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Kim, JungHoon, KyungSik Yoon, IkSu Seo, and KyunKyung Lee. "Estimating The Ratio of The CPA Distance to Velocity for Underwater Target using Bearing CPA." Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers 53, no. 6 (June 25, 2016): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5573/ieie.2016.53.6.146.
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Ren, Jiawei, Xinbo Gao, Liming Chen, Huishan Lin, Yao Liu, Yuying Zhou, Yunru Liao, Chunzi Xie, Chengguo Zuo, and Mingkai Lin. "Characteristics of the Ciliary Body in Healthy Chinese Subjects Evaluated by Radial and Transverse Imaging of Ultrasound Biometric Microscopy." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 13 (June 27, 2022): 3696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11133696.
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Background: The imaging and analysis of the ciliary body (CB) are valuable in many potential clinical applications. This study aims to demonstrate the anatomy characteristics of CB using radial and transverse imaging of ultrasound biometric microscopy (UBM) in healthy Chinese subjects, and to explore the determining factors. Methods: Fifty-four eyes of 30 healthy Chinese subjects were evaluated. Clinical data, including age, body mass index (BMI), intraocular pressure (IOP), axial length (AL), and lens thickness (LT), were collected. Radial and transverse UBM measurements of the ciliary body were performed. Anterior chamber depth (ACD), ciliary sulcus diameter (CSD), ciliary process length (CPL), ciliary process density (CPD), ciliary process area (CPA), ciliary muscle area (CMA), ciliary body area (CBA), ciliary body thickness (CBT0, CBT1, and CBTmax), anterior placement of ciliary body (APCB), and trabecular-ciliary angle (TCA) of four (superior, nasal, inferior, and temporal) quadrants were measured. Results: The average CPL was 0.513 ± 0.074 mm, and the average CPA was 0.890 ± 0.141 mm2. CPL and CPA tended to be longer and larger in the superior quadrant (p < 0.001) than in the other three quadrants. Average CPL was significantly correlated with AL (r = 0.535, p < 0.001), ACD (r = 0.511, p < 0.001), and LT (r = −0.512, p < 0.001). Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) scores were high for CPL (0.979), CPD (0.992), CPA (0.966), CMA (0.963), and CBA (0.951). Conclusions: In healthy Chinese subjects, CPL was greatest in the superior quadrant, followed by the inferior, temporal, and nasal quadrants, and CPA was largest in the superior quadrant, followed by the tempdoral, inferior, and nasal quadrants. Transverse UBM images can be used to measure the anatomy of the ciliary process with relatively good repeatability and reliability.
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Iqbal, Nousheen, Muhammad Irfan, Ammar Mushtaq, and Kauser Jabeen. "Underlying Conditions and Clinical Spectrum of Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CPA): An Experience from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 2 (March 26, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6020041.
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The incidence of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is especially increasing in high tuberculosis (TB) burden countries. Despite a high estimated CPA burden in Pakistan, actual data on CPA are not available. The aim of the current study is to determine the underlying conditions and clinical spectrum of CPA at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. This is a retrospective chart review study in patients admitted with CPA from January 2012 to December 2017. A total of 67 patients were identified during the study period. Mean age of CPA patients was 45.9 ± 15 years, 44 (65.7%) were male and 19 (28.4%) had diabetes. The most common type of CPA was simple aspergilloma (49.2%) followed by chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (CCPA) (44.7%). TB was the underlying cause of CPA in 58 (86.6%) patients followed by bronchiectasis caused by allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) 8 (11.9%). Aspergillus flavus was identified in 17 (47.2%), followed by A. fumigatus in 13 (36.1%) CPA patients. Isolation of multiple Aspergillus species was found in 10 (25.6%) patients. Itraconazole was given in 27 (40.3%) patients and a combination therapy of itraconazole and surgery was given in 21 (31.34%) patients. We found aspergilloma and CCPA as the most prevalent forms of CPA in our setting. Further large prospective studies using Aspergillus specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies testing are required for better understanding of CPA in Pakistan.
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Xu, Zitong, JunFan Fang, Xuaner Xiang, HaiJu Sun, SiSi Wang, Jianqiao Fang, and Junying Du. "Electroacupuncture Alleviates Pain-Related Emotion by Upregulating the Expression of NPS and Its Receptor NPSR in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Hypothalamus." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (February 10, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8630368.
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Objective. Electroacupuncture (EA) is reported effective in alleviating pain-related emotion; however, the underlying mechanism of its effects still needs to be elucidated. The NPS-NPSR system has been validated for the involvement in the modulation of analgesia and emotional behavior. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of the NPS-NPSR system in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), hypothalamus, and central amygdala (CeA) in the use of EA to relieve affective pain modeled by complete Freund’s adjuvant- (CFA-) evoked conditioned place aversion (C-CPA). Materials and Methods. CFA injection combined with a CPA paradigm was introduced to establish the C-CPA model, and the elevated O-maze (EOM) was used to test the behavioral changes after model establishment. We further explored the expression of NPS and NPSR at the protein and gene levels in the brain regions of interest by immunofluorescence staining and quantitative real-time PCR. Results. We observed that EA stimulation delivered to the bilateral Zusanli (ST36) and Kunlun (BL60) acupoints remarkably inhibited sensory pain, pain-evoked place aversion, and anxiety-like behavior. The current study showed that EA significantly enhanced the protein expression of this peptide system in the ACC and hypothalamus, while the elevated expression of NPSR protein alone was just confined to the affected side in the CeA. Moreover, EA remarkably upregulated the mRNA expression of NPS in CeA, ACC, and hypothalamus and NPSR mRNA in the hypothalamus and CeA. Conclusions. These data suggest the effectiveness of EA in alleviating affective pain, and these benefits may at least partially be attributable to the upregulation of the NPS-NPSR system in the ACC and hypothalamus.
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Feser, W., RS Kerdar H. Blode, and R. Reimann. "Formation of DNA-adducts by selected sex steroids in rat liver." Human & Experimental Toxicology 15, no. 7 (July 1996): 556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719601500702.
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1 We are reporting investigations into the potential of the steroid hormones chlormadinone acetate (CMA), cyproterone acetate (CPA), ethinylestradiol (EE2) gestodene (GEST), megestrol acetate (MGA), norethis terone acetate (NET-Ac), estradiol (E 2), and progester one (P) to form DNA-adducts in rat liver in vivo. 2 Compound-related DNA-adduct spots were detected in male and female rat liver following CMA, CPA, and MGA using the 32P-postlabeling-technique. Substance- specific DNA-adducts were also observed in male rats after administration of E2. The other compounds showed no DNA-adduct formation. After treatment with CMA, CPA or MGA, the relative adduct labeling (RAL) differed sex- and substance-specifically.
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Lee, Meng-Rui, Hung-Ling Huang, Li-Ta Keng, Hsu-Liang Chang, Chau-Chyun Sheu, Pin-Kuei Fu, Jann-Yuan Wang, Inn-Wen Chong, Jin-Yuan Shih, and Chong-Jen Yu. "Establishing Aspergillus-Specific IgG Cut-Off Level for Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis Diagnosis: Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 6 (June 12, 2021): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7060480.
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Objectives: Aspergillus-specific IgG (Asp-IgG) cut-off level in diagnosing chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) remains unknown. Methods: We prospectively recruited participants with clinical suspicion of CPA in three centers in Taiwan during 2019 June to 2020 August. Serum Aspergillus fumigatus-specific IgG (Asp-IgG) (Phadia, Uppsala, UPPS, Sweden) was examined. Optimal cut-off level was determined by Youden’s index and validated. Results: A total of 373 participants were recruited. In the derivation cohort (n = 262), Asp-IgG had an area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.832. The optimal cut-off level was 40.5 mgA/L. While applying this cut-off level to the validation cohort (n = 111), the sensitivity and specificity were 86.7% and 80.2%. Lowering the cut-off level from 40.5 to 27 mgA/L, the sensitivity was steady (30/36, 83.3% to 31/36, 86.1%) while specificity dropped from 81.9% (276/337) to 63.5% (214/337). Restricting CPA diagnosis to only chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (CCPA) and chronic fibrosing pulmonary aspergillosis (CFPA) yielded a cut-off level of 42.3 mgA/L in the derivation cohort with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 84.4% in the validation cohort. Conclusions: Serum Asp-IgG performs well for CPA diagnosis and provides a low false-positive rate when using a higher cut-off level (preferably around 40 mgA/L).
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Nakatsugawa, Kohei, Hiroshi Kurosaka, Toshihiro Inubushi, Gozo Aoyama, Yukako Isogai, Yu Usami, Satoru Toyosawa, and Takashi Yamashiro. "Stage- and tissue-specific effect of cyclophosphamide during tooth development." European Journal of Orthodontics 41, no. 5 (February 2, 2019): 519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjz002.
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Summary Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the toxic effect of cyclophosphamide (CPA) in the development of rodent molars. Methods CPA was administered intraperitoneally in postnatal mice between Day 1 and Day 10, and the morphological phenotype was evaluated at Day 26 using micro-computed tomography and histological analysis, including cell proliferation and cell death analyses. Results M3 molars of the mice who received 100 mg/kg CPA treatment at Day 6 or M2 molars who received treatment at Day 1 resulted in tooth agenesis or marked hypoplasia. Histological observation demonstrated that CPA treatment at Day 6 resulted in shrinkage of the M3 tooth germs, with a significant reduction in the proliferation of apoptotic cells. Conversely, CPA exposure at Day 2, which occurs at around the bud stage of M3, resulted in crown and root hypoplasia, with reduced numbers of cusp and root. In addition, CPA exposure at Day 10, which is the late bell stage of M3, induced root shortening; however, it did not affect crown morphogenesis. Limitations The timing of CPA administration is limited to after birth. Therefore, its effect during the early stages of M1 and M2 could not be investigated. Conclusion Defective phenotypes were evident in both crown and roots due to the effect of CPA. Interestingly, the severity of the phenotypes was associated with the developmental stages of the tooth germs at the time of CPA administration. The cap/early bell stage is the most susceptive timing for tooth agenesis, whereas the late bell stage is predominantly affected in terms of root formation by CPA administration.
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Uzunhan, Yurdagül, Hilario Nunes, Florence Jeny, Maxime Lacroix, Sophie Brun, Pierre-Yves Brillet, Emmanuel Martinod, et al. "Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis complicating sarcoidosis." European Respiratory Journal 49, no. 6 (June 2017): 1602396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02396-2016.
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Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) complicating sarcoidosis (SA) is associated with high mortality, and there is a lack of clarity regarding the relative contributions of SA or CPA.This was a retrospective single-centre study on CPA-SA.In total, 65 patients (44 men), aged 41.4±13.5 and 48.3±11.9 years at the time of SA and CPA diagnoses, respectively, were included between 1980 and 2015. Of these, 64 had fibrocystic SA, most often advanced, with composite physiological index (CPI) >40 (65% of patients) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) (31%), and 41 patients (63%) were treated for SA (corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs). Chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (CCPA) was the most frequent CPA pattern. Regarding treatment, 55 patients required long-term antifungals, 14 interventional radiology, 11 resection surgery and two transplantation. Nearly half of the patients (27; 41.5%) died (mean age 55.8 years); 73% of the patients achieved 5-year survival and 61% 10-year survival. Death most often resulted from advanced SA and rarely from haemoptysis. CPI, fibrosis extent and PH predicted survival. Comparison with paired healthy controls without CPA did not show any difference in survival, but a higher percentage of patients had high-risk mould exposure.CPA occurs in advanced pulmonary SA. CPA-SA is associated with high mortality due to the underlying advanced SA rather than to the CPA. CPI, fibrosis extent and PH best predict outcome.
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Formisano, Carmen, Felice Senatore, Svetlana Bancheva, Maurizio Bruno, Antonella Maggio, and Sergio Rosselli. "Volatile Components of Centaurea Bracteata and C. Pannonica subsp. Pannonica growing wild in Croatia." Natural Product Communications 5, no. 10 (October 2010): 1934578X1000501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1000501027.
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This paper reports on the volatile components of oils from the aerial parts (CBA) and roots (CBR) of Centaurea bracteata Scop. and aerial parts of C. pannonica (Heuffel) Simonkai subsp. pannonica (CPA), two Asteraceae growing wild in Croatia. The volatile components, obtained by hydrodistillation, were determined by GC-MS analysis. The yields (w/w) of the dried oils were 0.10% (CBA), 0.22% (CBR) and 0.09% (CPA), respectively. A total of 91 compounds were identified accounting for 91.1%, 93.3% and 87.9% of the total oil for CBA, CBR and CPA, respectively. All the samples were characterized mainly by hydrocarbons (7.1-34.1%), fatty acids (9.7-45.9%), and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (15.2-16.6%). The major components of the samples were hexadecanoic acid (8.1-31.1%), nonacosane (0.6-13.4%) and caryophyllene oxide (4.5-11.9%). Monoterpenes, both hydrocarbons and oxygenated, were either absent or present in low amounts in all the oils. The similarity in the oil contents is consistent with the two species being placed in the same section, Jacea.
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Brackmann, Derald E., and Joni K. Doherty. "CPA Melanoma." Otology & Neurotology 28, no. 4 (June 2007): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0b013e3180383694.
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Karpen, Ingo Oswald, Gerda Gemser, and Giulia Calabretta. "A multilevel consideration of service design conditions." Journal of Service Theory and Practice 27, no. 2 (March 13, 2017): 384–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jstp-05-2015-0121.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to advance the current understanding of organisational conditions that facilitate service design. Specifically, the focus is on organisational capabilities, interactive practices and individual abilities as units of analysis across service system levels. Grounded in design principles, the paper conceptualises and delineates illustrative service design conditions and introduces a respective service design capability-practice-ability (CPA) portfolio. In doing so, an emerging microfoundations perspective in the context of service design is advanced. Design/methodology/approach Conceptual paper. Findings This paper identifies and delineates a CPA that contributes to service design and ultimately customer experiences. The service design CPA consists of six illustrative constellations of service design capabilities, practices and abilities, which operate on different organisational levels. The service design CPA builds the foundation for in-depth research implications and future research opportunities. Practical implications The CPA framework suggests that if an organisation seeks to optimise service design and subsequent customer experiences, then individual- and organisational-level (cap)abilities and interactive practices should be optimised and synchronised across specific CPA constellations. Originality/value This paper provides the first microfoundations perspective for service design. It advances marketing theory through multilevel theorising around service design capabilities, practices and abilities and overcomes extant limitations of insular theorising in this context.
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Craey, Erine, Fabian Hulpia, Jeroen Spanoghe, Simona Manzella, Lars E. Larsen, Mathieu Sprengers, Dimitri De Bundel, et al. "Ex Vivo Feedback Control of Neurotransmission Using a Photocaged Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonist." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 16 (August 10, 2022): 8887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23168887.
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We report the design, synthesis, and validation of the novel compound photocaged N6-cyclopentyladenosine (cCPA) to achieve precisely localized and timed release of the parent adenosine A1 receptor agonist CPA using 405 nm light. Gi protein-coupled A1 receptors (A1Rs) modulate neurotransmission via pre- and post-synaptic routes. The dynamics of the CPA-mediated effect on neurotransmission, characterized by fast activation and slow recovery, make it possible to implement a closed-loop control paradigm. The strength of neurotransmission is monitored as the amplitude of stimulus-evoked local field potentials. It is used for feedback control of light to release CPA. This system makes it possible to regulate neurotransmission to a pre-defined level in acute hippocampal brain slices incubated with 3 µM cCPA. This novel approach of closed-loop photopharmacology holds therapeutic potential for fine-tuned control of neurotransmission in diseases associated with neuronal hyperexcitability.
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Janapati, Bharath, Anil Jain, and Priya Sharma. "Medical Image of the Month: Pulmonary Aspergillus Overlap Syndrome Presenting with ABPA, Multiple Bilateral Aspergillomas." Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care 22, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.13175/swjpcc002-21.
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No abstract available. Article truncated after 150 words. Introduction. Aspergillus is a ubiquitous fungal organism that causes a variety of pulmonary manifestations, both in immune-competent and immune-compromised patients. It can vary from simple colonization, Aspergilloma, ABPA to Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CPA) and Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis (IPA) (1). ABPA is the most frequently recognized manifestation of allergic aspergillosis, caused by the immunological reactions mounted against Asp. fumigatus. Aspergillomas are rounded conglomerates of fungal hyphae, fibrin, mucus and cellular debris that arise in pulmonary cavities, as a late manifestation of CPA. Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is a long-term aspergillus infection of the lung. The most common form of CPA is chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (CCPA), which untreated may progress to chronic fibrosing pulmonary aspergillosis. Aspergillus overlap syndrome is defined as the occurrence of more than one form of aspergillus disease (e.g., ABPA with Aspergilloma, ABPA progressing to IPA etc.) in a single individual. Case Report. A 58-year-old woman, resident of …
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Franco, A. A., M. H. Kothary, G. Gopinath, K. G. Jarvis, C. J. Grim, L. Hu, A. R. Datta, B. A. McCardell, and B. D. Tall. "Cpa, the Outer Membrane Protease ofCronobacter sakazakii, Activates Plasminogen and Mediates Resistance to Serum Bactericidal Activity." Infection and Immunity 79, no. 4 (January 18, 2011): 1578–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01165-10.
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ABSTRACTCronobacterspp. are emerging neonatal pathogens in humans, associated with outbreaks of meningitis and sepsis. To cause disease, they must survive in blood and invade the central nervous system by penetrating the blood-brain barrier.C. sakazakiiBAA-894 possesses an ∼131-kb plasmid (pESA3) that encodes an outer membrane protease (Cpa) that has significant identity to proteins that belong to the Pla subfamily of omptins. Members of this subfamily of proteins degrade a number of serum proteins, including circulating complement, providing protection from the complement-dependent serum killing. Moreover, proteins of the Pla subfamily can cause uncontrolled plasmin activity by converting plasminogen to plasmin and inactivating the plasmin inhibitor α2-antiplasmin (α2-AP). These reactions enhance the spread and invasion of bacteria in the host. In this study, we found that an isogeniccpamutant showed reduced resistance to serum in comparison to its parentC. sakazakiiBAA-894 strain. Overexpression of Cpa inC. sakazakiiorEscherichia coliDH5α showed that Cpa proteolytically cleaved complement components C3, C3a, and C4b. Furthermore, a strain ofC. sakazakiioverexpressing Cpa caused a rapid activation of plasminogen and inactivation of α2-AP. These results strongly suggest that Cpa may be an important virulence factor involved in serum resistance, as well as in the spread and invasion ofC. sakazakii.
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Hassan, Moustapha, Hanjing Xie, Lars Ståhle, Zuzana Hassan, and Eva Kimby. "Quantitative Pharmacogenetics of Cyclophosphamide in Patients with Hematological Malignancies." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 4604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.4604.4604.
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Abstract A high degree of interindividual variation in cyclophosphamide (CPA) pharmacokinetics was reported in certain cancer patient groups. To better understand the mechanisms underlying the variation in CPA metabolism, the pharmacokinetics of CPA and its active metabolite 4-OH-CPA were estimated in patients with hematological tumors and related to the genotype of CYP2B6, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19. The influence of liver function on CPA metabolism was also evaluated. Twenty-nine patients with hematological malignancies (MM, ALL or NHL) treated with a conventional CPA dose (1 g/m²) were recruited to this study. Blood samples were collected before, during and after CPA treatment. HPLC was used to measure plasma concentrations of CPA and 4-OH-CPA. Patients were genotyped for the CYP2B6 G516T, CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 alleles. Serum bilirubin levels were measured before the treatment. Data was analyzed individually and by population pharmacokinetic methods, using non-linear mixed effect modeling. The interindividual variability in exposure to CPA, 4-OHCPA and 4-OH-CPA/CPA was 5.8-, 3.3- and 10.3- fold, respectively. A positive correlation was found between half-lives of CPA and 4-OH-CPA (p<0.05) and there was a significant negative correlation between AUCs of CPA and 4-OH-CPA. In the population analysis the clearance contribution of the CYP2B6 G516T variant allele was about twice the wild type gene while the genotype of CYP2C9 did not influence clearance. A negative correlation was observed between bilirubin level and CPA bioactivation. There is a considerable variation in CPA formation of 4-OH-CPA among patients. The liver function influences CPA metabolism. Presence of the CYP2B6 G516T mutation increases the rate of 4-OH-CPA formation, a substantial variation among patients remain to be explained.
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Bondo Museka, Nickson, and Faustin Mwilambwe Kalombola. "La création de la Cour Pénale Africaine : défis et perspectives d’une justice alternative à la Cour Pénale internationale." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Studia Europaea 68, no. 2 (December 18, 2023): 5–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeuropaea.2023.2.01.
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The creation of the future African Criminal Court (ACC) was envisaged by the African Union (AU) as the African states’ collective response to the ""politicization"" of the International Criminal Court (ICC). Eight years following its signature, the Maloba Protocol has never obtained the fifteen ratifications required to spearhead the operationalisation of the ACC. This article attempts to address two fundamental questions: - what are the challenges hindering the creation of the CCA? - and how effective will the CCA be in trying Africans for crimes they have committed on their own soil? It reveals, on the one hand obstacles that hinder the implementation of the Malabo protocol; and on the other hand, challenges that could hamper the CCA's effectiveness as soon as it becomes operational. La création de la future Cour Pénale Africaine (CPA) a été envisagée par l’Union Africaine (UA) comme une réponse collective des États africains à la « politisation » de la Cour Pénale Internationale (CPI). Huit ans après sa signature, le protocole de Malabo qui crée la CPA n’a jamais obtenu les quinze ratifications requises pour rendre opérationnelle cette juridiction pénale africaine. Cet article tente de répondre à deux questions fondamentales celles de savoir : - quels sont les défis liés à la création de la CPA ? - et à quel point la CPA sera-t-elle efficace pour juger les africains pour les crimes qu’ils ont commis sur leur propre sol ? Il révèle, d’une part les obstacles qui obstruent l’entrée en vigueur du protocole de Malabo ; et d’autre part, les défis qui pourraient entraver l’efficacité de la CPA dès son opérationnalisation. Key-words: African Criminal Court, International Criminal Court, international law, African Union, Pan-African justice.
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Akram, Waqas, Muhammad Bilal Ejaz, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Syed Azhar bin Syed Sulaiman, and Amer Hayat Khan. "Clinical manifestations, associated risk factors and treatment outcomes of Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CPA): Experiences from a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 12, 2021): e0259766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259766.
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Background Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) has a wide spectrum of illnesses depending on the progression of the disease and comorbid conditions. However, there is an inadequacy of investigations regarding clinical, laboratory, risk factor and prognostic data on CPA. The current study is aimed to consider the clinical manifestations, risk factors and outcomes of CPA. Methodology Retrospective records of all patients with a confirmed diagnosis of CPA who sought treatment at Gulab Devi Chest Hospital Lahore, Pakistan from January 2017 to December 2019 were evaluated. Data regarding demographics, clinical manifestations, comorbidities, radiographic and microbiological findings, length of hospital stay (LOS) and intensive care unit (ICU) admission was collected and analyzed to identify the factors associated with mortality. The independent factors associated with mortality were also identified by appropriate analyses. Results A total of 218 CPA patients were included in this study. The mean age was 45.75 ± 6.26 years. Of these, 160 (73.4%) were male, and 65 (29.8%) had diabetes. The mean LOS was 18.5 ± 10.9 days. The most common type of CPA was simple aspergilloma (56%) followed by chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (CCPA) (31.2%). About one half of the patients had a history of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and treatment response rates were low in patients with active TB. The overall mortality rate was 27.1%. ICU admission was required for 78 (35.8%) patients. Diabetes mellitus (DM), hematological malignancies and chronic kidney disease (CKD) were the common underlying conditions predicting a poor outcome. Mean LOS, hematological malignancies, consolidation and ICU admission were identified as the independent factors leading to mortality. Conclusions CPA had a significant association with TB in the majority of cases. Treatment response rates in cases with active TB were comparatively low. Cases with high mean LOS, hematological malignancies, consolidation, ICU admission, CKD and DM experienced poor outcomes. High mean LOS, hematological malignancies, consolidation and ICU stay were identified as independent risk factors for mortality. Future large prospective studies, involving aspergillus specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody testing, are required for a better understanding of CPA in Pakistan.
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Kemik, Ozgur, Ahu Sarbay Kemik, Aziz Sumer, Hüseyin Beğenik, Ahmet Cumhur Dülger, Sevim Purisa, and Sefa Tuzun. "Serum procarboxypeptidase A and carboxypeptidase A levels in pancreatıc disease." Human & Experimental Toxicology 31, no. 5 (April 18, 2011): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327111405864.
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Background and objectives: To determine the serum levels of procarboxypeptidase A (pro-CPA) and carboxypeptidase A (CPA) in patients with acute and chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Materials and methods: Serum samples obtained from 96 patients with acute pancreatitis, 101 patients with chronic pancreatitis, 98 patients with pancreatic cancer and 96 control groups were assayed for biochemical parameters and serum pro-CPA and CPA. Results: Serum pro-CPA and CPA levels were significantly higher in acute and in chronic pancreatic cancer patients compared to control group ( p < 0.001). Pancreatic cancer patients had significantly higher serum pro-CPA and CPA levels when compared with acute and chronic pancreatitis cases ( p < 0.001). Conclusion: These data prove for increased pro-CPA and CPA levels as a biomarker for the diagnosis of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.
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Rozaliyani, Anna, Harmi Rosianawati, Diah Handayani, Heidy Agustin, Jamal Zaini, Ridhawati Syam, Robiatul Adawiyah, et al. "Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Post Tuberculosis Patients in Indonesia and the Role of LDBio Aspergillus ICT as Part of the Diagnosis Scheme." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 4 (November 27, 2020): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6040318.
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Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is a common sequela of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The diagnosis of CPA is difficult and often misdiagnosed as smear-negative TB in endemic settings. Aspergillus IgG detection is the cornerstone of CPA diagnosis. There are a lack of studies on the prevalence of CPA in GeneXpert/smear-negative TB patients in Indonesia, despite a high number of TB cases. This study aims to determine the CPA rate in HIV-negative, GeneXpert-negative patients presenting with symptoms following completion of TB therapy and to evaluate the performance of LDBio Aspergillus immunochromatographic technology (ICT) lateral flow assay in the diagnosis of CPA. CPA was diagnosed on the basis of symptoms for ≥3 months, characteristic chest imaging and positive Aspergillus culture. Twenty (22%) out of 90 patients met the criteria for CPA. The LDBio test was positive in 16 (80%) CPA patients and in 21 (30%) non-CPA patients (p < 0.001) with 80% sensitivity and 70% specificity. Logistic regression revealed a positive LDBio Aspergillus ICT result, smoking history and diabetes to be important predictors of CPA diagnosis. Although CPA is an unrecognised disease in Indonesia, this study suggests that more than one in five GeneXpert negative patients with persistent symptoms following completion of TB therapy may have CPA.
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Varner, Jex T. "CPA Exam Blues." Critical Perspectives on Accounting 18, no. 7 (November 2007): 805–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2006.07.001.
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Ventura, C. I., and R. A. Barrio. "Self-consistent cluster CPA methods and the nested CPA theory." Physica B: Condensed Matter 281-282 (June 2000): 855–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(99)01160-6.
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Ostry, V., J. Toman, Y. Grosse, and F. Malir. "Cyclopiazonic acid: 50th anniversary of its discovery." World Mycotoxin Journal 11, no. 1 (February 23, 2018): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2017.2243.
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In 1968, the mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) was first discovered and characterised as a chemical substance. Within the following five decades, much has been learned from the results of CPA research. CPA is produced by several Penicillium species (P. griseofulvum, P. camemberti, P. commune, P. dipodomyicola) and Aspergillus species (A. flavus, A. oryzae and A. tamarii). It is widespread on naturally contaminated agricultural raw materials. CPA has been reported to occur in food commodities (e.g. oilseeds, nuts, cereals, dried figs, milk, cheese and meat products) and to possess toxicological significance. CPA is also frequently detected in peanuts and maize; the presence of CPA and aflatoxins in maize and peanuts contaminated with A. flavus suggests that synergism may occur. CPA is toxic to several animal species, such as rats, pigs, guinea pigs, poultry and dogs. After ingesting CPA-contaminated feeds, test animals display severe gastrointestinal upsets and neurological disorders. Organs affected include the liver, kidney, heart, and digestive tract, which show degenerative changes and necrosis. Biologically, CPA is a specific inhibitor of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. Data from toxicological evaluation of aflatoxins and CPA in broiler chickens demonstrate that both aflatoxins and CPA alone and the aflatoxin-CPA combination can adversely affect broiler health. The effects of aflatoxins and CPA combination were additive in most cases.
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Page, Iain D., Rosemary Byanyima, Sharath Hosmane, Nathan Onyachi, Cyprian Opira, Malcolm Richardson, Richard Sawyer, Anna Sharman, and David W. Denning. "Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis commonly complicates treated pulmonary tuberculosis with residual cavitation." European Respiratory Journal 53, no. 3 (January 31, 2019): 1801184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01184-2018.
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Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) complicates treated pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), with high 5-year mortality. We measured CPA prevalence in this group.398 Ugandans with treated pulmonary TB underwent clinical assessment, chest radiography and Aspergillus-specific IgG measurement. 285 were resurveyed 2 years later, including computed tomography of the thorax in 73 with suspected CPA. CPA was diagnosed in patients without active TB who had raised Aspergillus-specific IgG, radiological features of CPA and chronic cough or haemoptysis.Author-defined CPA was present in 14 (4.9%, 95% CI 2.8–7.9%) resurvey patients. CPA was significantly more common in those with chest radiography cavitation (26% versus 0.8%; p<0.001), but possibly less frequent in HIV co-infected patients (3% versus 6.7%; p=0.177). The annual rate of new CPA development between surveys was 6.5% in those with chest radiography cavitation and 0.2% in those without (p<0.001). Absence of cavitation and pleural thickening on chest radiography had 100% negative predictive value for CPA. The combination of raised Aspergillus-specific IgG, chronic cough or haemoptysis and chest radiography cavitation had 85.7% sensitivity and 99.6% specificity for CPA diagnosis.CPA commonly complicates treated pulmonary TB with residual chest radiography cavitation. Chest radiography alone can exclude CPA. Addition of serology can diagnose CPA with reasonable accuracy.
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McKinney, Christy M., T. Robert Harris, and Raul Caetano. "Reliability of Self-Reported Childhood Physical Abuse by Adults and Factors Predictive of Inconsistent Reporting." Violence and Victims 24, no. 5 (October 2009): 653–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.24.5.653.
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Little is known about the reliability of self-reported child physical abuse (CPA) or CPA reporting practices. We estimated reliability and prevalence of self-reported CPA and identified factors predictive of inconsistent CPA reporting among 2,256 participants using surveys administered in 1995 and 2000. Reliability of CPA was fair to moderate (κ = 0.41). Using a positive report from either survey, the prevalence of moderate (61.8%) and severe (12.0%) CPA was higher than at either survey alone. Compared to consistent reporters of having experienced CPA, inconsistent reporters were less likely to be ≥30 years old (vs. 18–29) or Black (vs. White) and more likely to have <12 years of education (vs. 12), have no alcohol-related problems (vs. having problems), or report one type (vs. ≥2) of CPA. These findings may assist researchers conducting and interpreting studies of CPA.
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อนุพันธ์, อัครพล, สุรีรัตน์ อารีรักษ์สกุล ก้องโลก, and ปุริมปรัชญ์ คณิณพศุตย์. "ผลการจัดการเรียนรู้ตามแนวคิด CPA ที่มีต่อผลสัมฤทธิ์ทางการเรียนและการนำเสนอทางคณิตศาสตร์ เรื่อง เศษส่วน ของนักเรียนชั้นประถมศึกษาปีที่ 3 โรงเรียนสาธิตมหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏวไลยอลงกรณ์ ในพระบรมราชูปถัมภ์ จังหวัดปทุมธานี." Interdisciplinary Academic and Research Journal 4, no. 2 (April 7, 2024): 767–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.60027/iarj.2024.275227.
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ภูมิหลังและวัตถุประสงค์: กระบวนการคิดทางคณิตศาสตร์จะช่วยให้บุคคลสามารถนำความรู้ทางคณิตศาสตร์ไปใช้ในการแก้ปัญหาต่าง ๆ ได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ ดังนั้นการศึกษาคณิตศาสตร์จึงจำเป็นต้องมีการพัฒนาอย่างต่อเนื่อง การวิจัยครั้งนี้จึงมีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อ 1) ศึกษาความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างผลสัมฤทธิ์ทางการเรียนคณิตศาสตร์และการนำเสนอทางคณิตศาสตร์ของนักเรียนชั้นประถมศึกษาปีที่ 3 กลุ่มที่ได้รับการจัดกิจกรรมการเรียนรู้ตามแนวคิด CPA และ 2) เปรียบเทียบผลสัมฤทธิ์ทางการเรียนคณิตศาสตร์และการนำเสนอทางคณิตศาสตร์ของนักเรียนชั้นประถมศึกษาปีที่ 3 ระหว่างกลุ่มที่ได้รับการจัดกิจกรรมการเรียนรู้ตามแนวคิด CPA กับกลุ่มที่ได้รับการจัดกิจกรรมการเรียนรู้คณิตศาสตร์แบบปกติ ระเบียบวิธีการวิจัย: วิจัยกึ่งทดลองใช้กลุ่มตัวอย่าง 2 กลุ่ม คือ นักเรียนชั้นประถมศึกษาปีที่ 3 โรงเรียนสาธิตมหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏไลยอลงกรณ์ ในพระบรมราชูปถัมภ์ จังหวัดปทุมธานี ปีการศึกษา 2566 จำนวน 2 ห้องเรียน ห้องเรียนละ 30 คน ได้มาโดยการสุ่มแบบกลุ่ม เครื่องมือที่ใช้ในการวิจัย ประกอบด้วย 1) แผนการจัดกิจกรรมการเรียนรู้คณิตศาสตร์ตามแนวคิด CPA เรื่อง เศษส่วน 2) แผนการจัดกิจกรรมการเรียนรู้คณิตศาสตร์แบบปกติ เรื่อง เศษส่วน 3) แบบทดสอบวัดผลสัมฤทธิ์ทางการเรียนคณิตศาสตร์ และ 4) แบบประเมินการนำเสนอทางคณิตศาสตร์ สถิติที่ใช้ในการวิเคราะห์ข้อมูล ได้แก่ ค่าเฉลี่ย ส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน ค่าสัมประสิทธิ์สหสัมพันธ์ของเพียร์สัน และการวิเคราะห์ความแปรปรวนตัวแปรพหุนาม ผลการวิจัย: พบว่า 1) ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างผลสัมฤทธิ์ทางการเรียนคณิตศาสตร์และการนำเสนอทางคณิตศาสตร์ ของนักเรียนชั้นประถมศึกษาปีที่ 3 กลุ่มได้รับการจัดกิจกรรมการเรียนรู้ตามแนวคิด CPA มีความสัมพันธ์ทางบวก ขนาดความสัมพันธ์สูง (r= 0.667, p<.01) และมีความสัมพันธ์กันจริงอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .01 โดยมีความแปรปรวนร่วมกันร้อยละ 44.489 และ 2) ผลสัมฤทธิ์ทางการเรียนคณิตศาสตร์และการนำเสนอทางคณิตศาสตร์ของนักเรียนชั้นประถมศึกษาปีที่ 3 กลุ่มที่ได้รับการจัดกิจกรรมการเรียนรู้ตามแนวคิด CPA สูงกว่ากลุ่มที่ได้รับการจัดกิจกรรมการเรียนรู้คณิตศาสตร์แบบปกติอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .05 สรุปผล: นักเรียนชั้นประถมศึกษาปีที่ 3 กลุ่มที่ได้รับการจัดกิจกรรมการเรียนรู้คณิตศาสตร์ตามแนวคิด CPA มีผลสัมฤทธิ์ทางการเรียนและการนำเสนอทางคณิตศาสตร์สูงกว่ากลุ่มที่ได้รับการจัดกิจกรรมการเรียนรู้แบบปกติ เนื่องจากแนวคิด CPA เน้นให้นักเรียนได้เรียนรู้ด้วยตนเองอย่างเป็นลำดับขั้นตอนผ่านการทำกิจกรรมคณิตศาสตร์เริ่มจากสร้างแนวคิดจากการใช้สื่อวัสดุที่เป็นรูปธรรม ฝึกให้นักเรียนบันทึกแนวคิดตนเองออกมาเป็นภาพวาด และแปลงแนวคิดจากภาพวาดให้เป็นข้อความหรือสัญลักษณ์ทางคณิตศาสตร์
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Diaz, G., W. Thompson, and P. Martos. "Stability of cyclopiazonic acid in solution." World Mycotoxin Journal 3, no. 1 (February 1, 2010): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2009.1170.
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Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is an important mycotoxin given its toxicity and prevalence in foods and feeds. There is tremendous interest in developing analytical methods that include CPA as part of a multi-residue mycotoxin routine, but there appears to be considerable difficulty in analysing it using liquid chromatography with electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). During the development of a multi-residue method for mycotoxins including CPA, a number of issues were discovered under routine and common analytical conditions that have an impact on the determination of CPA, including: (1) at the ng/ml level CPA reacts with ambient oxygen from the headspace of the vial, an effect that decreases its concentration linearly; (2) CPA readily adsorbs to plastic in a reversible fashion; (3) CPA is acid hydrolysed with formic acid; (4) CPA reacts with the column stationary phase affecting chromatographic parameters; and (5) CPA presents significant carry-over issues. In an effort to find solutions to these problems we found that CPA can be protected from reacting with oxygen by adding 1 µg/ml ascorbic acid and that its carry-over can be reduced to a negligible level by injecting ammonia between injections of solutions containing CPA, even with formic acid in the mobile phase. Chromatographic conditions for CPA have been optimised in consideration of all of the aforementioned concerns.
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Saleh, HS, E. Omar, GRA Froemming, and RM Said. "Tocotrienol preserves ovarian function in cyclophosphamide therapy." Human & Experimental Toxicology 34, no. 10 (January 13, 2015): 946–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327114564793.
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Introduction: Cyclophosphamide (CPA) chemotherapy leads to ovarian failure and infertility. Tocotrienol (T3) is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. The role of T3 in ovarian protection throughout chemotherapy remains unclear. Aim: To investigate the role of T3 in the preservation of female fertility in CPA treatment. Method: Sixty female mice were divided into five treatment groups, namely, normal saline, corn oil only, T3 only, CPA and CPA + T3. The treatment was given for 30 days, followed by administration of gonadotrophin to induce ovulation. After killing, both ovaries were collected and examined histologically. Results: There was significant reduction in ovarian size in the CPA group compared with the normal group (CPA versus normal, mean area ± SD; 0.118 ± 0.018 vs. 0.423 ± 0.024 cm2; p ≤ 0.005), whilst concurrent administration of T3 with CPA leads to conservation of ovarian size (CPA + T3 vs. CPA, mean area ± SD; 0.285 ± 0.032 vs. 0.118 ± 0.018 cm2; p ≤ 0.005). Ovaries in CPA group showed abnormal folliculogenesis with accompanied reduced ovulation rate, follicular oedema, increased vascularity and inflammatory cell infiltration. These changes were reversed by concurrent T3 administration. Conclusion: Co-administration of T3 with CPA confers protection of ovarian morphology and function in vivo. These findings contribute to the further elucidation of CPA effect on ovary and suggest the potential of T3 use in preserving fertility in chemotherapy.
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MENDOZA-HUIZAR, L. H., C. H. RIOS-REYES, G. A. ÁLVAREZ-ROMERO, M. E. PALOMAR-PARDAVÉ, and M. T. RAMÍREZ-SILVA. "ELECTROPHILIC AND NUCLEOPHILIC CHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF NEUTRAL AND ANIONIC FORMS OF 4-CPA, 24D-CPA, 34-CPA AND 245T-CPA THROUGH CONCEPTUAL DFT REACTIVITY DESCRIPTORS." Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society 62, no. 1 (March 2017): 3411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-97072017000100022.
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Rønberg, Rasmus, Jesper Rømhild Davidsen, Helmut J. F. Salzer, Eva Van Braeckel, Flemming Schønning Rosenvinge, and Christian B. Laursen. "Prevalence of Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Patients Suspected of Chest Malignancy." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 3 (March 13, 2022): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8030297.
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Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is a potentially life-threatening fungal lung infection, and recent research suggests CPA to be more common than previously considered. Although CPA mimics other lung diseases including pulmonary cancer, awareness of this disease entity is still sparse. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of CPA in a population of patients under suspicion of having lung cancer. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 1200 patients and manually collected individual health record data from previous cancer examinations, with retrospective CPA status assessment using international criteria. Among 992 included patients, 16 (1.6%) fulfilled diagnostic criteria for CPA retrospectively, of whom 15 were undiscovered at initial lung cancer examination. The prevalence of CPA in this study population was 50 times higher than the reported prevalence of the overall European population. Our findings indicate that CPA is often missed in patients suspected of malignancy in the chest. Therefore, CPA should be kept in mind as a significant differential diagnosis.
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Akbari, P., H. Malekinejad, F. Rahmani, A. Rezabakhsh, and J. Fink-Gremmels. "Cyclopiazonic acid attenuates the divalent cations and augments the mRNA level of iNOS in the liver and kidneys of chickens." World Mycotoxin Journal 5, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2011.1325.
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An investigation was carried out into the occurrence of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) producing fungi, the level of CPA contamination in chickens' diet, CPA effects on serum levels of divalent cations, on nitric oxide (NO) content and mRNA level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the liver and kidney of chickens, as well as the cellular and molecular pathways of CPA toxicity. Mycological and HPLC analyses were used to determine the mycobiota and CPA level, respectively. The mycological studies revealed that 34.46 and 23.07% of the isolated fungi were Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium cyclopium, respectively. HPLC analyses showed the highest (0.95±0.35 μg/g) and lowest (0.08±0.03 μg/g) levels of CPA in maize and mix diet, respectively. For toxicological studies, male chickens (Ross 308) were assigned to the control and test groups (n=8), which received normal saline and 10, 25 and/or 50 μg/kg CPA for 28 days. The effects of CPA on NO content of the liver and kidneys were determined using the Griess reaction, and the effects on the serum level of divalent cations were established using commercially available kits. The effects of CPA on the mRNA level of iNOS were investigated using RT-PCR. CPA lowered the serum level of divalent cations, while NO contents were enhanced significantly (P<0.05). The mRNA level of iNOS in birds of the CPA test groups showed a reverse relationship with NO increase. These data suggest that CPA producing fungi along with CPA contamination in chickens' diet result in hepatic and renal disorders. Moreover, CPA induced disorders might contribute to the biochemical alterations such as NO increase that is reversely associated with mRNA level of iNOS.
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Wang, Huige, Kefei Chen, Tianyu Pan, and Yunlei Zhao. "Practical CCA-Secure Functional Encryptions for Deterministic Functions." Security and Communication Networks 2020 (September 8, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8823788.
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Functional encryption (FE) can implement fine-grained control to encrypted plaintext via permitting users to compute only some specified functions on the encrypted plaintext using private keys with respect to those functions. Recently, many FEs were put forward; nonetheless, most of them cannot resist chosen-ciphertext attacks (CCAs), especially for those in the secret-key settings. This changed with the work, i.e., a generic transformation of public-key functional encryption (PK-FE) from chosen-plaintext (CPA) to chosen-ciphertext (CCA), where the underlying schemes are required to have some special properties such as restricted delegation or verifiability features. However, examples for such underlying schemes with these features have not been found so far. Later, a CCA-secure functional encryption from projective hash functions was proposed, but their scheme only applies to inner product functions. To construct such a scheme, some nontrivial techniques will be needed. Our key contribution in this work is to propose CCA-secure functional encryptions in the PKE and SK environment, respectively. In the existing generic transformation from (adaptively) simulation-based CPA- (SIM-CPA-) secure ones for deterministic functions to (adaptively) simulation-based CCA- (SIM-CCA-) secure ones for randomized functions, whether the schemes were directly applied to CCA settings for deterministic functions is not implied. We give an affirmative answer and derive a SIM-CCA-secure scheme for deterministic functions by making some modifications on it. Again, based on this derived scheme, we also propose an (adaptively) indistinguishable CCA- (IND-CCA-) secure SK-FE for deterministic functions. The final results show that our scheme can be instantiated under both nonstandard assumptions (e.g., hard problems on multilinear maps and indistinguishability obfuscation (IO)) and under standard assumptions (e.g., DDH, RSA, LWE, and LPN).
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SOSA, MARÍA J., JUAN J. CÓRDOBA, CARMEN DÍAZ, MAR RODRÍGUEZ, ELENA BERMÚDEZ, MIGUEL A. ASENSIO, and FÉLIX NÚÑEZ. "Production of Cyclopiazonic Acid by Penicillium commune Isolated from Dry-Cured Ham on a Meat Extract–Based Substrate." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 988–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.6.988.
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Penicillium commune, a mold frequently found on dry-cured meat products, is able to synthesize the mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). To evaluate the hazard due to CPA on such foods, the ability of P. commune to grow and produce CPA at water activities (aw) in the range of 0.99 to 0.90 with a meat extract–based medium from 12 to 30°C was determined. CPA was quantified by high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. P. commune was able to grow at every aw and temperature tested. The optimal environmental conditions for growth were 20 to 25°C, at 0.97 to 0.96 aw, but the highest amount of CPA was produced at 30°C, 0.96 aw. No direct correlation between growth rate and CPA production was assessed. Temperature seems to be the most important factor influencing CPA production. However, there was an interaction between temperature and aw that significantly (P < 0.001) affected growth and CPA production. An aw of 0.90 had a marked effect, depressing growth and CPA production. Meat extract–based medium proved to be an appropriate substrate for CPA biosynthesis by P. commune under a wide range of conditions.
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Xiong, Lu, Mengxue Peng, Meng Zhao, and Zhihong Liang. "Truncated Expression of a Carboxypeptidase A from Bovine Improves Its Enzymatic Properties and Detoxification Efficiency of Ochratoxin A." Toxins 12, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12110680.
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Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced mainly by Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. and commonly found in foodstuffs and feedstuffs. Carboxypeptidase A (CPA) can hydrolyze OTA into the non-toxic product ochratoxin α, with great potential to realize industrialized production and detoxify OTA in contaminated foods and feeds. This study constructed a P. pastoris expression vector of mature CPA (M-CPA) without propeptide and signal peptide. The results showed that the degradation rate of OTA by M-CPA was up to 93.36%. Its optimum pH was 8, the optimum temperature was 40 °C, the value of Km was 0.126 mmol/L, and the maximum reaction rate was 0.0219 mol/min. Compared with commercial CPA (S-CPA), the recombinant M-CPA had an improve stability, for which its optimum temperature increased by 10 °C and stability at a wide range pH, especially at pH 3–4 and pH 11. M-CPA could effectively degrade OTA in red wine. M-CPA has the potential for industrial applications, such as can be used as a detoxification additive for foods and feeds.
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Urano,, Takashi, Mary W. Trucksess,, Jean Matusik, and Joe W. Dorner. "Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Cyclopiazonic Acid in Corn and Peanuts." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 75, no. 2 (March 1, 1992): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/75.2.319.
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Abstract A liquid chromatographic (LC) method Is described for the determination of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) in corn and peanuts. CPA was extracted from the test portion with methanol-2% NaHC03 solution (7 + 3); the extract was defatted with hexane and then acidified. CPA was partitioned into chloroform and applied to a Sep-Pak silica cartridge. CPA was eluted with chloroform-methanol (3 + 1), the solvent was evaporated, and the residue was dissolved In methanol- water (60 + 40). CPA was quantitated by reversed- phase LC with a linear gradient of 0-4mM ZnS04 In methanol-water (85 + 15) and UV measurement at 279 nm. Recoveries of CPA from corn spiked over the range of 50-500 ng/g and peanuts spiked over the range of 100-500 ng/g were 72-84% and 74-80%, respectively. The limits of quantitation for CPA in corn and peanuts were about 50 and 100 ng/g, respectively. CPA (820 ng/g) was found In corn naturally contaminated with anatoxin Bi, and CPA Identity was confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry.
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Zheng, Jinpeng, Caihong Lu, Meiyan Yang, Jiejie Sun, Jinbang Zhang, Yuanyuan Meng, Yuli Wang, et al. "Lung-Targeted Delivery of Cepharanthine by an Erythrocyte-Anchoring Strategy for the Treatment of Acute Lung Injury." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 9 (August 29, 2022): 1820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14091820.
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As one of the most frequent complications of critical illness, acute lung injury (ALI) carries a high risk of clinical morbidity and mortality. Cepharanthine (CPA) has significant anti-inflammatory activity, however, due to poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and short half-life, it fails to provide effective clinical management measures. Here, we explored the flexibility of an erythrocyte-anchoring strategy using CPA-encapsulated chitosan-coating nanoparticles (CPA-CNPs) anchored onto circulating erythrocytes for the treatment of ALI. CPA-CNPs adhered to erythrocytes successfully (E-CPA-CNPs) and exhibited high erythrocyte adhesion efficiency (>80%). Limited toxicity and favorable biocompatibility enabled further application of E-CPA-CNPs. Next, the reticuloendothelial system evasion features were analyzed in RAW264.7 macrophages and Sprague-Dawley rats. Compared with bare CPA-CNPs, erythrocyte-anchored CNPs significantly decreased cellular uptake in immune cells and prolonged circulation time in vivo. Notably, the erythrocyte-anchoring strategy enabled CNPs to be delivered and accumulated in the lungs (up to 6-fold). In the ALI mouse model, E-CPA-CNPs attenuated the progression of ALI by inhibiting inflammatory responses. Overall, our results demonstrate the outstanding advantages of erythrocyte-anchored CPA-CNPs in improving the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of CPA, which offers great promise for a lung-targeted drug delivery system for the effective treatment of ALI.
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Ito, Yuya, Takahiro Takazono, Yasushi Obase, Susumu Fukahori, Nobuyuki Ashizawa, Tatsuro Hirayama, Masato Tashiro, et al. "Serum Cytokines Usefulness for Understanding the Pathology in Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis and Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 5 (April 23, 2022): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8050436.
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Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) are important fungal infections caused by Aspergillus species. An overlap of ABPA and CPA has been reported; therefore, it is critical to determine whether the main pathology is ABPA or CPA and whether antifungals are required. In this study, we investigated whether the serum cytokine profile is useful for understanding the pathology and for differentiating between these diseases. We compared the various serum cytokine levels among healthy subjects and patients diagnosed with asthma, ABPA, or CPA at Nagasaki University Hospital between January 2003 and December 2018. In total, 14 healthy subjects, 19 patients with asthma, 11 with ABPA, and 10 with CPA were enrolled. Interleukin (IL) -5 levels were significantly higher in patients with ABPA than in those with CPA, and IL-33 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels were significantly higher in patients with CPA than in those with asthma (p < 0.05, Dunn’s multiple comparison test). The sensitivity and specificity of the IL-10/IL-5 ratio (cutoff index 2.47) for diagnosing CPA were 70% and 100%, respectively. The serum cytokine profile is useful in understanding the pathology of ABPA and CPA, and the IL-10/IL-5 ratio may be a novel supplemental biomarker for indicating the pathology of CPA.
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Abramo, Francesca, Marta Vascellari, Giada Colzi, Luca Pazzini, Francesco Albanese, Lara Olivieri, Claudia Zanardello, Claudia Salvadori, Giancarlo Avallone, and Paola Roccabianca. "Identification of Histopathological Criteria for the Diagnosis of Canine Cutaneous Progressive Angiomatosis." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 7 (July 5, 2022): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9070340.
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The term angiomatosis is used to denote a group of well-known to poorly characterized proliferative vascular entities. In animals, cutaneous progressive angiomatosis (CPA) is a disorder with variable prognosis related to the extension and depth of infiltration of the surrounding tissues by vessels. CPA may share some microscopical features with other vascular proliferations such as low-grade well-differentiated capillaritic hemangiosarcoma (HS), making the diagnosis not always straightforward, especially in small biopsies. The aim of this study is to retrospectively assess the most common diagnostic microscopical features of CPA in dogs. In this work, 11 histopathological criteria were analyzed on 31 CPA and 11 primary cutaneous HS in dogs. Features significantly associated with CPA included: lobular growth, interposition of connective tissue and adnexa between the vascular proliferation, presence of nerve fibers, and a mixed vascular proliferative component. Absence of plump/prominent endothelial cells, lack of atypia, and lack of mitoses were also significant factors differentiating CPA from HS. Additional distinctive findings in CPA, although with no statistical association to CPA diagnosis, were vascular shunting, absence of necrosis, and endothelial cell piling up. In conclusion, the combined use of different microscopical clues allowed for the distinction of CPA from HS and was considered useful for the diagnosis of CPA.
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Baluku, J. B., E. Nuwagira, F. Bongomin, and D. W. Denning. "Pulmonary TB and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: clinical differences and similarities." International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 25, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.21.0034.
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BACKGROUND: Pulmonary TB (PTB) and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) are both progressive and debilitating parenchymal lung diseases with overlapping risk factors, symptomatology and radiological findings that often result in misdiagnosis of either disease.METHODS: We undertook a narrative review approach to describe the clinical and radiological manifestations of CPA and PTB and highlight the salient features that differentiate these two closely related maladies.RESULTS: CPA is a frequent complication of treated PTB. In fact, 15–90% of CPA cases occur in patients with residual lung lesions following treatment for PTB. While CPA predominantly affects older patients with underlying lung diseases, both PTB and CPA present with clinically indistinguishable symptoms. Chest imaging findings of cavitation and fibrosis are common to both diseases. However, lymphadenopathy, miliary pattern and pleural effusion are predictive of active PTB, while aspergilloma, pleural thickening and paracavitary fibrosis are more common in CPA. Aspergillus-specific IgG serology has a central role in differentiating PTB (both active and healed) from CPA with a high sensitivity and specificity.CONCLUSION: Aspergillus-specific IgG serology is key in differentiating PTB and PTB relapse from CPA. It may be worthwhile developing clinical predictive scores that can be used in low-income settings to differentiate active TB, post-TB disease and TB+CPA co-infection.
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Dalcin, M. O., D. Pianesso, V. C. Silva, P. I. Mombach, T. J. Adorian, J. S. Lima, F. R. Goulart, and L. P. Silva. "Concentrado proteico de arroz na alimentação do jundiá (Rhamdia quelen)." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 70, no. 1 (January 2018): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-9730.
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RESUMO O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a inclusão do concentrado proteico da destilação de etanol obtido de arroz (CPA) na alimentação do jundiá. Trezentos e setenta e cinco peixes foram distribuídos em sistema de recirculação de água com 15 caixas (125L). Foram testadas três dietas (37% PB e 3200kcal/kg de energia digestível), sendo uma controle e duas testando a substituição da proteína da farinha de peixe em 25% (CPA-25%) ou 50% (CPA-50%) pelo CPA. Aos 30 dias, foram avaliadas as variáveis de desempenho, composição corporal e índices somáticos. Os animais submetidos ao tratamento CPA-25% apresentaram resposta de crescimento equivalente aos que receberam o tratamento controle, mas superior aos peixes submetidos ao CPA-50%. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para os índices somáticos avaliados. Os animais submetidos às dietas contendo CPA apresentaram maior teor de gordura corporal. Já a deposição de gordura corporal foi superior para os peixes alimentados com CPA-25%, e a deposição de proteína corporal menor para os alimentados com CPA-50%. Os resultados indicam que o CPA pode substituir em até 25% a proteína da farinha de peixe, sem comprometer o crescimento dos jundiás, tendo esse nível de substituição proporcionado, inclusive, uma redução de 8% no custo da dieta.
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Rozaliyani, Anna, Sresta Azahra, Findra Setianingrum, and Heri Wibowo. "Clinical Performance of the Aspergillus Western Blot IgG Kit for Serodiagnosis of Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Post-Tuberculosis Patients." Jurnal Respirologi Indonesia 43, no. 4 (October 31, 2023): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36497/jri.v43i4.562.
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Background: Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) by Aspergillus spp., which causes slowly progressive destruction to lung parenchyma, is a major complication of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Clinical and radiological features of CPA are not typical and might resemble TB. Therefore, detecting Aspergillus-specific IgG is critical for diagnosing CPA.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the performance of Aspergillus Western Blot (Asp-WB) IgG kit (LDBio Diagnostics, Lyon, France) for CPA diagnosis in 63 post-TB patients. The analysis was performed by comparing Asp-WB with Aspergillus ELISA IgG (Asp-ELISA) and fungal culture as standard method.Results: Of the 63 patients studied, twenty six (41%) met the probable CPA criteria. The Asp-WB results were positive in 13 probable CPA patients and 3 non-CPA patients, with the significant difference of 50% vs. 8% (p< 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of Asp-WB were 50% and 93%. False negative results of Asp-WB were detected from non-fumigatus CPA that grew Aspergillus niger. CPA patients with mild symptoms (less than 3 months) indicated early progression of CPA might showed positive Asp-WB test result in low sensitivity of Asp-WB test.Conclusion: The Asp-WB has potential to use as confirmatory test to assist diagnosis of CPA in post-TB patients.
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Beşkirli, Ayşe, and İdiris Dağ. "I-CPA: An Improved Carnivorous Plant Algorithm for Solar Photovoltaic Parameter Identification Problem." Biomimetics 8, no. 8 (November 27, 2023): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8080569.
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The carnivorous plant algorithm (CPA), which was recently proposed for solving optimization problems, is a population-based optimization algorithm inspired by plants. In this study, the exploitation phase of the CPA was improved with the teaching factor strategy in order to achieve a balance between the exploration and exploitation capabilities of CPA, minimize getting stuck in local minima, and produce more stable results. The improved CPA is called the I-CPA. To test the performance of the proposed I-CPA, it was applied to CEC2017 functions. In addition, the proposed I-CPA was applied to the problem of identifying the optimum parameter values of various solar photovoltaic modules, which is one of the real-world optimization problems. According to the experimental results, the best value of the root mean square error (RMSE) ratio between the standard data and simulation data was obtained with the I-CPA method. The Friedman mean rank statistical analyses were also performed for both problems. As a result of the analyses, it was observed that the I-CPA produced statistically significant results compared to some classical and modern metaheuristics. Thus, it can be said that the proposed I-CPA achieves successful and competitive results in identifying the parameters of solar photovoltaic modules.
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Feyerabend, Thorsten B., Heinz Hausser, Annette Tietz, Carmen Blum, Lars Hellman, Anita H. Straus, Hélio K. Takahashi, et al. "Loss of Histochemical Identity in Mast Cells Lacking Carboxypeptidase A." Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, no. 14 (July 2005): 6199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.14.6199-6210.2005.
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ABSTRACT Mast cell carboxypeptidase A (Mc-cpa) is a highly conserved secretory granule protease. The onset of expression in mast cell progenitors and lineage specificity suggest an important role for Mc-cpa in mast cells. To address the function of Mc-cpa, we generated Mc-cpa-null mice. Mc-cpa − / − mast cells lacked carboxypeptidase activity, revealing that Mc-cpa is a nonredundant enzyme. While Mc-cpa − / − peritoneal mast cells were ultrastructurally normal and synthesized normal amounts of heparin, they displayed striking histochemical and biochemical hallmarks of immature mast cells. Wild-type peritoneal mast cells had a mature phenotype characterized by differential histochemical staining with proteoglycan-reactive dyes (cells do not stain with alcian blue but stain with safranin and with berberine) and a high side scatter to forward scatter ratio by flow cytometry and were detergent resistant. In contrast, Mc-cpa − / − peritoneal mast cells, like immature bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells, stained with alcian blue normally or weakly and either did not stain with safranin and berberine or stained weakly, had a low side scatter to forward scatter ratio, and were detergent sensitive. This phenotype was partially ameliorated with age. Thus, histochemistry and flow cytometry, commonly used to measure mast cell maturation, deviated from morphology in Mc-cpa − / − mice. The Mc-cpa − / − mast cell phenotype was not associated with defects in degranulation in vitro or passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in vivo. Collectively, Mc-cpa plays a crucial role for the generation of phenotypically mature mast cells.
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Maneta, Eleni, Shiri Cohen, Marc Schulz, and Robert J. Waldinger. "Links Between Childhood Physical Abuse and Intimate Partner Aggression: The Mediating Role of Anger Expression." Violence and Victims 27, no. 3 (2012): 315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.27.3.315.
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Research linking childhood physical abuse (CPA) and adult intimate partner aggression (IPA) has focused on individuals without sufficient attention to couple processes. In this study, 109 couples reported on histories of CPA, IPA, and anger expression. Actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) was used to examine links between CPA and revictimization and perpetration of IPA, with anger suppression as a potential mediator. Women’s CPA histories were associated with more physical aggression towards and more revictimization by partners. Men’s CPA histories were only associated at the trend level with their revictimization. Anger suppression fully mediated the link between women’s CPA and both revictimization and perpetration of IPA. Findings suggest that women with CPA histories are more prone to suppress anger, which leaves them at greater risk for revictimization and perpetration of IPA.
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Bonyadi, F., S. Hasanzadeh, H. Malekinejad, and G. Najafi. "Cyclopiazonic acid decreases sperm quality and in vitro fertilisation rate in mice." World Mycotoxin Journal 11, no. 4 (December 7, 2018): 599–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2018.2337.
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The presence of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) as a mycotoxin has been reported in feed and foodstuffs. The aim of this investigation was to determine the effects of CPA on reproductive functions of male mice. In this experiment, 40 mature male mice were randomly assigned into five groups (n=8): control, control-sham, CPA (0.03 mg/kg, body weight (BW)), CPA (0.06 mg/kg, BW) and CPA (0.12 mg/kg, BW). Following 28 days exposure to CPA, sperm quality parameters, in vitro fertilisation (IVF) capacity of sperms, serum testosterone level, Leydig cells number and serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were analysed. The results revealed a significant (P<0.05) reduction in sperm count, sperm viability, sperm motility, chromatin quality of sperm, sperms with intact DNA, IVF rate, testosterone level, Leydig cell distribution and TAC in comparison to the control group. The most prominent detrimental effects of CPA were found at the highest given dose level. Our results suggest that CPA at higher dose levels exerts detrimental effects on the male reproductive system. Moreover, these descriptive warrant further investigations into the specific mechanisms of action and the effects of CPA on spermatogenesis.
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Hirokawa, Catherine A., and David R. Gray. "Chlorpropamide-Induced Hyponatremia in the Veteran Population." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 26, no. 10 (October 1992): 1243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809202601011.
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OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and possible risk factors associated with chlorpropamide (CPA)-induced hyponatremia in the veteran population. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Federal tertiary care medical center. PATIENTS: Veterans receiving CPA from our facility with at least one serum sodium concentration below 135 mmol/L within the past year were eligible. A randomly selected control group consisting of patients taking CPA with normal sodium concentrations was also chosen. One hundred forty-five of 799 patients who had received CPA were included in the study. RESULTS: The average daily dose of CPA was 425 ± 207 mg (± SD). The incidence of hyponatremia associated with CPA was 7.1 percent (57/799 patients). The majority of patients were mildly hyponatremic (48/57 patients, 84 percent) with serum sodium concentrations between 130 and 134 mmol/L. The incidence of CPA-induced syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone was 2.1 percent. Concurrent angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor use was identified as a risk factor; thiazide diuretic use was not. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of hyponatremia related to CPA use in elderly veterans is consistent with other reports in the literature. ACE inhibitors may be a predisposing factor for CPA-induced hyponatremia.
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Shin, Sun, Bo-Guen Kim, Jiyeon Kang, Sang-Won Um, Hojoong Kim, Hong Kim, Jhingook Kim, Young Shim, Yong Choi, and Byeong-Ho Jeong. "Incidence and Risk Factors of Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis Development during Long-Term Follow-Up after Lung Cancer Surgery." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 4 (November 9, 2020): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6040271.
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Lung resection surgery for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is reportedly a risk factor for developing chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA). However, limited data are available regarding the development of CPA during long-term follow-up after lung cancer surgery. This study aimed to investigate the cumulative incidence and clinical factors associated with CPA development after lung cancer surgery. We retrospectively analyzed 3423 patients with NSCLC who (1) underwent surgical resection and (2) did not have CPA at the time of surgery between January 2010 and December 2013. The diagnosis of CPA was based on clinical symptoms, serological or microbiological evidences, compatible radiological findings, and exclusion of alternative diagnoses. The cumulative incidence of CPA and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and a multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis was performed to identify factors associated with CPA development. Patients were followed-up for a median of 5.83 years with a 72.3% 5-year OS rate. Fifty-six patients developed CPA at a median of 2.68 years after surgery, with cumulative incidences of 0.4%, 1.1%, 1.6%, and 3.5% at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Lower body mass index (BMI), smoking, underlying interstitial lung disease, thoracotomy, development of postoperative pulmonary complications 30 days after surgery, and treatment with both chemotherapy and radiotherapy were independently associated with CPA development. The cumulative incidence of CPA after surgery was 3.5% at 10 years and showed a steadily increasing trend during long-term follow-up. Therefore, increased awareness regarding CPA development is needed especially in patients with risk factors.
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Panchenko, Andrey V., Elena I. Fedoros, Sergey E. Pigarev, Mikhail A. Maydin, Ekaterina A. Gubareva, Galina S. Kireeva, Margarita L. Tyndyk, et al. "The Effect of Polyphenolic Composition BP-C3 on the Efficacy and Hematological Toxicity of Cyclophosphamide in the Chemotherapy of Mice Bearing Soft Tissue Sarcomas Induced by Benzo[a]pyrene." Integrative Cancer Therapies 18 (January 2019): 153473541983377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534735419833778.
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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of lignin-derived polyphenolic composition BP-C3 on the efficacy and hematological toxicity of cyclophosphamide (CPA). Male and female Swiss-H derived mice bearing benzo[a]pyrene-induced soft tissue sarcomas were treated with CPA 300 mg/kg, BP-C3 75 mg/kg, or a combination. Tumor growth inhibition in male mice treated with CPA, BP-C3, or a combination of CPA and BP-C3 was significant and corresponded to 78%, 45%, and 82%, respectively, on day 21 after CPA administration on day 0. In female mice, tumor growth inhibition was 58%, −11%, and 35% when treated with CPA, BP-C3, or a combination of CPA and BP-C3, respectively. CPA administration resulted in significant hematological toxicity evidenced by a decreased white blood cell count on day 4 (2.43 ± 1.77 × 109/L in male mice and 1.19 ± 0.71 × 109/L in female mice) and anemia development on day 7 (6.55 ± 1.74 × 1012/L in male mice and 5.89 ± 2.24 × 1012/L in female mice). The red blood cell count measured on day 7 in animals treated with the combination of BP-C3 and CPA constituted 7.12 ± 1.17 × 1012/L and 7.36 ± 2.07 × 1012/L for male and female mice, respectively. The results of our study demonstrate the antitumor activity of BP-C3 in male mice bearing soft tissue sarcomas. Neither the antitumor activity nor the hematological toxicity of CPA were significantly influenced by BP-C3. A less pronounced effect of CPA on RBC count is demonstrated when this agent is given jointly with BP-C3.
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Mindermann, Thomas, and Stefan Heckl. "Radiosurgery for Sporadic Benign Synchronous Tumors of the Cerebellopontine Angle." Journal of Neurological Surgery Part A: Central European Neurosurgery 82, no. 01 (October 21, 2020): 095–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1714424.
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Abstract Background Synchronous cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumors are a rare entity. Several publications refer to surgery for such tumors and their classification. Yet, there are no publications on upfront radiosurgery for synchronous CPA tumors. Case Description The authors present two patients with sporadic synchronous benign CPA tumors who underwent upfront radiosurgery. One patient had two separate schwannomas of the CPA and the other had a schwannoma and a meningioma of the CPA. One patient underwent stepwise radiosurgery treating one tumor after another and the other patient underwent simultaneous radiosurgery for both tumors at the same time. Conclusion Simultaneous and stepwise radiosurgery for synchronous CPA tumors seems to be safe and effective. There were no side effects or complications. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on upfront radiosurgery for synchronous CPA tumors.
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Pandit, Tapas, and Mridul Nandi. "Delegation-based conversion from CPA to CCA-secure predicate encryption." International Journal of Applied Cryptography 4, no. 1 (2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijact.2020.10029197.
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Nandi, Mridul, and Tapas Pandit. "Delegation-based conversion from CPA to CCA-secure predicate encryption." International Journal of Applied Cryptography 4, no. 1 (2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijact.2020.107163.
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