lee. "Associations Between Physical Activity Level and Adiponectin/Leptin Ratios in Older Adults." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1556816283317575.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cpet, metabolic syndrome, exercise'

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